介词——精选推荐
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介词
⼀、介词的定义
介词(preposition)⼜称前置词,是⼗分活跃的⼀个词类,可以与名词或名词性词语结合成介词短语,说明地点、⽅向、时间、原因、⽅法等,在句中主要起状语和定语的作⽤,也可以充当表语和补语,还可以充当主语和介词宾语。例如:He stayed in his seat.
An old farmer in the back row looked up towards the ceiling.
The students are interested in the subject.
上述第⼀句⾥的介词in 和is seat所构成的介词短语说明动词stayed的位置,第⼆句⾥的介词短语in the back row 限定名词anold farmer,第三句⾥的介词短语in the subject 表⽰are interested的范畴。
⼆、介词的类型
介词可分为简单介词和复合介词两类:
(⼀)简单介词(Simple Prepositions)
凡是由⼀个单词组成的介词都称为简单介词,例如:in, on, across, underneath等等。简单介词约有80个,其中包括⼀些由动词或形容词转化⽽成的介词,例如:except, excepting, concerning, considering, following, including, granted, pending, less,like, near, save, unlike, worth等。
(⼆)复合介词(Complex Prepositions)
凡是由两个或两个以上单词组成的介词都称为复合介词。根据它们的结构,复合介词可以细分为下列三种:A)副词+介词:along with, apart from, as for, as to, out of, together with, up to等。
B)动词(形容词、连词等)+介词:except for, owing to, due to, but for, because of等。
C)介词1+名词+介词2:by means of, in addition to, in comparison with, on account of, with regard to等等。
三、介词的宾语
介词短语是由介词与介词宾语组成的。介词宾语通常是名词或代词(宾格);此外,还可以是副词、形容词、短语(包括介词短语、动名词短语、不定式短语)、复合结构或名词性从句。
(⼀)名词或代词做介词宾语
(⼆)副词做介词宾语
(三)形容词做介词宾语
(四)短语做介词宾语
(⼀)名词或代词做介词宾语
例如:We saw your friend at the meeting last night.
I supposed that the old lady in the flat above ours was moving the furniture about.While we are waiting for her, let's have some coffee.
Note:
A)介词之后的代词⼀般都要⽤宾格,但有时也⽤主格。例如,介词but(“除……以外”)之后的代词如果在意思上与句⼦的主语平⾏,则倾向于⽤主格,这时的but也可以看成是连词。
例如:All but he had fled (= All had fled, but he had not fled.)
I saw nothing but him.
B)在⼝语中,如果动词或介词之后接两个代词作宾语,那么第⼆个代词常⽤主格。
例如:He won't let my wife and I into the house.
All debts are cleared between you and I.
C)as, than, but, save 等连词有“准介词”之称,他们之后可接主格代词,也可接宾格代词。接主格代词时算是连词,接宾格代词时算是介词。例如:One day you will be as old as I /me.
You are a better player than he/him.
(⼆)副词做介词宾语
例如:I met him a year ago, since then I haven't seen anything of him.
Where does he come from?
You should be out instead of in on such a fine day.
Note:
当副词作介词宾语时,其作⽤相当于⼀个名词或代词。这类介词短语通常⽤来表⽰时间或地点。
例如:until now(到现在),since then(从那时以来),in there(在那⾥⾯),from here to there(从这⾥到那⾥),fromabroad(从国外)等。
(三)形容词做介词宾语
形容词作介词宾语主要见于某些固定词组,例如at worst(在最坏的情况下),of late(近来),of old(从前),forgood(永远),for long(长久),in general(⼀般说来),in vain(徒然),on high(在⾼空),at first(最初),atleast(最少)等。这些形容词本来可能接⼀个名词,如for long在意思上相当于for a long time,,但for long已经形成了固定的词组,其中的形容词实际上已经名词化了。
例如:He is a fool at (the) best, but at (the) worst he's a criminal.We thought she'd come for a visit, but it seems she's staying for good.
The drowning man shouted in vain, nobody heard him.
(四)短语做介词宾语
A)介词短语做介词宾语
介词短语象副词⼀样,也可以⽤作介词宾语,但也有⼈把from over his glasses ⾥的from over看成是⼀个复合介词,其中的over表⽰⽅位,from表⽰运动的出发点。例如:
He was looking at me from over his glasses.
They stayed here till after midnight.
You can find that sort of thing nowhere but in England.
B)动名词短语做介词宾语
例如:He was trying to make a little money by selling newspaper.
I am not in a position of complying with your request.
C)不定式短语做介词宾语
不定式短语⼀般不⽤作介词宾语,仅出现于少数⼏个介词之后,介词之后的不定式符号to有时可以省略。
例如:I had no choice but to accept the offer.
She does nothing but complain.
Their housemaid does everything except (to) wash the car.
D)复合结构做介词宾语
例如:He was annoyed at you saying that.
You may depend on me to be there early.
He lay on his bed with the bedroom door shut.
Note:
在⼝语中,介词之后的动名词的逻辑主语通常⽤名词或代词的通格,在书⾯语中则⽤名词或代词的所有格。例如上述的第⼀个句⼦在书⾯语中应改成:He was annoyed at your saying that.
E) 名词性从句做介词宾语
例如:
Iam not interested in whether you like the plan or not.
You have no idea as to how badly he writes.
He is thankful for what I have done for him.
四、介词短语的句法功能
介词短语在句中主要⽤作状语和定语,此外,也可以⽤作表语和补语,偶尔还⽤作主语或介词宾语。
(⼀)介词短语作状语
(⼆)介词短语作定语
(三)介词短语作表语
(四)介词短语作补语
(五)介词短语作主语、介词宾语
(⼀)介词短语作状语
A)介词短语作状语,⽤来修饰动词。
例如:We live quite near my office(地点)
Who knows what will happen in the future? (时间)
The sewing machine is worked by foot(⽅式)
We're waiting for them to arrive for lunch(⽬的)
He worked himself to death(结果)
He is so useful to me that I can't do without him(条件)
With all your faults, I still like you(让步)
He lay on his bed with the sunlight falling on his face(伴随状语)
I don't believe in dream(范畴)
What country do you come from?(来源)
Everything depends on whether he is punctual(根据)
The men who govern the country are chosen by the people(⾏为者)
B)介词短语作状语,⽤来修饰形容词
例如:He was not conscious of my presence in the room.
I am not interested in doing business with that firm.
They are proud of their clever children.