遗产地旅游产品开发外文文献翻译2014年译文3150字

外文出处：Eagles, SF McCool , The Exploitation and the Management of Hot Spring Tourist in Japan [J]. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 2014, 15(3): 243-257.（本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。

）原文The Exploitation and the Management of Hot Spring Tourist in JapanEagles, SF McCoolAbstractTourist activity promotes the development of economy, which is an industrialized, diversified and global trend. Busy working people look forward to the casual life brought by traveling, thus the hot spring tourism has become one of the important ways for people to spend their holidays. The main reason for the popularity of hot spring tourism is its scarcity and uniqueness. So, the study and protection of hot spring tourism are undoubtedly of scientific importance.On the basis of literature review, this paper is intended to discuss the concept and cause of hot springs, the resource and classification of hot springs, the content and the scientific principle of it. With the application of location theory & experiencing marketing theory, this paper analyzed and summarized the unique culture, destination, marketing and the concept of environment protection of the hot spring tourism.When analyzing of the 221 hot springs in Japan as samples, This paper have summarized the geographic distribution and culture features of them. With the research of the 2013 Top 10 hot springs in Japan ，I have learned the unique culture features of Japan hot spring tourism: religion, catering and scenery culture. I have chosen the seven important hot springs in Japan and then studied their layout and planning, and summarize the four layout patterns of hot spring destinations in Japan. Though there are various ways of promoting and marketing of hot springs, this paper classify them into seven patterns. We should deeply think about the great attention paid to the tourism by the Japan government. In the year 1948, the Japan’s government issued the Hot Spring Act to revitalize the economy of Japan bydeveloping the hot spring tourism.Key words: Japan; Hot spring tourism; Culture; The destination; Distribution1 Japanese hot spring resources development and utilization of the era changeBefore the Meiji restoration, the ancient Japanese hot spring used for the purpose of rehabilitation, and accumulated a wealth of experience. Nine and 12 century peace noble diary really mentioned in the jade leaf, spa is one period of treatment, 7 days three course 21 days as the minimum standard. In the folk, wash the hot spring in the different season also have different call. Such as bath is called "cold soup", where the spring into the bath is called "spring soup to cure" etc. The ancient form of some famous hot spring is famous for its special curative effect more. In the 19th century, after the Meiji restoration, Japan actively absorb the advanced western science and technology, great changes have taken place in the whole social economy, cities are also growing rapidly. The urban middle class demand for hot spring, contributed to the development and utilization of hot spring resources. At the same time the introduction of western modern science and technology to promote the scientific research of hot springs, hot springs, the maintenance function and utilizing came to be known. When the foreigners of the future building villas in the hot springs, hot spring development and utilization of beginning and combination of summer, maintenance, close to the city to some hot springs into a summer resort and maintenance.By 1973, Japan's hot spring hotel SuBo guest reached 120 million. In many hot springs to recreational direction at the same time, in 1954, the ministry to promote health, prevent disease, improving national quality as the goal, began to put some good hot springs spa, maintenance and environmental conditions, designated as national maintenance of hot springs to enrich SuBo facilities, institute of health and medical institutions, add hot springs health pavilion, tree-lined paths, hot spring park, such as sports facilities, servicing the surrounding cultural environment and natural environment. Hot springs and facilities open to citizens, with relatively low price to attract a variety of guest floor. A policy that continues to this day, until 2005, has reached the designated national maintenance of hot springs.Since the 1990 s, Japan's economy into the low speed growth, the development and utilization of hot spring resources has also changed. Metropolitan region and surrounding urban internal to the development and utilization of hot spring resources, hot spring distribution more close to the consumer. The new development of hot springs health maintenance facilities, including high temperature, low temperature sauna, thin body bath, hairdressing bath, relaxing bath, shower of rocks and other hot spring bath, at the same time also provide simple diet and rest places, but there is no accommodation facilities. Hot spring bath cost is low, customers is widespread, has the characteristics of the local residents and visitors can simultaneously into the bath. This large hot springs health center to the formation and development, the main reason is: one is the spread of hot spring culture, hot spring use become people's day-to-day work need; The second is the coming of aging society, increased the demand for spa facilities with health function; it is the need of the revitalization of the regional economy, introduced in 1989, 100 million yen creation cause, the government to give each town village 100 million yen for regional revitalization, many local governments to the 100 million yen to the development of this kind of hot spring; Four is hot spring development technology progress, make difficult to development of hot spring development.2 Japanese business model of the development of hot spring resources2.1 The development and utilization of the hot springsAccording to the geographical position, development and utilization mode and the different period, Japan's hot spring type can be divided into the rehabilitation and maintenance, improve health, banquet entertainment and large hot springs health centres. Characteristics of hot spring spa type springs epicuticular specific disease have medical effect. This kind of hot spring distribution in the mountains, due to opposite traffic inconvenience, sparsely populated, the lower level of development and utilization and thus maintain the traditional characteristics of hot spring as a treatment for places. Using facilities is relatively simple, even kept since for cooking, for cooking and other traditional facilities.High quality hot springs, the fresh air and good environment, a healthy diet isnecessary for maintenance type hot springs. This kind of hot springs are mainly distributed in mountain valleys, rural natural environment such as the beautiful place. Hot springs health pavilion, built in addition to hot springs maintain the maintenance SuBo facilities, such as opening a walking path, exploration road show and regional nature, traditional culture of museums, art galleries and other facilities.Health promotional type hot springs are mainly distributed in the natural environment of the mountain, plateau, seaside, its characteristic is to mountain climbing, skiing, go bathing, etc. Various kinds of sports and hot springs.Hot spring to have a tennis court, golf, ice skating rink etc. Various kinds of sports facilities and museums, art galleries and other cultural upbringing facilities, are often all kinds of sports training base.This kind of hot spring for the purpose of improving health, wash hot springs after exercise can relieve fatigue, promote metabolism of body function and prevent aging, young visitors and family more.Banquet, recreational spa is accompanied by the emergence of large group guest and formed, in addition to its large hot springs hotel, the hotel and the geisha house, massage shops, entertainment such as prostitutes field. This kind of hot spring distribution in traffic convenient traffic line. Many in the tide of economic formation of the large YangShi hot spring hotel facilities, after the group guest to reduce operation difficult.2.2 Hot spring capital sourceHot spring development mainly foreign capital and domestic capital, owing to the different hot springs. The strength of the local capital of hot spring to sustainable and healthy development has important influence. Foreign capital mainly comes from the strength of large enterprise groups, the development of large scale and shorter time, pay attention to economic benefits, mainly depends on large tour groups, water (Minakami) belongs to the hot springs and so on.Located in gunma, root water, on the edge of sichuan hot spring, there are on the line, the transportation is convenient, in the group guest more period had been injected with a large number of foreign capital, in the construction of river valleys in the more advanced large hotel. Later, with fewer group guest, business is becomingincreasingly difficult, hotel collapse, hot spring street residents also reduce to 1, 000 people, more than 000 people from 4 regional economy recession. Local capital strength is relatively small, developing step by step, and pay attention to protect environment and geographical features, grass (Kusatu) hot springs, by the court (Yufuyin) hot springs is representative of this kind.In recent years in the poll of the most popular of hot springs, grass springs in successive years, tianjin no. 1.Located in kyushu oita county by the court of hot springs, hot springs hotel employment of QuanJie roughly one-third of total employment, is a typical hot spring street. More than 120 hot springs hotel and the natural environment, formed the Japanese hot springs, high-grade products, recent years tourists reached 4 million people, the development and utilization methods of typical significance in the development of hot springs is in Japan.[9] in Japan's high economic growth period, many hot springs in the case of foreign capital into blood, hotel to large-scale, integrated, the same agitation also affected the springs back street by cloth college town, by the court became a local hot spring in what direction development. But by the court spa resisted the development of foreign capital to promote recreational hot spring pressure and foreign developers high-rise building plan, against the development of golf course, the surrounding to preserved intact, the surrounding wetland landscape of the hot spring, culture, natural hot spring development theme, abundant hot spring culture, let visitors in wash hot springs at the same time, enjoy the charm of hot spring culture and natural environment.3 Japanese hot spring resources development and utilization management mode3.1 hot spring development and utilization of the legal system managementIn order to strengthen the legal management of hot spring, Japan in 1948 formulated the method of hot springs, hot springs, method of development and utilization and protection of hot spring resources made specific provision. Hot spring law, mining, power plant and so on must seek permission from the governor of prefectures (3-9);To protect a fountain springs, governor shall have the right to publish various commands (clause 10).Hot spring law also stipulates that the operator for hot spring bath, the composition indications, contraindications, and drinkingattention points, according to authorities analysis results in a bath facilities department express; Hot spring water, heating, circulation filtration and disinfection and so on have also made it clear that article (13, 14).Japan's hot spring law stipulated in article 14, in order to enhance the public utilization of hot spring, environment ministry for selected hot springs, hot springs according to its composition, performance and utilization of environment, planning, gearing up for hot spring use facilities, improve the guide to the environment. Its contents include hot spring gearing up to regional planning, functional area division, facilities, environment development, management, operation plan, etc.3.2 Concentration distribution and managementHot spring spa as a resource, prevent random drilling wasteful, prevent all kinds of disputes due to hot springs, to reasonable and effective use of resources to the hot spring facilities and centralized allocation is one of effective methods for hot spring hotel. Hot springs city battery (Sirozaki) concentration distribution and management system is worth reference, particular way similar to a centralized water supply device, set up in higher ground storage barrels, various springs spa focused on storage barrel, set up automatic monitoring device, adjusted according to the amount of chung springs, temperature. Through pipes adopts the circulating way to lose to the hot spring hotels and beaches, hot springs hotel and baths in accordance with the usage fee. Pipe length, discharge temperature are scientific measurement to ensure the supply of hot spring temperature remains constant. Since the implementation of centralized management to solve the hot springs of water temperature difference, the temperature of supply the homogenization, fair, hot spring use efficiency, business management tends to rationalize, hot spring resources get effective protection, fountain got the self-restraint, enlarged the hot spring supply capacity, development provides the possibility for the hot springs.4 Japanese hot spring tourismJapanese traffic survey of a community (2005), according to the tourists in choosing destinations, hot springs (52.4%), in the first place. Visible hot spring has extremely important meaning for the Japanese. National to hot spring needsdiversification makes competition more intense, make construction attractive hot springs hot springs the key to a successful business. The atmosphere of the quality of "hot spring", "hot spring", "natural environment" three has become the core elements. Ideal, led by open-air hot spring, spa facilities, followed by the boardwalk, public hot spring, the traditional view, of primitive simplicity style SuBo facilities, local snacks, local library, etc. Beautiful environment includes not only the nature, also including the natural and construction, the coordination between the buildings and roads, parks, and hot springs hot springs hotel, garden, walking street, parking lot etc. Landscape of coordination and unity.译文日本温泉旅游的开发与管理伊格斯；迈克尔摘要旅游活动带动了社会经济的发展，呈现出产业化、多元化、全球化的发展态势。

文化遗产保护和旅游经济外文文献翻译中英文2019英文The Economy of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and ConservationPatin Valery1. The economy of cultural heritage, a recent theoretical approachAwareness of the economic role of cultural heritage is relatively recent. It principally stems from the rapid growth of tourism (roughly 1 billion international tourists worldwide in 2010), which is irrigating this sector intensely. This new approach entails reviewing the traditional status of cultural heritage, which until recently was partly not subject to the usual rules of competition-based economy. Cultural heritage is now considered as a form of enterprise and, especially, is solicited to become a key instrument to increase local development. Beyond direct site revenue (ticketing and ancillary revenue), expenditure on nearby facilities and services provides the most resources. These resources encompass indirect expenditure (purchases to companies working directly with the sites) and induced expenditure (in facilities near the sites, such as restaurants, shops and hotels, on services, and real-estate acquisitions).2. Financing and managing cultural heritage2.1 The new trendsThe relative economic autonomy that cultural heritage recently acquired, paired with broader megatrends (the economic downturn and globalization), has stretched the financial constraints that weighed on cultural assets. The institutions - the largest ones, principally - have embarked on a wide variety of initiatives to generate new resources. Engineering and franchises are two examples. The Louvre Museum, Guggenheim Foundation and Beau Bourg Centre are supporting the creation of new museums that will use their names in exchange for substantial compensation. Others, which are not creating new institutions, are letting outworks of art on long-term leases, either in existing museums (e.g., leases of works of art from the Louvre Museum to the Atlanta Museum, USA) or in newly-built museumsThe obvious increase in admission prices,in particular for temporary exhibitions (which sidestep the rule of free admission for people under 18 in France) is another clear sign. The larger business areas in cultural sites are also driving this movement. Large-scale works in Europe's leading museums (the Louvre, British Museum and Prado) led to noticeable extensions in shop, café and restaurant areas. Managing derived rights (image) more efficiently via international photo banks (Corbis) has also opened up new revenue streams. Large-scale temporary exhibitions, which often generate net profits besides encouraging people to visit the permanent collections as well, are now commonplace.We can also see a concurrent and symmetrical trend as regards the financing practices. French legislation is adjusting itself to promote private-sector financing (laws passed in 2003 and 2008) via patronage and associated management conditions. From this perspective. The use of subsidiary revenue earmarked for cultural heritage is developing, belying the principle that bans allocating tax revenue such as taxes on online gambling (poker), based on a model involving levies in several countries, and in the UK in particular (the Lottery Fund). The para-fiscal option that is already being used to acquire and protect natural areas (Departmental Tax for Sensitive Natural Areas) does not yet seem to be making significant inroads as regards cultural-heritage buildings, in spite of a few attempts (proposition to tax luxury hotels). There are efforts to make old monuments more profitable by building hotels and restaurants. The French Centre des Monuments Nationaux is seriously studying this option. The sacrosanct principle of inalienability is starting to splinter. And, if the market-economy rule takes over, it will not hold for long in current conditions.In the Anglo-Saxon world, where most sites are free of charge for the visitors, it is the opposite: private-sector management (trustees and foundations) are clearly the majority and are calling on public-sector institutions to protect their balance increasingly often.Naturally, earmarking cultural heritage as a real option to reinforce local development has kick-started a flurry of efforts to protect and promote the first to support the second. These operations have worked very well in some cases, but failed to deliver the expected results in others. Failures are often due to an overestimation ofthe expected profits or to projects inappropriate to the local reality.2.2 Conflicts of understandingSince economy has burst into the cultural heritage field, misunderstanding between actors from this sector and economic players has get worse. Their respective formations did not generally prepare them for dialoguing. Whereas the cultural heritage actors understand with difficulty the economic aspect of their activity, with its procession of constraints, the economic players do not still understand all the dimensions of the cultural object (historic, emotional, social, identical, etc.), have difficulty in defining clearly its place as "capital", "resource", or "production", and do not know where to classify its preservation, whether in the "investments" or in the "non-productive expenses"...For the first ones, the cultural heritage, priceless by definition, should escape the trivial contingency of the imperatives of profitability and competition. This collective feeling has been disseminated everywhere in France. The notion of "cultural exception" has maybe also intelligently educated it while inviting it to evolve since in fact it makes the cultural heritage actors get into the boxing ring of the competitive economy, while stressing its specificity and affirming the necessity of regulations, a notion we seem today to rediscover everywhere else...For the second ones, it is urgent to improve the econometric tools and the modelling regarding cultural heritage and the returns expected from enhancement and particularly tourist one. In spite of recent but real progress, as we shall see, the contribution of cultural heritage to a certain quality of life for the usual users of a territory, to its image and to the feeling of belonging, is still insufficiently taken into account.Finally, all share a real difficulty: reconcile the long term of cultural heritage preservation, which has to be passed on, thus preserved infinitely, with the short term of its economic operation and expected profits.2.3 The risksIn this situation and given recent developments, which have not always been properly managed, abuses can sometimes occur. This is at least the case in the light ofthe traditional and essential roles of cultural heritage, namely conservation, scientific research, knowledge dissemination and cementing social links. These abuses can take different shapes. Firstly, the quest for financing may lead to questionable schemes.To pay for refurbishing work on the Doge's Palace in Venice, for instance, the city council rented a section of the monument outside walls and a facade of the Bridge of Sighs to Coca-Cola, which set up massive promotional billboards on them.Poor visitor-flow management can damage sites and the visitor experience. Also in Venice, the city council allowed up to 300 metre long cruise ships to dock in Tronchetto port. These ships pour out several thousand visitors a day, and there is now way of channelling them. This city had managed to stem tourist flows by limiting the number of new hotels in it, but has moved into a new cycle now that it has agreed to plans to build new capacity (turning the former mill on Guidecca Island into an upmarket hotel). On specific days, the visitor crowds in certain sites (Versailles, the Louvre) make visiting conditions unacceptable.Seeking short-term profits can also contribute to deteriorating cultural heritage. Renting out works of art for more or less long exhibitions, shooting films in monuments and renting spaces for events (which is occurring increasingly often) can cause damage to certain objects and places, which restorers do not always have time to prevent or repair.Local populations may feel dispossessed of their cultural environment. Foreigners buying up real-estate en-masse can lead to excess. That is the case in Morocco in general and in Marrakech in particular, where national legislation entitles foreigners to buy freeholds. In that same vein, efforts to protect and promote heritage, in particular in character-filled historical town centres and villages, can lead to speculation on real-estate and land. In both cases, the local populations are faced with very fast and destabilizing changes in their economic and cultural environment.One of the risks that have made the most media headlines is the reproduction of sites and historical monuments. This trend is not new and has to be distinguished from the copying of fragile sites, validated by the scientific community and which contributes to their preservation (Lascaux, Egyptian tombs), whereas reproductionsare more and more often aimed to create attractions and thereby generate quick profits in more favorable conditions than in the original sites. The Japanese, for instance, have reproduced part of The Hague (The Netherlands) in Omura Bay, paired with a large-scale property development and marina, all of which did not turn out to be a great success. The Syrians created a fake Palmyra at the entrance to Damascus, which is on the contrary attracting a large number of visitors - who also flock to the restaurants and cafés around it. It is interesting to note that the international law is really uncertain in that field, which often leads to excesses. Abusive restoration for imperatives of comfort, modernization, or quick profits, constitutes another important risk.Management basically geared to generate short-term profit can also in a way drain meaning out of sites and works. In a number of well-known sites, literature is wanting or unavailable, there are too many visitors, the area is heavily built-up and commercial, the staging modest and the visitor circuits constraining. The Sphinx of Giza (Egypt) is one example.2.4. Sustainable management of cultural heritage: methods and techniques2.4.1 Methods of economic assessment of cultural heritageGiven those risks, authorities have set up a number of assessment methods and systems to step in.One of the first measures involves evaluating as accurately as possible the economic reality of the operations and the resulting proceeds involving culturalheritage. "This approach spurs concerted protection and promotion strategies and partnerships. It sharpens professional skills practices and partnerships between the cultural and tourism realms (coproducing data and pooling resources). Furthermore, highlighting the economic and social stakes associated with cultural heritage is a factor that contributes substantially to the acceptability, appropriation and support for local preservation and promotion strategy".In this area, the most traditional assessment methods combine approaches focusing on land and real-estate value, and on the balance sheet. These approaches are strictly limited to the site itself and to its financial dimension. It is therefore a fairlyrestrictive approach. It considerably undervalues fragile cultural assets that required heavy conservation investment, and pays little if any attention to the social and cultural dimensions.Methods stemming from economic theory nevertheless provide an option to assess cultural assets from a development and investment perspective. These methods are used by international backers, for instance. This is in particular the case for Contingent Valuation Methods (CVMs), which take into account nonmonetary value such as image of the site or the destination. It involves measuring the theoretical contribution that populations are willing to make (whether or not they use the site, and whether they live in the city or country or further away) to protect a component of cultural heritage. Other methods, such as relocation costs, costs versus advantages, hedonic costs and multi-criterion appraisals, are also sometimes used.Lastly, assessing indirect proceeds from cultural-heritage management most often involves the 'impacts' method which gauges the number of jobs, cash flows (wages, taxes) and social impacts (awareness of cultural heritage, the people's contribution to safeguarding and promoting cultural assets, the sense of belonging it nurtures, transmission, citizenship, etc.) generated by what visitors do and what they spend, in the area near the site (i.e. spanning transport, accommodation, restaurants, shops and services), as well as public and private investment to protect and promote cultural heritage.2.4.2 Sustainable management techniquesTo preserve cultural heritage, guarantee visitor comfort and spur indirect returns, managers and administrators use the specific techniques that provide the basis of the Site Management Plan recommended by UNESCO (World Heritage Centre).a) Visitor flow managementVisitor flow management contributes to site preservation and management. Several systems are now up and running, including visitor-number forecast analysis on new sites. This technique makes it possible to assess a site's attendance over time, using a direct approach by analysing the territorial catchment, using a comparative approach, or combining both. The results are generally reliable. This assessment zerosin on "peak days" and peak times (visitor-number snapshots) to provide the maximum visitor numbers. Then it is used to assess daily and hourly visitor numbers during the 30, 40 or 50 busiest days of the year (design days). These estimates provide the raw material we need to devise the protection and promotion programme by calibrating facilities and amenities as effectively as possible. Some of the newly-built museums programming has been made on this basis, as in the Louvre Museum in Lens (France).In existing sites, there are also several techniques to support visitor management: group bookings, individual bookings (increasingly often), tariff schedules, longer opening hours, smaller guided-tour groups, quotas (in very fragile sites such as the Villa Borghese Gallery in Roma) and visit paths to deal with shortstay visitors (tourist groups) and long-stay visitors (groups with specialist lecturers and enthusiasts) separately. These strategies rely on the assessment of the site capacity (acceptable number of visitors depending on the site surface) in exterior as well as interior spaces. Then, a minimum surface per visitor is calculated. This surface can go down to 1,50m2 in very popular exhibitions. Such a technique can be difficult to apply in complex sites (archaeological/natural ones) but can often provide useful elements of management.Providing information before visitors reach the site (via the Internet, smartphone applications, visitor guides) also plays a role. Negative marketing (momentarily withdrawing communication) to contribute to limiting the number of visitors in a site at the same time is very rarely used. Lastly, networking sites into package deals such as the Carte Musées Monuments providing access to 70 museums and monuments in and around Paris, and sharing literature and road signs, can contribute to easing pressure on the main highlights. A beautiful example of this flow-management strategy was used in the Alhambra in Granada (Spain), which combines measures to restrict automobile traffic and visitor numbers, requires individual and group booking, limits group visit time slots, and associates the city's companies working with tourists (taxis, restaurants and hotels), entitling them to distribute top-priority visit bookings. The site attending which rose to 2,8 million of annual visits has come down to a little bit more than 2 millions. In terms of capacity, the average surface per visitor whichwas 3,44m2 has been turned into 5m2.b) Preventive conservation associated with tourist numbersAction on this front is still modest and mainly experimental. As it has been already noted, copies (Lascaux, Valley of the Kings) can contribute to the preservation of very fragile sites and monuments. Copying gets a lot of media attention but is still rare since these techniques are difficult, as the different attempts to reproduce the Lascaux cave has showed it. Reproduction of furniture or decoration occurs more often thanks to the two different techniques of copy and casting. When the copy or catering substitutes to the original in situ, it serves to protect the original value. When this is the original which stays in situ, the copy and catering have a cultural memory value, when the original has lost its representative value or has been destroyed (for instance, Roman copies of Greek works of art or the catering preserved in the Musée des Monuments français, such as the statues of the Reims cathedral or the Roman fresco of Saint-Savin sur Gartempe).Regarding tourism and housing, these trends led to successful economic realizations. New tourist resorts are borrowing local architectural and decorative vocabulary (Le Crouesty in Morbihan and Valmorel in Savoy are two French examples). It is also the case of rebuilt buildings inspired by traditional buildings, for instance in Beirut or Tunis (the Hafsia Quarter). This trend combines traditional charm with modern-day comfort and convenience. Cultural heritage becomes a backdrop stripped of some of its meaning but serves a profitable economic purpose. This also applies to urban revamps that involve keeping nothing but façades (façadism).The most common intervention consists in mapping out visit circuits in sites, and indeed in cities (Strasbourg) to provide tourists with an overview of the highlights while avoiding the more fragile spots by providing visitors with free documentation and informative marking. When this option is unfeasible, the classical measures such as closing off areas to visitors, permanent or temporary embedding objects (mosaics, in particular), adding security systems around attractions and indirectly around visitors (barriers, fences), are used. There are also specific measures for site fringes, inparticular as regards automobile traffic and parking, such as moving them further away from the site, blending them into the natural environment, establishing the principle of non co-visibility (facilities and historical sites should not be visible at the same time) and segregating areas (several little parking areas instead of a big one close to the site and too visible). Human risks can stretch beyond tourism-related concerns to urban issues. Here, it is rarely balanced. Site outskirt protection often involves legal measures that are difficult to apply. They often stem from contracts between site managers and owners (Hadrian's Wall in the UK, Cyrene in Libya).c) Integrating local populationsThis approach concurrently stems from sustainable-development ideology and a more efficient strategy to protect and promote cultural heritage. It contributes to preventive conservation. There are two main trends at work here: one to maintain cultural usage and the other to bolster economic activity. In the first case, it is a question of protecting site traditional use, which can range from mere walks to religious or 'magical' practices. In both cases, measures that do not necessarily rank profit cost-efficiency at the top of the list take precedence. It sometimes entails sidestepping fences (Palmyra in Syria, Petra in Jordan, Dougga in Tunisia) to allow people to cross the site to get to their workplace. In Chellah (Rabat) the site is accessible free of charge on Fridays to allow local people to reach natural springs that, according to local tradition, help women to give birth to their first child. Tour operators are also involved in efforts to raise visitor awareness via codes of conduct prescribing adequate behaviour (). Naturally, school trips and attractions for local people can only strengthen the appropriation bond.Integration, however, necessarily also entails supporting local economic development, which can be done in several ways such as training craftsmen, shopkeepers, hotel staff and innkeepers in visitor expectations, supporting exports, distributing micro-credit to small-scale local producers and, if possible, employing on the site the local population (security, guiding, maintenance).3. The example of the World Bank in Mauritania3.1 The World Bank and the Cultural HeritageThe World Bank is an intergovernmental agency of the United Nations Organization. Its mission is to help states to finance actions of development. Since 1975, the Bank has developed a strategy to support projects in the cultural heritage sector to serve as a basis for local growth. It intervened in Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia, Honduras, Russia, Mauritania, China, Peru, Ethiopia. It provides loans, which is the most frequent case, or grants, according to the economic level of countries.3.2 Conditions of intervention of the World BankThe recipient countries also give counterparts to the loans provided by the Bank (direct financing, allocation of staff, fiscal adjustments). This financing is used to rehabilitate or create museums or cultural institutions (such as conservatoire of music), to restore and renew historic centres, to produce cultural events, to strengthen the conditions of protection and preservation of cultural assets, to improve the economic and cultural integration of the local populations.3.3. The case of MauritaniaThe case of Mauritania is particular because the Bank intervention focused partly on the protection/enhancement of World Heritage sites (Caravan cities of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Oulata and Tichitt) and partly on the protection of the libraries and the numerous ancient manuscripts present in the country. These surprising libraries were constituted on the occasion of the pilgrimage in Mecca, but also by exchanges between the inhabitants and the caravanners coming from Mali or from Arabia and Egypt.These libraries are not under common law. They are family's properties and cannot be sold or donated. They traditionally go to the leader of the family owner who keeps watch over them and is answerable for them to the main family's members during annual stocktaking. The most important among them, the library of the Habott family in Chinguetti, includes more than 1 500 manuscripts mainly of the XIXth century -some of them are much more ancient (exegesis of the Koran, astronomy, mathematics and logic, law). Some of these libraries are preserved in boxes by the nomad tribes living in the north and east of the country. The intervention of the Bank took place between 2001 and 2005.A project unit gathering Mauritanian specialists was in charge of the onsite actions conception and management. The Bank regularly sent missions of evaluation to follow their progress. Punctually international institutions also provided a scientific and technical support: UNESCO regarding the operations of preservation and training dedicated to the caravan cities. The financing was assured through a subsidy to the Islamic Republic of Mauritania.The strategy adopted by the Project with the support of the Bank consisted in implementing a series of actions of protection intended to strengthen the heritage knowledge and the associated know-how. Complete building surveys and inventories were made in the world heritage cities. Training courses on the restoration of dry-stone buildings were organized for the young local population. In Oualata, famous city for the inside and outside decorations of houses, an emergency action allowed to train girls in painting these very codified patterns and to preserve this knowledge about to disappear.Concerning manuscripts, the Bank financing was used to make an inventory of the private libraries (more than 600 on a total estimated at 700/750) and to catalog more than 40 000 works (on a total estimated at 50 000). These research works allowed to elaborate a computerized data bank of which the BnF (French National Library) has a copy (Department of manuscripts. Service of Arabic manuscripts). The service of restoration of the BnF assured the training of a group of owners of private libraries. Finally the Bank acquired neutral cardboards to distribute in libraries. But the political situation which became unstable in 2005 did not allow to finalize this initiative. A second project of reprinting the ten more important Mauritanian manuscripts suffered the same fate.This first phase of consolidation was completed by the publishing of travel guides in partnership with the Cultural Service of the Embassy of France in Nouakchott, the organization of trainings intended for the caravan cities innkeepers, the realization of a festival of nomadic musics in Nouackchott and punctual actions of support for the craft sector, in particular for the traditional hairdressers who have an exceptional know-how and were gathered within very dynamic associations of womenentrepreneurs. As in any project of the Bank, an important aspect of the program was dedicated to the institutional and legislative framework intensification.This Bank program certainly allowed to produce information and documents essential to the cultural heritage preservation (surveys, inventories, cataloguing, long-term preservation of know-how) and to the information circulation about the country (publishing of travel guides) without durably modifying the situation of the Mauritanian cultural heritage. The tourist flows, directed first and foremost to the visit of the caravan cities of the North (Oudane, Chinguetti), hiking in Sahara and the natural site of the Banc d'Arguin, registered as a world heritage site, benefited from these interventions, but the degradation of the political situation and the security conditions in this zone compromised the project results. On the other hand, the country limited institutional and economic capacities make it difficult to follow up these operations. Mauritania mainly progresses in this domain at the rate of international supports, while many Mauritanians have the skills required to assure a wider development of the cultural and tourism economy.中文文化遗产保护和旅游经济1.文化遗产旅游经济，一种最新的理论方法对文化遗产的经济作用的认识是相对较新的。

文献出处：Bobirca A, Cristureanu C. The international competitiveness of trade in tourism services [J]Advances in Tourism Economics.，2014，16（5）: 189-202.原文The International Competitiveness of Trade in Tourism ServicesAna Bobirca and Cristiana Cristureanu1 IntroductionTourism is the only service activity that can potentially provide trading opportunities for all nations, regardless of their level of development. However, it is also a sector where there is clearly an uneven distribution of benefits that is l argely dependant on countries’ ability to strengthen their performance in the global economy, which in turn requires improving their competitiveness.Since the beginning of the 1990s, Romania has experienced major changes in its tourism exports volume, growth rate and structure. These disparate punctuations have all influenced the relative competitive position of Romania on the international tourism market and have been associated with changes in its tourism trade balance. In the same time, the new and more heterogeneous European architecture has induced significant changes in Romania’s regional tourism competitiveness.Against this background, the paper attempts to suggest a framework for assessing the international competitiveness of Romania’s tourism services trade, by focusing on the relationship between competitiveness and tourism trade performance.To this end, the first part starts by introducing the concept of international competitiveness and by presenting, evaluating and systematizing key issues of the complex analysis on international competitiveness. The paper subsequently considers the relationship between export performance and international competitiveness, as well as its relevance for international tourism. The second part includes a macro overview of the tourism sector, focusing spherically on its importance to the econ omy. The third part of the paper sets out in detail the framework for calculating the proposed measures of competitiveness and shows the importance of the methodological approach in interpreting the information provided by these indicators. It also illustrates the recent performance of Romanian tourism, based on an integrated measure of international trade competitiveness. The paper concludes by explaining the competitive position of Romania on the European tourism market and by identifying research issues that require further study.2 Perspectives on International Competitiveness – The Relationship Between Export Performance and International Competitiveness and its Relevance for International TourismThe concept of international competitiveness, although controversial and elusive, has gained acceptance and continues to attract the attention of both academics and policymakers worldwide.Most measures of international competitiveness that have so far been considered were undertaken at the economy-wide level (Garelli 2003) and generally refer to the ability of a country to produce goods and services that meet the test of international markets, while simultaneously maintaining and expanding the real income of its citizens (European Commission 2007).Because competitiveness ultimately depends upon firms in a country competing successfully on the domestic and international markets, attention has focused on competitiveness at the firm level (Porter 1990), where it is generally understood to refer to ―.. . the ability of the firm to retain and, better still, enlarge its global market share, increase its profits and expand‖ (Clark and Guy 1998, OECD 1993).According to traditional economic theory, a firm can gain competitive advanage through comparative cost of production by, for example, reducing labor cost. However, recent research suggests that non-price factors are equally important determinants of competitiveness. The range of non-price factors is diverse and includes human resource endowment, such as skills; technical factors, such as research and development capabilities and the ability to innovate; managerial and organization factors, both internal to the firm and externally organized through relationships with other bodies, customers, suppliers, public and private research institutes, and other firms (Clark and Guy 1998, Fagerberg 1986). Together, these factors determine the ability of the firm to compete successfully in international markets, on the background of changing technological, economic, and social environments. Export performance and the ability of the firm to maintain its market share remain the ultimate indicators of international competitiveness.Consequently, although widely proclaimed, the theoretical bases of international competitiveness as it relates to national economies and their international trade have been less analyzed in academic literature. Thus, the nature, benefits and constraints on a nation of being internationally competitive remain ambiguous (Coldwell 2000, Krugman 1994, 1996).International competitiveness, within the context of trade in goods and services, refers to a nation securing and maintaining a trade advantage vis-à-vis the rest of the world. International competitiveness is advanced whenever the economic welfare of a nation is enhanced through an increase in the flow of trade or through an alteration in the conditions of trade starting from a presumed initial equilibrium (Coldwell 2000).Trade theory asserts that economic welfare is dependent on the production of goods and services that a country has comparative advantage in. This, in effect, means that international competitiveness is secured when production is in line with a country’s comparative advantage situation. If countries perform well internati onally and compete successfully for export markets, this could be a sign of their sound international competitiveness.Therefore, at the international level, competitiveness can be defined as the abilityof an economy to attract the demand for its exports and the investment to supply that demand, all within social norms that result in an improved standard of living for its citizens. This, in turn, depends on the macro and microeconomic policies, regulations and institutions that affect the productivity of the economy’s factors of production and the costs of doing business.A review of available literature and empirical evidences supports the notion that international competitivenes s can be explained, to some extent, by a country’s ability to export (Dollar and Wolff 1993, Fagerberg et al. 2004). There is, in fact, a self-recurring relationship between export performance and international competitiveness. Exports are the first level o f international competitiveness affirmation. The improvement in export performance leads to an increase in a country’s competitiveness. This effect is a result of enterprises’ skills, knowledge, propensity to innovate and use new technology, ability to exploit technological opportunities in a successfully commercial way, etc.On the other hand, in striving to achieve successful exports in highly competitive global markets, a country is forced to improve its competitiveness. The more competitive a country is, the more economically powerful it is. Consequently, it is more capable to compete on the global market, to attract people with higher level of knowledge, skills, to buy new technologies, etc., and to improve its export performance, as well as to achieve better export results. This can, in turn, favor additional innovations and trigger an improvement in its competitiveness.Consequently, export performance and competitiveness should not be considered in isolation, since they are mutually interdependent.However, competitiveness should not be equated only with a country’s ability to export. The evolution of export market shares is also an important element of trade competitiveness, while the latter is just a component of a nation’s competitivenes s defined by the European Declaration of Lisbon as the capacity to improve and raise the standard of living of its habitants by providing more and higher quality employment, and a greater social cohesion. The gains or losses of world market shares by individual countries are often considered as an index of their trade competitiveness. However, market share growth depends also on structural factors. Due to changes in demand, a country’s geographical and sect oral specialization at the beginning of a period is an important factor shaping future market share growth. Similarly, the country’s ability to adapt its exports to such changes will also affect the final outcome. Furthermore, the concept of international competitiveness in tourism services also encompasses qualitative factors, that are difficult to quantify; the quality of services involved, the degree of specialization, the capacity for technological innovation, the quality of human resources (Rubalcaba and Cuadrado 2001) are factors that may influence a country’s tourism trade performance favorably. Likewise, high rates of productivity growth are often sought as a way of strengthening competitiveness. But it is not necessarily the case that favorable structural factors of this sort will give rise to increased sales on foreign markets. They may, instead, show up as improving terms of trade brought about through exchange-rate appreciation, while leaving export performance broadly unchanged. It is for this reason, as well as because these factorsare hard to measure in quantitative terms, that consideration here is confined to a more specific and integrated method for determining Romania’s relative competitive position in international tourism.3 An Overview of Romania’s International Trade in Tourism Services3.1 Key FactsRomania’s Travel and Tourism Economy1 currently shows a return to positive territory, following negative results posted during the early years of economic transition, with an optimistic outlook for growth over the next ten years, much stronger than that of the EU.With a 4.8% contribution of tourism to GDP, Romania ranks the 162nd among 174 countries, being currently among the lower-tier, tourism-intensive countries of the region and the world. However, Romania’s prospects for tourism sector growth are better than for most of its neighbors and competitors within the regional and world ranking, i.e. 6.7% contribution to GDP over the next 10 years and 12th position, respectively (World Travel and Tourism Council 2007).Romania’s Travel and Tourism Industry2 contributed 1.9% to GDP in 2006, rising to 2.5% of total GDP by 2016, while in the European Union, the Travel and Tourism Industry posted a GDP contribution of 3.9% in 2006 (World Travel and Tourism Council 2007).While the Travel and Tourism Economy accounts for 8.7% of global employment, Romania’s Travel and Tourism Economy employment was estimated at 485,000 jobs in 2006, representing 5.8% of total employment, or one in every 17.4 jobs. The current 265,000 Travel and Tourism Industry jobs account for 3.1% of total employment, as compared with 4.2% of total employment in the European Union (8.6 million jobs) (World Travel and Tourism Council 2007).Travel and Tourism represented, in the European Union, 13.0% of total exports in 2006. In Romania, exports make up a very important share of Travel and Tourism’s contribution to GDP. Out of the total Romanian exports, Travel and Tourism represented 5.2% (1.2 billion Euros) in 2004, with a prospect to increase, in nominal terms, to 1.8 billion Euros (4.6% of total) by 2016 (World Travel and Tourism Council 2007).The vast majority of international arrivals in Romania are from Europe. Since 2000, some 95% of visitors every year have been intra-regional. Out of these, a growing number – 75% according to 2004 figures –represent arrivals from the five countries with which Romania shares a border: Ukraine, Moldavia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Montenegro.3.2 Major FindingsThe analysis shows that, while still lagging behind the developed economies, the trend towards a service-oriented society is observable for Romania. This is also reflected by the increasing proportion of GDP attributable to tourism services and the growing share of employment in the tourism services sector.Although the overall tourism balance of Romania is positive, EU represents a net exporter of tourism services to Romania (the tourism balance is negative, with aworsening deficit from 2005 to 2006); still, the propensity to trade with EU partners is stronger in this field, reflecting a high er degree of integration into the EU tourism services market (EUROSTAT 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006).While Romania’s Travel and Tourism is growing in terms of international visitors, the country’s tourism receipts have been lagging considerably behind neighbori n countries. In 2004, Romania registered some 38% of those registered by Bulgaria, approximately 12% of those registered by Hungary and the Czech Republic and a mere 7% of Croatia’s receipts. This reflects the fact that many of Romania’s visitors do not stay overnight or spend anything while they are in the country, an important weakness to address for any tourism plan going forward (EUROSTAT 2003, 2004, 20058, 2006).–Within EU-15 countries, Romani a’s largest markets are Germany, Italy, France, Austria and the UK. Worryingly, arrivals from all of the EU-15 countries showed negative growth in 2004. This can be attributed in part to the accession of ten new countries to the EU and related incentives for visitors to these countries, such as low-cost airlines.– Growth in 2004 was driven by Hungary, which showed a 69% increase in arrivals in Romania. Outside Europe, Romania’s main international markets are the USA, which has shown steady growth since 2000, to 111,000 arrivals in 2004, as American tourists have started to be aware of the fact that Romania is more than a ―Dracula‖ destination; and Israel, although the Israeli market has remained stagnant in recent years. Tourists from China are also expected to increase in the future, as Romania received approved destination status in June 2004 (EUROSTAT 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006). Analysis of accommodation figures shows that a large number of these visitors do not stay in registered facilities and either reside with friends or relatives, or do not overnight in Romania. Thus, it is difficult to quantify their impact on the economy.– The majority of international arrivals to Romania are by road, again mirroring the large proportion of the country’s visitors from bordering countries. However, arrivals by air have also seen a healthy rise over the past five years, with increased frequency of scheduled services and some charters operating in regional airports.As Romania is forced to liberalize its aviation industry as a consequence of EU accession, air transport is set to rise dramatically in the near future. Arrivals by rail are decreasing at almost the same rate that air arrivals are increasing, as air travel becomes cheaper and more accessible.4 Methods for Assessing the International Competitiveness of Trade in Tourism Services4.1 The Research MethodFor the specific assessment of the international competitiveness of trade in tourism services, the underlying methodological approach undertaken in this study is based on the idea that the economy with an improving degree of competitiveness in tourism services is the one able to enhance the size of its tourism services exports to a certain market. Similarly, the economy with a declining degree of competitiveness is the one that increases the size of its tourism services imports coming from other countries.The greater or smaller degree of competitiveness a country (or sector) has shows the nature and degree of participation it has – through its exports – in the imports carried out by the analyzed market, i.e., a country improves its competitiveness in the way that the other country increases its imports coming from the former one (Mandeng 1991).In addition, the process of inserting a country in the international economy is related not only to its exporting progresses, but also to the behavior and actions of other competitors. The model is adapted from De la Guardia, Molero, and Valadez (De la Guardia et al. 2004) that introduced the aspect of the dynamic nature of markets and implemented through their work an ex—post assessment of services competitiveness, by providing a descriptive reference on the changes produced in the competitiveness level and specialization degree, in international trade. The commercial advantage is revealed through the evolution of tourism exports which reflects improvements in competi tiveness, and through the evolution of tourism imports that reflects a worsening of the commercial advantage.(1). Based on the aforesaid, the changes in the international tourism services trade competitiveness are measured through the analysis of different variables: 1. the first variable is the market share or participation in the market, and measures the portion of the market that is supplied by a certain country or the tourism sector of this country;(2). the second variable used is the export structure of the analyzed country. This variable reflects the relative weight of the tourism sector in the total exports of that country;(3) finally, by means of the import structure of the market, the degree of dynamism that the tourism sector has in the analyzed import market can be determined. Through the combination of the aforementioned variables, three ―tourism competitiveness matrices‖ (see Table 12.1) are constructed, that allow for the description of Romania’s international tourism trade development profile.The Market Share Competitiveness Matrix illustrates the fact that a country’s tourism exports can be classified according to their international competitiveness starting from the behavior of the country’s market share in tourism exports and the evolution of the world tourism services imports over time.In effect, the world market share held by each country in tourism services exports can increase or diminish throughout time; such modifications take place in the same time with the increase or decline that tourism imports register in international trade.This allows for the classification of a country’s tourism exports as performing, missed opportunities, declining and retreating.Tourism services are performing when a country enhances its market share in tourism, in circumstances in which this activity has an increasing importance in world-wide trade.Tourism services are missed opportunities when a country is losing market share, while international trade in the sector is enhancing.Declining are those tourism services in which the exporting country increases its market share, while the international market is shrinking.Finally, we define the situation of tourism services as retreating when thiseconomic activity, besides losing market share, registers a decline of dynamism in international trade.The competitiveness matrix of the export structure is obtained relating the behavior of a country’s tourism services export structure with the tourism services import dynamism of the international market.This matrix shows how the adjustments of the export structure can take place in the same direction or in the opposite direction with respect to the changes in world imports structure. The different segments of services exports, including tourism, can be classified, from the point of view of their international competitiveness, through the changes that take place in the services export structure of the country and the world services imports structure throughout time.Combining these two variables, tourism, as a services exporting sector can be classified as performing, missed opportunity, declining and retreating, with the equivalent meaning mentioned before.Finally, tourism exports can also be classified from the point of view of their international competitiveness throughout time, when the degree of trade specialization of each country and the evolution of the world imports are simultaneously analyzed.The specialization index is defined as the relative par ticipation that an exporting sector of a country has in world trade.3Similarly, tourism, as an exporting sector can be classified as performing, missed opportunity, declining and retreating, with an identical interpretation to the ones previously indicated.Our aim here is to adapt and apply the model developed by De la Guardia, Molero, and Valadez in order to assess the international competitiveness of tourism services, using information related to the current situation of the EU-25 countries and to that of Romania, based on the statistical information available.Balance of payments transactions for tourism services are less easy to link to actual tourism services provision than is the case for goods; some tourism activities may be difficult to disentangle from goods or capital transactions. Countries have developed unique national methods for assembling the data: some have tended to rely more on statistical surveys and others have relied more on central banks’ administrative systems. Even so, there has been and still remains considerable variation in data collection methods. To compound the picture, methods of collection have changed considerably over time.Despite these troubles, we believe that the forthcoming descriptive analysis could bring some highlights on international competitiveness and the factors determining the commercial position in tourism services trade.The sample data is drawn from UNCTAD-IMF-BOP Statistics on Trade in Services by sector and country (OECD 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, UNCTAD 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006), a data-set which covers exports (credits) and imports (debits) of three main services categories: transportation, tourism and travel and other commercial services, according to the concepts and dentitions’ of the IMF Balance of Payments Manual with a focus on tourism services. Data-set comprises the 25 EU countries, Romania and the world (178 countries) and covers a yearly time periodcomprising 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006.4.2 The Research Results4.2.1 The IndicatorsThe evolution of the market share shows the penetration ability of tourism as a services exporting sector of each country in the international economy.The data reveal that, for the analyzed period, the EU-25 economies were among the main world suppliers of tourism services, since they maintained an overall participation next to 45% of the world supply in tourism exports. Altogether, the group constituted by these countries slightly diminished the held proportions of the world quota in tourism services (–0.68% growth rate).From the perspective of individual countries, the economies that registered an increase of their quotas in the world market of tourism services were, in order, those of Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, UK and Luxemburg.By contrast, especially significant are the results registered by countries like Hungary, Finland and Spain, which decreased their market share in tourism.Romania’s market share in tourism services exports declined at both world level (Romania –world) and in relation to EU-25 countries (Romania –EU-25), but the decrease in the latter case was more severe (20.85%, as opposed to 4.65%). Also, the reduction in Romania’s market share on the EU-25 market was much higher then the overall European market retreat.Through the analysis of the export structure we can appreciate the importance that export of services has as currency provider for the EU-25 economies and Romania.Data show that, in relation to the examined services sectors, the exports of tourism services represent about 27% of the overall services exports in the EU-25 countries and about 28% at world level, meaning that, compared to the world export structure, the EU-25 countries exhibit a similar pattern, with a slight negative deviation for tourism services.In the analyzed period, most of the countries registered minor decreases in their currency entry through exports of tourism services. The countries that opposed this trend were Poland, Estonia, Malta, Germany, UK.In Romania, tourism services represent about 14% of the overall services exports, which is below the world and European average (27–28%).The evolution is similar with that signaled above, meaning that the structure of Romania’s exports is altered in the detriment of tourism services, that are decreasing both in relation to the world and to the EU-25 countries, but with a much higher amplitude in the latter case (27.85%, as compared to 6.14%).译文旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力安娜；克瑞斯缇娜1 引言对所有国家来说，旅游业都可以为本国提供交易机会，这也是唯一可能的服务活动。

文献名：《文化遗产保护与旅游业发展之间的关系》1.前言国外关于表达文化遗产保护和旅游业发展的文献，涵盖了丰富的知识和经验，对于我们理解文化遗产保护与旅游业发展之间的关系具有重要意义。

本文将从深度和广度两个方面来探讨该主题，以期能够全面地理解文化遗产保护与旅游业发展之间的复杂关系。

2.文献综述2.1 《文化遗产保护与旅游业发展》这篇文献主要探讨了文化遗产保护与旅游业发展之间的关系，指出文化遗产保护是旅游业可持续发展的重要保障。

作者通过对多个国家和地区的案例研究发现，文化遗产保护可以有效地促进当地旅游业的发展，为当地经济增长和居民生活改善作出了积极贡献。

2.2 《国外文化遗产保护与旅游业发展的经验与启示》本文献总结了多个国家在文化遗产保护与旅游业发展方面的经验与教训，提出了一些有益的启示。

作者指出，文化遗产保护应当与旅游业发展相互促进，同时也需要注意保护的可持续性和非侵蚀性，避免过度商业化对文化遗产的损害。

3.个人观点与理解我认为，文化遗产保护与旅游业发展之间的关系是一个复杂而又紧密相连的话题。

在实践中，我们需要充分认识到文化遗产的保护不仅仅是为了保护历史和传统，更是为了实现文化的传承和保护，为后人留下宝贵的精神财富。

旅游业作为一个重要的经济产业，也需要在发展中尊重和保护当地的文化遗产，实现可持续发展。

4.总结与回顾通过阅读上述文献，我对文化遗产保护与旅游业发展的关系有了更深入的理解。

文化遗产保护不仅仅是一种传统和历史的保护，更是为了实现文化的传承和发展。

旅游业的发展也需要尊重和保护当地的文化遗产，实现可持续发展。

在未来的工作中，我将更加重视文化遗产保护与旅游业发展之间的关系，并积极探索其可持续发展的路径。

在本文中，我通过综合分析国外的文献，深入探讨了文化遗产保护与旅游业发展之间的关系。

希望本文的内容对于您对于以上主题有所帮助。

5.深入探讨文化遗产保护与旅游业发展之间的关系在我们的日常生活中，文化遗产和旅游业都扮演着重要的角色。

非物质文化遗产的旅游商品化对策研究文献综述非物质文化遗产是一个地方民俗文化的精华，它可以满足不同游客寻求异质文化的心理需求，也是一种很重要的旅游资源。

从非物质文化遗产本身，各种民间舞蹈、地方戏曲、民俗节日、传统工艺品是承载一个国家民族的文化基因，体现着一个民族的审美情趣，欣赏和理解这种本质的非物质文化遗产，就可以享受当地的民俗文化，掌握当地的情况，体验当地的文化。

当然作为游客去体验不同地方的民族特色也是旅游的本质，非物质文化是旅游的内涵和核心属性，寻求不同的文化体验是旅游行为的重要驱动力。

非物质文化遗产作为传统文化的载体，可以满足游客的需求，寻求文化的差异性和体验性。

是旅游业发展中的一种重要的旅游资源。

今天，许多珍贵的非物质文化遗产是在灭绝和濒临灭绝的边缘，我们对非物质文化遗产的旅游商品化也使一些濒临灭绝的非物质文化遗产得到保护。

因此，非物质文化遗产资源的旅游商品化具有重要的意义。

非物质文化遗产的旅游商品化是目前旅游发展的一种趋势，越来越多游客愿意去了解非物质文化，使得一些濒临失传的非物质传统文化又恢复了生机。

通过旅游商品化让更多非物质文化遗产得到利用，使它产生了经济效益，不仅对非物质文化遗产有传承和保护作用，也对当地经济和文化都有促进作用。

例如:许多人文景观得以修复，东巴文化和纳西古乐的保护被提到了法制化的高度；东巴造纸技术被恢复；打铜，打银，制陶等传统手工业获得新生；民间的传统饮食凉粉，发糖，粑粑，酥油茶等都成了颇受游客喜爱的风味食品。

随着地方旅游业的不断发展，游客的不断涌入，带来了许多方面尤其是对当地传统文化的需求，使得许多濒危的非物质文化和旅游的潮流慢慢复苏，并且重新组建融入新兴旅游市场。

通过对中国期刊全文数据库（2000-2016，检索时间2016年11月）进行相关文献检索，我们发现主题含“非物质文化遗产”检索词的文献记录共有22355条，关键词为“非物质文化遗产”的文献记录有6843条，篇名含“非物质文化遗产”检索词的文献记录共8739条。

乡村旅游外文翻译文献乡村旅游外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:Factors for success in rural tourism tourism developmentSince the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis have reduced rural communities' economic development options, making older development strategies less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves. One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because oftourism's ability to bring in dollars and to generate jobs and support retail growth. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine those factors that have helped rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. Several focus groups were conducted with local businesspersons and leaders in six rural Illinois communities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the community approach to tourism development and that rural tourism development and entrepreneurship cannot work without the participation and collaboration of businesspersons directly and indirectly involved in tourism.Since the 1970s, economic restructuring and the farm crisis have severely reduced rural communities’economic opportunities.Economic restructuring has caused a loss of rural manufacturing plants and many jobs. The 1980s farm crisis in the Midwest also led to a decline in the numbers of farmers and restructured farm ownership, forcing some farm families to augment their incomes with off-farm jobs, to depart farming, or to declare bankruptcy. The farm crisis and the loss of manufacturing jobs had substantial ripple effects in rural communities. As rural joblessness rates rose above urban levels, real income growth stagnated in rural areas (Sears and Reid 1992). Many stores and agribusinesses disappeared from small rural towns. Not surprisingly, a 1992 statewide survey in Illinois found that 39% of rural residents perceived their economic prospects as worsening (Walzer 1993).These changes limited rural communities’economic development options, making older development strategies such as manufacturing less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves . One of the most popular nontraditional rural developmentstrategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993; Luloff et al. 1994). Rural areas have a special appeal to tourists because of the mystique associated with rural areas and their distinct cultural, historic, ethnic, and geographic characteristics (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993). Rural tourism also is less costly and easier to establish than other rural economic development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be developed locally with participation from local government and small businesses, and its development is not necessarily dependent on outside firms or companies. Although tourism can be expensive to develop in certain cases (e.g., large resort areas) or can involve large firms and chains, rural tourism can be developed with relatively little investment credit, training, and capital. Hence, rural tourism can be less costly to develop as compared to other economic development strategies; additionally, rural tourism need not involve dependency on outside firms and their decisions on whether they want to be in an area. Rural tourism provides a base for these small businesses that might not otherwise be in rural communities because of their small populations. Tourism particularly helps two types of small businesses in rural areas—those directly involved in tourism (e.g., attractions and hotels/motels) and those indirectly involved in tourism (e.g., gas stations and grocery stores). Additionally, rural tourism works well with existing rural enterprises such as farms (e.g., U-Pick farms) and can generate important secondary income for farm households (Oppermann 1996).Nonetheless, rural tourism remains one of the few viable economic options for rural communities .Like other economic development strategies, rural tourism requires several components to be successful.Tourism development involves(1) attractions: the natural and manmade features both within and adjacent to a community; (2) promotion:the marketing of a community and its tourism attractions to potential tourists;(3) tourism infrastructure: access facilities (roads, airports, trains, and buses),water and power services, parking, signs, and recreation facilities; (4) services: lodging, restaurants, and the various retail businesses needed to take care of tourists’ needs; (5) hospitality: how tourists are treated by both community residents and employees in tourism businesses and attractions (Gunn 1988). Left out of this list are tourism entrepreneurs and their role in fostering these components.While the above components and a community’s assets are clearly important to tourism development, only the widespread participation and contribution of rural tourism entrepreneurs can ensure a broad-based foundation for successful tourism development. A research literature has emerged on how to best facilitate the development of tourism. One view, drawing heavily on the economic literature, argues that tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities are best developed by helping and creating individuals businesses and then letting them compete in the marketplace for a review and description of this view). This view, however, has been critiqued because (1) it views tourism and tourism-related businesses as isolated from the larger community and its issues;(2) it does not recognize the interdependence of the various sectors and actors involved in tourism; and (3)most small tourism business, especially those in rural areas, do not have the individual resources to promote either themselves or the community as a tourist product (Gunn 1988; Murphy 1985; Palmer and Bejou 1995).Opposing this view is the community approach to tourism development and entrepreneurship (Murphy 1985). As its name implies, the approach argues that tourism is a community product and that, along with entrepreneurial skills and the presence of tourist businesses, it is also necessary to have the community and local capabilities (e.g., local leadership and formal and informal networks)directly involved in tourism development and promotion effort (Murphy 1985). While the community approach may be an effective way to develop and promote tourism, creating the necessary intercommunity cooperation and collaboration is a complex and difficult process. Businesses are asked to share resources while simultaneously competing. Local governments may see collaborating to develop tourism as risky, or they may be worried about losing control over local decision making (Huang and Stewart 1996; Jamal and Getz 1995). Because of these problems, research on collaboration and those factors that allow for community development of tourism is needed . The purpose of the present study is to identify and examine those factors that help rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. The present study makes an additional contribution to the research literature by including rural tourism entrepreneurs, an overlooked group in rural tourism research (Stokowski 1990).乡村旅游发展成功因素作者：苏珊娜威尔逊，丹尼尔·朱莉和约翰国籍：美国出处：SAGE 出版社中文译文：20世纪70年代以来，经济体制的改革和农业危机使得农村社区经济发展的选择减少，同时促使老年人发展战略可行性降低，迫使人们去寻找非传统的方式来维持生计。

文献出处: Hill, John. A new perspective of tourism product development: The Case of South Korea [J]. The Journal of International Travel, 2014, 35(3): 125-141.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。

）原文A new perspective of tourism product development: The Case of South KoreaHill, JohnAbstractAs the tourism consumption rising demand for personalized, tourism consumer’s independent participation consciousness enhancement. Tourism product development to meet the growing demand for personalized, tourists pay attention to the experience of tourists is crucial. The development of modern society and the change of consumption concept, tourism are more likely to experience the real life experience, enhance feelings of self-realization. The authenticity of the tourist experience is the cultural meaning of tourism activities.In the study of tourism experience, authenticity is one of the core issues. The study of experience of tourism authenticity, not only has theoretical significance of cultural studies, and has a guiding significance to tourism development. In recent years, tourism research in the field of authenticity as the academic concern increasingly, especially in terms of tourism culture, from the perspective of tourism experience less research of the tourism product development research.Key words: authenticity; Experience; Tourists; Tourism product development1 Tourism product development processContrast the status of the previous South Korean tourism product development, be helpful for us in the tourism product development in the era of experience economy into more targeted experience elements, enhancing the market value of tourism products. In South Korea tourism product of the market by the buyer to the seller's market, selling changes - the three stages of buyer's market.1.1 The first stageThe characteristics of this stage is give play to the resource advantage of primarycharacteristics of supply oriented seller's market, is also the number of tourist product innovation stage of development, especially the number of tourist spots. Before 1987, nearly 70% of tourists tourists travel purpose is, arguably, the history of South Korea tourism is in accordance with the history of tourism products. This one phase, the south Korean tourism under the policy of opening to the outside world and invigorating, started from the past political reception, cultural exchange is given priority to, to give priority to with business services, earning foreign exchange of economic business, the tourism market is basically a seller's market, tourism product innovation basic work mainly focused on giving full play to the advantages of resources, expand the number of tourist spots. South Korea tourism products in this period is given priority to with primary resources, variety single, the structure is not complete, rely mainly on the increase of the number of the tourist attractions and tourism facilities to meet the needs of tourists. Traditional on the basis of the resources of tourism products is very rich, South Korea tourism product development based on tourism as the breakthrough point, to Korean culture as the main body of the purpose of the rapid development of market monopoly to South Korea tourism products play an important role1.2 The second stageThis stage is the continuing development of tourism at the same time, begin to pay close attention to the special tourism products and the development of special tourism products. After the first phase of development, a south Korean tourist product and have been able to put into the market on a large scale, but the same time the world tourism market consumption trend towards, pure purpose of products in the market space gradually narrowing, real special tourism and special tourism products, tourism market a major Asian tourism at the same time adjustment, declining proportion of intercontinental travelers, tourists from close range scale expands rapidly. Close the popularity of the tourist not only expand the market space, deduce the specific tourist motives more diversification and the diversification of tourism way. Participatory, entertaining and distinct personality constitutes a new market focus for the integration of new products and development trend. In 1987, the national tourism administrationproposed change single do line situation, special tourism and special tourism development, the development of the individual and family travel, form a pattern of diversification of products. Since the early 1990 s, South Korea tourism departments and enterprises pay attention to the use of South Korean tourist resources type, features colorful compose various types of tourism product development. Since 1992, a year to determine the different theme, with focus on the promotion of different types of tourism products. Holiday products to drive the rise of the special tourism development and construction, prompted South Korea tourism products to form sightseeing, holiday and special pattern of the three pillars of tourism products. (2) This reflect a shift from a seller's market to a buyer's market, on the other hand shows that South Korea tourism market consciousness and competition consciousness gradually enhanced. Tourism product development by relying on resources to expand the number of tourist spots, also gradually transformed into construction with emphasis and plan a batch of tourist routes, tourist route construction to stimulate the development of tourist spots and the depth of the tourism resources development. At this stage, a buyer's market trend of tourism product makes tourism products in every link more closely contact with the market demand, tourism product diversification and specialization trend gradually formed, and pay attention to hardware product quality and improve the quality of our services, in order to improve the economic benefits of the tourism industry as a whole.1.3 The third stageThis stage is a buyer's market stage of development. Concept of market competition, tourism enterprises and tourism managers to research the demand of tourists, to design a marketable product. Is a comprehensive very strong products, tourism products require breakthrough construction of tourist route in the past, become a including tourism destination image construction, the coordination with economic and social development of tourism, tourists, local residents and tourism practitioners, the tourist ecological social environment coordinated coexistence, every aspect of system engineering. Along with the development of regional tourism, tourist activities on the near distance and developed, and the supply of tourist activitiescharacteristics change requirements change along the traveling route line of original model, and into the travel purpose ground roll out, to tourism destination as a unit of overall construction, coordination and optimization of the tourist products, the tourists in the tourist destination can fully meet the demand of various substances spirit. This prompted the tourism product marketing gimmick diversification, into service and experience factors in the product, meet the demand of tourist’s mental stage.2 Two problems existing in the tourism product experience2.1 Type single tourism product experiencePine with Gilmore put forward to make people feel is one of the most abundant experience include entertainment, education, and escape from reality, aesthetics four types of experience, the experience type is rich, experience the better the results. South Korea now experience of tourism products is given priority to with the purpose, more dominant aesthetic experience, only to mobilize the visual sense in experience, experience type single make profound cultural connotation of tourism products difficult to explicit, and for some cultural relics of ornamental also need certain professional background knowledge, aesthetics and education experience very snorkeling, tourists to tourism products stay in watching, buildings, monuments and so on the surface of the scenic spot tourism experience content, the lack of deep, various types of tourism experience.2.2 Travel experience the same contentNo patents, tourism products have the features of easy to imitate. Traditional Korean tourism product innovation is insufficient, the phenomenon of redundant construction is more common. South Korea tourism product regardless of from the type and quantity is very rich, but in actual travel, content is similar, resource characteristics have not been able to come out of the full performance. At the same time, the design of tourism projects lack of features, the experience of the same content makes visitors feel familiar, it is difficult to obtain the unforgettable travel experience, tourism products lack of professional travel experience design. And experience respectively the core elements of tourism is the tourism product experience provided by the object with the tourists everyday life, the difference of the differenceis larger, the more can stimulate the tourists travel desire, also has development value. The present tourism products lack of diversity development, it is difficult to meet the demand of tourist’s experience.Experience respectively the development of tourism products in South Korea is still in the theory of infancy, domestic academia for its research is limited, although scholars have carried on the preliminary study on tourism experience, is only for one tourism product shallow levels of discussion. Due to the development of the theory of experience economy in South Korea at an early stage, there was lack of experience on tourism products design experience respectively.2.3 Tourism experience of participationTraditional Korean tourism product development mode is a resource - oriented, the dependence on resources to product development. For most of the tourism products, or directly to the original resources as the project, make tourists can experience the resources of ecological and historical value, the development depth is not enough, not characteristics. At the same time, need few tourists involved to complete the project, the development of tourism products to stay on the surface of experience, and the resource itself very little contact with the local population. Product development lack of innovation, imitation, following severe, similar products, to the use of resources at the simple extensive stage, can't meet the personalized needs of unusual experience for visitors3 The tourists and the development of tourism productsFor different types of tourism products, the authenticity of tourists demand is different. Here we combine clement chug in the authenticity of the tourism experience rule and the scenic area management problem "as a law in this paper, we summed up experience of tourism authenticity. Author put all the scenic spot is classified into humanities scenic spot and the natural scenic area, and puts forward the concept of the original true scenic area, it refers to those who have experienced a certain time of the historical and cultural precipitation, less interference or destruction of the scenic spot.For with a history of ontology in the sense of real estate field and reflect real life custom tourism destination specific landmark tourism cultural products, namely theoriginal true strong tourism products, such as historical and cultural heritage, cultural relics sites, from the objective, they are real, for these scenic area, the main task of management is to protect the good humanities and natural environment, the less artificial interference, to give visitors experience the real; At the same time in the cultural objective authenticity intact at the same time, should pay attention to environment, and guide the design of the artificial factors such as service. To reflect the cultural activities held at the destination, such as some real folk music, dance, and some onto the stage of festival celebration activities, can understand from the perspective of structuralism real authenticity. Authenticity of experience can be increased by operating organization, Pierce (1986) argues that authenticity can be achieved by the experience of the physical environment, social interaction, and based on the experience of people get, theatrical real also can let visitors get high quality tourism experience. At the same time, the enthusiasm of the community residents to participate in is also very important.England's rural tourism is, through the method of "reproduction history", through the participation of visitors and the community residents to improve interaction effect of the authenticity of the experience. Held in destination for the destination of the cultural activities outside of products (such as theme parks) the authenticity of the experience, can be interpreted from the perspective of existentialism real, tourist experience has nothing to do with the object of tourism, tourist experience has intensified, intoxicated, feel the real self. Experience of this kind of tourism products is short, need to inspire visitor’s experience, objective existence not true to the real experience, and constantly to update the tourism products, tourism products to achieve sustained development.译文旅游产品开发的新视角：以韩国为例作者：希尔·约翰斯摘要随着旅游消费个性化需求的上升,旅游消费者自主参与意识增强。

外文翻译原文Title:Sustainable tourism marketing at a World Heritage siteMaterial Source: Journal of strategic marketing Author:David Carson The tourism industry is a major contributor to the gross national product of many nations(Reige and Perry,2000)and is one of the fastest growing industries in the world.Today the marketing of tourist destinations and tourism service products is a widely recognised phenomenon.However,the growth in tourism has created new challenges to tourism sites in terms of increased visitor numbers and their potential detrimental impact on the environment.This is becoming evident in popular tourist sites and often in unique and fragile environments such as World Heritage sites. The focus of this study was on the Giant’s Causeway W H site,the most iconic and most visited site in Northern Ireland representing almost a quarter of all trips to the region(Northern Ireland Tourist Board,2004).The current growth in tourist numbers to the site has led to the recognition that consideration needs to be given to a sustainable tourism marketing strategy if the site is to be maintained for future generations.The objectives of the study were to gain an understanding of the nature of interactions between the organisations involved in managing the site,and to identify the dimensions of a sustainable tourism service-product offering in a WH site context.SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MARKETINGFollowing the popularisation of the concept of sustainable development,sustainable tourism as a concept developed during the late 1980s and early 1990s(Bramwell and Lane,1993;Hunter,995).This concept evolved in line with growing recognition of the potential for tourism to have a negative impact on the environment and social fabric of destinations.However,there is some concern that widely adopted interpretations of sustainable tourism are overly focused on a need to conserve the resources on which the tourism industry depends(Dewhurst and Thomas，2003).For example,some view natural sites as conservationists and argue for de-marketing and‘stay away’messages to be given to tourists(Quan,2000).Theimportance of trying to achieve a social,economic and environmentally balanced approach(according to the Brundtland(1987) principles,WCED)to managing and marketing tourist sites was the perspective taken in this study.The core aim of the social and economic perspectives of tourism is to encourage more tourists to visit and to promote the growth of tourist value.The focus is on creating employment，achieving revenue return and developing some local engagement and interaction with tourists.The anticipated outcome is more tourist‘dollar’which contributes more GNP and eventually leads to large scale tourism.The environmental focus of tourism is at a different end of the spectrum to the economic and social perspectives.The core aim is to protect and to conserve both the culture and the environment(as both are inextricably linked).There is often a dichotomy or conflict between the social and economic focus of tourism and the environmental perspective.For example,the environmental focus is on conservation and protection and is often about restricting the use of a particular site or keeping large numbers of visitors away.If a natural tourist attraction is to exist and be economically viable,it must embrace economic and social objectives and also incorporate the environmental issues in the context of economic and social wellbeing.From a marketing management viewpoint,environmental objectives should not dictate the agenda for tourism attraction provision and perspectives.Delivering a sustainable tourism service product will depend upon interactive management,planning and decision-making and the implementation of a consistent service product to large groups of people in a well-managed way.SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MARKETINGRegional Tourism Organisation)and DoE(Department of Environment)regarding advisory and promotional support.There was a commitment to the provision of support,both advisory and financially through grant aid from the Environment Service.However the interactions and collaborations with these bodies were not specific or explicit and did not have any impact on the current management of the site. In summary,the three organisations that own the land and the stones at the Giant’s Causeway have different perspectives.One has a single focus on conservation,restriction and perhaps closure to visitors.The second organisations’objectives are to bring more visitors to the area,encourage them to stay longer in order to contribute to the economy of the whole region.The third organisation wantsto develop a wider range of visitor facilities and services within the immediate area,to make profit and provide jobs for local people.These different perspectives result in little interaction and collaboration between the organizations,in fact they see each other as competitors for the same business.In addition,the interactions between the on-site landowner organizations and the wider range of public and private sector tourism related businesses were very limited. Such lack of communication led to conflicting decisions being made by each organization resulting in confusing communication messages for visitors.To summarise,there was little evidence of sustainable tourism management,there was no unified sense of direction and the implementation of the tourism service product was limited and the site was poorly managed as described below.Delivery of the WHS service productThe physical features and core product of the WH site,the Giant’s Causeway stones(a natural feature)was poorly presented and maintained.At the most famous part of the site,the‘honeycomb’area where the majority of visitors go,there was evidence of neglect(mud and litter)and vandalism(graffiti and chipping)on the stones.With regard to visitor facilities on site there was little evidence of recent capital expenditure,the buildings were old,and small.The size of the buildings(shop and visitor centre)were inadequate and often became congested due to the limited space available and queues for toilets and cash desks.In terms of accessibility of the core product,new transport services to bring visitors to the site were introduced in the areas adjacent to the Giant’s Causeway and Causeway Coast during the time of study.These included a heritage railway service and a‘rambler’bus service.However these services were introduced incrementally without any overall plan on vision.One on-site manager commented:‘these facilities are planned on an ad-hoc basis’.The majority of visitors to the site arrived by car.If they arrived between the hours of 9.30am and 5.00pm，a car-park attendant was positioned at the entrance of the park to request payment. Often there was confusion regarding what the payment was for as there were car parking ticket machines clearly evident within the car park.Because of the payment required within the car park areas or at busy times when the car park was full,cars parked along the roadside causing congestion,disruption，tailbacks and contributing to erosion at the side of the main road.Communication and interactive management of visitorsThere was little communication of any kind to stimulate visitor interest in the site,for example,promotional signs or pictures to illustrate the features of the site or service areas such as the cafeteria or souvenir shop.One on-site manager commented: we don’t market the Giant’s Causeway,there is a policy of not really marketing it because it receives so many visitors already. There was an overall lack of clear directional signs for visitor information.The site had poor visual communication in terms of guidance,information or advice on-site.Signs on the site and on the way to the stones were too small to be read from the path，making it necessary to step off the path (onto grass or heathland)to read signs.Within the site,the only staff available were those employed within the retail outlet and cafe′facilities(open between 9.30am and 5.00pm only),otherwise there were no staff available for guidance,direction or supervision of visitors. Overall interpretation of the site and attempts to engage or ‘educate’ the visitor was very poor. Some of the on-site managers did not want any interpretative material or activities provided at the site unless it was about conservation.They also thought that the companies bringing people to the site(such as bus and tour operators)should provide interpretative information about the site.More fundamentally the opinion of the site-owners was that the site could be managed by restricting the number of visitors instead of addressing the issues of interpretation,education and visitor guidance as illustrated in the following statement: I guess we would prefer to ask people to voluntarily stay out of areas,we may have to consider more severe fencing and things to keep people out…(Site manager) To summarise,there was a limited choice and range of visitor facilities in terms of catering,entertainment and shopping opportunities on-site.The more intangible dimensions such as providing guidance,communication and interpretation facilities for visitors were very ad-hoc and informal.Overall the site itself was poorly maintained and there was little evidence of interactive management of visitors.译文标题：世界遗产地的可持续旅游市场营销资料来源:《战略营销杂志》(2007，5) 作者：大卫·卡而森旅游业是许多国家国民生产的一个重要贡献来源，并且是世界上发展最快的行业之一。

旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文Tourism: A Matter of Common Concern AbstractProblems of tourism and recreation in the Wadden Sea are discussed. Special regard is given to land- based activities being in harmony with nature and favoring the protection of environment. The discussion focuses on the trilateral Wadden policy of the conceded European countries. The Netherlands, Germany and Denmark.Key words:Trilateral Wadden Sea policy, tourism, land based recreation, adverse effects on nature1.Why a Common Concern?In the Wadden Sea area people live, work and recreate. Trilateral Wadden policy has been mainly focused on sea- based recreation. But an activity in the Wadden area which also has a direct influence on the dunes, mudflats and tidal areas is land based recreation. Millions of people visit the area each year for leisure. Until now this has been neglected by the international Wadden policy. Because of the influence of and developments in this sector, it is necessary to widen the scope of this policy so that a strategy can be developed for all recreational activities. This implies making intelligent choices. What kind of recreational activities and accommodations fit this nature area? When and where should they take place? What amounts are in harmonywith the nature we want to protect? Answers to these questions are part of a strategy for conservation of nature and recreation.In 1994, in Leeuwarden, ecological goals were drawn up not only for the tidal area, but also for the beaches and dunes, the salt marshes, the coastline and the rural areas (on the islands and the adjacent areas of the mainland). In addition, it was recognized that the trilateral policy covered a wider area than just the Wadden Sea. loss of natural habitats and the disturbance of flora and fauna as a result of increasing tourism was identified as a cause for cancel. To better understand the influence of landbased recreation on the area's natural environment, it is necessary to first consider the situation in the tourism sector. This is mainly based on the experiences obtained by the Dutch Wadden Society in the Dutch Wadden Sea region.2.A Summary of the SituationI. Since the middle of this century, the Wadden Sea area has been a popular destination for an ever growing number of tourists. Today tourists can choose from a wide range of accommodations: hotels, hiking cabins, apartments, camping sites, bungalows and so on. This development has sparked a lot of building activity; sometimes to replace old buildings, but more often for new building sites. In a number of cases this has been at the cost of dune areas.A first observation: to offer all these visitors a place to sleep more and more space is occupied. Sometimes at the cost of nature and sometimes at the cost of historical buildings or rural landscape.II. But not all visitors to the area stay overnight. On the one hand there are the day tourists to the islands. Especially the islands with a short ferry time and/or low ferry costs ate favorites. On the other hand the different recreational areas along themainland coastline also attract a large number of day tourists, particularly in Germany. Tourists not only desire a place on the beach in the sun, but also want to walk in the dunes, buy a cup of coffee and have proper transport facilities to and from the area. On the main land side of the ferry dam to Ameland, for example, there ate plans for a second level in the car park on the mainland to offer day tourists extra parking space close to the ferry.A second observation: day tourism leaves its marks in the landscape by facilities, over fulled ashtrays, empty beach chairs and treaded plants, also when the day is over.The short second or third holiday, a midweek break or a day to escape it all, has become reality for many. The quiet and long off-season period is a thing of the past for the local population and nature. The accommodation-branches anticipates this trend by building more and more cabins and bungalows at former camping sites. The lengthening of the holiday season has been encouraged by the development of so-called "bad weather facilities" like the tropical swimming pool. The result is that walkers and cyclists can be found on the beach or in the dunes as early as March. This can cause problems for migratory and breeding birds. Should the areas important to these birds be closed off to the public earlier in the year? That is against the idea that people should be given as many chances as possible to enjoy nature. So what is more important: undisturbed feelings of liberty or undisturbed nest building?A third observation: lengthening of the holiday season means more disturbance risk to a number of bird species.IV. Recreational activities are no longer limited to a walk breathingthe fresh sea air of a healing dip in the water. The currentpossibilities seem endless, a few examples: parachute jumping, golfing, "nature combing", walking on the mudflats, visiting bird colonies, seals, a wagon ride through the dunes and marshes, short aero plane trips, kiting, sunbathing, night-life, cross country cycling and so on.A fourth observation: recreational activities, even nature oriented, have more and more adverse effects on nature.The economic aspect of tourism certainly plays a role in the trilateral policy decisions. The weight that this aspect carries in the policymaking process is a choice in itself. But in what terms are we measuring the economic effects, in jobs, in regional income and investments, or in the sustainable use of nature?A fifth observation: economic aspects are part of the discussion about tourism and there is quite some cash flow related to it.3.Developments and New Trendsit When coming up with a strategy for recreational activities is important to consider developments and trends in the sector.1. Tourism is a growing industry. It is seen as a sector which can provide employment in the near future. And for this reason subsidies are given. That is an attractive proposition, particulary in regions with relatively high unemployment. Many community councils along the Dutch coast have plans to exploit tourism. These vary from building a small bungalow park to a health spa with a beach. Work is already inprogress on the islands to improve the quality of accommodation. This requires larger investments and returns.2. The trend to take a number of short holidays. The same number of over night stays are therefore being shared by more and other visitors and more transport is required.3. Hotel managers want the same bed occupied more often.The stabilization of the number of beds available (a policy on the Dutch Wadden islands) is therefore certainly not synonymous with a stabilization of recreation volume.4. The trend towards more active holidays. The activities can range from nature excursions to sport events. This raises the question whether the Wadden nature is seen as a backdrop or as a destination itself. In order to formulate a strategy on tourism we will have to take into account the five observations made.4.summarize:(I) more and more space is taken by accommodations, improving quality also requires more square meters per tourist;(II) Day tourism leaves its marks in the landscape;(III) Season lengthening means shortening of the undisturbed periods for birds;(IV) Recreation activities, even nature oriented, have more and more adverse effects on nature;(V) The tourism related cash flow is on the rise;(VI) A growing number of people visit, know and hopefully appreciate the Wadden Sea area and.., disturb each other.The importance of the international Wadden Sea area does not need to be stressed. Nor does the importance of protecting the area's natural development. Joint trilateral goals and targets have already been laid down or are receiving the final touches. Al1 we have to do, is bring about the goals. The trilateral Wadden policy can no longer ignore land based recreational activities; their effects are too far reaching. Dunes, marshes and birds are currently witnessing a loss in territory and an increase in disturbance and damage. The countryside is under attack and new building projects threaten to overshadow the cultural and historical value of the area. And sometimes there ate just toomany people around.It's not enough to acknowledge that recreation is important to the area, to declare ah area a national park, to do some zoning or to fix the number of beds.A fundamental consideration is needed. What kind of recreational activates and accommodations fit this nature area?When and where can they take place? Whatamounts are in harmony with the nature we want to protect? Answers to these questions ate the start of a strategy for conservation of nature and sustainable recreation.5.The Choice of the Dutch Wadden SocietyThe Wadden Sea area offers some very special opportunities for recreation. When people get to know and appreciate an area they are more willing to protect it. And from the perspective of tourism it is nature, the openness, the birds, the unique landscape and the historic cultural values that makes .this area into something singular and special. These are the selling points of the Wadden Sea area on the touristic market. In our view there should be possibilities to experience that specific Wadden Sea nature. This means Wadden nature" oriented recreation. But in such a way that it is and continues respecting nature. This is of course something totally different from island hopping by aero plane or a disco party on the beach.What such a choice means from a sustainable and economic perspective is of course an important question. Does it mean more visitor management, more excursion leaders and less disc jockey? More bird watches facilities and wardening and less recreational air traffic and tropical swimming paradises? These aspects definitely need moreresearch. The Dutch Wadden Society has taken initiatives in this direction but we certainly cannot cover this alone.T oformulate such a strategy it is vital that there is a complete picture, based on comparable data, of recreation in the international Wadden area. At this moment data are still incomplete. So from our point of view the following steps lead to a strategy for conservation of nature and of sustainable possibilities for recreation:- identify the processes and areas which need extra protection. -identify the unique opportunities the area offers. -identify frictions between existing tourism and nature conservation goals. -select the types of tourism and recreational activities that can be accommodated in harmony with the area and the goals. -make choices regarding: "when', "where" and "what amounts'. - formulate clear policy goals. - develop indicators to monitor and -execute itTime is ripe to make choices and there are already some hopeful initiatives. In "Nord Friesland a "Zukunftswerkstatt Tourism’s und Umwelt" is being drawn up with the aim to elaborate concepts for "umbel- und sozialvertrigliche Tourismusentwicklung'.The Dutch, German and Danish province and regions along the Wadden Sea started a project to develop a vision on sustainable tourism. The trilateral Wadden policy can encourage these initiatives. In 1997, in State, there should be an acknowledgement of the importance and effects of land based recreation at a trilateral level. It must be possible to developa common strategy for all tourism and recreation activities in the trilateral Wadden area, particularly in the light of the ecological and landscape goals that have already been agreed on in the past and which also reflect the recreational interests.译文:旅游业共同关心的问题摘要旅游业协会针对瓦登海问题进行了讨论，讨论的内容是关于陆地活动与自然和谐以及环境的保护。

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料题目：我国非物质文化遗产保护文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14外文文献翻译保存奇迹Karin, Richard，联合国教科文组织成员《MAS Ultra大学版》第9期（2001）第54-58页随着经济全球一体化的进程，在我们的视野中传统的婚礼舞和诗人的语言逐渐地消失，因此保护非物质文化遗产并非易事。

教科文组织努力去保护濒危的杰作，同时向全世界展示中国传统的昆曲、日本的能乐、印度舞蹈、来自格鲁吉亚的男子和弦合唱、制作立陶宛木制和金属十字架古老的知识还有几内亚的索索巴拉的传统音乐。

在一个新的名录中，联合国教科文组织宣布这些为“杰出的非物质文化遗产”。

非物质文化遗产这个词语是一个由专家而不是巫师或音乐家所用的专业术语。

它一般是指非物质方面的文化成果，如故事和语言本身，信仰和价值观，以及赋予文化活力的各种形式的知识和技能。

这一遗产可以包括婚礼和葬礼、舞蹈、工匠的技能、口头流传下来的农业知识，甚至可以包括节日和聚会，如坦坦地区的木赛姆牧民大会。

您可能认为只有在博物馆才能发现这些文化的踪迹，但是这些文化在我们身边，是世世代代流传下来的优秀文化。

这不是玻璃下的文化！日本的活国宝在日本，学者们早已认识到无形的文化。

在18世纪和19世纪，语言学家、民俗学家和其他人试图整理世界的口头传统。

然而，全面的“非物质文化遗产保护”是从近年来开始的。

在1950年，日本意识到了传统文化的重要性，开始了一个保护活国宝的长期项目。

类似的方案随后在韩国，菲律宾，泰国，美国和法国开始。

非物质文化遗产被看作是一种资产或资源而得到保护、赞赏、使用和管理，这个想法可以溯源回到明治时代。

在西方，同时，法学家把非物质文化遗产看作是知识产权中的一种资产，利用专利和商标制度去保护它。

但是，有些集体的文化的创造是不成文的或无记录的，所以在保护的时候依然存在一些问题。

外文出处：Medina L K. Commoditizing culture: Tourism and Maya identity [J]. Annals of tourism research, 2014, 30(2): 353-368.原文Commoditizing culture: Tourism and Maya IdentityLaurie MedinaAbstractThis ethnographic study examined how the commoditization of culture for tourism affected traditional practices in a formerly Maya village adjacent to the most-visited Mayan ruins in Belize. Though the majority of villagers had abandoned this indigenous identity, they responded to the tourism demand for representations of an essentialized Mayan culture by utilizing new channels to access traditions they could no longer learn through old ways: they turned to the publications of archaeologists and epigraphers who study the ancient Maya. As villagers developed expertise in the cultural traditions of their ancestors, they remained ambivalent about whether or not their unconventional acquisition of this knowledge provided sufficient basis for reclaiming Maya identities.Keywords: culture; commoditization; identity; Maya; BelizeINTRODUCTIONOne school of thought in tourism studies has argued that the commoditization of culture for consumption renders the resulting practices inauthentic. This position distinguishes between traditions which persist in relative isolation from market forces, and practices elaborated specifically for the tourism market. Against this perspective, other scholars have asserted that such transactions between tourists and “tourees”generate new cultural configurations which are both meaningful and authentic to their participants. Advocates of this argument reject both the distinction drawn by the first group of scholars between more and less authentic cultural forms and the notions of culture and authenticity on which that distinction rests. The second school of thought instead portrays culture as dynamic and emergent. This paper introduces a third alternative in this debate: the commoditization of culture for tourism may involve the utilization of new channels to access cultural traditions of great antiquity. Posing thispossibility for a formerly Maya village in western Belize, this paper engages two sets of debates in the social sciences: it explores how the debate in tourism studies sketched above intersects with contemporary ones in the field of Maya studies, where “constructivists”cast Maya culture as a (relatively recent) social construction, while “essentialists”define it in terms of continuities that have persisted across centuries from pre-colonial times into the present.Early studies suggested that touristic commoditization—the offering of cultural products and practices for money—results in the emergence of a culture distinct from the traditional practice of “tourees”and less authentic by virtue of being both “staged”and a commodity. MacCannell (1976) suggests that tourists are largely motivated by a “quest for authenticity,”which is fundamentally a search for cultural difference. Tourists interpret such difference as an indicator of less contamination by contemporary capitalism and thus greater authenticity in relations among people and between people and nature. However, MacCannell asserts that tourees—the host population confronted with the arrival of tourists in their midst—protect and insulate their culture by dividing their lives into “backstage”areas, where they continue meaningful traditions away from the gaze of tourists, and “frontstage”areas, where they perform a limited range of activities for a tourist audience. This makes available portions of host culture for guest consumption, while it protects other parts from commoditization. Such an argument assumes that touristic cultural performance, which MacCannell calls “staged authenticity,”is less authentic than practices not performed for tourists or for cash. Greenwood (1977) also engages this assumption by asserting that commoditization changes the meaning of cultural products and practices to such a degree that they eventually become meaningless for their producers. The conclusion drawn is that the “staged authenticity”of commoditized culture is not authentic at all. Ryan (1996), focusing away from concerns with authenticity, suggests that a “tourist culture”distinct from the everyday cultures of either tourists or tourees emerges from their inter- (or trans-) actions; however, he builds on the same assumption that tourism leads to the emergence of a culture different from the original one of the tourees.TOURISM, CULTURE AND IDENTITYIf there were such a thing as a “typical Maya village”’San Jose Succotz would certainly not be it. A village of some 1,400 people in western Belize, Succotz is linked to “Mayaness”in two ways: through proximity to the ruins of an ancient Maya city that has become a popular tourism attraction; and through the ancestry, culture, and identities of its contemporary residents. If the former connection provides an important source of income for the village, the latter connection is characterized by ambivalence and ambiguity.This article is based on ethnographic research undertaken in Succotz during the summer of 1999, combined with archival sources. The ethnographic research included a survey of 25% of the household, in which an adult member of every fourth unit was surveyed, working up and down both sides of each street in the village. This resulted in a total of 73 surveys, which elicited information about household size and composition, languages spoken in the household, their ethnic affiliations, factors considered by respondents in determining their ethnic identifications, and languages spoken by adult household members’parents. In addition, information about sources of household income was elicited.This survey was complemented by longer, semi-structured interviews with 15 Succotzeños employed in tourism. This sample, developed by asking villagers to name individuals or families working in tourism, included most tour guides (6), all pottery-making households (5), slate carving households (2), and owners of tourist accommodations (2). These interviews explored each individual’s history in tourism work, the development of the knowledge required for that work, their assessments of “what tourists want”, their ethnic self-identifications, and connections between those identities and their work in tourism.Ambiguous Identities in SuccotzSuccotz is located just across the Mopan River from Xunantunich, the ruins of an ancient Mayan city that is now Belize’s most-visited archaeological site. Both Succotz and Xunantunich are adjacent to the Western Highway, making them readily accessible to tourism. During the year this research was conducted, 27,614 touristsvisited Xunantunich. However, because Xunantunich is primarily a ‘day trip’for tourists staying at resorts throughout Belize or for cruiseship passengers, few tourists stayed in the village. Of households surveyed in Succotz, 12% reported earning income from tourism.Beyond its proximity to the ruins, Succotz has a Mayan past of its own: during the 19th and into the 20thcentury, the village was described as an “Indian”community populated by Mopan and Yucatec Maya with origins in the Guatemalan Peten and the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. The earliest ethnographic research on Succotz reported that primicias (traditional Maya rituals), formed an integral part of the community’s agricultural cycle ( Thompson 1930:114). These rituals reflected the core cosmological principles identified by essentialist scholars that link people, nature, ancestors, and sacred forces. However, in contemporary Succotz, only 20% of the survey sample had land for agriculture, and wage labor has become the dominant economic activity. Village residents have been integrated into regional and national economies, commuting to locations where work is more readily available. Since Succotzeños are known for their skill in construction work, 31% of the households surveyed had members working in that field. The relative decline of agricultural production in Succotz has led to a consequent reduction in the practice of rituals associated with traditional agricultural cycles.Tourism and Maya Culture in SuccotzHowever, tourism may present new possibilities for Succotzeños to claim or reclaim Maya identity and culture. Tourists visit to Succotz specifically to experience Xunantunich. As Castañeda (1996) suggests, the publications of Mayanist archaeologists (together with the publications of tourism promoters) have generated interest in the ancient Maya among North Americans and Europeans. Archaeologists’work at Xunantunich has made this site available for tourism; simultaneously, archaeologists’enthusiasm for Mayan culture has generated increased respect for the knowledge of the ancient Maya on the part of some Succotzeños, especially those employed in excavations.Tourism to Xunantunich has had a broader effect on local ethnic hierarchies: as tourists demonstrate interest in ancient Maya culture bygenerating demand for goods that reflect that culture, positive value attaches to the “Maya”label. Villagers are very cognizant of this fact; they often mentioned the tremendous appreciation that tourists demonstrate for “things Mayan”. For example, one tour guide explained that she used both English and Mayan languages in her tour: “I share what I can in Mayan, because what the tourists are looking for is the genius of the Maya”(author’s translation). Another guide recalled having little interest in Maya culture when he began a job as a guide at a nearby resort. When tourists in his charge wanted to visit Xunantunich, he had hired someone else to guide them through the ruins. However, little by little he began to appreciate how tourists valued Mayan culture, and thus he also became interested. When the opportunity arose, he enrolled in a three-day class taught by an archaeologist who was excavating at Xunantunich. He also began reading books on ancient Maya culture and cosmology, either purchased or received as gifts from tourists or archaeologists. Since tourists demonstrate little interest in Mestizo identities and culture, they thus invert the local hierarchy that values Mestizo over Maya (though the “inversion”involves the “othering”of Mayas in a way that in some respects simultaneously preserves that hierarchy).译文文化的商品化: 玛雅的文化旅游劳丽·麦地那摘要民族学研究探讨了旅游文化的商品化是如何影响玛雅的古村落的游客访问量，该村落毗邻伯利兹最大的玛雅遗址。

开发文化遗址英文作文英文：As someone who is passionate about cultural heritage, I believe that developing cultural heritage sites is ofutmost importance. Cultural heritage sites are not only a source of pride for a community, but they also provide invaluable insight into the history and culture of a region.One example of a successful cultural heritage site development is the restoration of the ancient city of Pingyao in China. The city, which dates back to the Mingand Qing dynasties, was in a state of disrepair before it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1997. Since then, the Chinese government has invested in therestoration of the city, including the preservation of its traditional architecture and the development of tourism.The restoration of Pingyao has had a significant impact on the local economy, with the city now attracting millionsof visitors each year. It has also helped to preserve the unique cultural heritage of the region, ensuring thatfuture generations can learn about and appreciate thehistory of Pingyao.In my opinion, developing cultural heritage sites is a worthwhile investment for any community. By preserving and promoting cultural heritage, we can not only boost tourism and the local economy, but we can also ensure that our history and traditions are passed down to future generations.中文：作为一个对文化遗产充满热情的人，我认为开发文化遗址非常重要。

旅游景区开发保护英语作文English: Travel destination development and protection are two sides of the same coin. On one hand, it is essential to develop tourist attractions in order to attract visitors, boost the local economy, and create job opportunities. However, in the process of development, it is crucial to strike a balance between commercialization and conservation. Overdevelopment can lead to environmental degradation, destruction of cultural heritage, and negative impacts on local communities. Therefore, sustainable development practices should be implemented to ensure the long-term viability of tourist destinations. This includes limiting the number of visitors, managing waste and pollution, preserving natural habitats, and respecting the local culture and traditions. By adopting a holistic approach that prioritizes both development and protection, we can create tourism destinations that are not only profitable but also sustainable in the long run.中文翻译: 旅游景点的开发与保护是同一枚硬币的两面。

Ⅲ.外文翻译外文翻译之一Destination brand positions of a competitive set ofnear-home destinations作者：Steven Pike国籍：Australia出处：Tourism Management, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 24 January 2009原文正文：Abstract:Although the branding literature commenced during the 1940s, the first publications related to destination branding did not emerge until half a century later. A review of 74 destination branding publications by 102 authors from the first 10 years of destination branding literature (1998–2007) found at least nine potential research gaps warranting attention by researchers. In particular, there has been a lack of research examining the extent to which brand positioning campaigns have been successful in enhancing brand equity in the manner intended in the brand identity. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an investigation of brand equity tracking for a competitive set of destinations in Queensland, Australia between 2003 and 2007. A hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) provided an effective means to monitor destination brand positions over time. A key implication of the results was the finding that there was no change in brand positions for any of the five destinations over the four year period. This leads to the proposition that destination position change within a competitive set will only occur slowly over a long period of time. The tabulation of 74 destination branding case studies, research papers, conceptual papers and web content analysesprovides students and researchers with a useful resource on the current state of the field.Keywords: Destination branding; Consumer-based brand equity; Short breaks; Destination image; Destination positioning1. IntroductionEver since the brand literature commenced in the 1940s (see for example Guest, 1942), there has been consistent recognition that branding offers organisations a means for differentiation in markets crowded with similar offerings ([Aaker, 1991], [Gardner and Levy, 1955], [Keller, 2003] and [Kotler et al., 2007]). For destinations, effective differentiation is critical given the increasingly competitive nature of tourism markets, where many places offering similar features are becoming substitutable (Pike, 2005). For example, around 70% of international travellers visit only 10 countries, leaving the remainder of national tourism offices (NTOs) competing for 30% of total international arrivals (Morgan, Pritchard, & Pride, 2002). The pursuit of differentiation is explicit in brand definitions, which have most commonly been variations of that proposed by Aaker (1991, p. 7):A brand is a distinguishing name and/or symbol (such as a logo, trademark, or package design) intended to identify the goods or services of either one seller or a group of sellers, and to differentiate those goods from those of competitors.However, in the foreword to the first issue of Place Branding and Public Policy, editor Simon Anholt (2004, p. 4) suggested “almost nobody agrees on what, ex actly, branding means” in describing place branding practice as akin to the Wild West. There has been a lack of consistency in defining what constitutes destination branding, both within industry and within academia (see [Blainet al., 2005], [Park and Petrick, 2006] and [Tasci and Kozak, 2006]). The mostcomprehensive definition to date has been that proposed by Blain et al. (2005, p. 337), which followed Berthon, Hulbert, and Pitt's (1999) model of the functions of a brand from both the buyer and seller perspectives:Destination branding is the set of marketing activities that (1) support the creation of a name, symbol, logo, word mark or other graphic that readily identifies and differentiates a destination; that (2) consistently convey the expectation of a memorable travel experience that is uniquely associated with the destination; that (3) serve to consolidate and reinforce the emotional connection between the visitor and the destination; and that (4) reduce consumer search costs and perceived risk. Collectively, these activities serve to create a destination image that positively influences consumer destination choice.Branding is therefore considered mutually beneficial from both the supply and demand perspectives. Enhancing the ability of the brand to differentiate effectively can generate advantages for products and services, such as increased purchase intent (Cobb-Walgren, Beal, & Donthu, 1995), lower costs (Keller, 1993), increased sales, price premiums, and customer loyalty ([Aaker, 1991] and [Aaker, 1996]). Advantages for destination marketing organisations (DMO) include increased potential to differentiate against places offering similar benefits, increased destination loyalty and increased yield for stakeholders such as local tourism businesses and travel intermediaries. Benefits for the traveller include ease of decision making through reduced search costs, reduced risk, and possibly enhanced brag value.The focus of most research reported to date has been concerned with the development of destination brand identities and the implementation of campaigns (see for example, [Crockett and Wood, 1999], [Hall, 1999], [May, 2001] and [Morgan et al., 2002]). One area requiring increased attention is that of tracking the performance of destination brand positions over time. That is,the extent to which destination brands' positioning and repositioning campaigns have been effective in enhancing brand equity consistent with that intended in the brand identity. This is an important gap in the tourism literature, given: i) increasing competition (see Morgan, Pritchard, & Piggot, 2002), ii) the increasing level of investment by destination marketing organisations (DMO) in branding since the 1990s, iii) the complex political nature of DMO brand decision making and increasing accountability to stakeholders (see Pike, 2005), and iv) the long-term nature of repositioning a destination's image in the marketplace (see Gartner & Hunt, 1987). In terms of metrics for DMOs in general, a number of researchers in various parts of the world have pointed to a lack of market research monitoring effectiveness of destination marketing objectives, such as in Australia (see [Carson et al., 2003] and [Prosser et al., 2000]), North America ([Masberg, 1999] and [Sheehan and Ritchie, 1997]), and Europe (Dolnicar & Schoesser, 2003).The aim of this study was to track the brand positions held by a competitive set of near-home destinations between 2003 and 2007. For this purpose the efficacy of a hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) was trialled. CBBE was first promoted by (Aaker, 1991) and (Aaker, 1996) and more recently by (Keller, 1993) and (Keller, 2003) to supplement traditional balance sheet brand equity measures. The rationale underpinning CBBE as a brand performance metric is that consumer perceptions of the brand underpin any financial estimate of future earnings estimated in the financial measure of brand equity. Since a financial balance sheet brand equity measure will be of little practical value to destination marketers, the concept of CBBE is worthy of consideration by DMOs. However, the potential of CBBE for destinations has only recently attracted the attention of academic researchers (see [Boo et al., in press] and [Konecknik and Gartner, 2007]).具有竞争力的靠近家乡的旅游目的地的目标品牌定位作者：史蒂文・派克国籍：澳大利亚出处：旅游管理，新闻，更正的证明，可在线2009年1月24日中文译文：摘要：虽然品牌学在20世纪40年代就已经兴起，第一个与目的地品牌相关的出版物却直到半个世纪后才出现。

越南旅游产品开发外文文献翻译2014年译文3200字文献出处: Friedman D. The development of Vietnam tourism products [J]. The Journal of International Travel, 2014, 15(6): 55-71.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库）原文The Development of Vietnam Tourism ProductsFriedman DAbstractTourism product development and innovation is the key to tourism competition, each country can develop tourist satisfaction products, decide how much to the visitors and tourism competitive power degree, the design of tourism products and innovation is crucial for the development of tourism. In this paper, the Vietnamese, analyzing the present situation and problems of the development of tourism products to evaluate each tourist products.Key words: Tourism product development; Vietnam1 The development present situation of Vietnam tourism productIn recent years, the implementation of the national comprehensive reform of Vietnam's economy has maintained a high level, the growth of tourism has outstanding contribution. Tourism has been identified as one of the important sector of the economy, the government has been focus in order to promote the development of tourism industry and provide many specific Suggestions at all levels and departments and potential in the whole society and national strength. In 20 years ago, Vietnam tourism growth levels still ranked as the last in southeast Asia,but now Vietnam tourism growth levels have been rising average in southeast Asia. In 1994, Vietnam has hosted over 1 million international tourists, from 1994 to 1994, 10 development, the number of international passengers has been increased to nearly 3 million people, 300% increase over 1994.And in 2010, the number of international passenger number has reached 5 million, increased by nearly 170% over 2004.With the increase of number of passengers, the revenue of tourism industry is becoming more and more high.Vietnam has very rich tourism resources, cultural resources from ecologicalresources. Tourism resources is the foundation of the tourism. So, Vietnam is a country full development potential of tourism. According to the current tour resources, Vietnam's main developing island tourism, cultural and ecological tourism. Most of the passengers choose to Vietnam for tourist destination and to experience the special and appreciate its unique scenery. Of island tourism development present situation, island tourism attracted 70% of the total international travelers, 50% of domestic passengers, accounting for 70% of the total amount of the national tourism revenues. Vietnam has a large number of development of island tourism coast and the size of the island. The number and level of accommodation facilities are continuously increase and improve, especially more than 3 star accommodation facilities mostly concentrated in coastal areas.2 Vietnam tourism product development evaluation2.1 Island tourism productsCoastal resources is Vietnam's most important tourist resources. Long sea lines with different climate make island has different features, such as: the beaches, islands, lagoon, bay, etc.Because of the terrain and climate partition, each are not identical in the form of haicheng in Vietnam. The diversity of land with mountains, hills and plains dozens of beautiful beach. Especially the bottom of the sea, the island has many attractive scenery, interesting caves. Due to its own belong to tropical monsoon climate, so in Vietnam can be effectively organized beach tourism activities all year round. Moreover, Vietnam beach tourist haven't environmental pollution. Coastal resources include rich vegetation, national forest, nature reserves, mineral water, water source, such as rare animals attract tourists to participate in the holiday travel, tour, sports, or scientific research, such as the attraction of the tourism activities. Coastal biological resources is also provide passengers with food and specialty resources, to make beautiful art by hand travel products provide raw materials (such as tortoise shell, pearls, coral, wood, etc.).2.2 Cultural tourism product evaluationVietnam has four thousand years of history, thus have great potential in terms of cultural tourism development. Cultural tourism is to create the most species form oftourism, tourism products is the most classic form of tourism destination. Each nation's unique culture characteristics is an important factor to attract tourists, the tourists want to know and experience the culture of different countries and regions. Therefore, the development trend of tourism industry in the world, although the life development lead to changes in lifestyle and requirements, but the development of tourism in cultural tourism is always leading tourism form.2.3 ecotourism product evaluationin recent years, the ecological tourism in the world many countries have increased rapidly, be widely attention andwelcome by the masses. In addition to natural protection, biodiversity conservation, cultural community, the significance of developing ecological tourism to the local communities, with beautiful landscape and the natural reserve in remote areas bring large economic profits, employment opportunities and increase the national income. In addition, the ecological tourism also help through the environment education, culture, history, entertainment and other activities and improve the intellectual property rights and public health. The climate of Vietnam belong to tropical monsoon climate, and about three-quarters of the area is a mountainous area, so the Vietnam's ecological tourism has great potential for development. Under the trend of developing ecological tourism in the world, Vietnam also is forming and developing many kinds of ecotourism products.3 Three Vietnam tourism products to develop new ideas3.1 Establish special island tourism productsVietnam island tourism overall product from above, can be divided into four special island tourism products, thus creating the image of special products to attract more tourists market: coastal landscape (main products long wan) of the sea, coastal seaside resort (main product is bonsai holiday coastal area and service, combined with heritage tourism), sea movement, the main products are some of the key sea international sports tourism destination (diving activity in nan tang, windsurfing in mina), island tourism, vacation and explore (rich island, Queensland island).For four kinds of special products in area of island tourism resources characteristics and classification. Northern area and coastal landscape become theleading product, is in central and south central NorthVietnam's coastal area, the largest in bonsai holiday and sea movement for leading products, with rich countries in southern island and the island tourism Queensland island products. These special products is the core of each regional tourism development, the development together with the region's tourism products system. In order to satisfy the tourist and rich journey, should use were culture or other characteristics of the tourism resources to create additional tourism products, tourism resources, promote and maintain the value of other tourism products development. Based on this, you can create some suitable for island tourism passenger's products, such as: dragon under the northern area of coastal tourism combined with the nearby city tourism and shopping tourism, coastal landscape tourism and recreational activities, enjoy gourmet activity combination, coastal landscape travel and appreciate the scenery of mountain area, understand the coastal mountains and customs and cultural characteristics; Central coastal resort tourism products with high central region combining with the common product development. Create high bonsai holiday products and experience, understand the central region and coastal zone, customs, habits and culture.Binhai holiday tourism products with hue, quango name provincial heritage tourism system; The bonsai eco-tourism products combined with national park ecological tourism activities;Binhai holiday products combined with sightseeing and shopping tour to explore tourism products, ecotourism products and islands.Island tourism product development of infrastructure, of seaside tourism destination tourism infrastructure when compared with other tourism products. But, also need to improve infrastructure and improve the close to the seaside tourismdestination. Develop more domestic and international flights to particular island tourism products of tourist destination. Improvement and development of the port transportation system and perfect water shipping network to meet the needs of maritime transport and tourism. Four special sea travel products have different travel purpose, therefore, have different sevice requirements, and also to the requirement of tourism personnel training. For coastal landscape tourism products need knowledge, culture, geography and geology in coastal resorts and tourism products of recoveryand health care, food and other aspects of knowledge. In addition, in fact, the high quality human resources mainly concentrated in the big cities, the coastal tourist destination in attracting high quality human resources is limited to a certain degree of. So, it is necessary to create a more professional training on near seaside tourism destination facilities, at the same time, the cultivation of the enterprise itself also want to do more projects.3.2 Establish the special cultural tourism productsVietnam now cultural tourism products mainly include: view and understand the local life and culture, heritage, historical sites, to understand and appreciate the food culture and national history. In fact, cultural tourism products only focus on cultural heritage and development of historic sites, lead to some cultural heritage destination appear the phenomenon of degradation or commercial. On this basis, the need to play - the value of social development under the perspective of cultural tourism products, to broaden the scope of existing traditional cultural tourism destination, can according to the following topics and develop cultural tourism products:Visit the sites to understand history and traditional history revolution;Visit cultural heritage or combined with experience of non-material cultural heritage; Festival tourism or combine with cultural heritage tourism;Religious tourism;Community culture and appreciate the food;Cultural tourism products was very rich, from the above subject orientation can create more cultural tourism products in each region. North of the old street - yen Bai - rich life of three provinces of northern clusters become the center of the cultural tourism. Hue - da nan - central quango name in the three provinces of cluster heritage cultural tourism products and appreciate the food as theme, also is the central part of the cultural tourism center.Mei Shu cities of the nations of central highlands residents cultural traditions and customs, is the main bond me Shu cultural tourism products. Southern and western delicacies and Kowloon residents of the Yangtze river delta of the traditional culture is a cultural tourism products here.Each region of the different culture to form the cultural characteristics of each region and distinguish the basis ofeach region.3.3 Establish ecological tourism special productsThe diversity of the ecological tourism resources of Vietnam and many special properties, which can well meet the needs of tourists. However, the development of guidance on the product type: biodiversity, ecological studies Vietnam - adventure tourism, natural ecological landscape. In order to ensure the development of ecological tourism, is bound to improve ecological tourism infrastructure, the next time, planning anddesign of each form of ecological tourism resources right accommodation type of research is also very important. Need to research and development of tourism resources of appropriate regulations and policies, business management and regional tourism activities. And ecological tourism service training organization improve cognitive course, step by step to national parks, nature reserves, investment, convenient to maintain, and meet the demand of tourists in the protection and development. In addition, because of the ecological tourism products only in the primary stage, therefore, in the process of ecological tourism product diversification, to carefully study is suitable for the type of ecological tourism and ecological tourist area's ability to not affect the landscape and the diversity of resources, the resources of protective unique service activities.译文越南旅游产品的开发作者：弗里德曼摘要旅游产品的开发和创新是每个国家旅游业竞争的关键，能否开发出令旅游者满意的产品，决定着游客量的多少和旅游业竞争实力的强弱程度，可见旅游产品的设计和创新对旅游业的发展来说至关重要。

旅游产品开发体验旅游外文文献翻译2014年译文3900字导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“旅游产品开发体验旅游外文文献翻译2014年译文3900字”资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对的支持!文献出处: Horman D. The Development of Experienced T ourist product [J]. Annals of T ourism Research, 2014, 15(6): 15-31.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。

）原文The Development of Experienced T ourist product Author: Horman D1 The essence of experienceExperience in essence is a person, is when a person achieveemotional, physical, mental, or even a particular level of mind, he produced the good feeling of consciousness. No two people will be able to get the same experience, because any a kind of experience are personal mental state, and the result of the interaction effect between planning events. Experience of production and consumption was conducted at the same time, it tangible results, however, its value is embodied in can give people left a deep impression and good memories of memories. Therefore, the characteristics of the experience summed up in a few words, that is: interactive, uniqueness, utility sustainable results.Keywords：Experience travel; Travel Production Development;1.1 Experience is a processStanding on the first position, people tend to do everything to come and try to shorten the process of the results. But with reason to think, we will soon be able to think of, only process with novelty. Because of unknown territory means the process of exploration and the change of means, means and unknowns will appear, and the results represent the end of the process. Process means that individuals struggling to texture, direction of movement of things, action andmentality details concern and attention, means that the spirit of high tension and concentration, life in the excited state, the result means that reached a height, can enjoy the existing results. In terms of the development of human spiritual life and intelligence, more should be put life process in priority. If you ignore the process, and will not be able to feel thetemptation of the unknown world, unable to experience the delicate state of novelty and excitement. Have a process to change, change is novel, have new wizards have stimulation, the stimulation can be exciting and full of life. Experience of happiness and joy is not necessarily lies in the causes and results of things, on the contrary, the development and change of the thing itself can give a person infinite pleasure.1.2 Experience is a process of understandingExperience as a person’s mental ability, in the understanding of the perceptual and rational thinking and make. We say the experience of main body is to grasp a to be expressed comprehension process. Express is phenomenon. Is it mean. Subject always inadvertently to express the mental state through body activity, the subject not onlyknown around the world, and feelings to realize it, especially the event expressed the meaning and significance. The rational cognition as a scientific method can accurately grasp the object, method and experience as the mind, is to realize a in interaction relation to convey meaning. T acit experience is, therefore, the main spirit of the process, is the world center of the life indispensable part of the intellectual activity. We are through the way of experience (of course, cognition and thinking) to control the composition of the world, the meaning of life, fate and individual decision making, and set up the whole world outlook and outlook on life. The so-called life experience, is their perspective. The structure of the person’s own inner life itself determines the degree of depth of his experience, also decided to his intrinsic value of depth. Experience can improve a specific event to truly wealthy mean height, is that it can from one’s own inner spirit, to the perspective of specific life events.1.3 Experience is a “imagine” enrich the comprehension processBody through imagination will experience, make it’s become the content of the real life. Imagine fantasy is by nomeans out of thin air, but the communication in the past and the future of mediation. Its authenticity, according to is it in accordance with the rooted in human nature in the law, namely category from the value of the us tomake a meaningful world. Memories of the past, memories and the dreams of the future building too. Every experience in everyday life in changing people memory storage of materials, and people’s desires and dreams for the future, and driven beyond the limits of the known reality, immersed to imagine the scene.2 The process of tourism experience2.1 Travel is a processT ourism is the combination of space and time. People spend a certain time, to a strange place, have a different from ordinary life - it is the essence of tourism characteristics. But if only from a pure dimension in order to understand the process is not complete, tourism is not profound. T ourism activities is an understanding of the different landscape, culture, folk custom and experience the process of the utility of it in the end is to make a wonderful experience deep permanently retained in the memory ofpeople, life and personal subject in space-time dimension and an organic part of the spirit world. Experience has two meanings, one is “experience or experience”, and the other is “experience and comprehension. A tourist activities is a personal experience, formed a kind of experience; But not all can increase the tourist experience, inspire people the feeling of life, leaving enduring memories, some even will leave lifelong regret. Therefore, a profound tourism experience is not only a physical experience, but also psychological and spiritual baptism, is one of the internal spiritual world of people “reaction”.T ourism can cause people psychological this kind of feeling, just because it’s itself is a process, the process is novel all in coming. Six elements of tourism can become the object of tourist experience: eat food can provide people a new experience; The accommodation environment is different from home; Transport is different from daily use of public transportation; Participate in the tourism project also makes people seem to be in another time and space, immersed in the event of an unexpected, usually cannot be achieved. Playing a novel, play out the taste, the play get carried away: and finally, only belongs to the experience of souvenirs, aphysical imprint for this period of experience, for later on. This novel and constantly stimulate the sensory systems of the visitors, brought their vitality to uplifting and full. T ourism is full of experience object, containing the infinite experience value, arguably the best stage of practice experience economy. As long as we are good at digging, the careful planning, strict implementation, will let visitors experience brand-new travel experience.2.2 T ourism is one of the ways to realize lifeT ourism is one of the human internal migration of the subconscious, is an organic part of human life. Part in the development of history, when people seem to have no migration or drift, when everything is settled in life in order, tourism has become a hidden deep in their unconscious migrating a necessary complement to the plot and compensatory, the impetus of the development of settled people happy life and essential power. Human beings in the conquest of nature, reformation nature in the process of gradually split themselves and natural, into two opposing entities, it is contrary to the purpose of the people as an organic part of the natural world. As a result, people need totravel, walk into nature, and return to natural life style, the core of understanding the essence of life that is the harmony between man and nature, common development. In addition, people often with a relaxed state of mind, open state of mind towards tourism activities, took his daily life wearing a hypocritical mask. Such states tend to be more natural, more likely to get to some profound life proposition of thinking inspiration and understanding of life. Visible, tourism provides a content to the nature of life experience, at the same time, the main body in the process of tourism and relatively easy to use emotional perspective of his inner world, to experience provides a good foundation.2.3 T ourism is induced to imagine constitute one of the factorsIn everyday life, people’s imagination because subject to clear the utilitarian purpose and subject to the causality of complex, become heavy, reality, lost a powerful and unconstrained style of poetic and aesthetic feeling. On the other hand, in the process of tourism, people get rid of the fetter of daily life, beyond the rational rule, as the process of evolution, novel and carrying stimulation, inspired withenthusiasm, imagine so immersed in a strange free mood. Main body can be completely according to their own internal spirit to experience as a bridge, combined with the outside world perceptual image formed unique imagination.3 T ourism productsT ourism product is a complex concept, it is theoretically refers to the tourists’ overall experience to be gained at one time. Generalized travel products are made from landscape attractions, facilities and services three categories of elements, the landscape is made up of natural entity and historical and cultural entities (including) culture and tradition of attractions, it is because of landscape attraction of potential tourists travel motivation; Facilities is refers to the tourists to enter and meet the basic physiological needs, top physiological need of transportation infrastructure; Service is the tourists experience in landscape and facilities in place to accept the physical or mental luxury, they usually are physical form, artificially created 5.Generally speaking, these three can be a core attractions, inspire interest of potential visitors. Generally reflect the characteristics of tourism products are: a comprehensive, long distance,invisibility, production, consumption of unity.。