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Electrochemical Series

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electrochemical SerieSPetr VanýsekThere are three tables for this electrochemical series . Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E° values, at 298 .15 K (25 °C), and at a pressure of 101 .325 kPa (1 atm) . Table 1 is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements . Thus, data for silver (Ag) precede those for aluminum (Al) . Table 2 lists only those reduction reactions that have E° values posi-tive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode . In Table 2, the reactions are listed in the order of increasing positive potential, and they range from 0 .0000 V to + 3 .4 V . Table 3 lists only those reduction potentials which have E° negative with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode . In Table 3, the reactions are listed in the order of decreasing potential and range from 0 .0000 V to –4 .10 V . The reliability of the potentials is not the same for all the data . Typically, the values with fewer significant figures have lower reliability . The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to oc-casional revisions .Abbreviations: ac = acetate; bipy = 2,2´-dipyridine, or bipyridine; en = ethylenediamine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline .references1 . Milazzo, G ., Caroli, S ., and Sharma, V . K . Tables of Standard ElectrodePotentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978 .2 . Bard, A . J ., Parsons, R ., and Jordan, J . Standard Potentials in AqueousSolutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985 .3 . Bratsch, S . G . J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1–21, 1989 .Reaction E°/V Ac3+ + 3 e ⇌Ac–2 .20 Ag+ + e ⇌Ag0 .7996 Ag2+ + e ⇌Ag+ 1 .980 Ag(ac) + e ⇌Ag + (ac)–0 .643 AgBr + e ⇌Ag + Br–0 .07133 AgBrO3 + e ⇌Ag + BrO3–0 .546 Ag2C2O4 + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + C2O42–0 .4647 AgCl + e ⇌Ag + Cl–0 .22233 AgCN + e ⇌Ag + CN––0 .017 Ag2CO3 + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + CO32–0 .47 Ag2CrO4 + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + CrO42–0 .4470 AgF + e ⇌Ag + F–0 .779 Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e ⇌4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4–0 .1478 AgI + e ⇌Ag + I––0 .15224 AgIO3 + e ⇌Ag + IO3–0 .354 Ag2MoO4 + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + MoO42–0 .4573 AgNO2 + e ⇌Ag + 2 NO2–0 .564 Ag2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + 2 OH–0 .342 Ag2O3 + H2O + 2 e ⇌2 AgO + 2 OH–0 .739 Ag3+ + 2 e ⇌Ag+ 1 .9 Ag3+ + e ⇌Ag2+ 1 .8 Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e ⇌2 Ag + 2 H2O 1 .802 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e ⇌Ag2O + 2 OH–0 .607 AgOCN + e ⇌Ag + OCN–0 .41 Ag2S + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + S2––0 .691 Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + H2S–0 .0366 AgSCN + e ⇌Ag + SCN–0 .08951 Ag2SeO3 + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + SeO42–0 .3629 Ag2SO4 + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + SO42–0 .654 Ag2WO4 + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + WO42–0 .4660 Al3+ + 3 e ⇌Al–1 .662 Al(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌Al + 3 OH––2 .31 Al(OH)4– + 3 e ⇌Al + 4 OH––2 .328 H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e ⇌Al + 4 OH––2 .33 AlF63– + 3 e ⇌Al + 6 F––2 .069 Am4+ + e ⇌Am3+ 2 .60 Am2+ + 2 e ⇌Am–1 .9 Am3+ + 3 e⇌Am–2 .048 Am3+ + e⇌Am2+–2 .3Reaction E°/V As + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌AsH3–0 .608 As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌2 As + 3 H2O0 .234 HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌As + 2 H2O0 .248 AsO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e⇌As + 4 OH––0 .68 H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e–⇌HAsO2 + 2 H2O0 .560 AsO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌AsO2– + 4 OH––0 .71 At2 + 2 e⇌2 At–0 .3 Au+ + e⇌Au 1 .692 Au3+ + 2 e⇌Au+ 1 .401 Au3+ + 3 e⇌Au 1 .498 Au2+ + e –⇌Au+ 1 .8 AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e⇌Au+ + H2O 1 .32 AuBr2– + e⇌Au + 2 Br–0 .959 AuBr4– + 3 e⇌Au + 4 Br–0 .854 AuCl4– + 3 e⇌Au + 4 Cl– 1 .002 Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌Au + 3 H2O 1 .45 H2BO3– + 5 H2O + 8 e⇌ BH4– + 8 OH––1 .24 H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e⇌B + 4 OH––1 .79 H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌B + 3 H2O–0 .8698 B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e⇌BH4– + 3 H2O–0 .481 Ba2+ + 2 e⇌Ba–2 .912 Ba2+ + 2 e⇌Ba(Hg)–1 .570 Ba(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Ba + 2 OH––2 .99 Be2+ + 2 e⇌Be–1 .847 Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e⇌2 Be + 6 OH––2 .63 p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌hydroquinone0 .6992 Bi+ + e⇌Bi0 .5 Bi3+ + 3 e⇌Bi0 .308 Bi3+ + 2 e⇌Bi+0 .2 Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌BiH3–0 .8 BiCl4– + 3 e⇌Bi + 4 Cl–0 .16 Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌2 Bi + 6 OH––0 .46 Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌2 BiO+ + 2 H2O 1 .593 BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e⇌Bi + H2O0 .320 BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e⇌Bi + Cl– + H2O0 .1583 Bk4+ + e⇌Bk3+ 1 .67 Bk2+ + 2 e⇌Bk–1 .6 Bk3+ + e⇌Bk2+–2 .8TABLE 1. Alphabetical Listing 8-20Reaction E°/V Br2(aq) + 2 e⇌2 Br– 1 .0873 Br2(l) + 2 e⇌2 Br– 1 .066 HBrO + H+ + 2 e⇌Br– + H2O 1 .331 HBrO + H+ + e⇌1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O 1 .574 HBrO + H+ + e⇌1/2 Br2(l) + H2O 1 .596 BrO– + H2O + 2 e⇌Br– + 2 OH–0 .761 BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e⇌1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O 1 .482 BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌Br– + 3 H2O 1 .423 BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌Br– + 6 OH–0 .61 (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 HCN0 .373 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌(CN)2 + 2 H2O0 .330 (CNS)2 + 2 e⇌2 CNS–0 .77 CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌HCOOH–0 .199 Ca+ + e⇌Ca–3 .80 Ca2+ + 2 e⇌Ca–2 .868 Ca(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Ca + 2 OH––3 .02 Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl0 .2800 Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE)0 .2801 Calomel electrode, 0 .1 molar KCl0 .3337 Calomel electrode, saturated KCl (SCE)0 .2412 Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE)0 .2360 Cd2+ + 2 e⇌Cd –0 .4030 Cd2+ + 2 e⇌Cd(Hg)–0 .3521 Cd(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Cd(Hg) + 2 OH––0 .809 CdSO4 + 2 e⇌Cd + SO42––0 .246 Cd(OH)42– + 2 e⇌Cd + 4 OH––0 .658 CdO + H2O + 2 e⇌Cd + 2 OH––0 .783 Ce3+ + 3 e ⇌Ce–2 .336 Ce3+ + 3 e ⇌Ce(Hg)–1 .4373 Ce4+ + e⇌Ce3+ 1 .72 CeOH3+ + H+ + e⇌Ce3+ + H2O 1 .715 Cf4+ + e⇌Cf3+ 3 .3 Cf3+ + e⇌Cf2+–1 .6 Cf3+ + 3 e⇌Cf–1 .94 Cf2+ + 2 e⇌Cf–2 .12 Cl2(g) + 2 e⇌2 Cl– 1 .35827 HClO + H + + e⇌1/2 Cl2 + H2O 1 .611 HClO + H+ + 2 e⇌Cl– + H2O 1 .482 ClO– + H2O + 2 e⇌Cl– + 2 OH–0 .81 ClO2 + H+ + e⇌HClO2 1 .277 HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌HClO + H2O 1 .645 HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O 1 .628 HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e⇌Cl– + 2 H2O 1 .570 ClO2– + H2O + 2 e⇌ClO– + 2 OH–0 .66 ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e⇌Cl– + 4 OH–0 .76 ClO2(aq) + e⇌ClO2–0 .954 ClO3– + 2 H+ + e⇌ClO2 + H2O 1 .152 ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e⇌HClO2 + H2O 1 .214 ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e⇌1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O 1 .47 ClO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌Cl– + 3 H2O 1 .451 ClO3– + H2O + 2 e⇌ClO2– + 2 OH–0 .33 ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌Cl– + 6 OH–0 .62 ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌ClO3– H2O 1 .189 ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e⇌1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O 1 .39 ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e⇌Cl– + 4 H2O 1 .389 ClO4– + H2O + 2 e⇌ClO3– + 2 OH–0 .36 Cm4+ + e⇌Cm3+ 3 .0 Cm3+ + 3 e⇌Cm–2 .04 Co2+ + 2 e⇌Co–0 .28 Co3+ + e⇌Co2+ 1 .92Reaction E°/V [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e⇌[Co(NH3)6]2+0 .108 Co(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Co + 2 OH––0 .73 Co(OH)3 + e⇌Co(OH)2 + OH–0 .17 Cr2+ + 2 e⇌Cr–0 .913 Cr3+ + e⇌Cr2+–0 .407 Cr3+ + 3 e⇌Cr–0 .744 Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e⇌2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O 1 .36 CrO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e⇌Cr + 4 OH––1 .2 HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e⇌Cr3+ + 4 H2O 1 .350 CrO2 + 4 H+ + e⇌Cr3+ +2H2O 1 .48 Cr(V) + e⇌Cr(IV) 1 .34 CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e⇌Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH––0 .13 Cr(OH)3 + 3 e⇌Cr + 3 OH––1 .48 Cs+ + e⇌Cs–3 .026 Cu+ + e⇌Cu0 .521 Cu2+ + e⇌Cu+0 .153 Cu2+ + 2 e⇌Cu0 .3419 Cu2+ + 2 e⇌Cu(Hg)0 .345 Cu3+ + e⇌Cu2+ 2 .4 Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2e⇌2Cu2+ + 3 H2O 2 .0 Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e⇌[Cu(CN)2]– 1 .103 CuI2– + e⇌Cu + 2 I–0 .00 Cu2O + H2O + 2 e⇌2 Cu + 2 OH––0 .360 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Cu + 2 OH––0 .222 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O–0 .080 2 D+ + 2 e⇌D2–0 .013 Dy2+ + 2 e⇌Dy–2 .2 Dy3+ + 3 e⇌Dy–2 .295 Dy3+ + e⇌Dy2+–2 .6 Er2+ + 2 e⇌Er–2 .0 Er3+ + 3 e⇌Er–2 .331 Er3+ + e⇌Er2+–3 .0 Es3+ + e⇌Es2+–1 .3 Es3+ + 3 e⇌Es–1 .91 Es2+ + 2 e⇌Es–2 .23 Eu2+ + 2 e⇌Eu–2 .812 Eu3+ + 3 e⇌Eu–1 .991 Eu3+ + e⇌Eu2+–0 .36 F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 HF 3 .053 F2 + 2 e⇌2 F– 2 .866 F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e⇌H2O + 2 F– 2 .153 Fe2+ + 2 e⇌Fe–0 .447 Fe3+ + 3 e⇌Fe–0 .037 Fe3+ + e⇌Fe2+0 .771 2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e⇌Fe2O3 + 5 H2O 2 .09 HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇌FeOOH + 2 H2O 2 .08 HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e⇌Fe3+ + 4 H2O 2 .07 Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌2 FeOH+ + H2O0 .16 [Fe(CN)6]3– + e⇌[Fe(CN)6]4–0 .358 FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e Fe3+ + 4 H2O 2 .20 [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e⇌Fe(bipy)2]2+0 .78 [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e⇌Fe(bipy)3]2+ 1 .03 Fe(OH)3 + e⇌Fe(OH)2 + OH––0 .56 [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e⇌[Fe(phen)3]2+ 1 .147 [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e⇌[Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molarH2SO4) 1 .06 [Ferricinium]+ + e⇌ferrocene0 .400 Fm3++ e⇌Fm2+–1 .1 Fm3+ + 3 e⇌Fm–1 .89 Fm2+ + 2 e⇌Fm–2 .30Reaction E°/V Fr+ + e⇌Fr–2 .9 Ga3+ + 3 e⇌Ga–0 .549 Ga+ + e⇌Ga–0 .2 GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e⇌Ga + H2O–0 .498 H2GaO–3 + H2O + 3 e⇌Ga + 4 OH––1 .219 Gd3+ + 3 e⇌Gd–2 .279 Ge2+ + 2 e⇌Ge0 .24 Ge4+ + 4 e⇌Ge0 .124 Ge4+ + 2 e⇌Ge2+0 .00 GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌GeO + H2O–0 .118 H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Ge + 3 H2O–0 .182 2 H+ + 2 e v H20 .00000 H2 + 2 e⇌2 H––2 .23 HO2 + H+ + e⇌H2O2 1 .495 2 H2O + 2 e⇌H2 + 2 OH––0 .8277 H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 H2O 1 .776 Hf4+ + 4 e⇌Hf–1 .55 HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e⇌Hf + H2O–1 .724 HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Hf + 2 H2O–1 .505 HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e⇌Hf + 4 OH––2 .50 Hg2+ + 2 e⇌Hg0 .851 2 Hg2+ + 2 e⇌Hg22+0 .920 Hg22+ + 2 e⇌2 Hg0 .7973 Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2(ac)–0 .51163 Hg2Br2 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2 Br–0 .13923 Hg2Cl2 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2 Cl–0 .26808 Hg2HPO4 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + HPO42–0 .6359 Hg2I2 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2 I––0 .0405 Hg2O + H2O + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2 OH–0 .123 HgO + H2O + 2 e⇌Hg + 2 OH–0 .0977 Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌Hg + 2 H2O 1 .034 Hg2SO4 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + SO42–0 .6125 Ho2+ + 2 e⇌Ho–2 .1 Ho3+ + 3 e⇌Ho–2 .33 Ho3+ + e⇌Ho2+–2 .8I2 + 2 e⇌2 I–0 .5355 I3– + 2 e⇌3 I–0 .536 H3IO62– + 2 e⇌IO–3 + 3 OH–0 .7H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e⇌IO3– + 3 H2O 1 .601 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌I2 + 2 H2O 1 .439 HIO + H+ + 2 e⇌I– + H2O0 .987 IO– + H2O + 2 e⇌I– + 2 OH–0 .485 2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e⇌I2 + 6 H2O 1 .195 IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌I– + 3 H2O 1 .085 IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e⇌IO– + 4 OH–0 .15 IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌IO– + 6 OH–0 .26 In+ + e⇌In–0 .14 In2+ + e⇌In+–0 .40 In3+ + e⇌In2+–0 .49 In3+ + 2 e⇌In+–0 .443 In3+ + 3 e⇌In–0 .3382 In(OH)3 + 3 e⇌In + 3 OH––0 .99 In(OH)4– + 3 e⇌In + 4 OH––1 .007 In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌2 In + 6 OH––1 .034 Ir3+ + 3 e⇌Ir 1 .156 [IrCl6]2– + e⇌[IrCl6]3–0 .8665 [IrCl6]3– + 3 e⇌Ir + 6 Cl–0 .77 Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌2 Ir + 6 OH–0 .098 K+ + e⇌K–2 .931 La3+ + 3 e⇌La–2 .379Reaction E°/V La(OH)3 + 3 e⇌La + 3 OH––2 .90 Li+ + e⇌Li–3 .0401 Lr3+ + 3 e⇌Lr–1 .96 Lu3+ + 3 e⇌Lu–2 .28 Md3+ + e⇌Md2+–0 .1 Md3+ + 3 e⇌Md–1 .65 Md2+ + 2 e⇌Md–2 .40 Mg+ + e⇌Mg–2 .70 Mg2+ + 2 e⇌Mg–2 .372 Mg(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Mg + 2 OH––2 .690 Mn2+ + 2 e⇌Mn–1 .185 Mn3+ + e⇌Mn2+ 1 .5415 MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Mn2+ + 2 H2O 1 .224 MnO4– + e⇌MnO42–0 .558 MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇌MnO2 + 2 H2O 1 .679 MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e⇌Mn2+ + 4 H2O 1 .507 MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e⇌MnO2 + 4 OH–0 .595 MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌MnO2 + 4 OH–0 .60 Mn(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Mn + 2 OH––1 .56 Mn(OH)3 + e⇌Mn(OH)2 + OH–0 .15 Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e⇌2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O 1 .485 Mo3+ + 3 e⇌Mo–0 .200 MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Mo + 4 H2O–0 .152 H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e⇌7 Mo + 24 H2O0 .082 MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌Mo + 3 H2O 0 .075 N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌2 NH4OH0 .092 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 HN3–3 .09 N5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e⇌2 NH4+ 1 .275 N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌N2 + H2O 1 .766 H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌N2 + 2 H2O 2 .65 N2O4 + 2 e⇌2 NO2–0 .867 N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 NHO2 1 .065 N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌2 NO + 2 H2O 1 .035 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e⇌N2H5+ + 2 H2O 1 .42 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌N2O + H2O 1 .591 2 NO + H2O + 2 e⇌N2O + 2 OH–0 .76 HNO2 + H+ + e⇌NO + H2O0 .983 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌H2N2O2 + 2 H2O0 .86 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌N2O + 3 H2O 1 .297 NO2– + H2O + e⇌NO + 2 OH––0 .46 2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e⇌N2O22– + 4 OH––0 .18 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e⇌N2O + 6 OH–0 .15 NO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e⇌HNO2 + H2O0 .934 NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇌NO + 2 H2O0 .957 2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌N2O4 + 2 H2O0 .803 NO3– + H2O + 2 e⇌NO2– + 2 OH–0 .01 2 NO3– + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌N2O4 + 4 OH––0 .85 Na+ + e⇌Na–2 .71 Nb3+ + 3 e⇌Nb–1 .099 NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌NbO + H2O–0 .646 NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Nb + 2 H2O–0 .690 NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌Nb + H2O –0 .733 Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e⇌2 Nb + 5 H2O–0 .644 Nd3+ + 3 e⇌Nd–2 .323 Nd2+ + 2 e⇌Nd–2 .1 Nd3+ + e⇌Nd2+–2 .7 Ni2+ + 2 e⇌Ni–0 .257 Ni(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Ni + 2 OH––0 .72 NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Ni2+ + 2 H2O 1 .678 NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH––0 .490Reaction E°/V No3+ + e⇌No2+ 1 .4 No3+ + 3 e⇌No–1 .20 No2+ + 2 e⇌No–2 .50 Np3+ + 3 e⇌Np–1 .856 Np4+ + e⇌Np3+0 .147 NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e⇌Np(OH)3–0 .962 O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H2O20 .695 O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌2 H2O 1 .229 O2 + H2O + 2 e⇌HO2– + OH––0 .076 O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌H2O2 + 2 OH––0 .146 O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e⇌4 OH–0 .401 O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌O2 + H2O 2 .076 O3 + H2O + 2 e⇌O2 + 2 OH– 1 .24 O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H2O 2 .421 OH + e⇌OH– 2 .02 HO2– + H2O + 2 e⇌3 OH–0 .878 OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e⇌Os + 4 H2O0 .838 OsO4 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌OsO2 + 2 H2O 1 .02 [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e⇌[Os(bipy)2]2+0 .81 [Os(bipy)3]3+ + e⇌[Os(bipy)3]2+0 .80 P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌PH3(g)–0 .111 P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌PH3(g)–0 .063 P + 3 H2O + 3 e⇌PH3(g) + 3 OH––0 .87 H2P2– + e⇌P + 2 OH––1 .82 H3PO2 + H+ + e⇌P + 2 H2O–0 .508 H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H3PO2 + H2O–0 .499 H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌P + 3 H2O–0 .454 HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌H2PO2– + 3 OH––1 .65 HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e⇌P + 5 OH––1 .71 H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H3PO3 + H2O–0 .276 PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌HPO32– + 3 OH––1 .05 Pa3+ + 3 e⇌Pa–1 .34 Pa4+ + 4 e⇌Pa–1 .49 Pa4+ + e⇌Pa3+–1 .9 Pb2+ + 2 e⇌Pb–0 .1262 Pb2+ + 2 e⇌Pb(Hg)–0 .1205 PbBr2 + 2 e⇌Pb + 2 Br––0 .284 PbCl2 + 2 e⇌Pb + 2 Cl––0 .2675 PbF2 + 2 e⇌Pb + 2 F––0 .3444 PbHPO4 + 2 e⇌Pb + HPO42––0 .465 PbI2 + 2 e⇌Pb + 2 I––0 .365 PbO + H2O + 2 e⇌Pb + 2 OH––0 .580 PbO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Pb2+ + 2 H2O 1 .455 HPbO2– + H2O + 2 e⇌Pb + 3 OH––0 .537 PbO2 + H2O + 2 e⇌PbO + 2 OH–0 .247 PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌PbSO4 + 2 H2O 1 .6913 PbSO4 + 2 e⇌Pb + SO42––0 .3588 PbSO4 + 2 e⇌Pb(Hg) + SO42––0 .3505 Pd2+ + 2 e⇌Pd0 .951 [PdCl4]2– + 2 e⇌Pd + 4 Cl–0 .591 [PdCl6]2– + 2 e⇌[PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl– 1 .288 Pd(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Pd + 2 OH–0 .07 Pm2+ + 2 e⇌Pm–2 .2 Pm3+ + 3 e⇌Pm–2 .30 Pm3+ + e⇌Pm2+–2 .6 Po4+ + 2 e⇌Po2+0 .9 Po4+ + 4 e⇌Po0 .76 Pr4+ + e⇌Pr3+ 3 .2 Pr2+ + 2 e⇌Pr–2 .0 Pr3+ + 3 e⇌Pr–2 .353Reaction E°/V Pr3+ + e⇌Pr2+–3 .1Pt2+ + 2 e⇌Pt 1 .18 [PtCl4]2– + 2 e⇌Pt + 4 Cl–0 .755 [PtCl6]2– + 2 e⇌[PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl–0 .68 Pt(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Pt + 2 OH–0 .14 PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌PtO2 + H2O 1 .7 PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Pt(OH)22+ + H2O 1 .5 PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e⇌Pt + H2O 1 .2 PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌PtO + H2O 1 .01 PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Pt + 2 H2O 1 .00 Pu3+ + 3 e⇌Pu–2 .031 Pu4+ + e⇌Pu3+ 1 .006 Pu5+ + e⇌Pu4+ 1 .099 PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌Pu(OH)4 1 .325 PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e⇌PuO2OH + H2O 1 .062 Ra2+ + 2 e⇌Ra–2 .8 Rb+ + e⇌Rb–2 .98 Re3+ + 3 e⇌Re0 .300 ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇌ReO2 + 2 H2O0 .510 ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Re + 2 H2O0 .2513 ReO4– + 2 H+ + e⇌ReO3 + H2O0 .768 ReO4– + 4 H2O + 7 e⇌Re + 8 OH––0 .584 ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e⇀Re + 4 H2O0 .368 Rh+ + e⇌Rh0 .600 Rh3+ + 3 e⇌Rh0 .758 [RhCl6]3– + 3 e⇌Rh + 6 Cl–0 .431 RhOH2+ + H+ + 3 e⇌Rh + H2O0 .83 Ru2+ + 2 e⇌Ru0 .455 Ru3+ + e⇌Ru2+0 .2487 RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Ru2+ + 2 H2O 1 .120 RuO4– + e⇌RuO42–0 .59 RuO4 + e⇌RuO4– 1 .00 RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e⇌Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O 1 .40 RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e⇌Ru + 4 H2O 1 .038 [Ru(bipy)3)3+ + e–⇌[Ru(bipy)3]2+ 1 .24 [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e–⇌[Ru(H2O)6]2+0 .23 [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e–⇌[Ru(NH3)6]2+0 .10 [Ru(en)3]3+ + e –⇌[Ru(en)3]2+0 .210 [Ru(CN)6]3– + e–⇌[Ru(CN)6]4–0 .86 S + 2 e⇌S2––0 .47627 S + 2H+ + 2 e⇌H2S(aq)0 .142 S + H2O + 2 e⇌SH– + OH––0 .478 2 S + 2 e⇌S22––0 .42836 S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌2 H2SO30 .564 S2O82– + 2 e⇌2 SO42– 2 .010 S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 HSO4– 2 .123 S4O62– + 2 e⇌2 S2O32–0 .08 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e⇌HS2O4– + 2 H2O–0 .056 H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌S + 3 H2O0 .449 2 SO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌S2O42– + 4 OH––1 .12 2 SO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e⇌S2O32– + 6 OH––0 .571 SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌H2SO3 + H2O0 .172 2 SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌S2O62– + H2O–0 .22 SO42– + H2O + 2 e⇌SO32– + 2 OH––0 .93 Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌SbH3–0 .510 Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌2 Sb + 3 H2O0 .152 Sb2O5 (senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Sb2O3 +2 H2O0 .671Sb2O5 (valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Sb2O3 + 2H2O0 .649Reaction E°/V Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e⇌2 SbO+ + 3 H2O0 .581 SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e⇌Sb + 2 H2O0 .212 SbO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e⇌Sb + 4 OH––0 .66 SbO3– + H2O + 2 e⇌SbO2– + 2 OH––0 .59 Sc3+ + 3 e⇌Sc–2 .077 Se + 2 e⇌Se2––0 .924 Se + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H2Se(aq)–0 .399 H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Se + 3 H2O0 .74 Se + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H2Se–0 .082 SeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e⇌Se + 6 OH––0 .366 SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌H2SeO3 + H2O 1 .151 SeO42– + H2O + 2 e⇌SeO32– + 2 OH–0 .05 SiF62– + 4 e⇌Si + 6 F––1 .24 SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌Si + H2O–0 .8 SiO2 (quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Si + 2 H2O0 .857 SiO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e⇌Si + 6 OH––1 .697 Sm3+ + e⇌Sm2+–1 .55 Sm3+ + 3 e⇌Sm–2 .304 Sm2+ + 2 e⇌Sm–2 .68 Sn2+ + 2 e⇌Sn–0 .1375 Sn4+ + 2 e⇀Sn2+0 .151 Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e⇌Sn2+ + 3 H2O0 .142 SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e–⇌Sn2+ + 2 H2O–0 .094 SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Sn + 2 H2O–0 .117 SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e⇌SnOH+ + H2O–0 .194 SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e⇌Sn + 4 OH––0 .945 HSnO2– + H2O + 2 e⇌Sn + 3 OH––0 .909 Sn(OH)62– + 2 e⇌HSnO2– + 3 OH– + H2O–0 .93 Sr+ + e⇌Sr–4 .10 Sr2+ + 2 e⇌Sr–2 .899 Sr2+ + 2 e⇌Sr(Hg)–1 .793 Sr(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Sr + 2 OH––2 .88 Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e⇌2 Ta + 5 H2O–0 .750 Ta3+ + 3 e⇌Ta–0 .6 Tc2+ + 2 e⇌Tc0 .400 TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇌TcO2 + 2 H2O0 .782 Tc3+ + e⇌Tc2+0 .3 TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e⇌Tc + 4 H2O0 .472 Tb4+ + e⇌Tb3+ 3 .1 Tb3+ + 3 e⇌Tb–2 .28 Te + 2 e⇌Te2––1 .143 Te + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H2Te–0 .793 Te4+ + 4 e⇌Te0 .568 TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Te + 2 H2O0 .593 TeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e⇌Te + 6 OH––0 .57 TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e⇌Te + 4 H2O0 .472 H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌TeO2 + 4 H2O 1 .02 Th4+ + 4 e⇌Th–1 .899 ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Th + 2 H2O–1 .789 Th(OH)4 + 4 e⇌Th + 4 OH––2 .48 Ti2+ + 2 e⇌Ti–1 .630 Ti3+ + e⇌Ti2+–0 .9 TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Ti2+ + 2 H2O–0 .502 Ti3+ + 3 e⇌Ti–1 .37 TiOH3+ + H+ + e⇌Ti3+ + H2O–0 .055Reaction E°/V Tl+ + e⇌Tl–0 .336 Tl+ + e⇌Tl(Hg)–0 .3338 Tl3+ + 2 e⇌Tl+ 1 .252 Tl3+ + 3 e⇌Tl0 .741 TlBr + e⇌Tl + Br––0 .658 TlCl + e⇌Tl + Cl––0 .5568 TlI + e⇌Tl + I––0 .752 Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e⇌2 Tl+ + 6 OH–0 .02 TlOH + e⇌Tl + OH––0 .34 Tl(OH)3 + 2 e⇌TlOH + 2 OH––0 .05 Tl2SO4 + 2 e⇌Tl + SO42––0 .4360 Tm3+ + e⇌Tm2+–2 .2 Tm3+ + 3 e⇌Tm–2 .319 Tm2+ + 2 e⇌Tm–2 .4 U3+ + 3 e⇌U–1 .798 U4+ + e⇌U3+–0 .607 UO2+ + 4 H+ + e⇌U4+ + 2 H2O0 .612 UO22+ + e⇌UO+20 .062 UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌U4+ + 2 H2O0 .327 UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e⇌U + 2 H2O–1 .444 V2+ + 2 e⇌V –1 .175 V3+ + e⇌V2+–0 .255 VO2+ + 2 H+ + e⇌V3+ + H2O0 .337 VO2+ + 2 H+ + e⇌VO2+ + H2O0 .991 V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e⇌2 VO2+ + 3 H2O0 .957 V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e⇌2 V + 5 H2O–0 .242 V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e⇌VO2+ + 3 H2O 1 .00 V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e⇌V + 4 H2O–0 .254 [V(phen)3]3+ + e⇌[V(phen)3]2+0 .14 W3+ + 3 e⇌W0 .1 W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 WO2 + H2O–0 .031 WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌W + 2 H2O–0 .119 WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌W + 3 H2O–0 .090 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌WO2 + H2O0 .036 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌W2O5 + H2O–0 .029 H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌XeO3 + 3 H2O 2 .42 XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌Xe + 3 H2O 2 .10 XeF + e⇌Xe + F– 3 .4 Y3+ + 3 e⇌Y–2 .372 Yb3+ + e⇌Yb2+–1 .05 Yb3+ + 3 e⇌Yb–2 .19 Yb2+ + 2 e⇌Yb–2 .76 Zn2+ + 2 e⇌Zn–0 .7618 Zn2+ + 2 e⇌Zn(Hg)–0 .7628 ZnO22– + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌Zn + 4 OH––1 .215 ZnSO4· 7 H2O + 2 e = Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7H2O (Saturated ZnSO4)–0 .7993 ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e⇌Zn + H2O–0 .497 Zn(OH)42– + 2 e⇌Zn + 4 OH––1 .199 Zn(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Zn + 2 OH––1 .249 ZnO + H2O + 2 e⇌Zn + 2 OH––1 .260 ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Zr + 2 H2O–1 .553 ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e⇌Zr + 4 OH––2 .36 Zr4+ + 4 e⇌Zr–1 .45TABLE 2. Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than That of the Standard Hydrogen ElectrodeReaction E°/V 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H20 .00000 CuI2– + e⇌Cu + 2 I–0 .00 Ge4+ + 2 e⇌Ge2+0 .00 NO3– + H2O + 2 e⇌NO2– + 2 OH–0 .01 Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e⇌2 Tl+ + 6 OH–0 .02 SeO42– + H2O + 2 e⇌SeO32– + 2 OH–0 .05 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌WO2 + H2O0 .036 UO22+ + e = UO2+0 .062 Pd(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Pd + 2 OH–0 .07 AgBr + e⇌Ag + Br–0 .07133 MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌Mo + 3 H2O0 .075 S4O62– + 2 e⇌2 S2O32–0 .08 H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e⇌7 Mo + 24 H2O0 .082 AgSCN + e⇌Ag + SCN–0 .8951 N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌2 NH4OH0 .092 HgO + H2O + 2 e⇌Hg + 2 OH–0 .0977 Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌2 Ir + 6 OH–0 .098 2 NO + 2 e⇌N2O22–0 .10 [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e⇌[Ru(NH3)6]2+0 .10 W3+ + 3 e⇌W0 .1 [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e⇌[Co(NH3)6]2+0 .108 Hg2O + H2O + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2 OH–0 .123 Ge4+ + 4 e⇌Ge0 .124 Hg2Br2 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2 Br–0 .13923 Pt(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Pt + 2 OH–0 .14 [V(phen)3]3+ + e⇌[V(phen)3]2+0 .14 S + 2H+ + 2 e⇌H2S(aq)0 .142 Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e⇌Sn2+ + 3 H2O0 .142 Np4+ + e⇌Np3+0 .147 Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e⇌4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4–0 .1478 IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e⇌IO– + 4 OH–0 .15 Mn(OH)3 + e⇌Mn(OH)2 + OH–0 .15 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e⇌N2O + 6 OH–0 .15 Sn4+ + 2 e⇌Sn2+0 .151 Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌2 Sb + 3 H2O0 .152 Cu2+ + e⇌Cu+0 .153 BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e⇌Bi + Cl– + H2O0 .1583 BiCl4– + 3 e⇌Bi + 4 Cl–0 .16 Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌2 FeOH+ + H2O0 .16 Co(OH)3 + e⇌Co(OH)2 + OH–0 .17 SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌H2SO3 + H2O0 .172 Bi3+ + 2 e⇌Bi+0 .2 [Ru(en)3]3+ + e⇌[Ru(en)3]2+0 .210 SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e⇌Sb + 2 H2O0 .212 AgCl + e⇌Ag + Cl–0 .22233 [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e⇌[Ru(H2O)6]2+0 .23 As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌2 As + 3 H2O0 .234 Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE)0 .2360 Ge2+ + 2 e⇌Ge0 .24 Ru3+ + e⇌Ru2+0 .24 Calomel electrode, saturated KCl0 .2412 PbO2 + H2O + 2 e⇌PbO + 2 OH–0 .247 HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌As + 2 H2O0 .248 Ru3+ + e⇀Ru2+0 .2487 ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Re + 2 H2O0 .2513 IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌I– + OH–0 .26Reaction E°/V Hg2Cl2 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2 Cl–0 .26808 Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl0 .2800 Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE)0 .2801 At2 + 2 e⇌2 At–0 .3 Re3+ + 3 e⇌Re0 .300 Tc3+ + e⇌Tc2+0 .3Bi3+ + 3 e⇌Bi0 .308 BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e⇌Bi + H2O0 .320 UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌U4+ + 2 H2O0 .327 ClO3– + H2O + 2 e⇌ClO2– + 2 OH–0 .33 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌(CN)2 + 2 H2O0 .330 Calomel electrode, 0 .1 molar KCl0 .3337 VO2+ + 2 H+ + e⇌V3+ + H2O0 .337 Cu2+ + 2 e⇌Cu0 .3419 Ag2O + H2O + 2 e⇌2 Ag + 2 OH–0 .342 Cu2+ + 2 e⇌Cu(Hg)0 .345 AgIO3 + e⇌Ag + IO3–0 .354 [Fe(CN)6]3– + e⇌[Fe(CN)6]4–0 .358 ClO4– + H2O + 2 e⇌ClO–3 + 2 OH–0 .36 Ag2SeO3 + 2 e⇌2 Ag + SeO32–0 .3629 ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e⇌Re + 4 H2O0 .368 (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 HCN0 .373 [Ferricinium]+ + e⇌ferrocene0 .400 Tc2+ + 2 e⇌Tc0 .400 O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e⇌4 OH–0 .401 AgOCN + e⇌Ag + OCN–0 .41 [RhCl6]3– + 3 e⇌Rh + 6 Cl–0 .431 Ag2CrO4 + 2 e⇌2 Ag + CrO42–0 .4470 H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌S + 3 H2O0 .449 Ru2+ + 2 e⇌Ru0 .455 Ag2MoO4 + 2 e⇌2 Ag + MoO42–0 .4573 Ag2C2O4 + 2 e⇌2 Ag + C2O42–0 .4647 Ag2WO4 + 2 e⇌2 Ag + WO42–0 .4660 Ag2CO3 + 2 e⇌2 Ag + CO32–0 .47 TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e⇌Tc + 4 H2O0 .472 TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e⇌Te + 4 H2O0 .472 IO– + H2O + 2 e⇌I– + 2 OH–0 .485 NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH–0 .490 Bi+ + e⇌Bi0 .5 ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇌ReO2 + 2 H2O0 .510 Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2(ac)–0 .51163 Cu+ + e⇌Cu0 .521 I2 + 2 e⇌2 I–0 .5355 I3– + 2 e⇌3 I–0 .536 AgBrO3 + e⇌Ag + BrO3–0 .546 MnO4– + e⇌MnO4–0 .558 H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌HAsO2 + 2 H2O0 .560 S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌2 H2SO30 .564 AgNO2 + e⇌Ag + NO2–0 .564 Te4+ + 4 e⇌Te0 .568 Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e⇌2 SbO+ + 3 H2O0 .581 RuO4– + e⇌RuO42–0 .59 [PdCl4]2– + 2 e⇌Pd + 4 Cl–0 .591 TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Te + 2 H2O0 .593 MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e⇌MnO2 + 4 OH–0 .595 Rh2+ + 2 e⇌Rh0 .600Reaction E°/V Rh+ + e⇌Rh0 .600 MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌MnO2 + 4 OH–0 .60 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e⇌Ag2O + 2 OH–0 .607 BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌Br– + 6 OH–0 .61 UO2+ + 4 H+ + e⇌U4+ + 2 H2O0 .612 Hg2SO4 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + SO42–0 .6125 ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e⇌Cl– + 6 OH–0 .62 Hg2HPO4 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + HPO42–0 .6359 Ag(ac) + e⇌Ag + (ac)–0 .643 Sb2O5(valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Sb2O3 + 2 H2O0 .649 Ag2SO4 + 2 e⇌2 Ag + SO42–0 .654 ClO2– + H2O + 2 e⇌ClO– + 2 OH–0 .66 Sb2O5(senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Sb2O5 + 2H2O0 .671 [PtCl6]2– + 2 e⇌[PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl–0 .68 O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H2O20 .695 p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌⇌hydroquinone0 .6992 H3IO62– + 2 e⇌IO3– + 3 OH–0 .7 Ag2O3+ H2O + 2 e⇌2 AgO + 2 OH–0 .739 Tl3+ + 3 e⇌Tl0 .741 [PtCl4]2– + 2 e⇌Pt + 4 Cl–0 .755 Rh3+ + 3 e⇌Rh0 .758 ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e⇌Cl– + 4 OH–0 .76 2 NO + H2O + 2 e⇌N2O + 2 OH–0 .76 Po4+ + 4 e⇌Po0 .76 BrO– + H2O + 2 e⇌Br– + 2 OH–0 .761 ReO4– + 2 H+ +e⇌ReO3 + H2O0 .768 (CNS)2 + 2 e⇌2 CNS–0 .77 [IrCl6]3– + 3 e⇌Ir + 6 Cl–0 .77 Fe3+ + e⇌Fe2+0 .771 AgF + e⇌Ag + F–0 .779 [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e⇌[Fe(bipy)2]2+0 .78 TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇌TcO2 + 2 H2O0 .782 Hg22+ + 2 e⇌2 Hg0 .7973 Ag+ + e⇌Ag0 .7996 [Os(bipy)3]3+ + e⇌[Os(bipy)3]2+0 .80 2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌N2O4 + 2 H2O0 .803 [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e⇌[Os(bipy)2]2+0 .81 RhOH2+ + H + 3 e⇌Rh + H2O0 .83 OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e⇌Os + 4 H2O0 .838 ClO– + H2O + 2 e⇌Cl– + 2 OH–0 .841 Hg2+ + 2 e⇌Hg0 .851 AuBr4– + 3 e⇌Au + 4 Br–0 .854 SiO2(quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Si + 2 H2O0 .857 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌H2N2O2 + H2O 0 .86 [Ru(CN)6]3– + e–⇌[Ru(CN)6]4–0 .86 [IrCl6]2– + e⇌[IrCl6]3–0 .8665 N2O4 + 2 e⇌2 NO2–0 .867 HO2– + H2O + 2 e⇌3 OH–0 .878 Po4+ + 2 e⇌Po2+0 .92 Hg2+ + 2 e⇌Hg22+0 .920 NO3– +3 H+ + 2 e⇌HNO2 + H2O0 .934 Pd2+ + 2 e⇌Pd0 .951 ClO2(aq) + e⇌ClO2–0 .954 NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇌NO + 2 H2O0 .957 V2O5 +6 H+ + 2 e⇌2 VO2+ + 3 H2O0 .957 AuBr2– + e⇌Au + 2 Br–0 .959 HNO2 + H+ + e⇌NO + H2O0 .983Reaction E°/V HIO + H+ + 2 e⇌I– + H2O0 .987 VO2+ + 2 H+ + e⇌VO2+ + H2O0 .991 PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Pt + 2 H2O 1 .00 RuO4 + e⇌RuO4– 1 .00 V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e⇌VO2+ + 3 H2O 1 .00 AuCl4– + 3 e⇌Au + 4 Cl– 1 .002 Pu4+ + e⇌Pu3+ 1 .006 PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌PtO + H2O 1 .01 OsO4 + 4 H + 4 e⇌OsO2 + 2 H2O 1 .02 H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌TeO2 + 4 H2O 1 .02 [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e⇌[Fe(bipy)3]2+ 1 .03 Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌Hg + 2 H2O 1 .034 N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌2 NO + 2 H2O 1 .035 RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e⇌Ru + 4H2O 1 .038 [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e⇌[Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) 1 .06 PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e⇌PuO2OH + H2O 1 .062 N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 HNO2 1 .065 Br2(l) + 2 e⇌2Br– 1 .066 IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌I– + 3 H2O 1 .085 Br2(aq) + 2 e⇌2Br– 1 .0873 Pu5+ + e⇌Pu4+ 1 .099 Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e⇌[Cu(CN)2]– 1 .103 RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Ru2+ + 2 H2O 1 .120 [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e⇌⇀[Fe(phen)3]2+ 1 .147 SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌H2SeO3 + H2O 1 .151 ClO3– + 2 H+ + e⇌ClO2 + H2O 1 .152 Ir3+ + 3 e⇀Ir 1 .156 Pt2+ + 2 e⇌Pt 1 .18 ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌ClO3– + H2O 1 .189 2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e⇌I2 + 6 H2O 1 .195 PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e⇌Pt + H2O 1 .2 ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e⇌HClO2 + H2O 1 .214 MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Mn2+ + 2 H2O 1 .224 O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌2 H2O 1 .229 O3 + H2O + 2 e⇌O2 + 2 OH– 1 .24 [Ru(bipy)3]3+ + e⇌[Ru(bipy)3]2+ 1 .24 Tl3+ + 2 e⇌Tl+ 1 .252 N2H5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e⇌2 NH4+ 1 .275 ClO2 + H+ + e⇌HClO2 1 .277 [PdCl6]2– + 2 e⇌[PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl– 1 .288 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌N2O + 3 H2O 1 .297 AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e⇌Au+ + H2O 1 .32 PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H– + 2 e⇌Pu(OH)4 1 .325 HBrO + H+ + 2 e⇌Br– + H2O 1 .331 Cr(V) + e⇌Cr(IV) 1 .34 HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e⇌Cr3+ + 4 H2O 1 .350 Cl2(g) + 2 e⇌2Cl– 1 .35827 Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e⇌2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O 1 .36 ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e⇌Cl– + 4 H2O 1 .389 ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e⇌1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O 1 .39 No3+ + e⇌No2+ 1 .4 RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e⇌Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O 1 .40 Au3+ + 2 e⇌Au+ 1 .401 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e⇌N2H5+ + 2 H2O 1 .42 BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌Br– + 3 H2O 1 .423 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌I2 + 2 H2O 1 .439 Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌Au– + 3 H2O 1 .45Reaction E°/V 3IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌Cl– + 3 H2O 1 .451 PbO2 +4 H+ + 2 e⇌Pb2+ + 2 H2O 1 .455 ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e⇌1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O 1 .47 CrO2 + 4 H+ + e⇌Cr3+ + 2 H2O 1 .48 BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e⇌1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O 1 .482 HClO + H+ + 2 e⇌Cl– + H2O 1 .482 Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e⇌2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O 1 .485 HO2 + H+ + e⇌H2O2 1 .495 Au3+ + 3 e⇌Au 1 .498 PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Pt(OH)22+ + H2O 1 .5 MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e⇌Mn2+ + 4 H2O 1 .507 Mn3+ + e⇌Mn2– 1 .5415 HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e⇌Cl– + 2 H2O 1 .570 HBrO + H+ + e⇌1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O 1 .574 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌N2O + H2O 1 .591 Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌2 BiO+ + 2 H2O 1 .593 HBrO + H+ + e⇌1/2 Br2(l) + H2O 1 .596 H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e⇌IO3– + 3 H2O 1 .601 HClO + H+ + e⇌1/2 Cl2 + H2O 1 .611 HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O 1 .628 HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌HClO + H2O 1 .645 Bk4+ + e⇌Bk3+ 1 .67 NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Ni2+ + 2 H2O 1 .678 MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇀MnO2 + 2 H2O 1 .679 PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌PbSO4 + 2 H2O 1 .6913 Au+ + e⇌Au 1 .692 PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌PtO2 + H2O 1 .7 CeOH3+ + H+ + e⇌Ce3+ + H2O 1 .715 Ce4+ + e⇌Ce3+ 1 .72 N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌N2 + H2O 1 .766 H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 H2O 1 .776Reaction E°/V Ag3+ + e⇌Ag2+ 1 .8 Au2+ + e–⇌Au+ 1 .8 Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e⇌2 Ag + 2 H2O 1 .802 Co3+ + e⇌Co2–(2 molar H2SO4) 1 .83 Ag3+ + 2 e⇌Ag+ 1 .9 Co3+ + e⇌Co2+ 1 .92 Ag2+ + e⇌Ag+ 1 .980 Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2 e⇌2 Cu2+ + 3 H2O 2 .0S2O82– + 2 e⇌2 SO42– 2 .010 OH + e⇌OH– 2 .02 HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e⇌Fe3+ + 4 H2O 2 .07 O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌O2 + H2O 2 .076 HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e⇌FeOOH + 2 H2O 2 .08 2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e⇌Fe2O3 + 5 H2O 2 .09 XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌Xe + 3 H2O 2 .10 S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 HSO4– 2 .123 F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e⇌H2O + 2 F– 2 .153 FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e⇌Fe3+ + 4 H2O 2 .20 Cu3+ + e⇌Cu2+ 2 .4H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌XeO3 + 3 H2O 2 .42 O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H2O 2 .421 Am4+ + e⇌Am3+ 2 .60 H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌N2 + 2 H2O 2 .65 F2 + 2 e⇌2 F– 2 .866 Cm4+ + e⇌Cm3+ 3 .0F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌2 HF 3 .053 Tb4+ + e⇌Tb3+ 3 .1 Pr4+ + e⇌Pr3+ 3 .2 Cf4+ + e⇌Cf3+ 3 .3 XeF + e⇌Xe + F– 3 .4TABLE 3. Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than That of the Standard Hydrogen ElectrodeReaction E°/V 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H20 .00000 2 D+ + 2 e⇌D2–0 .013 AgCN + e⇌Ag + CN––0 .017 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌W2O5 + H2O–0 .029 W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌2 WO2 + H2O–0 .031 Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌2 Ag + H2S–0 .0366 Fe3+ + 3 e⇌Fe–0 .037 Hg2I2 + 2 e⇌2 Hg + 2 I––0 .0405 Tl(OH)3 + 2 e⇌TlOH + 2 OH––0 .05 TiOH3+ + H+ + e⇌Ti3+ + H2O–0 .055 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e⇌HS2O4– + 2 H2O–0 .056 P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌PH3(g)–0 .063 O2 + H2O + 2 e⇌HO2– + OH––0 .076 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e⇌Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O–0 .080 Se + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌H2Se–0 .082 WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e⇌W + 3 H2O–0 .090 SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌Sn2+ + 2 H2O–0 .094 Md3+ + e⇌Md2+–0 .1P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e⇌PH3(g)–0 .111 SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Sn + 2 H2O–0 .117 GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌GeO + H2O–0 .118Reaction E°/V WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌W + 2 H2O–0 .119 Pb2+ + 2 e⇌Pb(Hg)–0 .1205 Pb2+ + 2 e⇌Pb–0 .1262 CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e⇌Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH––0 .13 Sn2– + 2 e⇌Sn–0 .1375 In+ + e⇌In–0 .14 O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e⇌H2O2 + 2 OH––0 .146 MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Mo + 4 H2O–0 .152 AgI + e⇌Ag + I––0 .15224 2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e⇌N2O22– + 4 OH––0 .18 H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e⇌Ge + 3 H2O–0 .182 SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e⇌SnOH+ + H2O–0 .194 CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌HCOOH–0 .199 Mo3+ + 3 e⇌Mo–0 .200 Ga+ + e⇌Ga–0 .22 SO22– + 4 H+ + 2 e⇌S2O62– + H2O–0 .22 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌Cu + 2 OH––0 .222 V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e⇌2 V + 5 H2O–0 .242 CdSO4 + 2 e⇌Cd + SO42––0 .246 V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e⇌V + 4 H2O–0 .254 V3+ + e⇌V2+–0 .255。

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电气专业英语

电气专业英语

第一批：generator 发电机gas insulated substation GIS气体绝缘变电站turbogenerator 汽轮发电机neutral point 中性点hydrogenerator 水轮发电机moving contact 动触头hydraulic turbine 水轮机fixed contact 静触头steam turbine 汽轮机arc-extinguishing chamber 灭弧室dynamo 直流发电机stray capacitance 杂散电容motor 电动机stray inductance 杂散电感stator 定子sphere gap 球隙rotor 转子bushing tap grounding wire 套管末屏接地线power transformer 电力变压器electrostatic voltmeter 静电电压表variable transformer 调压变压器ammeter 电流表taped transformer 多级变压器grounding capacitance 对地电容step up (down) transformer 升(降)压变压器voltage divider 分压器circuit breaker CB断路器surge impedance 波阻抗dead tank oil circuit breaker 多油断路器Schering bridge 西林电桥live tank oil circuit breaker 少油断路器Rogowski coil 罗可夫斯基线圈vacuum circuit breaker 真空断路器oscilloscope 示波器sulphur hexafluoride breaker SF6断路器peak voltmeter 峰值电压表potential transformer PT电压互感器conductor 导线current transformer CT电流互感器cascade transformer 串级变压器disconnector 隔离开关coupling capacitor 耦合电容earthing switch 接地开关test object 被试品synchronous generator 同步发电机detection impedance 检测阻抗asynchronous machine 异步电机substation 变电站Insulator 绝缘子hydro power station 水力发电站lightning arrester 避雷器thermal power station 火力发电站metal oxide arrester MOA氧化锌避雷器nuclear power station 核电站bus bar 母线oil-filled power cable 充油电力电缆overhead line 架空线mixed divider (阻容)混合分压器transmission line 传输线XLPE cable 交链聚乙烯电缆(coaxial) cable (同轴)电缆relay继电器iron core 铁芯tuned circuit 调谐电路winding 绕组suspension insulator 悬式绝缘子bushing 套管porcelain insulator 陶瓷绝缘子front(tail) resistance 波头(尾)电阻glass insulator 玻璃绝缘子inverter station 换流站flash counter 雷电计数器steel-reinforced aluminum 钢芯铝绞线charging(damping) resistor 充电(阻尼)电阻conductortank 箱体point plane gap 针板间隙earth(ground) wire 接地线exciting winding 激磁绕组grading ring 均压环trigger electrode 触发电极highvoltage engineering 高电压工程glow discharge 辉光放电highvoltage testing technology高电压试验技术harmonic 谐波Power electronics电力电子Automatic control 自动控制Principles of electric circuits电路原理Digital signal processing 数字信号处理电气工程专业英语词汇表power system电力系统impulse current 冲击电流power network 电力网络impulse flashover 冲击闪络insulation 绝缘inhomogenous field 不均匀场overvoltage 过电压insulation coordination 绝缘配合aging 老化internal discharge 内部放电alternating current 交流电lightning stroke 雷电波AC transmission system交流输电系统lightning overvoltage 雷电过电压arc discharge 电弧放电loss angle（介质）损耗角attachment coefficient 附着系数magnetic field 磁场attenuation factor 衰减系数mean free path 平均自由行程anode (cathode) 阳极（阴极）mean molecular velocity平均分子速度breakdown （电）击穿negative ions 负离子bubble breakdown 气泡击穿non-destructive testing 非破坏性试验cathode ray oscilloscope 阴极射线示波器non-uniform field 不均匀场cavity空穴,腔partial discharge 局部放电corona 电晕peak reverse voltage 反向峰值电压composite insulation 组合绝缘photoelectric emission 光电发射critical breakdown voltage 临界击穿电压photon 光子Discharge 放电phase-to-phase voltage 线电压Dielectric 电介质,绝缘体polarity effect 极性效应dielectric constant 介质常数power capacitor 电力电容dielectric loss介质损耗quasi-uniform field 稍不均匀场direct current 直流电radio interference 无线干扰divider ratio 分压器分压比rating of equipment 设备额定值grounding 接地routing testing 常规试验electric field 电场residual capacitance 残余电容electrochemical deterioration 电化学腐蚀shielding 屏蔽electron avalanche 电子崩short circuit testing 短路试验electronegative gas电负性气体space charge 空间电荷epoxy resin 环氧树脂streamer breakdown 流注击穿expulsion gap 灭弧间隙surface breakdown 表面击穿field strength 场强sustained discharge 自持放电field stress 电场力switching overvoltage 操作过电压field distortion 场畸变thermal breakdown 热击穿field gradient 场梯度treeing 树枝放电field emission 场致发射uniform field 均匀场flashover 闪络wave front(tail) 波头（尾）gaseous insulation 气体绝缘withstand voltage 耐受电压Prime mover 原动机Power factor 功率因数Torque 力矩Distribution automation system 配电网自动化系统Servomechanism伺服系统Automatic meter reading 自动抄表Boiler 锅炉Armature 电枢Internal combustion engine 内燃机Brush 电刷Deenergize 断电Commutator 换向器Underground cable 地下电缆Counter emf 反电势电气工程专业英语词汇表Loop system 环网系统Demagnetization 退磁，去磁Distribution system配电系统Relay panel 继电器屏Trip circuit 跳闸电路Tertiary winding 第三绕组Switchboard 配电盘，开关屏Eddy current 涡流Instrument transducer 测量互感器Copper loss 铜损Oil-impregnated paper 油浸纸绝缘Iron loss 铁损Bare conductor 裸导线Leakage flux 漏磁通Reclosing 重合闸Autotransformer 自耦变压器Distribution dispatch center 配电调度中心Zero sequence current 零序电流Pulverizer 磨煤机Series (shunt) compensation 串（并）联补偿Drum 汽包，炉筒Restriking 电弧重燃Superheater 过热器Automatic oscillograph 自动录波仪Peak-load 峰荷Tidal current 潮流Prime grid substation 主网变电站Trip coil 跳闸线圈Reactive power` 无功功率Synchronous condenser 同步调相机Active power 有功功率Main and transfer busbar 单母线带旁路Shunt reactor 并联电抗器Feeder 馈电线Blackout 断电、停电Skin effect 集肤效应Extra-high voltage (EHV) 超高压Potential stress 电位应力(电场强度)Ultra-high voltage (UHV) 特高压Capacitor bank 电容器组Domestic load 民用电crusher 碎煤机Reserve capacity备用容量pulverizer 磨煤机Fossil-fired power plant 火电厂baghouse 集尘室Combustion turbine 燃气轮机Stationary (moving) blade 固定（可动）叶片Right-of-way线路走廊Shaft 转轴Rectifier 整流器Kinetic(potential) energy动（势）能Inductive (Capacitive) 电感的(电容的) Pumped storage power station 抽水蓄能电站Reactance (impedance) 电抗（阻抗）Synchronous condenser 同步调相机Reactor 电抗器Light(boiling)-water reactor 轻（沸）水反应堆Reactive 电抗的，无功的Stator(rotor) 定（转）子Phase displacement (shift) 相移Armature 电枢Surge冲击，过电压Salient-pole 凸极Retaining ring 护环Slip ring 滑环Carbon brush 炭刷Arc suppression coil 消弧线圈Short-circuit ratio 短路比Primary(backup) relaying 主(后备)继电保护Induction 感应Phase shifter 移相器Autotransformer 自藕变压器Power line carrier (PLC) 电力线载波（器）Bushing 套管Line trap 线路限波器Turn (turn ratio) 匝（匝比，变比）Uninterruptible power supply不间断电源Power factor 功率因数Spot power price 实时电价Tap 分接头Time-of-use(tariff) 分时（电价）Recovery voltage 恢复电压XLPE(Cross Linked 交联聚乙烯（电缆）Polyethylene )Arc reignition 电弧重燃Rms (root mean square) 均方根值Operation mechanism操动机构RF (radio frequency)射频电气工程专业英语词汇表Pneumatic(hydraulic) 气动（液压）Rpm (revolution per minute) 转/分Nameplate 铭牌LAN (local area network) 局域网Independent pole operation 分相操作LED (light emitting diode) 发光二极管Malfunction 失灵Single (dual, ring) bus 单（双，环形）母线Shield wire 避雷线IC (integrated circuit) 集成电路Creep distance 爬电距离FFT (fast Fourier transform) 快速傅立叶变换Silicon rubber 硅橡胶Telemeter 遥测Composite insulator 合成绝缘子Load shedding 甩负荷Converter (inverter) 换流器（逆变器）Lateral 支线Bus tie breaker 母联断路器Power-flow current 工频续流Protective relaying 继电保护sparkover 放电Transfer switching 倒闸操作Silicon carbide 碳化硅Outgoing (incoming) line 出（进）线Zinc oxide 氧化锌Phase Lead(lag) 相位超前（滞后）Withstand test 耐压试验Static var compensation (SVC) 静止无功补偿Dispatcher 调度员Flexible AC transmission system 灵活交流输电系统Supervisory control and data 监控与数据采集(FACTS) acquisition (SCADA)EMC (electromagnetic 电磁兼容ISO (international standardization 国际标准化组织compatibility) organization)GIS (gas insulated substation, 气体绝缘变电站IEC (international 国际电工（技术）委员会geographic information system) 地理信息系统Electrotechnical Commission)IEEE (Institute of Electrical and 电气与电子工程师学IEE (Institution of Electrical 电气工程师学会（英）Electronic Engineers)会（美）Engineers)scale 刻度，量程calibrate 校准rated 额定的terminal 接线端子fuse 保险丝，熔丝humidity湿度resonance 谐振，共振moisture 潮湿，湿气analytical 解析的operation amplifier 运算放大器numerical 数字的amplitude modulation (AM) 调幅frequency-domain 频域frequency modulation (FM) 调频time-domain 时域binary二进制operation amplifier 运算放大器octal 八进制active filter 有源滤波器decimal 十进制passive filter 无源滤波器hexadecimal 十六进制第二披：electrical back to back test 反馈试验electrical bridge 电桥electrical codes 电气规程electrical communication 电气通信electrical coupler 电路连接器electrical damper 电气阻尼器electrical dipole 电偶极子electrical discharge machining 放电加工electrical distance 电距离electrical efficiency 电效率electrical endurance 电气耐久性electrical energy 电能electrical engineer 电气工程师electrical engineering 电工学electrical equipment 电气设备electrical erosion arc machining 放电加工electrical hygrometer 电气湿度计electrical industry 电气工业electrical installation 电气装置electrical installation work 电气安装工作electrical insulating board 电绝缘纸板electrical interconnection 电互相联接electrical interlocks 电气联锁electrical length 电气长度electrical loss 电损electrical machinery and apparatus 电机与七electrical measurement 电气测定electrical measuring instrument 电测仪表electrical moisture meter 电气水份计electrical musical instrument 电气乐器electrical neutral axis 电气中性轴electrical noise 电噪声electrical ore finding 电探矿electrical potential difference 电位差electrical power 电功率electrical pressure 电压electrical property 电气性质electrical quantity 电量electrical recorder 电气记录器electrical relay 继电器electrical salinometer 电气盐液比重计electrical sheet 电工钢片electrical shielding 电屏蔽electrical thermometer 电气温度计electrical viscometer 电粘度计electrical zero 电零点electrically alterable read only memory 可改写只读存储器electrically heated thermocouple 电热温差变换器electrically measuring instrument 电气计测仪器electrically wound clock 电钟electrician 电气技术员electricity 电气electricity meter 电量计electrification 电气化electrification by friction 摩擦起电electrified body 带电体electrified main line 电气化干线铁路electrify 使电气化electrization 带电electro chemical series 电化序electro driven tools 电气从动工具electro erosion 电腐蚀electro erosion machining 电蚀加工electro hydraulic controller 电动压液控制器electro hydraulic servovalve 电液伺服阀electroacoustic transducer 电声换能器electroacoustics 电声学electroanalysis 电解分析electroanalyzer 电分析仪electrobalance 电动天平electrobiology 电生物学electrobus 电动公共汽车electrocalorimeter 电热量计electrocapillarity 电毛细管学electrocardiogram 心电图electrocardiograph 心电图描记器electrochemical 电化学的electrochemical action 电化酌electrochemical constant 电化常数electrochemical equivalent 电化当量electrochemical polarization 电化极化electrochemical valve 电化阀electrochemistry 电化学electroculture 电气栽培electrode 电极electrode admittance 电极的导纳electrode capacitance 极间电容electrode characteristic 电极特性electrode current 电极电流electrode dark current 电极暗电流electrode dissipation 电极耗散electrode potential 电极电位electrode reaction 电极反应electrode resistance 电极电阻electrode spacing 电极间距electrode voltage 电极电压electrodeless discharge 无电极放电electrodeposition 电附着electrodialysis 电渗析electrodynamic 电动力的electrodynamic ammeter 电动式安培计electrodynamic analogy 电动模拟electrodynamic force 电动力electrodynamic instrument 电动系仪表electrodynamic potential 电动势electrodynamic relay 电动式继电器electrodynamic voltmeter 电动式伏特计electrodynamic wattmeter 电动式瓦特计electrodynamics 电动力学electrodynamometer 电动系仪表electrodynamometry 电力测功法electroencephalogram 脑电图electroendosmose 电渗electroextraction 电解抽出electrofluid dynamic generation of electricity 电铃发电electroforming 电铸electrogalvanizing 电镀锌electrograph 电记录器electrographite brush 人造石墨电刷electrograving 电蚀刻electrogravure 电刻electrohydraulic actuator 电动液压传动electrohydraulic analogy 电液模拟electrokinematics 电运动学electrokinetic energy 动电能electrokinetics 动电学electrokinetograph 电动仪electrolier 电烛台electroluminescence 电发光electrolysis 电解electrolyte 电解质electrolytic analysis 电解分析electrolytic capacitor 电解电容器electrolytic cell 电解电池electrolytic cleaning 电解清洗electrolytic condenser 电解电容器electrolytic conduction 电解导电electrolytic copper 电解铜electrolytic corrosion 电蚀electrolytic dissociation 电离解electrolytic extraction 电解抽出electrolytic iron 电解铁electrolytic lightning arrester 电解式避雷器electrolytic meter 电解库仑计electrolytic oxidation 电解氧化electrolytic polarization 电解极化;电解分极第三披：交流平衡指示器 a. c .balance indicator交流电流校准器 a. c. current calibrator交流电流失真 a. c. current distortion交流激电仪 a. c. induced polarization instrument交流电位差计 a. c. potentiometer交流电阻箱 a. c. resistance box交流标准电阻器 a. c. standard resistor交流电压校准器 a. c. voltage distortion阿贝比长仪Abbe comparator抗先还原物质能力ability of anti prereduced component [sensor] 烧蚀厚度传感器ablative thickness transducer独立线圈absolute coil在线英语学习绝对法absolute method土壤（绝对）湿度absolute moisture of the soil [sensor] 绝对压力传感器absolute pressure transducer单独读出absolute read-out绝对分辨率absolute resolution绝对盐度absolute salinity线性系统的绝对稳定性absolute stability of a linear system 流体绝对静压absolute static pressure of the fluid绝对温标absolute temperature scale绝对压力表absolute(pressure transducer吸收电流象absorbed current image吸收比absorptance吸收修正absorption correction吸收边absorption edges吸收温度表absorption hygrometer吸收X射线谱法absorption X-ray spectrometry吸引材料的吸收率absorptivity of an absorbing抽象系统abstract system丰度灵敏度abundance sensityivity交流差动变压器式位移传感器AC-ACLVDT displacement transducer 加速度误差系数acceleration error coefficient加速度仿真器acceleration simulator[sensor] 加速度传感器acceleration transducer滤质器的接收容限acceptance of the mass filter[交]收检验acceptance test 验存取access time 存取时间access可及性accessibility试验机附件accessories of testing machine附属硬件accessory hardware有限互换附件accessory of limited interchangeability二披次：（测量仪表的）附件accessory(for a measuring instrument)积累误差accumulated error累积时差accumulated time difference累积雨量器accumulative raingauge[准]确度等级accuracy class 精（保护用电流互感器的）精确度极限因数accuracy limit factor(of a protective current transformer）测量精[准]确度accuracy of measurement波长精确度accuracy of the wavelength精确度限accuracy rating[准]确度accuracy 精乙炔减压器acetylene regulator乙炔压力表acetylene(pressure)gauge在线英语学习声波幅度测井仪acoustic amplitude logger水声信标acoustic beacon声学海流计acoustic current meter声学元件acoustic element声发射acoustic emission声发射振幅acoustic emission amplitude声发射分析系统acoustic emission analysis system声发射检测系统acoustic emission detection system声发射检测仪acoustic emission detector声发射能量acoustic emission energy声发射事件acoustic emission event声发射前置放大器acoustic emission preamplifier声发射脉冲发生器acoustic emission pulser声发射率acoustic emission rate[conditioner] 声发射信号处理器acoustic emission signal processor声发射源acoustic emission source声发射源定位及分析系统acoustic emission source location and analysis system 声发射源定位系统acoustic emission source location system声发射频谱acoustic emission spectrum声发射技术acoustic emission technique[sensor] 声发射换能器acoustic emission transducer声疲劳acoustic fatigue声波测井仪acoustic logging instrument声失效acoustic malfunction声匹配层acoustic matching layer声比acoustic ratio声释放器acoustic releaser声学温度计；声波温度表acoustic thermometer回声验潮仪acoustic tide gauge声应答器acoustic transponder三披次：[sensor] 声（学量）传感器acoustic(quantity)transducer声频大地电场仪acoustical frequency electric声全息图acoustical hologram声全息acoustical holography电子束扫描声全息acoustical holography by electron-beam scanning激光束扫描声全息acoustical holography by laser scanning机械扫查声全息acoustical holography by mechanical scanning布拉格衍射声成像acoustical imaging by Bragg diffraction声阻法acoustical impedance method透声压力容器acoustically transparent pressure vessel取数据时间acquisition time有效基长active gauge length在线英语学习有效基宽active gauge width活性金属指示电极active metal indicated electrode电流互感器的实际变化actral transformation ratio of current transformer 实物校准actual material calibration实际观测时间actual time of observation电压互感器的实际变化actual transformation ratio of voltage transformer 实际电压比actual voltage ratio执行机构；驱动器actuator执行机构波纹管actuator bellows执行机构负载actuator load执行机构动力部件actuator power unit执行器传感器接口actuator sensor interface(ASI)执行机构输出轴actuator shaft执行机构弹簧actuator spring执行机构输出杆actuator stem执行机构刚度actuator stem force执行机构行程特性actuator travel characteristic适应层adaptation layer适应控制系统adaptive control system适应控制器adaptive controller适应预报adaptive prediction适应遥测系统adaptive telemetering system叠加法addition method补充修正additional correction质谱的可迭加性additivity of mass spectra总离子强度调节缓冲剂adjust buffer total ion strength 动槽水银气压表adjustable cistern barometer相对湿度可调范围adjustable relative humidity range 温度可调范围adjustable temperature range校正针adjusting pin四披次：调整adjustment调节波纹管adjustment bellows调整装置adjustment device航摄仪aerial surveying camera空气动力学天平aerodynamic balance气体动力噪声aerodynamic noise高空气象计aerometeorograph县浮微料；气溶胶aerosol柱老化aging of column农用分析仪agricultural analyzer耗气量air consumption空气压力天平air pressrue balance在线英语学习风（向）袋air sleeve气关air to close气开air to open航空电磁系统airborne electromagnetic system;AEM system 航空磁通门磁力仪airborne flux-gate magnetometer航空伽玛辐射仪airborne gamma radiometer航空伽玛能谱仪airborne gamma spectrometer航空重力仪air-borne gravimeter机载红外光谱辐射计airborne infrared spectroradiometer航空光泵磁力仪airborne optical pumping magnetometer 航空甚低频电磁系统airborne proton magnetometer机载投弃式深温计airborne XBT空投式极地浮标air-deployable buoy空投自动气象站air-drop automatic station气控制器airgun controller锁气装置air-lock device气流表airmeter气密式仪器仪表air-tight instrument报警汇总画面alarm summery panel报警单元alarm unit酒精温度表alcohol thermometer准线仪alignment instrument碱焰离子化检测器alkali flame ionization detector(AFID) 碱误差alkaline error海水碱度alkalinity of seawater配置问题；分配问题allocation problem允许的负载阻抗allowable load impedance允许压差allowable pressure differential许用不平衡量allowable unbalance全天空照相机all-sky camera五披次：全天候风向风速计all-weather wind vane and anemometerα粒子能谱仪alpha spectrometer[exchange]load 交变负荷alternating交流极谱仪alternating temperature humidity test chamber 交变湿热试验箱alternating-current linear variable differential transformer(AC-ACLVDT)环境湿度范围ambient humidity range环境压力误差ambient pressure error环境温度范围ambient temperature range环境振动ambient vibration模糊误差ambiguity error电流表ammeter氨压力表ammonia(pressure)gauge不平衡量指示器amount of unbalance indicatior在线英语学习安时计ampere-hour meter幅值amplitude振幅检测组件amplitude detector module振幅误差amplitude error幅度调制；调幅amplitude modulation(AM)振幅比—相位差仪amplitude ratio-phase difference instrument幅值响应amplitude response幅相误差amplitude-phase error模拟数据analog data模拟深层地震仪analog deep-level seismograhp模拟磁带记录强震仪analog magnetic tape record type strong-motion instrument 模拟磁带地震记录仪analog seismograph tape recorder模拟型立体测图仪analog stereopotter模拟式超导磁力仪analog superconduction magnetometer模拟系统analog system模拟遥测系统analog telemetering system[sensor] 模拟传感器analog transducer数转换精确度analog-to-digital conversion accuracy 模-数转换速度analog-to-digital conversion rate 模-模拟计算单元analogue computer模拟式测量仪器仪表analogue measuring instrument物理量的模拟表示analogue representation of a physical quantity模拟试验analogue signal数转换器；A/D转换器analogue-digital converter;A/D converter 模-数转[变]换analogue-to-digital conversion 模/仿真实验分析analysis of simulation experiment分析型电子显微镜analytical electron microscope分析间隙analytical gap分析仪器analytical instrument分析线analytical line六披次：分析管analyzer tube消声水池anechoic tank测风杆anemometer meast测风塔anemometer tower空盒气压计aneroid barograph空盒气压表；空盒气压计aneroid barometer角度angle斜角法angle beam technique角型angle form冲角angle of attach视场角angle of field of view指向角；半扩散角angle of spread在线英语学习望远镜视场角angle of view of telescope射线辐射圆锥角angle of X-ray projiction X斜探头angle probe角分辨电子谱法angle resolved electron spectroscopy(ARES) 角应变angle strain[sensor] 角度传感器angle transducer[sensor] 迎角传感器anglg-attack transducer[sensor] 角加速度传感器angular acceleration transducer角加速度传感器angular displacement角位移光栅angular displacement grationg角编码器angular encoder角灵敏度angular sensitivity[sensor] 角速度传感器angular velocity transducer环室annular chamber环形线圈间隙annular coil clearance防空化阀anti-cavitation valve防污染装置anti-contamination device抗耦双频激电仪anti-coupling bi-frequency induced polarization instrument消磁电压敏电阻器anti-magnetized varistor反斯托克线anti-stockes line非周期阻尼；过阻尼aperiodic dampong非周期振动aperiodic vibration压差光阑aperture of pressure difference针孔摄影法aperture photographic method孔径光栏aperture stop空隙时间aperture time冲击法直流磁特性测量装置apparatus for measuring d.c.magnetic characteristic with ballistic galvanometer表观温度apparent temperature出现电热谱仪appearance potential spectrometer出现电热谱法appearance potential spectrometer(APS)七披次：出现电位appearance potentical应用层协议规范application layer protocol specification应用室服务定义application layer service definition应用层application layer(AL)应用软件application software批准approval近似绝对温标approximate absolute temperature scale消弧电压敏电阻器arc suppressing varstor极地浮标arctic buoy面积影响area effect区域定位area location主送风方向横截面积area of cross section of the main air flow在线英语学习氩离子化检测器argon ionization detector氩离子枪argon-ion gun算术逻辑运算单元arithmetic logic unit(ALU)算术加权平均值arithmetic weighted mean粗糙度）轮廓的算术平均偏差arithmetical mean deviation of the(foughness)profile ( 不等臂误差arm error阵排列array configuration防雷用电压敏电阻器arrester varistor关节型机器人articulated robot人工缺陷artificial defect人工环境artificial environment人工电场法仪器artificial field method instrument人工海水artificial seawater异步通信接口适配器ash fusion point determination meter 异步输入asynchronous input蒸发仪，蒸发表atmidometer蒸发仪；蒸发表atmometer天电强度计atmoradiograph天气向下辐射atmospheric counter radiation大气不透明度atmospheric opacity气压高度计atmospheric pressure altimeter大气压电离atmospheric pressure ionization(API)天电；远程雷电atmospherics原子力显微镜atom force microscope原子吸收光谱法atomic absorption spectrometry原子荧光光度计atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer原子序数修正atomic number correction原子吸收分光光度计atomic-absorption spectrophotometer 衰减长度attenuation length[sensor] 姿态传感器attitude transducer八披次：监听器audio monitor声频频谱仪audio-frequency spectrometer俄歇电子能谱仪Auger electron energy spectrometer(AEES)俄歇电子象Auger electron image俄歇电子能谱法Auger electron spectroscopy(AES)电子自动测井仪auto-compensation logging instrument自耦式混合绕组电流互感器auto-compound current transformer 交、直流磁特性自动记录装置automatic a.c. d.c.B-H curve tracer 自动平衡机automatic balancing machine真空自动控制电源automatic control souce of vacuum自动曝光装置automatic exposure device盐水溶液自动补给器automatic feeder for brine在线英语学习自动调焦和消象散装置automatic focus and stigmator视轴安平补偿器automatic levelling compensator无线电自动风向风速仪automatic radio wind wane and anemometer 电子轨道衡automatic railway weigh bridge自动扫查automatic scanning自动弹簧式吸液管automatic spring pipette自动试验机automatic testing machine竖直度盘指标补偿器automatic vertical index自动气象站automatic weather station自动/手动操作器automatic/manual station;A/M station自动极化补偿器auto-polarization compensator辅件auxiliary attachment辅助控制器总线auxiliary controller bus(ACB)辅助机箱控制器auxiliary crate controller电位差计的）辅助设备auxiliary equipment(of potentiometer) ( 辅助气体auxiliary gas辅助输出信号auxiliary output signal辅助端auxiliary terminal助动型重力仪auxiliary type gravimeter平均可用度average availability平均名义特性average nominal characteristic平均声级average sound level污染的平均值average value of contarmination平均风速average wind speed轴向通电法axial current flow method轴向灵敏度axial sensitivity轴向振动axial vibration摆轴；旋转轴axis of rotation应变计[片]轴线axix of strain gauge。

泵类汉英对照表

泵类汉英对照表

泵类汉英对照表泵类汉英对照表汉语术语英文凹槽 groove饱和压力 Saturation Pressure保持环 retaining ring保护层的形成 Protective Layer Formation保护形式 Types of Protection保证 Guarantee背靠背叶轮泵 Back-to-back Impeller Pump背叶片 Back Vane泵 pump泵测试效率 pump test efficiency泵出力 pump delivery泵的基础 Pump Foundation泵的类型 Pump Types泵的排出口 Pump Discharge Nozzle泵的使用范围 Application Fields for Pumps泵的输出功率 Pump Output泵的旋转方向 Direction of Pump Rotation泵房 pump house(room)泵功率 Pump Power泵和输送装置噪音 Noises in Pumps and Pumping Installations 泵壳 Pump Casings泵内沉积物 Deposits in Pumps泵试验台 Pump Test Bed泵输出功率的降低 Reduction in Pump Output泵输入功率 pump input power泵体 pump casing泵吸入槽 Pump Sump泵吸入管吸上高度 pump lift泵吸入口 Pump Suction Nozzle泵效率 pump efficiency泵效率 Pump Efficiency泵芯包 pump cartridge泵性能曲线 pump performance curve泵站 pumping house泵轴 Pump Shaft比例泵 proportioning pump比输送功 Specific Delivery Work比转数 Specific Speed边界层 Boundary Layer变矩桨叶 Variable Pitch Blade标准泵 Standard Pump标准化工泵 Standard Chemical Pump标准孔板 Standard Orifice Plate标准喷嘴 Standard Nozzle标准温度 Standard Temperature标准文丘里管 Standard Venturi Nozzle标准压力 Standard Pressure标准状态 Standard Conditions表面保护 Surface Protection表压 Manometric Pressure并联运转 Parallel Operation伯努利方程 BERNOULLI Equation补偿器 Compensator补给水泵 make-up water pump部分负荷运转 Part-load Operation残油输出装置 Residual Pump-out Device槽 slot测量的不精确性 Uncertainty in Measurement 测量技术 Measuring Technique测量孔板 Measuring Orifice Plate测量偏差 Measuring Tolerance测量误差 Error of Measurement测量仪器 Measuring Device测试转速 test speed层流 Laminar Flow齿轮泵 gear pump齿轮传动泵 Geared Pump齿轮箱 Gearbox冲击冷凝 Shock Condensation冲击压力 Impact Pressure冲角 Angle of Incidence抽出体积 Extraction Volume抽气（吸）泵；真空泵 suction pump出口侧盖板（大端盖） discharge cover出口截面 Outlet Cross-section出口截面宽度 Outlet Width出口弯管 Outlet Elbow出口压力 discharge pressure初始汽蚀 Incipient Cavitation传输损失 tansmission loss传送器 Transmitter船头推进舵 Bow Thruster Rudder船坞泵 Dock Pump船用泵 Marine Pump大气压 Barometric Pressure大气压力 Atmospheric Pressure带式过滤器 Band Sereen单吸离心泵 single-suctoin centrifugal单相交流电 Single-phase Alternating Current单叶片叶轮 Single Vane Impeller导向叶片 Guide Vane导向装置 Guide Arrangement低温泵 Crygenic Pump低压泵 Low Pressure Pump底料泵 Sump Pump点蚀 Pitting电感应式流量测量 Inductive Flow Measurement 电功率 Electric Power电化学腐蚀 Electrochemical Corrosion电机 Electric Motor电机电耗 Current Consumption of Electric Motors 电机温升 Temperature Rise in Electric Motors电机转矩曲线 Torque Curve of Electric Motors电解腐蚀 Electrolytic Corrosion电缆密封压盖 Cable Gland电力驱动 Electric Drive电流 current电路 Electrical Circuits电气开关设备 Electrical Switchgear电位序 Electrochemical Series电压 voltage电压降 Voltage Drop顶点 Apex定位螺栓 fitted bolt动力液流 Motive Water Flow动力粘度 Dynamic Viscosity动量矩定理 Theorem of Momentum动平衡 Dynamic Balancing动下室排水泵 Cellar Drainage Pump动压力 Dynamic Pressure对开的润滑油密封 split oil seal对轮 the coupling对轮防护罩 the coupling guard对轮螺栓 coupling nut多级泵 Multistage Pump多流式泵 Multiflow Pump恩氏粘度 Degrees Engler阀门和管件 Valves and Fittings法兰结构 Flange Construction反向流动 Reversal of Flow反应堆泵 Reactor Pump反转转速 Reverse Rotational Speed防爆 Explosion Protection防反转装置 Reverse Rotation Locking Device 防腐 Corrosion Protection防护装置 guard放射 Emission非堵塞式叶轮 Non-clogging Impeller非扰动管道长度 Undisturbed Length of Piping 非稳定流 Non-steady Flow非稳定扬程曲线 Unstable Throttling Curve费鲁德准数 FROUDE Number费用 Costs复算 Re-evaluation干式安装 Dry Installation干运转 Dry Running高度 Height高速离心泵 High Speed Centrifugal Pump高压泵 High Pressure Pump隔膜泵 diaphragm pump隔膜式计量泵 diaphragm type metering pump 给水泵 feed water pump给水泵 Feed Pump工业水泵 industrial water pump工作特征 Operating Characteristics公称尺寸 Nominal Size公称压力 Nominal Pressure功 work功率 power功率 power功率测量 power measurement功率调节 power control功率损失 power loss功率因数power factor cosφ供水泵 Water Supply Pump固体颗粒的输送 Conveying of Solids过流翼型 Flow Profile过滤器 Filter海水 Sea Water海水泵 Sea Water Pump海水淡化装置 Sea Water Desalination Plant海水箱 Sea Chest耗水量 Water Consumption合适的流量 corrected flowrate恒定油位油杯 Constant Level Oiler虹吸流动 Syphon Flow虹吸装置 Syphoning Installation化工泵 Chemical Pump化工稳定性表 Chemical Stability Table环境保护 Environmental Protection环形泵 Ring-section Pump环形壳 Annular casing回流导向叶片 Return Guide Vane回路试验 Loop Test混流叶轮 Mixed-flow Impeller活塞传送器 Piston Transmitter货船油泵 Cargo Oil Pump机械传动 Mechnical Drive机械密封 Mechanical Seal机械效率 Mechanical Efficiency基板 Baseplate基本方程 Fundation基础 Foundation基建投资 Capital Investment级 Stage级间导叶 interstage diffuser极数 Number of Poles继电器 Relay家用供水装置 Domestic Water Supply Plant 间隙宽度 Clearance Gap Width间隙密封 Clearance Gap Seal间隙汽蚀 Clearance Gap Cavitation间隙压力 Clearance Gap Pressure监测装置 Monitoring Device键 key键槽 keyway交流电 Alternating Current角速度 Angular Velocity接触器 Contactor接通压力 Switching-on Pressure节流调节 throttling control节流系数 throttling coefficient进液室 Intake Chamber进液条件 Intake Conditions进液弯管 Intake Elbow浸蚀 Erosion经济可行性计算 Economic Viability Calcuation净正吸入压头 NPSH（Net Positive Suction Head)径流泵 Radial Pump径向力 Radial Force径向剖分壳体 Radially Split Casing径向推力 Radial Thrust径向叶轮 Radial Impeller径向轴承 journal bearing绝对速度 Absolute Velocity卡诺冲击损失 Carnot Shock Loss卡普兰弯管 Kaplan Elbow铠装泵 Armoured Pump抗腐蚀性 Corrosion Resistance壳体 Casing可抽出性 withdrawability可调叶片 adjustable vane空气泵 Air Pump空气提升泵 Air-Lift Pump空心旋涡 Hollow Vortex孔板 Oriffice Plate孔径比 Apertuer Ratio扩压管（圆锥管） Diffuser(Conical Duct)扩压器（导轮） Diffuser(Guide Wheel)冷凝液泵 Condensate Pump冷却剂泵 Coolant Pump冷却水泵 Cooling Water Pump离心泵 centrifugal pump离心泵 Centrifugal Pump离心泵的安装 Installation of Centrifugal Pump离心泵的操作条件 Operating Conditions of Centrifugal Pumps离心泵的操作性能 Operating Behaviour of Centrifugal Pumps离心泵的冲击损失 Shock Loss in Centrifugal Pumps离心泵的间隙损失 Clearance Gap Loss in Centrifugal Pumps离心泵的平稳运行 Smoop and Quiet Running of Centrifugal Pumps 离心泵的验收试验规范 Acceptance Test Codes for Centrifugal Pumps 离心泵的制造材料 Construction Material for Centrifugal Pumps离心泵的注水 Priming of Centrifugal Pumps离心泵调节 Control of Centrifugal Pumps离心泵和驱动设备保养 Care of Centrifugal Pumps and Drives离心泵失衡 Out-of-Balance of Centrifugal Pumps离心泵装置 Centrifugal Pump Plant离心式鼓风机 centrifugal blower离心式滤油机 centrifugal oil filter离心式压缩机 centrifugal compressor离心水泵 centrifugal water pump立式泵 vertical pump立式泵 Vertical Pump立式屏蔽泵（筒形泵） Vertical Can-type Pump立轴式井泵 Vertical Spindle Well Pump利息支付 Interest Payment连续性方程 Continuity Equation两相流动 Two-phase Flow临界转速 Critical Speed of Rotation流程泵 Process Pump流程型结构 Process Type Construction流道涡流 Channel Vortex流动分离 Flow Separation流动功 Flow Output流量 flowrate流量 Flow流量（体积流量） Capacity流量测定 Flow Measurement流量测量 Capacity Measurement流量调节器 Flow Controller流量系数 Flow Coefficient流量指示器、流量观察窗 flow indicators流速 Flow Velocity流体 Fluid流体动力学 Fluid Dynamics流体机械 Fluid Flow Machine流线 Flow Line轮毂比 Hub Ratio螺杆泵 screw pump(spiral pump)螺纹紧固件 threaded fastener马达输出功率 motor output power马达输入功率 motor input power马达效率 motor efficiency迷宫密封 labyrinth gland迷宫密封箱体 labyrinth gland housing迷宫式密封 Labyrinth Seal密封衬套 shaft sleeve内效率 Internal Efficiency那维尔－斯托克斯方程 NAVIER-STOKES Equation 耐酸泵 Acid Pump焾 Enthalpy能 Energy能量级 Energy Level逆时针旋转叶轮 Counterclockwise Rotating Impeller 凝泵 condensate extraction pump凝结水泵 condensate transfer pump凝汽器抽气泵 condenser air pump牛顿流体 NEWTONian Fluid扭力杆 Torsion Rod扭力计 Torsion Dynamometer欧拉方程 EULER Equation排出段 Discharge Casing排出管线 Discharge Line排出管嘴 Discharge Nozzle排出损失 Discharge Loss排灌站水泵 Drainage Station Punp排气 Venting排气阀 Vent Valve排水泵 Dewatering Pump排水量 Water Yield排污泵 blowdown pump(sewage pump) 排污泵 Faeces Pump旁路 By-Pass皮带传动 Belt Drive皮托管 Pitot Tube频率 frequency平垫片 flat gasket平衡鼓 balance drum平衡鼓螺母 balance drum nut平衡孔 balance'hole平衡液体流量 balance water flow平衡装置 balancing device平衡状态 equilibrium condition平皮带传动 flat belt drive屏蔽泵 Canned Motor Pump起动 Start Up起动过程 Starting Process起动时间 Starting Time起动转矩 Starting Torgue气囊的形成 Formation of Air Pockets气体分离 Gas Separation汽蚀 Cavitation汽蚀磨损 Cavitation Wear汽蚀噪音 Cavitation Noise强制循环泵 forced-circulation pump切断压力 Switching-off Pressure切换频率 Switching Frequency氢指数 Hydrogen Exponent清水泵 Clean Water Pump驱动 Drive热 Heat热泵 Heat Pump热含量 Heat Content热虹吸 Thermosyphon热量 Quantity of Heat热载体泵 Heat Transfer Media Pump热障 Thermal Barrier容积泵 Positive Displacement Pump入口导叶 suction guide入口管嘴 Entry Nozzle入口截面 Inlet Cross-section入口压力 suction pressure入口锥管 Entry Cone润滑油泵 Lubricating Oil Pump三相电机 Three-phase Motor三相电流 Three-Phase Current三相制 Three-phase System设计工作点 Design Duty Point声学 Acoustics时间 Time视在功率 Apparent Power试验台 Test Bed手动泵 Hand Pump首级内泵壳 first stage ring section输送黏性液体黏性泵 centrifugal pump handling viscous liquids 甩油环，抛油环 oil thrower双缸泵组 Twin Pumping Set双流道泵 two-channel impeller pump双流道叶轮 two-passage impeller双蜗壳 Double Volute水厂泵 waterworks pumps水锤 water hammer水的硬度 hardness of water水力效率 hydraulic efficiency水流量计 water meter水泥壳泵 concrete casing pump水喷射 water jet水喷射泵 water jet pump水温 water temperature水下泵 underwater pump水下电机 underwater motor水下电机泵 underwater motor pump水银泵 mercury pump水硬度 water hardness速度 Velocity速度测定 Measuring of Speeds速度测量 Velocity Measurement速度三角形 Velocity Triangle损失系数 Loss Coefficient锁紧垫圈、防松垫圈 lock-washer 探头 Probe特性 Characteristic特性曲线 Characteristic Curve特性因数 Characteristic Factor体积流量 Volume Flow停转时间 Run-down Time通量线 Flux Line同步转速 Synchronous Speed铜导体 Copper Conductor投资评价 Capital Servicing透平驱动泵 Turbine Driven Pump 涂层 Coat of Paint推力盘 thrust collar推力瓦 thrust pad推力轴承撑板 thrust carrier ring推力轴承室 thrust bearing housing 托轮 Jockey Pulley弯管 Elbow弯管壳体泵 Elbow Casing Pump卧式泵 Horizontal Pump污泥泵 Sludge Pump污水泵 Sewage Pump无冲击流入 Shock-free Entry无泄漏 Leak-tightness吸入口 Suction Nozzle吸入室 Suction Chamber吸入性能 Suction Behaviour吸入压头 Suction Head吸入叶轮 Sution Impeller纤维素 Cellulose纤维性物料 Fibrous Material相对速度 Relative Velocity相合定律 Congruence Law相似条件 Similarity Conditions相位移 Phase Displacement11。

色谱术语中英文对照

色谱术语中英文对照

色谱字典（术语大全）中文英文色谱图c h r o m a t o g r a m色谱峰c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c p e a k峰底p e a k b a s e峰高h，p e a k h e i g h t峰宽W，p e a k w i d t h半高峰宽W h/2，p e a k w i d t h a t h a l f h e i g h t峰面积A，p e a k a r e a拖尾峰t a i l i n g a r e a前伸峰l e a d i n g a r e a假峰g h o s t p e a k畸峰d i s t o r t e d p e a k反峰n e g a t i v e p e a k拐点i n f l e c t i o n p o i n t原点o r i g i n斑点s p o t区带z o n e复班m u l t i p l e s p o t区带脱尾z o n e t a i l i n g基线b a s e l i n e基线漂移b a s e l i n e d r i f t基线噪声N，b a s e l i n e n o i s e统计矩m o m e n t一阶原点矩γ1，f i r s t o r i g i n m o m e n t二阶中心矩μ2，s e c o n d c e n t r a l m o m e n t三阶中心矩μ3，t h i r d c e n t r a l m o m e n t液相色谱法l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y，L C液液色谱法l i q u i d l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y，L L C 液固色谱法l i q u i d s o l i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y，L S C 正相液相色谱法n o r m a l p h a s e l i q u i dc h r o m a t o g r a p h y反相液相色谱法r e v e r s e d p h a s e l i q u i dc h r o m a t o g r a p h y，R P L C柱液相色谱法l i q u i d c o l u m n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y高效液相色谱法h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e l i q u i dc h r o m a t o g r a p h y，H P L C尺寸排除色谱法s i z e e x c l u s i o n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y，S E C凝胶过滤色谱法g e l f i l t r a t i o n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y凝胶渗透色谱法g e l p e r m e a t i o n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y，G P C亲和色谱法a f f i n i t y c h r o m a t o g r a p h y离子交换色谱法i o n e x c h a n g e c h r o m a t o g r a p h y，I E C 离子色谱法i o n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y离子抑制色谱法i o n s u p p r e s s i o n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y离子对色谱法i o n p a i r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y疏水作用色谱法h y d r o p h o b i c i n t e r a c t i o nc h r o m a t o g r a p h y制备液相色谱法p r e p a r a t i v e l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y 平面色谱法p l a n a r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y纸色谱法p a p e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y薄层色谱法t h i n l a y e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y，T L C高效薄层色谱法h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e t h i n l a y e rc h r o m a t o g r a p h y，H P T L C浸渍薄层色谱法i m p r e g n a t e d t h i n l a y e rc h r o m a t o g r a p h y凝胶薄层色谱法g e l t h i n l a y e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y离子交换薄层色谱法i o n e x c h a n g e t h i n l a y e rc h r o m a t o g r a p h y制备薄层色谱法p r e p a r a t i v e t h i n l a y e rc h r o m a t o g r a p h y薄层棒色谱法t h i n l a y e r r o d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y液相色谱仪l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h制备液相色谱仪p r e p a r a t i v e l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h 凝胶渗透色谱仪g e l p e r m e a t i o n c h r o m a t o g r a p h涂布器s p r e a d e r点样器s a m p l e a p p l i c a t o r色谱柱c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c c o l u m n棒状色谱柱m o n o l i t h c o l u m n m o n o l i t h c o l u m n微粒柱m i c r o p a r t i c l e c o l u m n填充毛细管柱p a c k e d c a p i l l a r y c o l u m n空心柱o p e n t u b u l a r c o l u m n微径柱m i c r o b o r e c o l u m n混合柱m i x e d c o l u m n组合柱c o u p l e d c o l u m n预柱p r e c o l u m n保护柱g u a r d c o l u m n预饱和柱p r e s a t u r a t i o n c o l u m n浓缩柱c o n c e n t r a t i n g c o l u m n抑制柱s u p p r e s s i o n c o l u m n薄层板t h i n l a y e r p l a t e浓缩区薄层板c o n c e n t r a t i n g t h i n l a y e r p l a t e荧光薄层板f l u o r e s c e n c e t h i n l a y e r p l a t e反相薄层板r e v e r s e d p h a s e t h i n l a y e r p l a t e梯度薄层板g r a d i e n t t h i n l a y e r p l a t e烧结板s i n t e r e d p l a t e展开室d e v e l o p m e n t c h a m b e r往复泵r e c i p r o c a t i n g p u m p注射泵s y r i n g e p u m p气动泵p n e u m a t i c p u m p蠕动泵p e r i s t a l t i c p u m p检测器d e t e c t o r微分检测器d i f f e r e n t i a l d e t e c t o r积分检测器i n t e g r a l d e t e c t o r总体性能检测器b u l k p r o p e r t y d e t e c t o r溶质性能检测器s o l u t e p r o p e r t y d e t e c t o r(示差)折光率检测器[d i f f e r e n t i a l]r e f r a c t i v e i n d e xd e t e c t o r荧光检测器f l u o r e s c e n c e d e t e c t o r紫外可见光检测器u l t r a v i o l e t v i s i b l e d e t e c t o r电化学检测器e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l d e t e c t o r蒸发(激光)光散射检测器[l a s e r]l i g h t s c a t t e r i n g d e t e c t o r光密度计d e n s i t o m e t e r薄层扫描仪t h i n l a y e r s c a n n e r柱后反应器p o s t-c o l u m n r e a c t o r体积标记器v o l u m e m a r k e r记录器r e c o r d e r积分仪i n t e g r a t o r馏分收集器f r a c t i o n c o l l e c t o r工作站w o r k s t a t i o n固定相s t a t i o n a r y p h a s e固定液s t a t i o n a r y l i q u i d载体s u p p o r t柱填充剂c o l u m n p a c k i n g化学键合相填充剂c h e m i c a l l y b o n d e d p h a s ep a c k i n g薄壳型填充剂p e l l i c u l a r p a c k i n g多孔型填充剂p o r o u s p a c k i n g吸附剂a d s o r b e n t离子交换剂i o n e x c h a n g e r基体m a t r i x载板s u p p o r t p l a t e粘合剂b i n d e r流动相m o b i l e p h a s e洗脱(淋洗)剂e l u a n t，e l u e n t展开剂d e v e l o p e r等水容剂i s o h y d r i c s o l v e n t改性剂m o d i f i e r显色剂c o l o r[d e v e l o p i n g]a g e n t死时间t0，d e a d t i m e保留时间t R，r e t e n t i o n t i m e调整保留时间t'R，a d j u s t e d r e t e n t i o n t i m e死体积V0，d e a d v o l u m e保留体积v R，r e t e n t i o n v o l u m e调整保留体积v'R，a d j u s t e d r e t e n t i o n v o l u m e柱外体积V e x t，e x t r a-c o l u m n v o l u n e粒间体积V0，i n t e r s t i t i a l v o l u m e(多孔填充剂的)孔体积V P，p o r e v o l u m e o f p o r o u s p a c k i n g液相总体积V t o l，t o t a l l i q u i d v o l u m e洗脱体积v e，e l u t i o n v o l u m e流体力学体积v h，h y d r o d y n a m i c v o l u m e相对保留值r i.s，r e l a t i v e r e t e n t i o n v a l u e分离因子α，s e p a r a t i o n f a c t o r流动相迁移距离d m，m o b i l e p h a s e m i g r a t i o nd i s t a n c e流动相前沿m o b i l e p h a s e f r o n t溶质迁移距离d s，s o l u t e m i g r a t i o n d i s t a n c e比移值R f，R f v a l u e高比移值h R f，h i g h R f v a l u e相对比移值R i.s，r e l a t i v e R f v a l u e保留常数值R m，R m v a l u e板效能p l a t e e f f i c i e n c y折合板高h r，r e d u c e d p l a t e h e i g h t分离度R，r e s o l u t i o n液相载荷量l i q u i d p h a s e l o a d i n g离子交换容量i o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y负载容量l o a d i n g c a p a c i t y渗透极限p e r m e a b i l i t y l i m i t排除极限V h，m a x，e x c l u s i o n l i m i t拖尾因子T，t a i l i n g f a c t o r柱外效应e x t r a-c o l u m n e f f e c t管壁效应w a l l e f f e c t间隔臂效应s p a c e r a r m e f f e c t边缘效应e d g e e f f e c t斑点定位法l o c a l i z a t i o n o f s p o t放射自显影法a u t o r a d i o g r a p h y原位定量i n s i t u q u a n t i t a t i o n生物自显影法b i o a u t o g r a p h y归一法n o r m a l i z a t i o n m e t h o d内标法i n t e r n a l s t a n d a r d m e t h o d外标法e x t e r n a l s t a n d a r d m e t h o d叠加法a d d i t i o n m e t h o d普适校准(曲线、函数)c a l i b r a t i o n f u n c t i o n o r c u r v e[f u n c t i o n]谱带扩展(加宽)b a n d b r o a d e n i n g(分离作用的)校准函数或校准曲线u n i v e r s a l c a l i b r a t i o n f u n c t i o n o r c u r v e[o f s e p a r a t i o n]加宽校正b r o a d e n i n g c o r r e c t i o n加宽校正因子b r o a d e n i n g c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r溶剂强度参数ε0，s o l v e n t s t r e n g t h p a r a m e t e r洗脱序列e l u o t r o p i c s e r i e s洗脱(淋洗)e l u t i o n等度洗脱g r a d i e n t e l u t i o n梯度洗脱g r a d i e n t e l u t i o n(再)循环洗脱r e c y c l i n g e l u t i o n线性溶剂强度洗脱l i n e a r s o l v e n t s t r e n g t h g r a d i e n t程序溶剂p r o g r a m m e d s o l v e n t程序压力p r o g r a m m e d p r e s s u r e程序流速p r o g r a m m e d f l o w展开d e v e l o p m e n t上行展开a s c e n d i n g d e v e l o p m e n t下行展开d e s c e n d i n g d e v e l o p m e n t双向展开t w o d i m e n s i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t环形展开c i r c u l a r d e v e l o p m e n t离心展开c e n t r i f u g a l d e v e l o p m e n t向心展开c e n t r i p e t a l d e v e l o p m e n t 径向展开r a d i a l d e v e l o p m e n t多次展开m u l t i p l e d e v e l o p m e n t分步展开s t e p w i s e d e v e l o p m e n t连续展开c o n t i n u o u s d e v e l o p m e n t 梯度展开g r a d i e n t d e v e l o p m e n t匀浆填充s l u r r y p a c k i n g停流进样s t o p-f l o w i n j e c t i o n阀进样v a l v e i n j e c t i o n柱上富集o n-c o l u m n e n r i c h m e n t流出液e l u a t e柱上检测o n-c o l u m n d e t e c t i o n柱寿命c o l u m n l i f e柱流失c o l u m n b l e e d i n g显谱v i s u a l i z a t i o n活化a c t i v a t i o n反冲b a c k f l u s h i n g脱气d e g a s s i n g沟流c h a n n e l i n g过载o v e r l o a d i n g。

(2021年整理)材料专业常用术语英语单词表

(2021年整理)材料专业常用术语英语单词表

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Unit 1property （材料的）性质heat treatment 热处理metal 金属glass 玻璃plastics 塑料fiber 纤维electronic devices 电子器件component 组元，组分semiconducting materials 半导体材料materials science and engineering 材料科学与工程materials science 材料科学materials engineering 材料工程materials scientist 材料科学家materials engineer 材料工程师synthesize 合成synthesissubatomic structure 亚原子结构electron 电子atom 原子nuclei 原子核nucleusmolecule 分子microscopic 微观的microscope 显微镜naked eye 裸眼macroscopic 宏观的specimen 试样deformation 变形polished 抛光的reflect 反射magnitude 量级solid materials 固体材料mechanical properties 力学性质force 力elastic modulus 弹性模量strength 强度electrical properties 电学性质electrical conductivity 导电性dielectric constant 介电常数electric field 电场thermal behavior 热学行为heat capacity 热容thermal conductivity 热传导(导热性）magnetic properties 磁学性质magnetic field 磁场optical properties 光学性质electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射light radiation 光辐射index of refraction 折射率reflectivity 反射率deteriorative characteristics 劣化特性processing 加工performance 性能linear 线性的integrated circuit chip 集成电路芯片strength 强度ductility 延展性deterioration 恶化，劣化mechanical strength 机械强度elevated temperature 高温corrosive 腐蚀性的fabrication 制造Unit 2chemical makeup 化学组成atomic structure 原子结构advanced materials 先进材料high-technology 高技术smart materials 智能材料nanoengineered materials 纳米工程材料metallic materials 金属材料nonlocalized electrons 游离电子conductor 导体electricity 电heat 热transparent 透明的visible light 可见光polished 抛光的surface 表面lustrous 有光泽的aluminum 铝silicon 硅alumina 氧化铝silica 二氧化硅oxide 氧化物carbide 碳化物nitride 氮化物dioxide 二氧化物clay minerals 黏土矿物porcelain 瓷器cement 水泥mechanical behavior 力学行为ceramic materials 陶瓷材料stiffness 劲度strength 强度hard 坚硬brittle 脆的fracture 破裂insulative 绝缘的resistant 耐……的resistance 耐力，阻力，电阻molecular structures 分子结构chain-like 链状backbone 骨架carbon atoms 碳原子low densities 低密度mechanical characteristics 力学特性inert 隋性synthetic (人工）合成的fiberglass 玻璃纤维polymeric 聚合物的epoxy 环氧树脂polyester 聚酯纤维carbon fiber—reinforced polymer composite 碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料glass fiber-reinforced materials 玻璃纤维增强材料high-strength， low-density structural materials 高强度低密度结构材料solar cell 太阳能电池hydrogen fuel cell 氢燃料电池catalyst 催化剂nonrenewable resource 不可再生资源Unit 3periodic table （元素)周期表atomic structure 原子结构magnetic 磁学的optical 光学的microstructure 微观结构macrostructure 宏观结构positively charged nucleus 带正电的原子核atomic number 原子序数proton 质子atomic weight 原子量neutron 中子negatively charged electrons 带负电的电子shell 壳层magnesium 镁chemical bonds 化学键partially-filled electron shells 未满电子壳层bond 成键metallic bond 金属键nonmetal atoms 非金属原子covalent bond 共价键ionic bond 离子键Unit 4physical properties 物理性质chemical properties 化学性质flammability 易燃性corrosion 腐蚀oxidation 氧化oxidation resistance 抗氧化性vapor (vapour）蒸汽，蒸气,汽melt 熔化solidify 凝固vaporize 汽化,蒸发condense 凝聚sublime 升华state 态plasma 等离子体phase transformation temperatures 相变温度density 密度specific gravity 比重thermal conductivity 热导linear coefficient of thermal expansion 线性热膨胀系数electrical conductivity and resistivity 电导和电阻corrosion resistance 抗腐蚀性magnetic permeability 磁导率phase transformations 相变phase transitions 相变crystal forms 晶型melting point 熔点boiling point 沸腾点vapor pressure 蒸气压atm 大气压glass transition temperature 玻璃化转变温度mass 质量volume 体积per unit of volume 每单位体积the acceleration of gravity 重力加速度temperature dependent 随温度而变的，与温度有关的grams/cubic centimeter 克每立方厘米kilograms/cubic meter 千克每立方米grams/milliliter 克每毫升grams/liter 克每升pounds per cubic inch 磅每立方英寸pounds per cubic foot 磅每立方英尺alcohol 酒精benzene 苯magnetize 磁化magnetic induction 磁感应强度magnetic field intensity 磁场强度constant 常数vacuum 真空magnetic flux density 磁通密度diamagnetic 反磁性的factor 因数paramagnetic 顺磁性的ferromagnetic 铁磁性的non-ferrous metals 非铁金属，有色金属brass 黄铜ferrous 含铁的ferrous metals 含铁金属,黑色金属relative permeability 相对磁导率transformer 变压器，变换器eddy current probe 涡流探针Unit 5hardness 硬度impact resistance 耐冲击性fracture toughness 断裂韧度,断裂韧性structural materials 结构材料anisotropic 各向异性orientation 取向texture 织构fiber reinforcement 纤维增强longitudinal 纵向transverse direction 横向short transverse direction 短横向a function of temperature 温度的函数，温度条件room temperature 室温elongation 伸长率tension 张力，拉力compression 压缩bending 弯曲shear 剪切torsion 扭转static loading 静负荷dynamic loading 动态载荷cyclic loading 循环载荷，周期载荷cross-sectional area 横截面stress 应力stress distribution 应力分布strain 应变engineering strain 工程应变perpendicular 垂直normal axis 垂直轴elastic deformation 弹性形变plastic deformation 塑性形变quality control 质量控制nondestructive tests 无损检测tensile property 抗张性能，拉伸性能Unit 6lattice 晶格positive ions 正离子a cloud of delocalized electrons 离域电子云ionization 电离,离子化metalloid 准金属，类金属nonmetal 非金属diagonal line 对角线polonium 钋semi—metal 半金属lower left 左下方upper right 右上方conduction band 导带valence band 价带electronic structure 电子结构synthetic materials （人工）合成材料oxygen 氧oxide 氧化物rust 生锈potassium 钾alkali metals 碱金属alkaline earth metals 碱土金属volatile 活泼的transition metals 过渡金属oxidize 氧化barrier layer 阻挡层basic 碱性的acidic 酸性的electrochemical series 电化序electrochemical cell 电化电池cleave 解理，劈开elemental 元素的，单质的metallic form 金属形态tightly-packed crystal lattice 密排晶格，密堆积晶格atomic radius 原子半径nuclear charge 核电荷number of bonding orbitals 成键轨道数overlap of orbital energies 轨道能重叠crystal form 晶型planes of atoms 原子面a gas of nearly free electrons 近自由电子气free electron model 自由电子模型an electron gas 电子气band structure 能带结构binding energy 键能positive potential 正势periodic potential 周期性势能band gap 能隙Brillouin zone 布里渊区nearly-free electron model 近自由电子模型solid solution 固溶体pure metals 纯金属duralumin 硬铝，杜拉铝Unit 9purification 提纯，净化raw materials 原材料discrete 离散的,分散的iodine 碘long—chain 长链alkane 烷烃,链烃oxide 氧化物nitride 氮化物carbide 碳化物diamond 金刚石graphite 石墨inorganic 无机的mixed ionic—covalent bonding 离子-共价混合键constituent atoms 组成原子conduction mechanism 传导机制phonon 声子photon 光子sapphire 蓝宝石visible light 可见光computer-assisted process control 计算机辅助过程控制solid—oxide fuel cell 固体氧化物燃料电池spark plug insulator 火花塞绝缘材料capacitor 电容electrode 电极electrolyte 电解质electron microscope 电子显微镜surface analytical methods 表面分析方法Unit 12macromolecule 高分子repeating structural units 重复结构单元covalent bond 共价键polymer chemistry 高分子化学polymer physics 高分子物理polymer science 高分子科学molecular structure 分子结构molecular weights 分子量long chains 长链chain—like structure 链状结构monomer 单体plastics 塑料rubbers 橡胶thermoplastic 热塑性thermoset 热固性vulcanized rubbers 硫化橡胶thermoplastic elastomer 热塑弹性体natural rubbers 天然橡胶synthetic rubbers 合成橡胶thermoplastic 热塑性thermoset 热固性resin 树脂polyethylene 聚乙烯polypropylene 聚丙烯polystyrene 聚苯乙烯polyvinyl—chloride 聚氯乙烯polyvinyl 聚乙烯的chloride 氯化物polyester 聚酯polyurethane 聚氨酯polycarbonate 聚碳酸酯nylon 尼龙acrylics 丙烯酸树脂acrylonitrile-butadiene—styrene ABS树脂polymerization 聚合（作用）condensation polymerization 缩聚addition polymerization 加聚homopolymer 均聚物copolymer 共聚物chemical modification 化学改性terminology 术语nomenclature 命名法chemist 化学家the Noble Prize in Chemistry 诺贝尔化学奖catalyst 催化剂atomic force microscope 原子力显微镜（AFM） Unit 15composite 复合材料multiphase 多相bulk phase 体相matrix 基体matrix material 基质材料reinforcement 增强体reinforcing phase 增强相reinforcing material 加强材料metal—matrix composite 金属基复合材料ceramic—matrix composite 陶瓷基复合材料resin—matrix composite 树脂基复合材料strengthening mechanism 增强机理dispersion strengthened composite 弥散强化复合材料particle reinforced composites 颗粒增强复合材料fiber—reinforced composites 纤维增强复合材料Unit 18nanotechnology 纳米技术nanostructured materials 纳米结构材料nanometer 纳米nanoscale 纳米尺度nanoparticle 纳米颗粒nanotube 纳米管nanowire 纳米线nanorod 纳米棒nanoonion 纳米葱nanobulb 纳米泡fullerene 富勒烯size parameters 尺寸参数size effect 尺寸效应critical length 临界长度mesoscopic 介观的quantum mechanics 量子力学quantum effects 量子效应surface area per unit mass 单位质量的表面积surface physics and chemistry 表面物理化学substrate 衬底，基底graphene 石墨烯chemical analysis 化学分析chemical composition 化学成分analytical techniques 分析技术scanning tunneling microscope 扫描隧道显微镜spatial resolution 空间分辨率de Brogile wavelength 德布罗意波长mean free path of electrons （电子)平均自由程quantum dot 量子点band gap 带隙continuous density of states 连续态密度discrete energy level 离散能级absorption 吸收infrared 红外ultraviolet 紫外visible 可见quantum confinement （effect) 量子限域效应quantum well 量子势阱optoelectronic device 光电子器件energy spectrum 能谱electron mean free path 电子平均自由程spin relaxation length 自旋弛豫长度Unit 21biomaterial 生物材料implant materials 植入材料biocompatibility 生物相容性in vivo 在活体内in vitro 在活体外organ transplant 器管移植calcium phosphate 磷酸钙hydroxyapatite 羟基磷灰石research and development 研发 R＆D Preparation & Characterizationprocessing techniques 加工技术casting 铸造rolling 轧制,压延welding 焊接ion implantation 离子注入thin—film deposition 薄膜沉积crystal growth 晶体生长sintering 烧结glassblowing 玻璃吹制analytical techniques 分析技术characterization techniques 表征技术electron microscopy 电子显微术X—ray diffraction X射线衍射calorimetry 量热法Rutherford backscattering 卢瑟福背散射neutron diffraction 中子衍射nuclear microscopy 核子微探针。