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翻译理论知识概要第一部分：翻译术语1. Definitions of translationTranslation can be roughly defined as a reproduction or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. Being a very complicated human activity, its whole picture is never easy to describe. Scholars with different academic backgrounds have attempted to define it from various perspectives.(1). Linguistic Views on TranslationTranslation theorists from the linguistic school conceive of translation as a linguistic activity and some believe that translation theory is a branch of linguistics, approaching the issues of translating primarily from the viewpoint of the linguistic differences between source and target texts.Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language (the source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (the target language). (Catford, 1965: 20).Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida & Taber,1969:12).Translation theory derives from comparative linguistics, and within linguistics, it is mainly an aspect of semantics; all questions of semantics relate to translation theory. (Newmark, 1982 /1988:5).(2). Cultural Views on TranslationIn the cultural approach, translation is regarded not only as a transfer of linguistic signs, but also as a communication of cultures, i.e. translation is an "intercultural communication"; hence the terms of "intercultural cooperation", "acculturation", and "transculturation".Translation is a process which occurs between cultures rather than simply between languages {Shuttleworth & Cowie,1997:35).A translator who uses a cultural approach is simply recognizing that each language contains elements which are derived from its culture (such as greetings, fixed expressions and REALIA), that every text is anchored in a specific culture, and that conventions of text production and reception vary from culture to culture (Shuttleworth & Cowie1997:35).For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures in which they function. (Nida, 2001:82).翻译不仅涉及语言问题,也涉及文化问题。
Definition of translation1) 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。
2) 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言，跨文化的交际活动。
Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.3)翻译的本质是释义,是意义的转换. meaning-based汉译英是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语文本转换成功能相似、语义相符、供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。
Classification of translation1)Translation—— Intralingual translation(语内翻译)；Interlingualtranslation(语际翻译)；Intersemiotic translation(符际翻译)2) Interlingual translation——Oral (interpretation) : consecutive(交替传译); simultaneous(同声传译)3) Written: whole text literature; pragmatic excerpt; selective; adapted; rewriting; MAT & MTCriteria of translationCriteria of translation is the plumb-line for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for.1) Source-language–oriented principle(以译出语为取向的原则)Characteristics: pay extreme attention to the form of the source text, always adopts a word-for-word / line-for-line translation or transliteration.•他是只纸老虎He is a paper tiger.•这事让他丢脸This makes him lose face.2) Target-language-oriented principle (以译入语为取向的原则) Liberal translation: using large number of domestication / adaptationfor the reader’s sake. This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes.•What is done is done. 木已成舟•Kicking a man when he is down. 打落水狗/落井下石•三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮Two heads are better than one.3)Author-and-reader-oriented principle (以作者和读者为取向的原则) Characteristics: take both the author and the reader into consideration, and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time.•繁华也罢，贫穷也罢，丈夫和妻子携手一生，情深意长。
翻译研究词典1. Absolute Translation 绝对翻译按照古阿德克的解释，指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。
在绝对翻译中，整个源文本被转换成目标语，对原文内容和形式都不加以改动。
According to Gouadec, one of seven types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements which can arise during the course of their work. In absolute translation, the whole of ST is transferred into TL, with no alteration to the content or the form of the original document.2. Abstract Translation 摘要翻译古阿德克提出的用以应付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。
摘要翻译是将源文本的全部信息扼要译出，目的是让客户“迅速得到特定类型的信息”。
其方法有多种：第一种是翻译源文本的一般主题思想；第二种是概述源文本的主要内容、文本主旨及次要内容；第三种是节录源文本中一切有用的内容。
According to Gouadec, one of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfill the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment. In abstract translation, a condensed translation of all the information in ST is made in order to give the client "rapid access to specific types of information". This may be done in various ways. Firstly, the generic themes of the text may be translated; secondly, a description may be given of the generic content and the objectives of the text and its sub-units; thirdly, an abridged translation of all the useful content of the text may be supplied.3. Abusive Translation 滥译路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。
Definition, Nature and Classification of TranslationI.Difficulty in Defining TranslationWhat do we mean by the word translation ,or “fanyi”？The complexity of translation lies in the fuzziness of the word “translation” itself. Both translation in English and “fanyi” in Chinese are polysemic. Both of them have different connotations. Also, its Chinese equivalent “fanyi”of translation is more ambiguous (许建平，2003：7).“你学什么专业？” “我的专业是翻译” (a major)翻译课在3#204上. (a course, a subject)这个翻译翻译的不地道。
（a person/a translator; translate/translating）你的翻译不如我的翻译。
（translation result）Therefore, i t may refer to “翻译行为”(translate or interpret), “翻译过程”(translating), “翻译结果”(translation), “翻译事业”(translation cause), “翻译者”(translator or interpreter), “翻译学科”(translation discipline)Roger Bell 罗杰贝尔（英国）(1993:13) suggests that there are, in fact, three distinguishable meanings for the word “translation”. 1) Translating: the process (to translate; the activity rather than the tangible object); 2) a translation: the product of the process of translating (the translated text); 3) translation: the abstract concept which includes both the process of translating and the product of that process.Presently, translation is widely-used, mainly referring to written 笔译; while interpretation mainly referring to oral 口译。
1. Definition of Translation 翻译的定义Down through the ages, people’s definitions of translation are diversified. It differs from person to person, it evolves with time. Changes of the world also helped to shape the connotation of translation. From the following definitions, you may have a glimpse of what translation is.﹒Translating is both a craft and an art, that is to say, it involves an accurate andcontrolled manipulation of language, tempered by a degree of freedom,imagination and creativeness.﹒Transferring the meaning of a stretch or unit of language, the whole part of astretch or unit of language, the whole part of a text, from one language toanother.﹒Translation is like busy matchmakers: they sing the praises of some half-veiled beauty and extol her charms, and arouse an irresistible longing for the original.（歌德）﹒The replacement of textual material in one language (ST) by equivalent textual material in another (TL) (Catford, 1965:20)﹒Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closestequivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style (Nida&Taber1969)Assignment 1What is your idea of “meaning” and “style” of Nida’s work? What is the connotation of style ? Exercise:If you were given two poems, one is by Li Bai (李白) , the other is by Dufu (杜甫) can you differentiate them, what is the author’s habitual use of the language? Similarly, if you were offered two pomes, one by Li Qingzhao (李清照)，the other by Xin Qiji(辛弃疾)，could you differentiate them?2. Principles and Criteria of Translation翻译的原则和标准The so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two aspects of the same thing. The former lays emphasis on the translator, who should follow these principles while translating; while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation. Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Y an Fu’s “three-character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, would be mentioned, namely the principle of “信、达、雅”(faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance).In the past decades, Mr. Y an’s principle of translation has been generally regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal fortranslators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people have come to find some limitations to the three characters and put forward a variety of new standards instead.Three kinds of opinions are expressed on the principle of faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. The first group maintains the original three characters, and in the meantime, adds some new concepts to the character “雅”. According to them, “雅”means far more than the English word “elegance”. Apart from the traditional interpretation, it also means classicism, and the adherence to the original style and flavor. The second group, however, argues that the word “雅” is out of place in tradition. While adopting the first two characters of Mr. Y an Fu’s principle, they discard the character “雅” and try to find some other new criteria instead. Noticeably, there are revisions such as “信、达、切” (faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness), “信、达、贴” (faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness), and so on. The third group of people, by casting away the three-word guide, proposes some new principles or criteria of translation of their own. Of the various popular theories, two of them are the most influential: spiritual conformity (神似) and sublimed adaptation (化境), the former, proposed by Fu Lei (傅雷) , emphasizes the reproduction of the spirit or the flavor of the original, while the latter, advocate by Qian Zhongshu (钱钟书), focuses on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.Despite the variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted, namely the criteria of faithfulness and accuracy (忠实准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these tow criteria as the principles of translation in general. By faithfulness and accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expressions in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanically copying from dictionaries.Assignment 2Exercise: 对比原文与译文，探讨忠实与通顺的关系1) All your moods are created by your thoughts o r “cognitions. “Y ou feel the way you do right now because of the thoughts you have at this moment. ”所有的情绪都是由思维产生的，或者说来源于“认识”，“你之所以感到这么做是对的，那是因为你的大脑就是这么想的。
The definition of translation1, The term translation has several meanings：it can refer to the general subject field，the product(the text that has been translated) or the process(the act of producing the translation，otherwise known as translating）. The process of translation between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text （the source language or ST）in the original verbal language (the source language or SL)into a written text （the target language or TL）.——------——--—Jeremy Munday, 2001 Introducing Translation StudiesTheories and applications2, Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text。
Whereas interpreting undoubtedly antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature。
I. What is T ranslation1.1. Essential elements in the process of translation?The relevant elements: translator, author, original language, receptor language, source text, target text, (meaning, message, idea, style)1.2. Definition of translation in terms of the process:那个地方是块肥肉，谁都想吃。
That place is a fat piece of meat which every one wants to eat.That place is an attractive piece of meat coveted by all.这孩子上课爱搞小动作。
The child often plays in class.New Y ork was never Mecca to me. 纽约从不是我心中的圣地麦加。
President Clinton slept once in the hotel during his visit in China. 克林顿总统访华期间曾下榻于该酒店。
从方法上看翻译不是什么？应该是什么？翻译不是一种语言中的词语和语句结构和另一种语言的词语和语句结构的简单转换，也不是在另一种语言中寻找与一种语言中对等的词语和语句结构然后将其串接成句的过程。
在英汉翻译中，如果把眼光盯着原文的词语和语句结构这些属于语言层次的东西，结果翻译出来的只是一种文字层次的转换，徒具其形，原文的内容和意义不可能得到很好的表达。
德国译学教授Wolfram Wilss 在The Science of Translation：Problems & Methods一书中说：Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning, but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Translating is always meaning-based, i.e. it is the transfer of meaning instead of form from the source language to the target language.（翻译不只是在另一种语言中寻找意义相似的其他词语，而是寻找表达事物的适当方式。
\翻译的定义1词典定义：1)Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.-------- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia?翻译，是指在准确通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的活动。
2)《辞海》：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。
3)《牛津英语词典》：在保留意义的情况下从一种语言转变成另一种语言4) Changing (speech or writing) from one language into another.-------------- Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) 5)《2 国内学者下的定义：老舍：翻译不是结结巴巴的学舌，而是漂漂亮亮的再创造傅雷：翻译如临画, 如伯乐相马，'重神似, 不重形似'，得其精而忘其粗, 再其内而忘其外萧乾：翻译好象走钢丝，实在艰难……郭沫若：创作是处女, 翻译是媒婆。
---------黄忠廉.翻译本质论〔M〕.武汉:华中师范大学出版社, -15 .！茅盾：文学的翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作一样得到启发、感动和美的感受”。
(1954 年, 茅盾在当年全国文学翻译工作会议上所做的《为发展文学翻译事业和提高翻译译质量而奋斗》所作的报告)------矛盾.为发展文学翻译事业和提高翻译质量而奋斗[A] .罗新璋.翻译论集[C] , 北京:商务印书馆, 1984.朱维之:翻译是一种艺术……这是一种难度较大的艺术工作, 不但要把原著的字句翻译出来, 更主要的是要把它的思想、精神传达出来, 还要把作者的特殊风格表露出来.------翻译通讯编辑部.翻译研究论文集:1949 -1983[C]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1984. *许渊冲:翻译的艺术就是通过原文的形式(或表层)，理解原文的内容(或深层)，再用译文的形式，把原文的内容再现出来。
1．翻译的定义五花八门，对它们的归类可以因人而异。
根据你的阅读积累和思考，对翻译的定义还可以如何进行分类？The definitions of translation can be divided into:a)Common definitions:如：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。
（摘自《辞海》）从一种语言变成另一种语言。
(《现代法语典》)Translate: to change (speech or writing) from one language into another language.[ Longman Dictionary]b)From the vision of Literature and Arts：从文艺学的角度解释翻译，认为翻译是艺术创作的一种形式，强调语言的创造功能，讲究译品的艺术效果。
如：文学的翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来。
（茅盾）c)From the vision of Linguistics.翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容和形式不可分割的统一中已表达出来的东西准确而完全地表达出来。
（费道罗夫）从语义到风格在译语中用在贴近的自然对等语再现源语信息。
（Nida）2．请你介绍一两个令你印象最为深刻的翻译定义。
Translate: to express (sth. spoken or written) in another language or in simpler words. [Oxford Dictionary]•请将下列翻译的定义译为汉语，并与本课所提及的翻译定义相比较，体会其中的差异。
1 . Bad translations render the letter without the spirit in a low and servile imitation. Good translations keep the spirit without moving away from the letter. They are free and noble imitations that turn the familiar into something new.拙劣的的翻译在呈现文本内容的时候，只是过分逢迎地模仿，而没有保持原作的神韵。
第一讲翻译的定义第一讲翻译的定义/中国翻译史简介英汉翻译2011.2—2011.6第一讲翻译概论Focus:The Definition of Translation;The History of Translation in China翻译中的笑话How are you?－怎么是你？How old are you?－怎么老是你？Are you serious？你是席尔瑞斯吗？No，I'm kidding.不，我是凯丁。
不宰客No Killing试译下列句子：1. Most Tibetans are deeply religious.2. He is the last man she would marry.3. 请勿倚靠车门。
参考答案1. Most Tibetans are deeply religious.－－大多数西藏人都是虔诚的教徒。
（词类转译法）2. He is the last man she would marry.－－她绝不会嫁给他。
（她死也不会嫁给他）（词义引申）3. 请勿倚靠车门。
－－Please keep clear of the door/gate.(正反、反正表达法）I. What Is Translation?Translation is of great importance in learning a foreign language. Many of those who learn English will be English-Chinese translators in the future. There are many translation theories and techniques for you too learn .Without knowing the theories and the techniques one will most likely take a roundabout course in translation work. That’s why it is necessary for you to have a good command of both the source language and the target language, and of the theories and the techniques in translation.Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.－－翻译是把一种语言所表达的思想用另一种语言重新表达出来的活动。
英汉翻译入门I.Introduction 引言1.D efinition of Translation 翻译之定义七定义①Translating is the art of composinga work in another language without losing its original flavor.----Columbia Encyclopedia②Translating is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.----J.C.Cartford2.C riteria of Translation 翻译之标准①The most popular and acclaimedcriterion was the three characters as faithfulness ,expressiveness, and elegance or refinement raised by Yan Fu.②译书自以能存真为第一要义……最好一面极力求不失愿意，一面要译文流畅。
--郑振铎duo③译者不但要求达意，并且要以传神为目的，译文必须忠于原文之字神句气与言外之意。
--林语堂3.I s Translation Easy?①He is easily the best student in the class. 他绝对/无疑是班上最好的学生。
②I can’t agree more. 我完全同意。
劳累-hard labor 苦工-hard work③Do you have a family? 你有孩子了吗？4. Literal Translation vs. Liberal TranslationWasted and withering years 蹉跎岁月Just to reap easy-to-reach profit 坐收近水楼台之利He bent solely upon profit他这个人唯利是图。
翻译的定义(11级英语笔译张骁整理版)一.通俗的定义1.把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。
(《辞海》)2. n. (1). the act or an instance of translating. (2). a written or spoken expresstion of the meaning of a word, speech, book, etc. in another language.------ (The Concise Oxford English Dictionary) 3. An incredibly broad notion which can be understood in many different ways. For example, one may talk of translation as a process or a product, and identify such sub-types as literary translation, technical translation, subtitling and machine translation; moreover, while more typically it just refers tothe transfer of written texts, the term sometimes also includes interpreting.------ (Dictionary of Translation Studies, Shuttleworth and Cowie 1997:181) 4. Translation is the communication of the meaning of asource-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. Whereas interpreting undoubtedly antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature.------ From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia二.文艺学角度的定义文学翻译是“传达作者的全部意图即通过艺术手法影响读者的思想、感情。
