literature review(如何写文献综述)
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如何写文献综述
一、文献综述的含义
文献阅读报告,即“文献综述”,英文称之为“survey”、“overview”、“review”。是在对某研究领域的文献进行广泛阅读和理解的基础上,对该领域研究成果的综合和思考。一般认为,学术论文没有综述是不可思议的。需要将“文献综述( Literature Review)”与“背景描述
(Backupground Description)”区分开来。
我们在选择研究问题的时候,需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉,如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外政府发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等,这些内容属于“背景描述”,关注的是现实层面的问题,严格讲不是“文献综述”,关注的是现实层面问题,严格讲不是“文献综述”。“文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。其次,文献综述是评论性的( Review 就是“评论”的意思),因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光 (critical thinking) 来归纳和评论文献,而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。评论的主线,要按照问题展开,也就是说,别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的,他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷?要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题,那就没有重复研究的必要了。
二、意义和目的
总结和综合该方向前人已经做了的工作,了解当前的研究水平,分析存在问题,指出可能的研究问题和发展方向等,并且列出了该方向众多的参考文献,这对后人是一笔相当大的财富,可以指导开题报告和论文的写作。
三、主要内容
(1)该领域的研究意义。
(2)该领域的研究背景和发展脉络。
(3)目前的研究水平、存在问题及可能的原因。
(4)进一步的研究课题、发展方向概况。
(5)自己的见解和感想。
四、分类
综述分成两类。一类是较为宏观的,涉及的范围为整个领域、专业或某一大的研究方向;一类是较为微观的,这类综述可以涉及到相当小的研究方向甚至某个算法,谈的问题更为具体与深入。前者立意高,范围广,面宽,故也不易深入,比较好读好懂。这对初入道者、欲对全局有所了解的读者而言很有参考价值。然而,欲深入课题的研究,则希望能有后一类的综述为自己鸣锣开道,这会节约很多的时间与精力,但往往不能遂人意,于是只好旁证博引,由自己来完成该课题的综述。当写学位论文时,我们要写的也就是这类结合自己研究课题而写就的综述。
文献综述的主要方法
文献综述抽取某一个学科领域中的现有文献,总结这个领域研究的现状,从现有文献及过去的工作中,发现需要进一步研究的问题和角度。
文献综述是对某一领域某一方面的课题、问题或研究专题搜集大量情报资料,分析综合当前该课题、问题或研究专题的最新进展、学术见解和建议,从而揭示有关问题的新动态、新趋势、新水平、新原理和新技术等等,为后续研究寻找出发点、立足点和突破口。
文献综述看似简单.其实是一项高难度的工作。在国外,宏观的或者是比较系统的文献综述通常都是由一个领域里的顶级“大牛”来做的。在现有研究方法的著作中,都有有关文献综述的指导,然而无论是教授文献综述课的教师还是学习该课程的学生,大多实际上没有对其给予足够的重视.而到了真正自己来做研究,便发现综述实在是困难。
约翰 W。克雷斯威尔(John W。 Creswell)曾提出过一个文献综述必须具备的因素的模型。他的这个五步文献综述法倒还真的值得学习和借鉴。
克雷斯威尔认为,文献综述应由五部分组成:即序言、主题1(关于自变量的)、主题2(关于因变量的)、主题3(关于自变量和因变量两方面阐述的研究)、总结。
1。 序言告诉读者文献综述所涉及的几个部分,这一段是关于章节构成的陈述。在我看也就相当于文献综述的总述。
2。 综述主题1提出关于“自变量或多个自变量”的学术文献。在几个自变量中,只考虑几个小部分或只关注几个重要的单一变量。记住仅论述关于自变量的文献。这种模式可以使关于自便量的文献和因变量的文献分开分别综述,读者读起来清晰分明.
3. 综述主题2融合了与“因变量或多个因变量”的学术文献,虽然有多种因变量,但是只写每一个变量的小部分或仅关注单一的、重要的因变量.
4。 综述主题3包含了自变量与因变量的关系的学术文献。这是我们研究方案中最棘手的部分。这部分应该相当短小,并且包括了与计划研究的主题最为接近的研究.或许没有关于研究主题的文献,那就要尽可能找到与主题相近的部分,或者综述在更广泛的层面上提及的与主题相关的研究。
摘要和关键词
摘要限200字以内。摘要要具有独立性和自含性,不应出现图表、冗长的公式和非公知的符号、缩略语。摘要后须给出3-5个关键词,中间应用分号“;”分隔。
引言部分
引言部分,主要是说明写作的目的,介绍有关的概念、定义以及综述的范围,扼要说明有关主题的研究现状或争论焦点,使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。前言,要用简明扼要的文字说明写作的目的、必要性、有关概念的定义,综述的范围,阐述有关问题的现状和动态,以及对主要问题争论的焦点等。前言一般200-300字为宜,不宜超过500字。
在综述的引言(或者导言、介绍)部分要写清以下内容:
(1)首先要说明写作的目的,定义综述主题、问题和研究领域。
(2)指出有关综述主题已发表文献的总体趋势,阐述有关概念的定义。
(3)规定综述的范围、包括专题涉及的学科范围和时间范围,必须声明引用文献起止的年份,解释、分析和比较文献以及组织综述次序的准则。
(4)扼要说明有关问题的现况或争论焦点,引出所写综述的核心主题,这是广大读者最关心而又感兴趣的,也是写作综述的主线。
主题部分
主题部分是综述的主体。其写法多样,没有固定的格式。可按文献发表的年代顺序综述,也可按不同的问题进行综述,还可按不同的观点进行比较综述,不管用哪一种格式综述,都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较,阐明引言部分所确立综述主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向,以及对这些问题的评述,主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。主题内容根据综述的类型可以灵活选择结构安排。
主题的层次标题应简短明了,以15字为限,不用标点符号,其层次的划分及编号一律使用阿拉伯数字分级编号法(不含引言部分),一般用两级,第三级上用圆括号()中间加数字的形式标识。
插图应精选,具有自明性,勿与文中的文字和表格重复。插图下方应注明图序和图名。
表格应精心设计,结构简洁,便于操作,并具有自明性,内容勿与正文、插图重复。表格应采用三线表,可适当加注辅助线,但不能用斜线和竖线。表格上方应注明表序和表名。
DefinitionA literature review(文献综述) is both a summary and explanation of the complete and current state of knowledge on a limited topic as found in academic books (学术著作)and journal articles(期刊论文). There are two kinds of literature reviews you might write at university: one that students are asked to write as a stand-alone assignment in a course, often as part of their training in the research processes in their field, and the other that is written as part of an introduction to, or preparation for, a longer work, usually a thesis or research report. The focus and perspective of your review and the kind of hypothesis(假设) or thesis argument you make will be determined by what kind of review you are writing. One way to understand the differences between these two types is to read published literature reviews or the first chapters of theses and dissertations(学位论文) in your own subject area. Analyze the structure of their arguments and note the way they address the issues.Purpose of the Literature ReviewIt gives readers easy access to research on a particular topic by selecting high quality articles or studies that are relevant, meaningful, important and valid(有效的) and summarizing them into one complete report. It provides an excellent starting point for researchers beginning to do research in a new area by forcing them to summarize, evaluate, and compare original research in that specific area. It ensures that researchers do not duplicate work that has already been done. 你所整理的文章中作者主要观察的重点是什么It can provide clues(线索) as to where future research is heading or recommend areas on which to focus. 现在的研究都到了什么程度It highlights key findings. It identifies inconsistencies(矛盾), gaps and contradictions in the literature. It provides a constructive analysis of the methodologies and approaches of other researchers. 前面研究者的建设性的方法和途径Content of the ReviewIntroductionThe introduction explains the focus and establishes the importance of the subject(主题). It discusses what kind of work has been done on the topic and identifies any controversies(争议) within the field or any recent research which has raised questions about earlier assumptions(假设). It may provide background or history. It concludes with a purpose or thesis statement(中心思想). In a stand-alone literature review, this statement will sum up and evaluate the state of the art (目前的工艺水平)in this field of research; in a review that is an introduction or preparatory to(为~~做准备)a thesis or research report, it will suggest how the review findings will lead to the research the writer proposes to undertake.Body(论文的内容)Often divided by headings/subheadings(标题/副标题), the body summarizes and evaluates the current state of knowledge in the field. It notes major themes or topics, the most important trends, and any findings about which researchers agree or disagree. If the review is preliminary to (在~~之前)your own thesis or research project, its purpose is to make an argument that will justify your proposed research. Therefore, it will discuss only that research which leads directly to your own project.ConclusionThe conclusion summarizes all the evidence presented and shows its significance. If the review is an introduction to your own research, it highlights gaps and indicates how previous research leads to your own research project and chosen methodology. If the review is a stand-alone assignment for a course, it should suggest any practical applications of the research as well as the implications and possibilities for future research.Nine Steps to Writing a Literature Review(九步法写综述)1. Find a working topic.Look at your specific area of study. Think about what interests you, and what fertile ground for study is. Talk to your professor, brainstorm, and read lecture notes and recent issues of periodicals(期刊)in the field.2. Review the literature.Using keywords search a computer database. It is best to use at least two databases relevant to your discipline. Remember that the reference lists of recent articles and reviews can lead to valuable papers. Make certain that you also include any studies contrary to your point of view. 3. Focus your topic narrowly and select papers accordingly.Consider the following:What interests you? What interests others? What time span(时间跨度)of research will you consider?Choose an area of research that is due for a review.4. Read the selected articles thoroughly and evaluate them.What assumptions do most/some researchers seem to be making? What methodologies do they use? - What testing procedures, subjects, material tested? Evaluate and synthesize(综合)the research findings and conclusions drawn. Note experts(专家)in the field: names/labs that are frequently referenced. Note conflicting theories, results, and methodologies. Watch for popularity of theories and how this has/has not changed over time.