Chapter4(Color Order System)

indexedColors (Color Indexes)1A deprecated indexing scheme for colours that is still required for some records, and for backwards2compatibility with legacy formats.3This element contains a sequence of RGB color values that correspond to color indexes (zero-based). When4using the default indexed color palette, the values are not written out, but instead are implied. When the color 5palette has been modified from default, then the entire color palette is written out.6Here is the table of default mappings from indexed color value to ARGB value. Note that 0-7 are redundant of 8-715 to preserve backwards compatibility.8Color Index ARGB Value[Example:indexed="0" 00000000indexed="1" 00FFFFFFindexed="2" 00FF0000indexed="3" 0000FF00indexed="4" 000000FFindexed="5" 00FFFF00indexed="6" 00FF00FFindexed="7" 0000FFFF(none) (none)indexed="8" 00000000indexed="9" 00FFFFFFindexed="10" 00FF0000indexed="11" 0000FF00indexed="12" 000000FFindexed="13" 00FFFF00indexed="14" 00FF00FFindexed="15" 0000FFFFindexed="17" 00008000 indexed="18" 00000080 indexed="19" 00808000 indexed="20" 00800080 indexed="21" 00008080 indexed="22" 00C0C0C0 indexed="23" 00808080 indexed="24" 009999FF indexed="25" 00993366 indexed="26" 00FFFFCC indexed="27" 00CCFFFF indexed="28" 00660066 indexed="29" 00FF8080 indexed="30" 000066CC indexed="31" 00CCCCFF indexed="32" 00000080 indexed="33" 00FF00FF indexed="34" 00FFFF00 indexed="35" 0000FFFF indexed="36" 00800080 indexed="37" 00800000 indexed="38" 00008080 indexed="39" 000000FF indexed="40" 0000CCFFindexed="42" 00CCFFCCindexed="43" 00FFFF99indexed="44" 0099CCFFindexed="45" 00FF99CCindexed="46" 00CC99FFindexed="47" 00FFCC99indexed="48" 003366FFindexed="49" 0033CCCCindexed="50" 0099CC00indexed="51" 00FFCC00indexed="52" 00FF9900indexed="53" 00FF6600indexed="54" 00666699indexed="55" 00969696indexed="56" 00003366indexed="57" 00339966indexed="58" 00003300indexed="59" 00333300indexed="60" 00993300indexed="61" 00993366indexed="62" 00333399indexed="63" 00333333indexed="64" System Foreground n/a indexed="65" System Background n/a1234 5 6 7 8。

36, 00 series SCPIProgrammable DC Power Supply© Copyright 2004 All Rights Reserved Ver2.0 /Sep 2005/DirectoryAbout your safety (3)Certification and Warranty (3)Chapter 1 Remote Operation Mode (5)Chapter 2 SCPI Order List (5)2.1 IEEE488.2 Common Order (5)2.2 SCPI Essential Order (5)2.3 Calibration Order (6)2.4 Output Order (6)2.5 Output Measure Order (6)Chapter 3 SCPI Condition Register (6)Chapter 4 SCPI Order Description (9)4.1 IEEE488.2 Common Order (9)4.2 SCPI Essential Order (10)4.3 Output Order (12)4.4 Input measurement order (13)About your safetyPease review the following safety precautions before operating our equipment.General informationThe following safety precautions should be observed before using this product and any associated instrumentations. Although some instruments and accessories would be used with non-hazardous voltages, there are situations where hazardous conditions may be present.This product is intended for use by qualified personnel who recognize shock hazards and are familiar with the safety precautions required to avoid possible injury. Read and follow all installation, operation, and maintenance information carefully before using the product. Refer to this manual for complete product specifications.If the product is used in a manner not specified, the protection provided by the product may be impaired.Before performing any maintenance, disconnect the line cord and all test cables.Protection from electric shockOperators of this instrument must be protected from electric shock at all times. The responsible body must ensure that operators are prevented access and/or insulated from every connection point. In some cases, connections must be exposed to potential human contact. Product operators in these circumstances must be trained to protect themselves from the risk of electric shock. If the circuit is capable of operating at or above 1000 volts, no conductive part of the circuit may be exposed.Definition of usersResponsible body is the individual or group responsible for the use and maintenance of equipment is operated within its specifications and operating limits, and for ensuring that operators are adequately trained.Operators use the product for its intended function. They must be trained in electrical safety procedures and proper use of the instrument. They must be protected from electric shock and contact with hazardous live circuits.Service is only to be performed by qualified service personnel.Safety symbols and termsConnect it to safety earth ground using the wire recommended in the usermanual.The symbol on an instrument indicates that the user should refer to the operatinginstructions located in the manual.High voltage dangerCertification and WarrantyCertificationWe certify that this product met its published specifications at time of shipment from the factory.WarrantyThis instrument product is warranted against defects in material and workmanship for a period of one year from date of delivery. During the warranty period we will, at its option, either repair or replace products which prove to be defective. For warranty service, with the exception of warranty options, this product must be returned to a service facility designated by us. Customer shall prepay shipping charges by (and shall pay all duty and taxes) for products returned to the supplier for warranty service. Except for products returned to customer from another country, supplier shall pay for return of products to customer.Limitation of WarrantyThe foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper or inadequate maintenance by the Customer, Customer-supplied software or interfacing, unauthorized modification or misuse, operation outside of the environmental specifications for the product, or improper site preparation and maintenance.Chapter 1 Remote Operation ModeE133 GPIB Communication CableThe DB9 interface connector on the rear panel of power supply is TTL voltage level; you can use the GPIB communication cable (E133) to connect the DB9 interface connector of the power supply, and then connect the GPIB interface of the E133 and computer with GPIB/IEEE 488 lineChapter 2 SCPI &RPPDQG List2.1 IEEE488.2 Common &RPPDQGV"*CLS""*ESE""*ESE?""*ESR?","*IDN?","*SRE","*SRE?","*STB?",2.2 SCPI Essential &RPPDQGVSYSTem:ERRor[:NEXT]?:VERSion?STATus:QUEStionable[:EVENt]?:CONDition?:ENABle <VALUE>:ENABle?2.3 Calibration &RPPDQGV CALibration :SECure [:STATe] {<ON|OFF>,<quoted code>} ]:STATe]? :VOLTage :LEVel {<level> } [:DATA] {<numeric value>} :CURRent :LEVel {<level> } [:DATA] {<numeric value>} :SAVe :INITital 2.4 Output &RPPDQGV OUTPut [:STATe] <b> [:STATe]? [SOURce:] VOLTage [:LEVel][:IMMediate][:AMPLitude] [:A MPLitude]? :PROTection[:LEVel] [:LEVel]? CURRent [:LEVel][:IMMediate][:AMPLitude] [:A MPLitude]?2.5 Output Measure &RPPDQGV MEASure [:SCALar] :VOLTage[:DC]? :CURRent[:DC]? :POWer[:DC]? Chapter 3 SCPI Condition RegisterYou can get the condition of power supply and read parameter from the operation register. The power supply can get the different state by 4 condition registers. These registers are status byte register, standard event register, quest condition register and operation status register. The status byte register stores the information of 3 other register. You can get each register’s meaning from the following table:B IT Signal Meaning 0 CV 23(5ation status register. The power supply is in constant voltage condition.1 CC The power supply is in constant current condition.0 1 OTUNRQuest condition registerOvertemperatureThe output of power supply is unregulated.0 2 34 57 OPCQYEDDEEXECMEPONStandard event status registerOperation of power supply is completed.Query error. Data of output array is missing.Device-dependent error. Data stored in register is missing or error occursin preliminary checkout.Execution error. Order parameter overflows or the condition is not right.Command error. Syntax or semantic error occurs when receivinginformation.Power on. It is 1when power supply is reset.3 4 5 6 7 QUESMAVESBMSSRQSOPERStatus byte registerIf a quest enable condition changes, QUES is 1.If the output array buffer storage is not empty, MAV is 1.If a standard event status enable register changes, ESB is 1.If a operation event enable register changes, OPER is 1.Structure of condition register V LV as following:Chapter 4 SCPI Order Description4.1 IEEE488.2 Common Commands*CLSThis order can clean the register as follows:：Standard event status registerQuest condition registerOperation event registerStatus byte registerError codeOrder syntax：*CLSParameter：None*ESEThis order can set the parameter of standard event enable register. Setting parameter can determine which bit value of standard event register is 1 and the byte will enable ESB of status byte register is 1.Order syntax：*ESE <NRf>Parameter：0~255Reset value：Consult *PSC orderExample：*ESE 128Quest syntax：*ESE？Return parameter：<NR1>Reference order：*ESR？ *PSC *STB？Bit determination of standard event enable registerBit position 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0Bit Name PON Not used CME EXE DDE QYE Not used OPC Bit Weight 128 32 16 8 4PON Power-onCME Command error EXE Execution error DDE Device-dependent error QYE Query errorOPC Operation complete*ESR?This order can read the value of standard event status register. After executing this order, standard event status register is reset. Bit definition of standard event status register is as the same as the standard event status enable registerQuest syntax：*ESR？Parameter：NoneReturn parameter：<NR1>Reference order：*CLS *E SE *ESE？*OPC*IDN?This order can read information about power supply. The parameter it returns contains 4 segments divided by comma.Quest syntax：*IDN？Parameter：NoneReturn parameter：<AARD> segment descriptionITECH manufacturerXXXX product modeXXXXXX product serial numberVX．XX software version numberFor example：ITECH, IT6822, 6970001004, V1.54*SREThis order can set the parameter of status byte enable register. Setting parameter can determine which byte value of status byte register is 1 and the byte will enable RQS of status byte register is 1. Bit definition of status byte enable register is as the same as the status byte register.Order syntax：*SRE <NRf>Parameter：0~255Reset value：Consult *PSC orderExample：*SRE 128Quest syntax: *SRE？Return parameter：<NR1>Reference Order：*ESE *ESR？ *PS C *STB？*STB?This order can read the data from status byte register. After executing this order, status byte register is reset.Quest syntax：*STB？Parameter：NoneReturn parameter：<NR1>Reference order：*CLS *ESE *ESRBit determination of standard event status enable register7 6 54 3 2 1 0PositionBitBit Name OPER RQS ESB no use QUES no use no use no use32864128BitValue4.2 SCPI Essential CommandsSYSTem:ERRor[:NEXT]?This order can get the error code and error information of the power supply.(0) No error(1) Too many numeric suffices in Command Spec(10) No Input Command to parse(14) Numeric suffix is invalid value(16) Invalid value in numeric or channel list, e.g. out of range(17) Invalid number of dimensions in a channel list(20) Parameter of type Numeric Value overflowed its storage(30) Wrong units for parameter(40) Wrong type of parameter(s)(50) Wrong number of parameters(60) Unmatched quotation mark (single/double) in parameters(65) Unmatched bracket(70) Command keywords were not recognized(80) No entry in list to retrieve (number list or channel list)(90) Too many dimensions in entry to be returned in parameters(101) Command Execution error(100) Too many command(110) Rxd error Parity(200) Error EEPROM data,Out Initial.(201) Error Calibration dataOrder syntax：SYST:ERR?Parameter：NoneReturn parameter：〈NR1〉，〈SRD〉SYSTem:VERSion?This order can query the software version.Order syntax：SYST:VERS?Parameter：NoneReturn parameter：<NR2>STATus:QUEStionable[:EVENt]?This order can read the parameter from quest event register. After executing , quest event register is reset.Quest syntax：STATus:QUEStionable[:EVENt]?Parameter：NoneReturn parameter：<NR1>Reference order：STATus:QUEStionable:ENABleBit determination of quest event registerBit Position 15 1413 12 11109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Bit name n.u n.u n.u n.u n.u n.u n.u n.u n.u n.u n.u n.u n.u n.u Un OT Bit Value 2 1STATus:QUEStionable:CONDition?This order can read the parameter from quest condition register. When a bit of quest condition changes, the bit value corresponding in quest event register is 1.Quest syntax：STATus:QUEStionable: CONDition?Parameter：NoneReturn parameter：<NR1>STATus:QUEStionable:ENABleThis order can set the parameter of quest event enable register. Setting parameter can determine which bit value of quest event register is 1 and the bit will enable QUES of status byte register is 1.Order syntax：STATus:QUEStionable:ENABle <NRf>Parameter：0~255Reset value：Consult *PSC orderExample：STATus:QUEStionable:ENABle 128Quest syntax：STATus:QUEStionable:ENABle？Return parameter：<NR1>Reference order：*PSCSTATus:OPERation:EVENt]?This order can read the parameter from operation event register. After executing this order, operation event register is reset.Quest syntax：STATus: OPERation [:EVENt]?Parameter：NoneReturn parameter：<NR1>Reference order：STATus: OPERation:ENABleBit determination of operation event enable registerBit Position 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0Bit Name no use no use no use no use no use no use CC CVBit value 2 1 STATus:OPERation:CONDition?This order can read the parameter from the operation condition. When the parameter of operation condition register changes, the bit corresponding in operation event register is 1. Quest syntax：STATus: OPERation: CONDition?Parameter：NoneReturn parameter：<NR1>STATus:OPERation:ENABleThis order can set the parameter of operation even enable register. Setting parameter can determine which bit value of operation event register is 1 and the bit will enable OPER of status byte register is 1.Order syntax：STATus: OPERation:ENABle <NRf>Parameter：0~255Reset value：Consult *PSC orderExample：STATus: OPERation:ENABle 128Quest syntax：STATus: OPERation:ENABle？Return parameter：<NR1>Reference order：*PSC4.3 Output CommandsONPut[:STATe]This order can set power supply output on or off..Order syntax：ONPut[:STATe] <bool>Parameter：0|1|ON|OFF*RST value：OFFQuest syntax：ONPut:STATe?Return parameter：0|1[SOURce:]CURRent [:LEVel]This order can set current value of power supply.Order syntax：[SOURce:]CURRent [:LEVel] <NRf>Parameter：MIN TO MAX|MIN|MAXUnit：A mA*RST value: MINExample：CURR 3A，CURR 30mA，CURR MAX，CURR MIN Quest syntax：[SOURce:]CURRent [:LEVel]？Parameter：[MIN|MAX]Example：CURR？, CURR？ MAX, CURR？MINReturn parameter：<NR2>[SOURce:]VOLTage[:LEVel]This order can set voltage value of power supply.Order syntax：[SOURce:]VOLTage[:LEVel] <NRf>Parameter：MIN TO MAX|MIN|MAXUnit：V mV kV*RST value：MAXQuest syntax：[SOURce:]VOLTage[:LEVel]？Parameter：[MIN|MAX]Return parameter：<NR2>[SOURce:]VOLTage:PROTection[:LEVel]This order can set voltage protection maximum level.Order syntax：[SOURce:] VOLTage:PROTection[:LEVel] <NR f> Parameter：MIN TO MAX|MIN|MAXUnit：V mV*RST value：MAXExample：VOLT:PROT 30V, VO LT PROT MAXQuest syntax：[SOURce:] VOLTage:PROTection[:LEVel]？Parameter：[MIN|MAX]Example：VOLT:PROT？, VO LT PROT？ MAXReturn parameter：<NR2>4.4 Input measurement commands MEASure[:SCALar]:VOLTage[:DC]?This order can get the input voltage of power supply.Order syntax：MEASure[:SCALar]:VOLTage[:DC]?Parameter：NoneReturn parameter：〈NR2〉Return parameter unit：VExample：MEAS:VOLT？MEASure[:SCALar]:CURRent[:DC]?This order can get the input current of power supply.Order syntax：MEASure[:SCALar]:CURRent[:DC]?Parameter：NoneReturn parameter：〈NR2〉Return parameter unit：AExample：MEAS:CURR？MEASure[:SCALar]:POWer[:DC]?This order can get the input power of the power supply.Order syntax：MEASure[:SCALar]:POWer?Parameter：NoneReturn parameter：〈NR2〉Return parameter unit：WExample：MEAS:POW?Calibration orderCALibration:SECure:[STATe]Set protection mode enable or disable when calibrating the power supply.Order syntax：CALibration:SECure:[STATe ]{ON|OFF>,[<password>]}Parameter：0|1|ON|OFF, ‘5811Example：CAL:SEC 1, ‘5811; CAL:SEC OFFQuest syntax：CALibration:SECure:STATe？Parameter：NoneCALibration:VOLTage:LEVelThis order can set voltage calibration point. P1、P2、P3、P4 must be calibrated orderly. Order syntax：CALibration:VOLTage:LEVel <point>Parameter：P1|P2CALibration:VOLTage [:DATA] {<numeric value>}Return actual output voltage value of calibration point.Order syntax：CALibration:VOLTage [:DATA] <NRf>Parameter：<NRf>Example：CAL:VOLT 30.0002VCALibration:CURRent:LEVelThis order can set current calibration point. P1、P2、P3、P4 must be calibrated orderly. Order syntax：CALibration:CURRent:LEVel <point>Parameter：P1|P2CALibration:CURRent [:DATA] {<numeric value>}Return actual output current value to calibration point.Order syntax：CALibration:CURRent [:DATA] <NRf>Parameter：<NRf>Example：CAL:VOLT 3.0002A。

Chapter 4: The Noun Phrase The Structure of a Noun PhraseNoun Determiner + Modifiers + Noun Headwordan insightful and thought provoking remark the laughing, smiling, sunny baby some painfully annoying wisdom teeth those rotten and terribly smelly athletic socks her most challenging classNoun DeterminersFour Categories of Noun DeterminersArticles:a, an, theNumbers (including words that imply numbers):none, one, two, three, four, some many, few, all, several, no, first, second, third, another, each, both, anyPossessives:my, your, his, her, its, our, their, one’s, Herman’s, Rita’s, Sandy’s Other Noun Determiners:this, that, these, thoseNoun Phrase Exercise A Directions: On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the free modifier noun phrases for each, adding appropriate modifiers as the spaces indicate. Provide noun determiners as required.__________________________________________________ Example:2 By the age of eighteen,1 he had clearly defined his future role,2 the ________ rebel.2 the sensitive rebel.__________________________________________________(1) 1 The teacher knew what to expect from the boy,2 the ________ clown.(2) 2 Throughout high school,1 Sally, / , had been repeatedly elected to class office.2/ a/an ________, ________ organizer(3) 1 The new school seemed to be a terrifying place,2 a/an ________, ________ building.(4) 1 Tim had a knack for guessing the top ten songs of the week,2 a/an ________, ________ skill.(5) 1 The road, / , stretched out for miles.2/ a/an ________, ________ route(6) 1 Sharon could not find her favorite sweater,2 _____ ________ , ________ cardigan.(7) 1 He hurried to join the playing children,2 a/an ________, ________, ________ trio.(8) 1 Kino, / , allows the pearl to take control of his life.2/ _____ ________, ________ hero in Steinbeck's novel (9) 1 Montresor, / , cleverly tries to justify his behavior.2/ _____ very ________, ________ narrator of Poe'sshort storyDirections: On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the diagrams below and add appropriate noun determiners and modifiers as the spaces indicate. Also, add appropriate punctuation where called for.EXAMPLE: 1 It was an unforgettable trip,2 some skillfully guided sight-seeing,2 the excellent, varied food,2 and some satisfyingly good snapshots.(1) 1 Carla found that she liked everything about college,2 _______ _______ _______ courses,2 _______ _______ _______ dormitory,2 and _______ _______ _______ dates.(2) 1 She was overwhelmed by the paperwork,2 _______ _______ _______ reports,2 _______ _______ _______ memos,2 and _______ _______ _______ recommendations.(3) 1 I'll never forget that last summer at camp,2 _______ _______ _______ days,2 _______ _______ _______ evenings,2 and _______ _______ _______ weekends.(4) 1 Jessica carried in all of the packages from the car,2 _______ _______ _______ groceries,2 _______ _______ _______ shoes,2 and _______ _______ _______ pants.(5) 1 The day before vacation seemed to drag on interminably,2 _______ _______ classes,2 _______ _______ _______ afternoons,2 and _______ _______ paperwork.(6) 2 On Friday,1 two guests appeared on our doorstep,2 _______ _______ _______ friend,2 and _______ _______ _______ uncle.Noun Phrase Exercise C Directions: Complete this exercise on a separate sheet of paper. You are going to construct a total of five sentences forthis exercise. Use the underlined word in your base clause. Then, pick any two of the words that follow and make them each a headword of a noun phrase. Each noun phrase should start with a noun determiner and have at least two modifiers describing the noun headword. Examples:car: body, engine, trim, color, model, power, lights, wheels,carburetor1 Michael described his friend's new car,2 the sleek, low body,2 its four-barrel carburetor.1 Sue drew a picture of her ideal car,2 the vivid exterior color,2 the contrasting interior trim,2 and the four brightly shining wire wheels.(1) breakfast: cereal, toast, juice, eggs, bacon, milk, coffee, cocoa(2) clutter: books, pencils, papers, lamp, boxes, typewriter,calendar, candy(3) everything: water, mud, fish, rocks, cans, tires, boats, ducks,swimmers(4) everywhere: record store, Chinese restaurant, pet shop, movie theater, boutique, food court(5) guests: friends, relatives, neighbors, children, petsNoun Phrase Exercise DDirections: This exercise will give you practice in varying the types of modifiers that you add to your noun phrases. On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the sentence providing the types of words requested in parentheses that will modify the noun headword given. You will find noun determiners and possessives in the noun phrase section of this workbook.(1) 2 Under the Christmas tree,1 Peter found the gifts he had wanted most,2 (noun determiner) (adjective), (adjective) book,2 and (noun determiner) (adjective), (adjective) (noun)jacket.(2) 1 Mother has thrown out all of our mess,2 (possessive noun determiner) (adjective) comics,2 and (possessive noun determiner) (past participle)models.(3) 1 The resources of our library are limitless,2 (noun determiner) (adverb) (adjective) reference-books,2 (noun determiner) (adjective) reserve books,2 (noun determiner) (adjective) (noun) collections,2 and (noun determiner) (adjective), (past participle)magazines and newspapers.(4) 1 The farmer, / , carried the bale on his hip,2 (noun determiner) (adjective), (adjective) worker.(5) 1 The platform was crowded with luggage:2 (noun determiner) (adjective) (past participle) trunks,2 and (noun determiner) (adjective) (adjective) suitcases.(6) 1 A few hours later we caught two bass,2 (adverb) (adjective) fish (prepositional phrase).(7) 1 The little man pulled at the top of his tie,2 (noun determiner) (adjective) tie (prepositional phrase).N oun P hrase E xercise EDirections: On a separate sheet of paper, write new sentences by taking material from the source sentences and adding it to the final sentence in the manner indicated.EXAMPLE: Source Sentences: Kay looked about her room. It was a cozy place. It was full of sunshine.1 Kay looked about her room,2 a/an neat, cozy, sunshiny place. (n-d) (adjective) (adjective) (adjective) (noun)(1) Source Sentences: The new teenager was always smiling. She was very friendly. No one seemed to notice that she was rather awkward.1 Everyone in the neighborhood likes the new girl down the block,2 (noun determiner) (present participle), (adjective), (adjective)teenager.(2) Source Sentences: The umpire was a short, heavy-set man. He was sweating. He was hard-bitten.1 The crowd shouted insults at the umpire,2 (noun determiner) (adjective), (adjective), (present participle)man.(3) Source Sentences: Jean found that a summer job involved some busy hours. Some were rather hectic. There were days that were interesting. Others were profitable.1 Jean found out what a summer job involved:2 (noun determiner) (adjective), (adjective) hours2 and (noun determiner) (adverb), (adjective) days.(4) Source Sentences: The students were planning an exciting evening. It was to be an unusual one.1 The students were planning the first social event of the season,2 (noun determiner) (present participle), (adjective) evening.Noun Phrase Exercise FDirections: Choose one noun for each sphere and write four “WOW”noun phrases to rename each noun.Noun P hrase Exercise G Directions:2 On a separate piece of paper,1 diagram the sentences below according to the levels of generality,2 filling in the blanks with appropriate noun phrases andprepositional phrases.(EX.) According to Bob, _noun phrase_, Steve and Jamie broke up_prep. phrase_ _prep. phrase_, _noun phrase_ _prep. Phrase.2 According to Bob,3 the know-it-all town gossip,1 Steve and Jaime broke up at the fair on Saturday,2 a rainy, dreary afternoon for both of them.(1) The birthday card, _noun phrase_ _prep. phrase_ _prep.phrase_, arrived late every year.(2) _Noun phrase_ _prep. phrase_ _prep. phrase_, the Palm Pilot kept track of Ron’s busy life, _noun phrase_ _prep. phrase_, _noun phrase_ _prep. phrase_, and _noun phrase_ _prep. phrase_.(3) _Noun phrase_ , the novel had all the right elements of a great piece of literature, _noun phrase_ _prep. phrase_, _noun phrase__prep. phrase_, and _noun phrase_ _prep. phrase_.(4) _Noun phrase_ _prep. phrase_, _noun phrase_ _prep. phrase_, _noun phrase_ _prep. phrase_ — these are the greatest features of _your favorite television show_.(5) Superman, _noun phrase_ _prep. phrase_, might just be able to defeat both Alien and Predator, _noun phrase_ _prep. phrase_.(6) _Prep. phrase_, the computer seems to freeze up, _noun phrase_ _prep. phrase_.(7) The last sentence on this page, _noun phrase_ _prep. phrase_ is at the bottom of this page.。

Chpater 4 Lexical Translation:Numerals and Units1. Numerals精确数词翻译1） Some English numbers 一些英语数字的翻译English Words American Use British UseBillion 109 (十亿) 1012(万亿)Trillion 1012(万亿) 1018(百万兆) Quadrillion 1015(千万亿) 1024(万亿兆) Quintillion 1018 (1000的6次幂) 1030 (100万的5次幂)Foreign funds flowed into China in a spectacular way. The stock of foreign investment grew from under $5billion in 1989 to nearly $90billion by 1994.中国现有草地面积3.9亿公顷, 其中可利用面积3.2亿公顷, 居世界第三位.在1997年, 中国进出口总额还不到150亿美元, 仅占世界贸易总额的0.6%.by thousands数以千计大量by hundreds数以百计by (the) millions数以百万计by halves不完全地thousands of数千,数以千计hundreds of 数百数以百计hundreds of thousands几十万; 无数的thousands upon thousands成千上万millions upon millions of千百万tens of, decades of数十个dozens of 几打;几十个scores of 许多billions of 几十亿hundreds of millions亿万a thousand and one 无数的 a hundred and one许多ten to one 十之八九nine cases out of ten十之八九nine tenths 十分之九;几乎全部tens of thousands好几万several millions of 数百万fifty-fifty各半的;对半;平均by one hundred percent 百分之百地;全部a long hundred 一百多;一百二十a few tens of十分之几有几成by twos and threes 三三两两in two twos 转眼;立即at sixes and sevens乱七八糟one or two少许;几个first of all首先second to none 首屈一指last but one倒数第二a decade of 10个;一组 a score of 20个一组a dozen 12个;一打 a long dozen 13个They packed the oranges in ten.Ten to one she has forgotten it.We do nothing by halves.Her name ranks last but one on the list.Let’s go fifty-fifty on the dinner check.2）Translation of Approximate Numbers 约数的翻译1) More than, above, over, past, in excess of, or more, long, odd, etc. Can be used to express Chinese 多于,多,超过,etc. Compare the versions in the following examples.100多公斤1000多英里3个多小时1公里多6万多六万几千八十几厘米八百零几克据说这个孩子的体重有100多磅.我花了两个多小时才完成家庭作业.这辆车已经跑了1000多英里.这所师范学校有3000多名学生.她80多了.2）Less than, under, below, off, or less, etc: Can be used to express Chinese 不到,少于,低于,etc. Look at the following examples.不到80美元这只火鸡低于25美元她是不会卖的.那辆三轮车的售价还不到185法郎.他以低于价目表6美元的价格买下了那个咖啡壶.3) Or so, more or less, about, in the region of, approximately, some, around, etc. Can be used to express Chinese 大约,左右,上下and others of the like.11点钟左右约5万吨近3个月1000元左右600公里左右大约两周这个学院订阅的杂志大约有250种.她的月薪在400美元左右.我每天早上五点半左右起床.4)We can still use English whole numbers to express approximate Chinese conception.I have told you twenty times.A million thanks for your kindness.We have a hundred things to do.A wonder lasts but nine days.She has fifty things to tell you.If we want to express the Chinese meanings of 不多不少,刚好,整整, we can employ words such as flat, clear, sharp, cool, just, whole, exactly, with whole numbers together.He finished the 100-meter dash in 10 seconds flat.The chief physician treated cool 40 patients that day.3) Translation of English multiple 英语倍数的翻译1) Some Sentence Constructions as to Increase 用于增长中常见句型的翻译“Multiple + as…as…” constructionThe grain output of this year is about three times as great as that of last year.Asia is four times as large as Europe.Were the ear th’s mass twice as great as it is, it would attract an object twice as strongly as it does.Your room is three times as large as mine.“Multiple + comparative +than…”constructionMt. Qomolangma is 8848 meters high, about two and half times higher than Mt. Fuji.Kuwait oil wells yield nearly 500 times more than U.S. wells.Iron is almost three times heavier than aluminum.Your room is four times larger than mine.The irrigated area in this prefecture is four times bigger than in 1998.Some verbs + multipleVerbs like increase, rise, exceed, grow, raise, expand, go up, etc. are commonly used to express multiple with the meanings of “increase”.The number of the students enrolled in evening classes has increased more than twofold.The total volume of state purchase in the first quarter rose by 5.2 percent, compared with the same period of last year.The output of chemical fiber has been increased three times as against last year.During this period its territory increased ten-fold.“By a factor of +multiple” constructionThis structure is copied with when we have to minus one from the number since the original is not included in Chinese language.In case of electronic scanning the beam width is broader by a factor of two.Today the speed of our car exceeds the ordinary speed by a factor of three.The population of this county has increased by a factor of five.Some words with multiple meaningSuch words with multiple meaning are double, treble, quadruple, etc. in English.The output of diesel oil for farm has more than double.The baby girl doubled its weight in a year.Henry trebled his money by buying a dog for ＄50 and selling it for ＄150.Having the repeater spacing decreased by one half, we made it possible to quadruple the bandwidth.The output of color TV sets has been double in the past five years.The output of iron and steel is treble what it was.The number of livestock has quadrupled this year.Our population is now double what it was thirty-five years ago. Comments① A is N times bigger than B.② A is bigger than B by N times.③ A is N times as big as B.The exact meaning of the three structures is: A=B×N2) Some words, Phrases and Structures as to Decrease用于减少中常见词语和句型的翻译Some words and phrasesThe output of cars in Europe last year was 24 percent less than in1996.In this lathe, proper lubrication has diminished almost three fifths of the friction.Owing to natural calamities, the wheat output of every mu in our village has decreased from 500 kilograms to less than 350 kilograms.The production cost of electronic organs was reduced by 30%.The depth of water in the first tube is less than half that in the other.The leads of the new condenser are half as long as those of the old, yet the functions are the same.This new method has halved the loss of metal.Some structuresThe length of the designed size was reduced ten times.This kind of film is twice thinner than ordinary paper, but its quality is quite good.Aluminum is almost more than three times as light as copper.We see that the price of the product is reduced by a factor of 5.Comments Besides some words and phrase, we can come to a conclusion that the following sentence structures have the same meanings.①A is N times smaller than B.②A is smaller than B by N times.③A is N times as small as B.2. Vague numerals模糊数词翻译模糊数词英译包括以下几个方面: 数词带有形容词性或副词性, 表示约略或夸张; 数词与政治术语连用。