新托福阅读材料：手指感应

怎么做好新托福阅读题型--指代题指代题是托福阅读中的一种题型，下面我就来共享一下如何才能做好它。

新托福阅读题型--指代题Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )指代题指代题是比较“鸡肋”的一种题，由于它难度不高，现在在托福考试中消失的概率已经低了许多。

尤其第三版的官方指南中新增加的三篇（文章），竟然一道指代题都没有，这或许说明白ETS的一种态度和出题的动向。

但是指代题的原理，我们的同学必需要把握。

由于虽然或许你遇到指代题的概率低了许多，但是ETS在插入（句子）题、简化句子题或者推断题等题目，用代词来做主语，你不得不去确定这个代词主语究竟指代的是前文中的什么才能连续解题。

所以我们说这是一种很鸡肋的题型，同学们可以复习一下定语从句以及代词等方面的相关语法，分析一些例题，应当可以很好地应付这种题型。

托福阅读指代题解题思路及步骤一、问题形式被考的文章中有一个词或词组被加亮，这个词通常是一个代词或名词。

指代题的形式如下：The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to二、解题步骤1. 依据解题技巧确定答案2. 代入原文验证，看语义、规律和语法上是否通顺三、基本原则1. 就近指代所谓就近指代，就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处，如本句或上一句中。

有时也消失在更前面的一句中。

例如，Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.The phrase this problem in the passage refers to interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy本题涉及的是一个词组this problem。

雅思阅读真题解析:指纹识名画为了提高大家的雅思阅读成绩，下面小编给大家分享一下雅思阅读真题解析:指纹识名画名画，通过这题的回放训练，希望能为大家提供帮助。

雅思阅读真题解析:指纹识名画文章标题:指纹识名画文章大意:A段介绍了指纹在艺术品中出现可追溯到远古时代，那时古人是为了辨别身份B,C段介绍现在艺术家在画画时由于有时要抹掉多余的颜料等而留下指纹以及D段比较了指纹识别在警察局和文艺作品应用时的不同E-F举例说明由于指纹识别而导致文艺作品身价百倍 G告诫不能全信题目类型: Matching 型完成句子段落 + 信息单选题参考答案: 古代烧陶器者留指印是为了identification指纹系统广泛应用是因为a reliable system available用于鉴定古画是因为determine appropriates price没有签名的画可以通过compare with fingerprints from other sources确认作者一幅关于彩虹的画曾经location unknown古代画家可能用手指remove unwanted paint一幅头像画in poor condition那幅头像could be work of Leonardo Da Vinci 选择题:某作品###的情况答案：很长时间没有被准确定位某作品的情况是答案： in bad condition (文章说图褪色边缘破损)从E章节某作品是答案：一副达芬奇油画的复制品解决雅思考试阅读易出现的四个障碍(1) 单词IELTS普通培训类阅读文章中涉及词汇7000左右，但具备4000左右(即大学英语四级水平)即可应考。

单词量不够的考生,应在短期内迅速扩充认知词汇,为看文章做题打下一个良好的基础。

有些考生脱离语境孤立地背单词,这样容易遗忘或混淆单词的意义。

如有考生考试时遇到contribution(设计;设法做到)想不起来什么意思,只记得在词汇表里该单词位于contribution(贡献)之后、controversial(有争议的)之前。

托福阅读指代题技巧指代题是托福阅读十大题型之一，虽然看上去考的是代词的使用，其实还涉及到对句间逻辑关系理解的视察。

有些童鞋在做题过程中容易懵，理不清头绪。

我教你五句口诀，只要记住这五句话就可以轻松HOLD住指代题不被考倒。

1、见到代词找指代，指代通常在前方这句话是代词指代题的总则，考生务必铭记：代词永远出现在原词之后，原词永远出现在代词之前。

依据这条原则考生可以快速排除选项中出现在代词之后的词汇，锁定正确答案。

2、主代主，宾代宾，所有格，就近找代词指代的语法规则非常严格，因此考生要优先合计代词在句中充当的成分：主语、宾语、还是所有格代词，然后在前句中快速寻找对应的语法成分就可以轻松解题。

仅依靠这条规律就可以解决大部分代词指代类题目，例如：When small fish venture too close to the tentacles of these living flowers， they are stung and eaten.题目中代词"they'在主句中充当主语成分，考生迅速定位前方从句中的主语"small fish'，题目就迎刃而解。

又例如所有格代词(你的、我的、他的等等)通常指代前文中最靠近该代词的核心名词：Florists often refrigerate cut flowers to protect their fresh appearance.题目中的所有格代词"their'之前有两个名词"florists'和"flowers'，语法基础薄弱的考生要花些时间才干弄清楚所谓"他(它)们的'究竟是谁们的?事实上依据"就近原则'，在距离代词最近的地方找到符合句中语意的核心名词，就可以锁定答案。

而上述句中距离"their'最近的名词时"flowers'，因此正确答案就是它。

托福阅读指代题怎么做-解题步骤-题目介绍〔托福〕阅读指代题的解题步骤为：1)定位高亮显示被考查的单词或词组。

2)找出被考查的单词或词组前面与之相匹配的名词。

3)尝试考查的单词或词组四周的每一个名词。

4)去掉错误选项，选择正确的选项。

在新托福阅读考试中，一篇文章通常有0到2到指代题。

它们每题价值1分，而且出现的频率很高。

在新托福阅读考试中，指代题主要测试考生确定代词或形容词的对象(即代词或形容词所指的名词)的能力。

被考查的名词或形容词在原文中被特别显示，这样就省去了应试者在原文中查找的麻烦。

阅读测试中的所有参照问题都是单项选择题，考生唯一必须要做的就是从四个选项中选择一个正确答案。

如果你想快速准确地完成新托福阅读考试中的参照题，你必须了解参照题这一非经常见的语法现象。

代词和指示性形容词可以用来指代其句子中或其前后的句子中的其他名词，以及段落和章节中的名词。

这种语法现象被称为指代。

指代题所测试的词汇有很多类型：第三人称代词的主格形式、第三人称代词的宾格形式、第三人称名词性物主代词形式、第三人称形容词性物主代词形式、第三人称反身代词形式、关系代词或副词、指示代词或形容词、量词以及其他代词形式;此外，指代题还测试考生识别单词和短语的指代关系和含义的能力。

与词汇题不同，指代题并不测试考生的词汇量，而是测试其分析和理解上下文的能力。

这通常是旧托福考试中重点视察的语法问题之一。

一般来说，这些代词或形容词所指的对象位于指代词的前面(当然也有极少数例外)。

因此，考生应研究代词在上下文中的位置，并在代词或形容词的上下文中找到相应的对象。

除了单词参照题(通常是代词)之外，托福阅读考试中还有 "词汇/短语指代题"。

词汇/短语指代题是指代题的一种类型，而不是词汇题。

这种类型题是指代题的一种变体，测试考生是否能确定文本中某处单词的含义。

词汇/短语指代题与代词指代题一样，但它们测试的不是代词，而是代词以外的词或短语，通常是名词或名词短语。

新托福阅读指代题如何攻破如何在短时间内攻破新托福阅读指代题呢?文都国际教育老师将针对这个问题，具体分析指代题的考试特点，涵盖内容以及解题方法。

一、考试的特点我们先看一下托福官方指南对指代题这一题型的描述：These questions ask you to identify referential relationships between the words in the passage. Often the relationships is between pronoun and its antecedent (the word to which the pronoun refers). Sometimes other kinds of grammatical reference are tested (like which or this).The four answers choices will be words or phrases from the passage. Only one choice is the word to which the highlighted word refers.总结起来指代题有以下三个特点：1. 问题除了常规代词(it/they/them/these)外，还有which, this等语法指代;Which是定语从句或者非限制定语从句的关系指代词，此外新托福阅读真题出现过this + problem/view等非常规语法指代题。

2. 代词所指必须是前面提到过的词;代词指代在英语里面可分为前指和后指，在新托福阅读考试里面只考前指，也就是指代前文提到过的事物。

3. 答案可以是词、短语或者前面谈到的一件事情;新托福阅读指代题突破我们常规的指代概念，不局限于指代单个词，它可以是短语，甚至是完整的一句话。

问题形式：The word “X” in the passage refers to……二、考试的内容托福阅读常考查的代词包括：they, them, it, this, these, which, others, some, none, this + n等。

2022年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题及答案更多精彩尽请关注我！Hormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century,the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior.Scientists had determined that nervesran,essentially,on electrical impulses.These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought,emotion,movement,and internal processes such as digestion.However,experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin,which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach,eventually challenged that view.From the small intestine,secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas.There,it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals.In this fashion,the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ,the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system;Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone.This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin,taking it from the Greek wordhormon,meaning“to excite”or“to set in motion.”A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered,they were categorized,primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body.Some glands(which make up the endocrine system)secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary.The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream,primarily for digestion.The pancreas is one such organ,although it secretes somechemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery.Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death.The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track:They modify moods and affect human behavior,even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary.Hormonal systems are very intricate.Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite,calm aggression,and change the attitude of a parent toward a child.Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body,regulating growth and form;others may even define an individual’s personality characteristics.The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact,some hormone therapies are already very common.A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.Known as hormone replacement therapy(HRT),the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones.At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer.HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence,recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own.Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body,such treatments aregenerally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process.Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.27.The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)desire(B)origin(C)science(D)chemical28.The word it in the passage refers to(A)secretin(B)small intestine(C)bloodstream(D)pancreas29.The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)remembered(B)surprised(C)invented(D)motivated30.To be considered a hormone,a chemical produced in the body must(A)be part of the digestive process(B)influence the operations of the nervous system(C)affect processes in a different part of the body(D)regulate attitudes and behavior31.The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to(A)whether scientists understand their function(B)how frequently they release hormones into the body(C)whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process(D)whether they secrete chemicals into the bloodParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow[→]32.The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)misunderstood(B)precise(C)significant(D)simple33.The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)sudden(B)small(C)changing(D)noticeable34.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A)Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.(B)Because the effects of hormones are difficult tomeasure,scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are.(C)When the body is not producing enough hormones,urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.(D)The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure,but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions extensively.35.The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)decreased(B)advertised(C)prescribed(D)researched36.Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?(A)Adults of smaller statue than normal(B)Adults with strong digestive systems(C)Children who are not at risk from the treatment(D)Children who may remain abnormally small37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?These sentences are highlighted in the passage.(A)The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.(B)A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.(C)HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.(D)Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body,such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.38.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body is a complex machine,however,and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren’t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.39.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.Answer ChoicesThe term hormone is based on a Greek word that means"to excite"or"to set in motion."Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.Hormones can be given artificially,but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but alsocertain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy(HRT)may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age women.Answer KeysReading：27.B28.A29.D30.C31.D32.C33.B34.D35.A36.D37.A38.third square39.1)Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system….2)Hormones can affect not only life processes…..3)Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of….文档内容到此结束，欢迎大家下载、修改、丰富并分享给更多有需要的人。

新托福考试阅读理解模拟试题及答案3The observation of the skies has played a special part in the lives and cultures of peoples since the earliest of times. Evidence obtained from a site known as the Hole in the Rock, in Papago Park in Phoenix, Arizona, indicates that it might have been used as an observatory by a prehistoric people known as the Hohokam.The physical attributes of the site allow its use as a natural calendar/clock. The "hole" at Hole in the Rock is formed by two large overhanging rocks coming together at a point, creating a shelter with an opening large enough for several persons to pass through. The northeast－facing overhang has a smaller opening in its roof. It is this smaller hole that produces the attributes that may have been used as a calendar/clock.Because of its location in the shelter's roof, a beam of sunlight can pass through this second hole and cast a spot onto the shelter's wall and floor. This spot of light travels from west to east as the sun moves across the sky. It also moves from north to south and back again as the Earth travels around the Sun, the west－to－east movement could have been used to establish a daily clock, much like a sundial, while the north－to－south movement could have been used to establish a seasonal calendar.The spot first appears and starts down the surface of the wall of the shelter at different times of the morning depending on the time of the year. The spot grows in size from its first appearance until its maximum size is achieved roughly at midday. It then continues its downward movement until it reaches a point where it jumps to the floor of the shelter. As the Sun continues to move to the west, the spot continues to move across the shelter floor and down the butte, or hill, toward a group of small boulders. Ifa person is seated on a certain one of these rocks as the spot reaches it, the Sun can be viewed through the calendar hole. This occurs at different times in the afternoon depending on the time of year.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?（A） observations of the stars by ancient people（B） rock formations of Arizona（C） a site used by ancient people to measure time（D） the movement of the earth around the Sun2. The word "obtained" in line 2 is closest in meaning to（A） acquired（B） transported（C） covered（D） removed3. The word "attributes属性,特征" in line 5 is closest in meaning to （A） changes（B） characteristics（C） locations（D） dimensions4. The word "its" in line 10 refers to（A） roof（B） beam（C） hole（D） spot5. The word "establish" in line 15 is closest in meaning to（A） create（B） locate（C） consult（D） choose6. Which of the following is NOT true of the spot of light?（A） It is caused by sunlight passing through a hole.（B） It travels across the roof of the shelter.（C） Its movement is affected by the position of the Sun.（D）It movement could have been used to estimate the time of day.7. From which of the following can be the time of year be determined? （A） The movement of the spot of light from west to east（B） The speed with which the spot of light moves（C） The movement of the spot of light from north to south （D） The size of the sport of light at midday8. The word "roughly粗糙地" in line 18 is closest in meaning to（A） finally（B） harshly（C） uneasily（D） approximately9. The passage mentions that the Hole in the Rock was used as all of the following EXCEPT（A） a calendar（B） a home（C） a clock（D） an observatory10. Which of the following can be inferred from the fourth paragraph? （A） The boulders are located below the rock shelter.（B） The person seated on the rock cannot see the shelter.（C）After it passes the boulders, the spot of light disappears.（D） The spot of light is largest when it first appears.答案:CABCA BCDBA。

A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate unsureness or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversant's tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self－image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self－image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?（A） The function of the voice in performance（B） The connection between voice and personality（C） Communication styles（D） The production of speech2. What does the author mean by stating that, "At interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen" （lines 9－10）?（A） Feelings are expressed with different words than ideas are.（B） The tone of voice can carry information beyond the meaning of words. （C） A high tone of voice reflects an emotional communication.（D） Feelings are more difficult to express than ideas.3. The word "Here" in line 10 refers to（A） interpersonal interactions（B） the tone（C） ideas and feelings（D） words chosen4. The word "derived获得" in line 15 is closest in meaning to（A） discussed（B） prepared（C） registered 记录,登记,注册（D） obtained5. Why does the author mention "artistic, political, or pedagogic communication" in line 17?（A） As examples of public performance（B） As examples of basic styles of communication（C） To contrast them to singing（D） To introduce the idea of self－image6. According to the passage , an exuberant tone of voice, may be an indication ofa person's（A） general physical health（B） personality（C） ability to communicate（D） vocal quality7. According to the passage , an overconfident front may hide（A） hostility（B） shyness（C） friendliness（D） strength8. The word "drastically激烈地" in line 24 is closest in meaning to（A） frequently（B） exactly（C） severely（D） easily9. The word "evidenced表明" in line 25 is closest in meaning to（A） questioned（B） repeated（C） indicated（D） exaggerated 夸大,夸张10. According to the passage , what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate? （A） lethargy（B） depression（C） boredom（D） anger答案:BBADA BBCCD。

托福阅读材料练习：手指的感应whether you're a hunt-and-peck typist or a rachmaninoff of the keyboard, you will make mistakes. but it's not just your eyes catching typos when you see them on the screen. your hands know when you mess up too. that’s according to a study in the journal science. [gordon logan and matthew crump, "cognitive illusions of authorship revealhierarchical error detection in skilled typists"]researchers recruited expert typists—college students, of course—and showed them 600 five-letter words, one at a time. and they asked the students to type those words as quickly and accurately as possible. but sometimes, the researchers inserted typos in the word as it appeared on screen, when the students hadn’t made one. other times they automatically corrected typos the students did make.and the students tended to believe the screen. so if a typo had been added, they figured they must have messed up. if a typo had been corrected they thought they typed it right. but the hands didn't fallfor it. when the fingers slipped up, they paused a split second longer than usual before typing the next letter. but they didn't pause whenfake typos appeared on-screen only. so we apparently have two discrete mechanisms guarding against typing errors, one visual, the other tactile. to fox quick brown fixes. to fix quick brown foxes.。