公司理财(英文版)题库2说课讲解

CHAPTER 2Financial Statements & Cash Flow Multiple Choice Questions:I. DEFINITIONSBALANCE SHEETb 1. The financial statement showing a firm’s accounting value on a particular date is the:a. income statement.b. balance sheet.c. statement of cash flows.d. tax reconciliation statement.e. shareholders’ equity sheet.Difficulty level: EasyCURRENT ASSETSc 2. A current asset is:a. an item currently owned by the firm.b. an item that the firm expects to own within the next year.c. an item currently owned by the firm that will convert to cash within the next 12 months.d. the amount of cash on hand the firm currently shows on its balance sheet.e. the market value of all items currently owned by the firm.Difficulty level: EasyLONG-TERM DEBTb 3. The long-term debts of a firm are liabilities:a. that come due within the next 12 months.b. that do not come due for at least 12 months.c. owed to the firm’s suppliers.d. owed to the firm’s shareholders.e. the firm expects to incur within the next 12 months.Difficulty level: EasyNET WORKING CAPITALe 4. Net working capital is defined as:a. total liabilities minus shareholders’ equity.b. current liabilities minus shareholders’ equity.c. fixed assets minus long-term liabilities.d. total assets minus total liabilities.e. current assets minus current liabilities.Difficulty level: EasyLIQUID ASSETSd 5. A(n) ____ asset is one which can be quickly converted into cash without significantloss in value.a. currentb. fixedc. intangibled. liquide. long-termDifficulty level: EasyINCOME STATEMENTa 6. The financial statement summarizing a firm’s performance over a period of time is the:a. income statement.b. balance sheet.c. statement of cash flows.d. tax reconciliation statement.e. shareholders’ equity sheet.Difficulty level: EasyNONCASH ITEMSd 7. Noncash items refer to:a. the credit sales of a firm.b. the accounts payable of a firm.c. the costs incurred for the purchase of intangible fixed assets.d. expenses charged against revenues that do not directly affect cash flow.e. all accounts on the balance sheet other than cash on hand.Difficulty level: EasyMARGINAL TAX RATESe 8. Your _____ tax rate is the amount of tax payable on the next taxable dollar you earn.a. deductibleb. residualc. totald. averagee. marginalDifficulty level: EasyAVERAGE TAX RATESd 9. Your _____ tax rate measures the total taxes you pay divided by your taxable income.a. deductibleb. residualc. totald. averagee. marginalDifficulty level: EasyCASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIESa 10. _____ refers to the cash flow that results from the firm’s ongoing, normal businessactivities.a. Cash flow from operating activitiesb. Capital spendingc. Net working capitald. Cash flow from assetse. Cash flow to creditorsDifficulty level: MediumCASH FLOW FROM INVESTINGb 11. _____ refers to the changes in net capital assets.a. Operating cash flowb. Cash flow from investingc. Net working capitald. Cash flow from assetse. Cash flow to creditorsDifficulty level: MediumNET WORKING CAPITALc 12. _____ refers to the difference between a firm’s current assets and its current liabilities.a. Operating cash flowb. Capital spendingc. Net working capitald. Cash flow from assetse. Cash flow to creditorsDifficulty level: EasyCASH FLOW OF OPERATIONSd 13. _____ refers to the net total cash flow of the firm available for distribution to itscreditors and stockholders.a. Operating cash flowb. Capital spendingc. Net working capitald. Cash flow from operationse. Cash flow to creditorsCASH FLOW TO CREDITORSe 14. _____ refers to the firm’s interest payments less any net new borrowing.a. Operating cash flowb. Capital spendingc. Net working capitald. Cash flow from shareholderse. Cash flow to creditorsCASH FLOW TO STOCKHOLDERSe 15. _____ refers to the firm’s dividend payments less any net new equity raised.a. Operating cash flowb. Capital spendingc. Net working capitald. Cash flow from creditorse. Cash flow to stockholdersEARNINGS PER SHAREa 16. Earnings per share is equal to:a. net income divided by the total number of shares outstanding.b. net income divided by the par value of the common stock.c. gross income multiplied by the par value of the common stock.d. operating income divided by the par value of the common stock.e. net income divided by total shareholders’ equity.DIVIDENDS PER SHAREb 17. Dividends per share is equal to dividends paid:a. divided by the par value of common stock.b. divided by the total number of shares outstanding.c. divided by total shareholders’ equity.d. multiplied by the par value of the common stock.e. multiplied by the total number of shares outstanding.II. CONCEPTSCURRENT ASSETSa 18. Which of the following are included in current assets?I. equipmentII. inventoryIII. accounts payableIV. casha. II and IV onlyb. I and III onlyc. I, II, and IV onlyd. III and IV onlye. II, III, and IV onlyCURRENT LIABILITIESb 19. Which of the following are included in current liabilities?I. note payable to a supplier in eighteen monthsII. debt payable to a mortgage company in nine monthsIII. accounts payable to suppliersIV. loan payable to the bank in fourteen monthsa. I and III onlyb. II and III onlyc. III and IV onlyd. II, III, and IV onlye. I, II, and III onlyBALANCE SHEETd 20. An increase in total assets:a.means that net working capital is also increasing.b.requires an investment in fixed assets.c.means that shareholders’ equity must also increase.d.must be offset by an equal increase in liabilities and shareholders’ equity.e.can only occur when a firm has positive net income.LIQUIDITYc 21. Which one of the following accounts is generally the most liquid?a. inventoryb.buildingc.accounts receivabled.equipmente.patentLIQUIDITYe 22. Which one of the following statements concerning liquidity is correct?a.If you sold an asset today, it is a liquid asset.b.If you can sell an asset next year at a price equal to its actual value, the asset is highlyliquid.c.Trademarks and patents are highly liquid.d.The less liquidity a firm has, the lower the probability the firm will encounter financialdifficulties.e.Balance sheet accounts are listed in order of decreasing liquidity.LIQUIDITYd 23. Liquidity is:a. a measure of the use of debt in a firm’s capital structure.b.equal to current assets minus current liabilities.c.equal to the market value of a firm’s total assets minus its current liabilities.d.valuable to a firm even though liquid assets tend to be less profitable to own.e.generally associated with intangible assets.SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITYd 24. Which of the following accounts are included in shareholders’ equity?I. interest paidII. retained earningsIII. capital surplusIV. long-term debta. I and II onlyb. II and IV onlyc. I and IV onlyd. II and III onlye. I and III onlyBOOK VALUEb 25. Book value:a. is equivalent to market value for firms with fixed assets.b.is based on historical cost.c.generally tends to exceed market value when fixed assets are included.d.is more of a financial than an accounting valuation.e.is adjusted to market value whenever the market value exceeds the stated book value. MARKET VALUEa 26. When making financial decisions related to assets, you should:a.always consider market values.b.place more emphasis on book values than on market values.c.rely primarily on the value of assets as shown on the balance sheet.d.place primary emphasis on historical costs.e.only consider market values if they are less than book values.INCOME STATEMENTd 27. As seen on an income statement:a.interest is deducted from income and increases the total taxes incurred.b.the tax rate is applied to the earnings before interest and taxes when the firm has bothdepreciation and interest expenses.c.depreciation is shown as an expense but does not affect the taxes payable.d.depreciation reduces both the pretax income and the net income.e.interest expense is added to earnings before interest and taxes to get pretax income. EARNINGS PER SHAREa 28. The earnings per share will:a. increase as net income increases.b.increase as the number of shares outstanding increase.c.decrease as the total revenue of the firm increases.d.increase as the tax rate increases.e.decrease as the costs decrease.DIVIDENDS PER SHAREe 29. Dividends per share:a. increase as the net income increases as long as the number of shares outstandingremains constant.b.decrease as the number of shares outstanding decrease, all else constant.c.are inversely related to the earnings per share.d.are based upon the dividend requirements established by Generally AcceptedAccounting Procedures.e.are equal to the amount of net income distributed to shareholders divided by thenumber of shares outstanding.REALIZATION PRINCIPLEb 30. According to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles,a.income is recorded based on the matching principle.b.income is recorded based on the realization principle.c.costs are recorded based on the liquidity principle. income is recorded based on the realization principle.e.depreciation is recorded as it affects the cash flows of a firm.MATCHING PRINCIPLEc 31. According to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, costs are:a. recorded as incurred.b. recorded when paid.c. matched with revenues.d. matched with production levels.e. expensed as management desires.NONCASH ITEMSa 32. Depreciation:a. is a noncash expense that is recorded on the income statement.b.increases the net fixed assets as shown on the balance sheet.c.reduces both the net fixed assets and the costs of a firm.d.is a non-cash expense which increases the net operating income.e.decreases net fixed assets, net income, and operating cash flows.MARGINAL TAX RATEc 33. When you are making a financial decision, the most relevant tax rate is the _____ rate.a. averageb.fixedc.marginald.totale.variableOPERATING CASH FLOWa 34. An increase in which one of the following will cause the operating cash flow toincrease?a. depreciationb.change in net working capital working capitald.taxese.costsCHANGE IN NET WORKING CAPITALe 35. A firm starts its year with a positive net working capital. During the year, the firmacquires more short-term debt than it does short-term assets. This means that:a. the ending net working capital will be negative.b. both accounts receivable and inventory decreased during the year.c. the beginning current assets were less than the beginning current liabilities.d. accounts payable increased and inventory decreased during the year.e. the ending net working capital can be positive, negative, or equal to zero.CASH FLOW TO CREDITORSc 36. The cash flow to creditors includes the cash:a.received by the firm when payments are paid to suppliers.b.outflow of the firm when new debt is acquired.c. outflow when interest is paid on outstanding debt.d. inflow when accounts payable decreases.e. received when long-term debt is paid off.CASH FLOW TO STOCKHOLDERSa 37. Cash flow to stockholders must be positive when:a.the dividends paid exceed the net new equity raised.b.the net sale of common stock exceeds the amount of dividends paid.c.no income is distributed but new shares of stock are sold.d.both the cash flow to assets and the cash flow to creditors are negative.e.both the cash flow to assets and the cash flow to creditors are positive. BALANCE SHEETb 38. Which equality is the basis for the balance sheet?a. Fixed Assets = Stockholder's Equity + Current Assetsb. Assets = Liabilities + Stockholder's Equityc. Assets = Current Long-Term Debt + Retained Earningsd. Fixed Assets = Liabilities + Stockholder's Equitye. None of the above.BALANCE SHEETa 39. Assets are listed on the balance sheet in order of:a. decreasing liquidity.b. decreasing size.c. increasing size.d. relative life.e. None of the above.DEBTe 40. Debt is a contractual obligation that:a. requires the payout of residual flows to the holders of these instruments.b. requires a repayment of a stated amount and interest over the period.c. allows the bondholders to sue the firm if it defaults.d. Both A and B.e. Both B and C.CARRYING VALUEa 41. The carrying value or book value of assets:a. is determined under GAAP and is based on the cost of the asset.b. represents the true market value according to GAAP.c. is always the best measure of the company's value to an investor.d. is always higher than the replacement cost of the assets.e. None of the above.GAAPd 42. Under GAAP, the value of all the firm's assets are reported at:a. market value.b. liquidation value.c. intrinsic value.d. cost.e. None of the above.INCOME STATEMENTe 43. Which of the following statements concerning the income statement is true?a. It measures performance over a specific period of time.b. It determines after-tax income of the firm.c. It includes deferred taxes.d. It treats interest as an expense.e. All of the above.GAAP INCOME RECOGNITIONb 44. According generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), revenue is recognized asincome when:a. a contract is signed to perform a service or deliver a good.b. the transaction is complete and the goods or services are delivered.c. payment is requested.d. income taxes are paid.e. All of the above.OPERATING CASH FLOWb 45. Which of the following is not included in the computation of operating cash flow?a. Earnings before interest and taxesb. Interest paidc. Depreciationd. Current taxese. All of the above are included.NET CAPITAL SPENDINGb 46. Net capital spending is equal to:a. net additions to net working capital.b. the net change in fixed assets.c. net income plus depreciation.d. total cash flow to stockholders less interest and dividends paid.e. the change in total assets.CASH FLOW TO STOCKHOLDERSd 47. Cash flow to stockholders is defined as:a. interest payments.b. repurchases of equity less cash dividends paid plus new equity sold.c. cash flow from financing less cash flow to creditors.d. cash dividends plus repurchases of equity minus new equity financing.e. None of the above.FREE CASH FLOWd 48. Free cash flow is:a. without cost to the firm.b. net income plus taxes.c. an increase in net working capital.d. cash flow in excess of that required to fund profitable capital projects.e. None of the above.CASH FLOWd 49. The cash flow of the firm must be equal to:a. cash flow to equity minus cash flow to debtholders.b. cash flow to debtholders minus cash flow to equity.c. cash flow to governments plus cash flow to equity.d. cash flow to equity plus cash flow to debtholders.e. None of the above.STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWSa 50. Which of the following are all components of the statement of cash flows?a. Cash flow from operating activities, cash flow from investing activities, and cash flowfrom financing activitiesb. Cash flow from operating activities, cash flow from investing activities, and cashflowfrom divesting activitiesc. Cash flow from internal activities, cash flow from external activities, and cash flowfrom financing activitiesd. Cash flow from brokering activities, cash flow from profitable activities, and cash flowfrom non-profitable activitiese. None of the above.III. PROBLEMSCURRENT ASSETSb 51. A firm has $300 in inventory, $600 in fixed assets, $200 in accounts receivables, $100in accounts payable, and $50 in cash. What is the amount of the current assets?a. $500b. $550c. $600d. $1,150e. $1,200NET WORKING CAPITALb 52. The total assets are $900, the fixed assets are $600, long-term debt is $500, and short-term debt is $200. What is the amount of net working capital?a. $0b. $100c. $200d. $300e. $400LIQUIDITYd 53. Brad’s Company has equipme nt with a book value of $500 that could be sold today at a50 percent discount. Their inventory is valued at $400 and could be sold to acompetitor for that amount. The firm has $50 in cash and customers owe them $300.What is the accounting value of their liquid assets?a. $50b. $350c. $700d. $750e. $1,000BOOK VALUEc 54. Martha’s Enterprises spent $2,400 to purchase equipment three years ago. Thisequipment is currently valued at $1,800 on today’s balance sheet but could actually besold for $2,000. Net working capital is $200 and long-term debt is $800. What is thebook value of shareholders’ equity?a.$200b.$800c.$1,200d.$1,400e. The answer cannot be determined from the information provided.NET INCOMEb 55. Art’s Boutique has sales of $640,000 an d costs of $480,000. Interest expense is$40,000 and depreciation is $60,000. The tax rate is 34%. What is the net income?a. $20,400b. $39,600c. $50,400d. $79,600e. $99,600MARGINAL TAX RATEc 56. Given the tax rates as shown, what is the average tax rate for a firm with taxableincome of $126,500?Taxable Income Tax Rate$ 0 - 50,000 15%50,001 - 75,000 25%75,001 - 100,000 34%100,001 - 335,000 39%a.21.38 percentb.23.88 percentc.25.76 percentd.34.64 percente. 39.00 percentTAXESd 57. The tax rates are as shown. Your firm currently has taxable income of $79,400. Howmuch additional tax will you owe if you increase your taxable income by $21,000?Taxable Income Tax Rate$ 0 - 50,000 15%50,001 - 75,000 25%75,001 - 100,000 34%100,001 - 335,000 39%a.$7,004b.$7,014c.$7,140d.$7,160e.$7,174OPERATING CASH FLOWd 58. Your firm has net income of $198 on total sales of $1,200. Costs are $715 anddepreciation is $145. The tax rate is 34 percent. The firm does not have interestexpenses. What is the operating cash flow?a.$93b.$241c.$340d.$383e. $485NET CAPITAL SPENDINGc. 59. Teddy’s Pillows has beginning net fixed assets of $480 and ending net fixed assets of$530. Assets valued at $300 were sold during the year. Depreciation was $40. What isthe amount of capital spending?a.$10b.$50c.$90d.$260e.$390CHANGE IN NET WORKING CAPITALb 60. At the beginning of the year, a firm has current assets of $380 and current liabilities of$210. At the end of the year, the current assets are $410 and the current liabilities are$250. What is the change in net working capital?a.-$30b.-$10c.$0d.$10e. $30CASH FLOW TO CREDITORSe 61. At the beginning of the year, long-term debt of a firm is $280 and total debt is $340. Atthe end of the year, long-term debt is $260 and total debt is $350. The interest paid is$30. What is the amount of the cash flow to creditors?a.-$50b.-$20c.$20d.$30e. $50CASH FLOW TO CREDITORSa 62. Pete’s Boats has beginning long-term debt of $180 and ending long-term debt of $210.The beginning and ending total debt balances are $340 and $360, respectively. Theinterest paid is $20. What is the amount of the cash flow to creditors?a.-$10b.$0c.$10d.$40e. $50CASH FLOW TO STOCKHOLDERSa 63. Peggy Grey’s Cookies has net income of $360. The firm pays out 40 percent of the netincome to its shareholders as dividends. During the year, the company sold $80 worthof common stock. What is the cash flow to stockholders?a.$64b.$136c.$144d.$224e. $296CASH FLOW TO STOCKHOLDERSa 64. Thompson’s Jet Skis has operating cash flow of $218. Depreciation is $45 and interestpaid is $35. A net total of $69 was paid on long-term debt. The firm spent $180 onfixed assets and increased net working capital by $38. What is the amount of the cashflow to stockholders?a.-$104b.-$28c.$28d.$114e. $142The following balance sheet and income statement should be used for questions #65 through #71:Nabors, Inc.2005 Income Statement($ in millions)Net sales $9,610Less: Cost of goods sold 6,310Less: Depreciation 1,370Earnings before interest and taxes 1,930Less: Interest paid 630Taxable Income $1,300Less: Taxes 455Net income $ 845Nabors, Inc.2004 and 2005 Balance Sheets($ in millions)2004 2005 2004 2005 Cash $ 310 $ 405 Accounts payable $ 2,720 $ 2,570 Accounts rec. 2,640 3,055 Notes payable 100 0 Inventory 3,275 3,850 Total $ 2,820 $ 2,570 Total $ 6,225 $ 7,310 Long-term debt 7,875 8,100 Net fixed assets 10,960 10,670 Common stock 5,000 5,250Retained earnings 1,490 2,060 Total assets $17,185 $17,980 Total liab.& equity $17,185 $17,980 CHANGE IN NET WORKING CAPITALc 65. What is the change in the net working capital from 2004 to 2005?a.$1,235b.$1,035c.$1,335d.$3,405e.$4,740NONCASH EXPENSESd 66. What is the amount of the non-cash expenses for 2005?a.$570b.$630c.$845d.$1,370e. $2,000NET CAPITAL SPENDINGc 67. What is the amount of the net capital spending for 2005?a.-$290b.$795c.$1,080d.$1,660e.$2,165OPERATING CASH FLOWd 68. What is the operating cash flow for 2005?a.$845b.$1,930c.$2,215d.$2,845e.$3,060CASH FLOW OF THE FIRMa 69. What is the cash flow of the firm for 2005?a.$430b.$485c.$1,340d.$2,590e.$3,100NET NEW BORROWINGe 70. What is the amount of net new borrowing for 2005?a.-$225b.-$25c.$0d.$25e.$225CASH FLOW TO CREDITORSd 71. What is the cash flow to creditors for 2005?a.-$405b.-$225c.$225d.$405e.$630The following information should be used for questions #72 through #79:Knickerdoodles, Inc.2004 2005Sales $ 740 $ 785COGS 430 460Interest 33 35Dividends 16 17Depreciation 250 210Cash 70 75Accounts receivables 563 502Current liabilities 390 405Inventory 662 640Long-term debt 340 410Net fixed assets 1,680 1,413Common stock 700 235Tax rate 35% 35%NET WORKING CAPITALd 72. What is the net working capital for 2005?a.$345b.$405c.$805d.$812e.$1,005CHANGE IN NET WORKING CAPITALa 73. What is the change in net working capital from 2004 to 2005?a.-$93b.-$7c.$7d.$85e.$97NET CAPITAL SPENDINGb 74. What is net capital spending for 2005?a.-$250b.-$57c.$0d.$57e.$477OPERATING CASH FLOWb 75. What is the operating cash flow for 2005?a.$143b.$297c.$325d.$353e.$367CASH FLOW OF THE FIRMd 76. What is the cash flow of the firm for 2005?a.$50b.$247c.$297d.$447e.$517NET NEW BORROWINGd 77. What is net new borrowing for 2005?a.-$70b.-$35c.$35d.$70e.$105CASH FLOW TO CREDITORSb 78. What is the cash flow to creditors for 2005?a.-$170b.-$35c.$135d.$170e.$205CASH FLOW TO STOCKHOLDERSd 79. What is the cash flow to stockholders for 2005?a.$408b.$417c.$452d.$482e.$503The following information should be used for questions #80 through #82:2005Cost of goods sold $3,210Interest $215Dividends $160Depreciation $375Change in retained earnings $360Tax rate 35%TAXABLE INCOMEe 80. What is the taxable income for 2005?a.$360b.$520c.$640d.$780e.$800OPERATING CASH FLOWd 81. What is the operating cash flow for 2005?a.$520b.$800c.$1,015d.$1,110e.$1,390SALESc 82. What are the sales for 2005?a.$4,225b.$4,385c.$4,600d.$4,815e. $5,000NET INCOMEb 83. Calculate net income based on the following information. Sales are $250; Cost ofgoods sold is $160; Depreciation expense is $35; Interest paid is $20; and the tax rateis 34%.a. $11.90b. $23.10c. $35.00d. $36.30e. $46.20IV. ESSAYSLIQUID ASSETS84. What is a liquid asset and why is it necessary for a firm to maintain a reasonable level ofliquid assets?Liquid assets are those that can be sold quickly with little or no loss in value. A firm that has sufficient liquidity will be less likely to experience financial distress.OPERATING CASH FLOW85. Why is interest expense excluded from the operating cash flow calculation?Operating cash flow is designed to represent the cash flow a firm generates from its day-to-day operating activities. Interest expense arises out of a financing choice and thus should be considered as a cash flow to creditors.CASH FLOW AND ACCOUNTING STATEMENTS86. Explain why the income statement is not a good representation of cash flow.Most income statements contain some noncash items, so these must be accounted for when calculating cash flows. More importantly, however, since GAAP is used to create income statements, revenues and expenses are booked when they accrue, not when their corresponding cash flows occur.BOOK VALUE AND MARKET VALUE87. Discuss the difference between book values and market values on the balance sheet andexplain which is more important to the financial manager and why.The accounts on the balance sheet are generally carried at historical cost, not market values.Although the book value of current assets and current liabilities may closely approximate market values, the same cannot be said for the rest of the balance sheet accounts. Ultimately, the financ ial manager should focus on the firm’s stock price, which is a market value measure. Hence, market values are more meaningful than book values.ADDITION TO RETAINED EARNINGS88. Note that in all of our cash flow computations to determine cash flow of the firm, we neverinclude the addition to retained earnings. Why not? Is this an oversight?The addition to retained earnings is not a cash flow. It is simply an accounting entry that reconciles the balance sheet. Any additions to retained earnings will show up as cash flow changes in other balance sheet accounts.DEPRECIATION AND CASH FLOW89. Note that we added depreciation back to operating cash flow and to additions to fixed assets.Why add it back twice? Isn’t this double-counting?In both cases, depreciation is added back because it was previously subtracted when obtaining ending balances of net income and fixed assets. Also, since depreciation is a noncash expense, we need to add it back in both instances, so there is no double counting. TAX LIABILITIES AND CASH FLOW90. Sometimes when businesses are critically delinquent on their tax liabilities, the tax authoritycomes in and literally seizes the business by chasing all of the employees out of the building and changing the locks. What does this tell you about the importance of taxes relative to our discussion of cash flow? Why might a business owner want to avoid such an occurrence?Taxes must be paid in cash, and in this case, they are one of the most important components of cash flow. The reputation of a business can undergo irreparable harm if word gets out that the tax authorities have confiscated the business, even if only for a couple of hours until the business owner can come up with the money to clear up the tax problem. The bottom line。

CHAPTER 20INTERNATIONAL CORPORATE FINANCEAnswers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions1. a.The dollar is selling at a premium because it is more expensive in the forward market than inthe spot market (SFr 1.53 versus SFr 1.50).b.The franc is expected to depreciate relative to the dollar because it will take more francs to buyone dollar in the future than it does today.c.Inflation in Switzerland is higher than in the United States, as are nominal interest rates.2.The exchange rate will increase, as it will take progressively more pesos to purchase a dollar. This isthe relative PPP relationship.3. a.The Australian dollar is expected to weaken relative to the dollar, because it will take moreA$ in the future to buy one dollar than it does today.b.The inflation rate in Australia is higher.c.Nominal interest rates in Australia are higher; relative real rates in the two countries are thesame.4. A Yankee bond is most accurately described by d.5. No. For example, if a country’s currency strengthens, imports become cheaper (good), but its exportsbecome more expensive for others to buy (bad). The reverse is true for currency depreciation.6.Additional advantages include being closer to the final consumer and, thereby, saving ontransportation, significantly lower wages, and less exposure to exchange rate risk. Disadvantages include political risk and costs of supervising distant operations.7.One key thing to remember is that dividend payments are made in the home currency. Moregenerally, it may be that the owners of the multinational are primarily domestic and are ultimately concerned about their wealth denominated in their home currency because, unlike a multinational, they are not internationally diversified.8. a.False. If prices are rising faster in Great Britain, it will take more pounds to buy the sameamount of goods that one dollar can buy; the pound will depreciate relative to the dollar.b.False. The forward market would already reflect the projected deterioration of the euro relativeto the dollar. Only if you feel that there might be additional, unanticipated weakening of the euro that isn’t reflected in forward rates today, will the forward hedge protect you against additional declines.c.True. The market would only be correct on average, while you would be correct all the time.9. a.American exporters: their situation in general improves because a sale of the exported goods fora fixed number of euros will be worth more dollars.American importers: their situation in general worsens because the purchase of the imported goods for a fixed number of euros will cost more in dollars.b.American exporters: they would generally be better off if the British government’s intentionsresult in a strengthened pound.American importers: they would generally be worse off if the pound strengthens.c.American exporters: they would generally be much worse off, because an extreme case of fiscalexpansion like this one will make American goods prohibitively expensive to buy, or else Brazilian sales, if fixed in cruzeiros, would become worth an unacceptably low number of dollars.American importers: they would generally be much better off, because Brazilian goods will become much cheaper to purchase in dollars.10.IRP is the most likely to hold because it presents the easiest and least costly means to exploit anyarbitrage opportunities. Relative PPP is least likely to hold since it depends on the absence of market imperfections and frictions in order to hold strictly.11.It all depends on whether the forward market expects the same appreciation over the period andwhether the expectation is accurate. Assuming that the expectation is correct and that other traders do not have the same information, there will be value to hedging the currency exposure.12.One possible reason investment in the foreign subsidiary might be preferred is if this investmentprovides direct diversification that shareholders could not attain by investing on their own. Another reason could be if the political climate in the foreign country was more stable than in the home country. Increased political risk can also be a reason you might prefer the home subsidiary investment. Indonesia can serve as a great example of political risk. If it cannot be diversified away, investing in this type of foreign country will increase the systematic risk. As a result, it will raise the cost of the capital, and could actually decrease the NPV of the investment.13.Yes, the firm should undertake the foreign investment. If, after taking into consideration all risks, aproject in a foreign country has a positive NPV, the firm should undertake it. Note that in practice, the stated assumption (that the adjustment to the discount rate has taken into consideration all political and diversification issues) is a huge task. But once that has been addressed, the net present value principle holds for foreign operations, just as for domestic.14.If the foreign currency depreciates, the U.S. parent will experience an exchange rate loss when theforeign cash flow is remitted to the U.S. This problem could be overcome by selling forward contracts. Another way of overcoming this problem would be to borrow in the country where the project is located.15.False. If the financial markets are perfectly competitive, the difference between the Eurodollar rateand the U.S. rate will be due to differences in risk and government regulation. Therefore, speculating in those markets will not be beneficial.16.The difference between a Eurobond and a foreign bond is that the foreign bond is denominated in thecurrency of the country of origin of the issuing company. Eurobonds are more popular than foreign bonds because of registration differences. Eurobonds are unregistered securities.Solutions to Questions and ProblemsNOTE: All end-of-chapter problems were solved using a spreadsheet. Many problems require multiple steps. Due to space and readability constraints, when these intermediate steps are included in this solutions manual, rounding may appear to have occurred. However, the final answer for each problem is found without rounding during any step in the problem.Basicing the quotes from the table, we get:a.$50(€0.7870/$1) = €39.35b.$1.2706c.€5M($1.2706/€) = $6,353,240d.New Zealand dollare.Mexican pesof.(P11.0023/$1)($1.2186/€1) = P13.9801/€This is a cross rate.g.The most valuable is the Kuwait dinar. The least valuable is the Indonesian rupiah.2. a.You would prefer £100, since:(£100)($.5359/£1) = $53.59b.You would still prefer £100. Using the $/£ exchange rate and the SF/£ exchange rate to find theamount of Swiss francs £100 will buy, we get:(£100)($1.8660/£1)(SF .8233) = SF 226.6489ing the quotes in the book to find the SF/£ cross rate, we find:(SF 1.2146/$1)($0.5359/£1) = SF 2.2665/£1The £/SF exchange rate is the inverse of the SF/£ exchange rate, so:£1/SF .4412 = £0.4412/SF 13. a.F180= ¥104.93 (per $). The yen is selling at a premium because it is more expensive in theforward market than in the spot market ($0.0093659 versus $0.009530).b.F90 = $1.8587/£. The pound is selling at a discount because it is less expensive in the forwardmarket than in the spot market ($0.5380 versus $0.5359).c.The value of the dollar will fall relative to the yen, since it takes more dollars to buy one yen inthe future than it does today. The value of the dollar will rise relative to the pound, because it will take fewer dollars to buy one pound in the future than it does today.4. a.The U.S. dollar, since one Canadian dollar will buy:(Can$1)/(Can$1.26/$1) = $0.7937b.The cost in U.S. dollars is:(Can$2.19)/(Can$1.26/$1) = $1.74Among the reasons that absolute PPP doe sn’t hold are tariffs and other barriers to trade, transactions costs, taxes, and different tastes.c.The U.S. dollar is selling at a discount, because it is less expensive in the forward market thanin the spot market (Can$1.22 versus Can$1.26).d.The Canadian dollar is expected to appreciate in value relative to the dollar, because it takesfewer Canadian dollars to buy one U.S. dollar in the future than it does today.e.Interest rates in the United States are probably higher than they are in Canada.5. a.The cross rate in ¥/£ terms is:(¥115/$1)($1.70/£1) = ¥195.5/£1b.The yen is quoted too low relative to the pound. Take out a loan for $1 and buy ¥115. Use the¥115 to purchase pounds at the cross-rate, which will give you:¥115(£1/¥185) = £0.6216Use the pounds to buy back dollars and repay the loan. The cost to repay the loan will be:£0.6216($1.70/£1) = $1.0568You arbitrage profit is $0.0568 per dollar used.6.We can rearrange the interest rate parity condition to answer this question. The equation we will useis:R FC = (F T– S0)/S0 + R USUsing this relationship, we find:Great Britain: R FC = (£0.5394 – £0.5359)/£0.5359 + .038 = 4.45%Japan: R FC = (¥104.93 – ¥106.77)/¥106.77 + .038 = 2.08%Switzerland: R FC = (SFr 1.1980 – SFr 1.2146)/SFr 1.2146 + .038 = 2.43%7.If we invest in the U.S. for the next three months, we will have:$30M(1.0045)3 = $30,406,825.23If we invest in Great Britain, we must exchange the dollars today for pounds, and exchange the pounds for dollars in three months. After making these transactions, the dollar amount we would have in three months would be:($30M)(£0.56/$1)(1.0060)3/(£0.59/$1) = $28,990,200.05We should invest in U.S.ing the relative purchasing power parity equation:F t = S0 × [1 + (h FC– h US)]tWe find:Z3.92 = Z3.84[1 + (h FC– h US)]3h FC– h US = (Z3.92/Z3.84)1/3– 1h FC– h US = .0069Inflation in Poland is expected to exceed that in the U.S. by 0.69% over this period.9.The profit will be the quantity sold, times the sales price minus the cost of production. Theproduction cost is in Singapore dollars, so we must convert this to U.S. dollars. Doing so, we find that if the exchange rates stay the same, the profit will be:Profit = 30,000[$145 – {(S$168.50)/(S$1.6548/$1)}]Profit = $1,295,250.18If the exchange rate rises, we must adjust the cost by the increased exchange rate, so:Profit = 30,000[$145 – {(S$168.50)/1.1(S$1.6548/$1)}]Profit = $1,572,954.71If the exchange rate falls, we must adjust the cost by the decreased exchange rate, so:Profit = 30,000[$145 – {(S$168.50)/0.9(S$1.6548/$1)}]Profit = $955,833.53To calculate the breakeven change in the exchange rate, we need to find the exchange rate that make the cost in Singapore dollars equal to the selling price in U.S. dollars, so:$145 = S$168.50/S TS T = S$1.1621/$1S T = –.2978 or –29.78% decline10. a.If IRP holds, then:F180 = (Kr 6.43)[1 + (.08 – .05)]1/2F180 = Kr 6.5257Since given F180 is Kr6.56, an arbitrage opportunity exists; the forward premium is too high.Borrow Kr1 today at 8% interest. Agree to a 180-day forward contract at Kr 6.56. Convert the loan proceeds into dollars:Kr 1 ($1/Kr 6.43) = $0.15552Invest these dollars at 5%, ending up with $0.15931. Convert the dollars back into krone as$0.15931(Kr 6.56/$1) = Kr 1.04506Repay the Kr 1 loan, ending with a profit of:Kr1.04506 – Kr1.03868 = Kr 0.00638b.To find the forward rate that eliminates arbitrage, we use the interest rate parity condition, so:F180 = (Kr 6.43)[1 + (.08 – .05)]1/2F180 = Kr 6.525711.The international Fisher effect states that the real interest rate across countries is equal. We canrearrange the international Fisher effect as follows to answer this question:R US– h US = R FC– h FCh FC = R FC + h US– R USa.h AUS = .05 + .035 – .039h AUS = .046 or 4.6%b.h CAN = .07 + .035 – .039h CAN = .066 or 6.6%c.h TAI = .10 + .035 – .039h TAI = .096 or 9.6%12. a.The yen is expected to get stronger, since it will take fewer yen to buy one dollar in the futurethan it does today.b.h US– h JAP (¥129.76 – ¥131.30)/¥131.30h US– h JAP = – .0117 or –1.17%(1 – .0117)4– 1 = –.0461 or –4.61%The approximate inflation differential between the U.S. and Japan is – 4.61% annually.13. We need to find the change in the exchange rate over time, so we need to use the relative purchasingpower parity relationship:F t = S0 × [1 + (h FC– h US)]TUsing this relationship, we find the exchange rate in one year should be:F1 = 215[1 + (.086 – .035)]1F1 = HUF 225.97The exchange rate in two years should be:F2 = 215[1 + (.086 – .035)]2F2 = HUF 237.49And the exchange rate in five years should be:F5 = 215[1 + (.086 – .035)]5F5 = HUF 275.71ing the interest-rate parity theorem:(1 + R US) / (1 + R FC) = F(0,1) / S0We can find the forward rate as:F(0,1) = [(1 + R US) / (1 + R FC)] S0F(0,1) = (1.13 / 1.08)$1.50/£F(0,1) = $1.57/£Intermediate15.First, we need to forecast the future spot rate for each of the next three years. From interest rate andpurchasing power parity, the expected exchange rate is:E(S T) = [(1 + R US) / (1 + R FC)]T S0So:E(S1) = (1.0480 / 1.0410)1 $1.22/€ = $1.2282/€E(S2) = (1.0480 / 1.0410)2 $1.22/€ = $1.2365/€E(S3) = (1.0480 / 1.0410)3 $1.22/€ = $1.2448/€Now we can use these future spot rates to find the dollar cash flows. The dollar cash flow each year will be:Year 0 cash flow = –€$12,000,000($1.22/€) = –$14,640,000.00Year 1 cash flow = €$2,700,000($1.2282/€) = $3,316,149.86Year 2 cash flow = €$3,500,000($1.2365/€) = $4,327,618.63Year 3 cash flow = (€3,300,000 + 7,400,000)($1.2448/€) = $13,319,111.90And the NPV of the project will be:NPV = –$14,640,000 + $3,316,149.86/1.13 + $4,4327,618.63/1.132 + $13,319,111.90/1.133NPV = $914,618.7316. a.Implicitly, it is assumed that interest rates won’t change over the life of the project, but theexchange rate is projected to decline because the Euroswiss rate is lower than the Eurodollar rate.b.We can use relative purchasing power parity to calculate the dollar cash flows at each time. Theequation is:E[S T] = (SFr 1.72)[1 + (.07 – .08)]TE[S T] = 1.72(.99)TSo, the cash flows each year in U.S. dollar terms will be:t SFr E[S T] US$0 –27.0M –$15,697,674.421 +7.5M 1.7028 $4,404,510.222 +7.5M 1.6858 $4,449,000.223 +7.5M 1.6689 $4,493,939.624 +7.5M 1.6522 $4,539,332.955 +7.5M 1.6357 $4,585,184.79And the NPV is:NPV = –$15,697,674.42 + $4,404,510.22/1.13 + $4,449,000.22/1.132 + $4,493,939.62/1.133 + $4,539,332.95/1.134 + $4,585,184.79/1.135NPV = $71,580.10c.Rearranging the relative purchasing power parity equation to find the required return in Swissfrancs, we get:R SFr = 1.13[1 + (.07 – .08)] – 1R SFr = 11.87%So, the NPV in Swiss francs is:NPV = –SFr 27.0M + SFr 7.5M(PVIFA11.87%,5)NPV = SFr 123,117.76Converting the NPV to dollars at the spot rate, we get the NPV in U.S. dollars as:NPV = (SFr 123,117.76)($1/SFr 1.72)NPV = $71,580.10Challenge17. a.The domestic Fisher effect is:1 + R US = (1 + r US)(1 + h US)1 + r US = (1 + R US)/(1 + h US)This relationship must hold for any country, that is:1 + r FC = (1 + R FC)/(1 + h FC)The international Fisher effect states that real rates are equal across countries, so:1 + r US = (1 + R US)/(1 + h US) = (1 + R FC)/(1 + h FC) = 1 + r FCb.The exact form of unbiased interest rate parity is:E[S t] = F t = S0 [(1 + R FC)/(1 + R US)]tc.The exact form for relative PPP is:E[S t] = S0 [(1 + h FC)/(1 + h US)]td.For the home currency approach, we calculate the expected currency spot rate at time t as:E[S t] = (€0.5)[1.07/1.05]t= (€0.5)(1.019)tWe then convert the euro cash flows using this equation at every time, and find the present value. Doing so, we find:NPV = –[€2M/(€0.5)] + {€0.9M/[1.019(€0.5)]}/1.1 + {€0.9M/[1.0192(€0.5)]}/1.12 + {€0.9M/[1.0193(€0.5/$1)]}/1.13NPV = $316,230.72For the foreign currency approach, we first find the return in the euros as:R FC = 1.10(1.07/1.05) – 1 = 0.121Next, we find the NPV in euros as:NPV = –€2M + (€0.9M)/1.121 + (€0.9M)/1.1212+ (€0.9M)/1.1213= €158,115.36And finally, we convert the euros to dollars at the current exchange rate, which is:NPV ($) = €158,115.36 /(€0.5/$1) = $316,230.72。

Chapter 8: Strategy and Analysis in Using Net Present Value Concept Questions - Chapter 88.1 ∙What are the ways a firm can create positive NPV.1.Be first to introduce a new product.2.Further develop a core competency to product goods or services at lower coststhan competitors.3.Create a barrier that makes it difficult for the other firms to competeeffectively.4.Introduce variation on existing products to take advantage of unsatisfieddemand5.Create product differentiation by aggressive advertising and marketingnetworks.e innovation in organizational processes to do all of the above.∙How can managers use the market to help them screen out negative NPV projects?8.2 ∙What is a decision tree?It is a method to help capital budgeting decision-makers evaluating projectsinvolving sequential decisions. At every point in the tree, there are differentalternatives that should be analyzed.∙What are potential problems in using a decision tree?Potential problems 1) that a different discount rate should be used for differentbranches in the tree and 2) it is difficult for decision trees to capture managerialoptions.8.3 ∙What is a sensitivity analysis?It is a technique used to determine how the result of a decision changes whensome of the parameters or assumptions change.∙Why is it important to perform a sensitivity analysis?Because it provides an analysis of the consequences of possible prediction orassumption errors.∙What is a break-even analysis?It is a technique used to determine the volume of production necessary to breakeven, that is, to cover not only variable costs but fixed costs as well.∙Describe how sensitivity analysis interacts with break-even analysis.Sensitivity analysis can determine how the financial break-even point changeswhen some factors (such as fixed costs, variable costs, or revenue) change. Answers to End-of-Chapter ProblemsQUESTIONS AND PROBLEMSDecision Trees8.1 Sony Electronics, Inc., has developed a new type of VCR. If the firm directly goes to the market with the product, there is only a 50 percent chance of success. On the other hand, if the firm conducts test marketing of the VCR, it will take a year and will cost $2 million.Through the test marketing, however, the firm is able to improve the product and increase the probability of success to 75 percent. If the new product proves successful, the present value (at the time when the firm starts selling it) of the payoff is $20 million, while if it turns out to be a failure, the present value of the payoff is $5 million. Should the firm conduct test marketing or go directly to the market? The appropriate discount rate is 15 percent.8.1 Go directly:NPV = 0.5 ⨯ $20 million + 0.5 ⨯ $5 million= $12.5 millionTest marketing:NPV = -$2 million + (0.75 ⨯ $20 million + 0.25 ⨯ $5 million) / 1.15= $12.13 millionGo directly to the market.8.2 The marketing manager for a growing consumer products firm is considering launching a new product. To determine consumers’ interest in such a product, the manager can conduct a focus group that will cost $120,000 and has a 70 percent chance of correctly predicting the success of the product, or hire a consulting firm that will research the market at a cost of $400,000. The consulting firm boasts a correct assessment record of 90 percent. Of course going directly to the market with no prior testing will be the correct move 50 percent of the time. If the firm launches the product, and it is a success, the payoff will be $1.2 million.Which action will result in the highest expected payoff for the firm?8.2 Focus group: -$120,000 + 0.70 ⨯ $1,200,000 = $720,000Consulting firm: -$400,000 + 0.90 ⨯ $1,200,000 = $680,000Direct marketing: 0.50 ⨯ $1,200,000 = $600,000The manager should conduct a focus group.8.3 Tandem Bicycles is noticing a decline in sales due to the increase of lower-priced import products from the Far East. The CFO is considering a number of strategies to maintain its market share. The options she sees are the following:• Price the products more aggressively, resulting in a $1.3 million decline in cash flows.The likelihood that Tandem will lose no cash flows to the imports is 55 percent; there is a45 percent probability that they will lose only $550,000 in cash flows to the imports.• Hire a lobbyist to convince the regulators that there should be important tariffs placed upon overseas manufacturers of bicycles. This will cost Tandem $800,000 and will have a 75 percent success rate, that is, no loss in cash flows to the importers. If the lobbyists do not succeed, Tandem Bicycles will lose $2 million in cash flows. As the assistant to the CFO, which strategy would you recommend to your boss? Accounting Break-Even Analysis8.3 Price more aggressively:-$1,300,000 + (0.55 ⨯ 0) + 0.45 ⨯ (-$550,000)= -$1,547,500Hire lobbyist:-$800,000 + (0.75 ⨯ 0) + 0.25 ⨯ (-$2,000,000)= -$1,300,000Tandem should hire the lobbyist.8.4 Samuelson Inc. has invested in a facility to produce calculators. The price of the machine is $600,000 and its economic life is five years. The machine is fully depreciated by the straight-line method and will produce 20,000 units of calculators in the first year. The variable production cost per unit of the calculator is $15, while fixed costs are $900,000. The corporate tax rate for the company is 30 percent. What should the sales price per unit of the calculator be for the firm to have a zero profit?8.4 Let sales price be x.Depreciation = $600,000 / 5 = $120,000BEP: ($900,000 + $120,000) / (x - $15) = 20,000x = $668.5 What is the minimum number of units that a distributor of big-screen TVs must sell in a given period to break even?Sales price _ $1,500Variable costs _ $1,100Fixed costs _ $120,000Depreciation _ $20,000Tax rate _ 35%8.5 The accounting break-even= (120,000 + 20,000) / (1,500 - 1,100)= 350 units8.6 You are considering investing in a fledgling company that cultivates abalone for sale to local restaurants. The proprietor says he’ll return all profits to you after covering operating costs and his salary. How many abalone must be harvested and sold in the first year of operations for you to get any payback? (Assume no depreciation.)Price per adult abalone _ $2.00Variable costs _ $0.72Fixed costs _ $300,000Salaries _ $40,000Tax rate _ 35%How much profit will be returned to you if he sells 300,000 abalone?8.6 a. The accounting break-even= 340,000 / (2.00 - 0.72)= 265,625 abalonesb. [($2.00 ⨯ 300,000) - (340,000 + 0.72 ⨯ 300,000)] (0.65)= $28,600This is the after tax profit.Present Value Break-Even Analysis8.7 Using the information in the problem above, what is the present value break-even point if the discount rate is 15 percent, initial investment is $140,000, and the life of the project is seven years? Assume a straight-line depreciation method with a zero salvage value.A = $33,6508.7 EAC = $140,000 / 715.0Depreciation = $140,000 / 7 = $20,000BEP = {$33,650 + $340,000 ⨯ 0.65 - $20,000 ⨯ 0.35} / {($2 - $0.72) ⨯ 0.65}= 297,656.25≈ 297,657 units8.8 Kids & Toys Inc. has purchased a $200,000 machine to produce toy cars. The machine will be fully depreciated by the straight-line method for its economic life of five years and will be worthless after its life. The firm expects that the sales price of the toy is $25 while its variable cost is $5. The firm should also pay $350,000 as fixed costs each year. The corporate tax rate for the company is 25 percent, and the appropriate discount rate is 12 percent. What is the present value break-even point?8.8 Depreciation = $200,000 / 5 = $40,000A = $200,000 / 3.60478EAC = $200,000 / 512.0= $55,482BEP = {$55,482 + $350,000 ⨯ 0.75 - $40,000 ⨯ 0.25} / {($25 - $5) ⨯ 0.75}= 20,532.13≈ 20533 units8.9 The Cornchopper Company is considering the purchase of a new harvester. The company is currently involved in deliberations with the manufacturer and the parties have not come to settlement regarding the final purchase price. The management of Cornchopper has hired you to determine the break-even purchase price of the harvester.This price is that which will make the NPV of the project zero. Base your analysis on the following facts: • The new harvester is not expected to affect revenues, but operating expenses will be reduced by $10,000 per year for 10 years.• The old harvester is now 5 years old, with 10 years of its scheduled life remaining. It was purchased for $45,000. It has been depreciated on a straight-line basis.• The old harvester has a current market value of $20,000.• The new harvester will be depreciated on a straight-line basis over its 10-year life.• The corporate tax rate is 34 percent.• The firm’s required rate of return is 15 percent.• All cash flows occur at year-end. However, the initial investment, the proceeds from selling the old harvester, and any tax effects will occur immediately. Capital gains and losses are taxed at the corporate rate of 34 percent when they are realized.• The expected market value of both harvesters at the end of their economic lives is zero.8.9 Let I be the break-even purchase price.Incremental C0$20,000Tax effect 3,400Total $23,400Depreciation per period= $45,000 / 15= $3,000Book value of the machine= $45,000 - 5 ⨯ $3,000= $30,000Loss on sale of machine= $30,000 - $20,000= $10,000Tax credit due to loss= $10,000 ⨯ 0.34= $3,400Incremental cost savings:$10,000 (1 - 0.34) = $6,600Incremental depreciation tax shield:[I / 10 - $3,000] (0.34)The break-even purchase price is the Investment (I), which makes the NPV be zero.NPV = 0= -I + $23,400 + $6,600 1015.0A+ [I / 10 - $3,000] (0.34) 1015.0A= -I + $23,400 + $6,600 (5.0188)+ I (0.034) (5.0188) - $3,000 (0.34) (5.0188)I = $61,981Scenario Analysis8.10 Ms. Thompson, as the CFO of a clock maker, is considering an investment of a $420,000 machine that has a seven-year life and no salvage value. The machine is depreciated by a straight-line method with a zero salvage over the seven years. The appropriate discount rate for cash flows of the project is 13 percent, and the corporate tax rate of the company is 35 percent. Calculate the NPV of the project in the following scenario. What is your conclusion about the project?Pessimistic Expected OptimisticUnit sales 23,000 25,000 27,000Price $ 38 $ 40 $ 42Variable costs $ 21 $ 20 $ 19Fixed costs $320,000 $300,000 $280,0008.10 Pessimistic:NPV = -$420,000 +(){}23,000$38$21$320,0000.65$60,0000.351.13tt17--⨯+⨯=∑= -$123,021.71 Expected:NPV = -$420,000 +(){}25,000$40$20$300,0000.65$60,0000.351.13t7--⨯+⨯=∑t1= $247,814.17 Optimistic:NPV = -$420,000 +(){}27,000$42$19$280,0000.65$60,0000.351.13tt17--⨯+⨯=∑= $653,146.42Even though the NPV of pessimistic case is negative, if we change one input while all others are assumed to meet their expectation, we have all positive NPVs like the one before. Thus, this project is quite profitable.Pessimistic NPVUnit sales 23,000 $132,826.30Price $38 $104,079.33Variable costs $21 $175,946.75Fixed costs $320,000 $190,320.248.11 You are the financial analyst for a manufacturer of tennis rackets that has identified a graphite-like material that it is considering using in its rackets. Given the following information about the results of launching a new racket, will you undertake the project?(Assumptions: Tax rate _ 40%, Effective discount rate _ 13%, Depreciation _ $300,000per year, and production will occur over the next five years only.)Pessimistic Expected OptimisticMarket size 110,000 120,000 130,000Market share 22% 25% 27%Price $ 115 $ 120 $ 125Variable costs $ 72 $ 70 $ 68Fixed costs $ 850,000 $ 800,000 $ 750,000Investment $1,500,000 $1,500,000 $1,500,0008.11 Pessimistic:NPV = -$1,500,000+(){}1100000220000600000401131,.$850,.$300,..⨯--⨯+⨯=∑$115$725tt= -$675,701.68Expected:NPV = -$1,500,000+(){}1200000250000600000401131,.$800,.$300,..⨯--⨯+⨯=∑$120$705tt= $399,304.88Optimistic:NPV = -$1,500,000+(){}130,0000.27$125$68$750,0000.60$300,0000.401.13tt15⨯--⨯+⨯=∑= $1,561,468.43The expected present value of the new tennis racket is $428,357.21. (Assuming there are equal chances of the 3 scenarios occurring.)8.12 What would happen to the analysis done above if your competitor introduces a graphite composite that is even lighter than your product? What factors would this likely affect? Do an NPV analysis assuming market size increases (due to more awareness of graphite-based rackets) to the level predicted by the optimistic scenario but your market share decreases to the pessimistic level (due to competitive forces). What does this tell you about the relative importance of market size versus market share?8.12 NPV =(){}-+⨯--⨯+⨯=∑1,500,000130,0000.22$120$70$800,0000.60$300,0000.401.13tt15= $251,581.17The 3% drop in market share hurt significantly more than the 10,000 increase in marketsize helped. However, if the drop were only 2%, the effects would be about even. Market size is going up by over 8%, thus it seems market share is more important than market size. The Option to Abandon8.13 You have been hired as a financial analyst to do a feasibility study of a new video game for Passivision. Marketing research suggests Passivision can sell 12,000 units per year at $62.50 net cash flowper unit for the next 10 years. Total annual operating cash flow is forecasted to be $62.50 _ 12,000 _ $750,000. The relevant discount rate is 10 percent.The required initial investment is $10 million.a. What is the base case NPV?b. After one year, the video game project can be abandoned for $200,000. After one year,expected cash flows will be revised upward to $1.5 million or to $0 with equalprobability. What is the option value of abandonment? What is the revised NPV?A) = -$5,391,574.678.13 a. NPV = -$10,000,000 + ( $750, 000 ⨯1010.A)b.Revised NPV = -$10,000,000 + $750,000 / 1.10 + [(.5 ⨯ $1,500,000 ⨯9.10+ (.5 ⨯ $200,000 )] / 1.10= -$5,300,665.58Option value of abandonment = -$5,300,665.58 – ( -$5,391,574.67 )= $90,909.098.14 Allied Products is thinking about a new product launch. The vice president of marketing suggests that Allied Products can sell 2 million units per year at $100 net cash flow per unit for the next 10 years. Allied Products uses a 20-percent discount rate for new product launches and the required initial investment is $100 million.a. What is the base case NPV?b. After the first year, the project can be dismantled and sold for scrap for $50 million. If expected cash flows can be revised based on the first year’s experience, when would it make sense to abandon the project? (Hint: At what level of expected cash flows does it make sense to abandon the project?)A) = $738.49Million8.14 a. NPV = -$100M + ( $100 ⨯ 2M ⨯10.20Ab.$50M = C9.20C = $12.40 Million (or 1.24 Million units )。

CHAPTER 20INTERNATIONAL CORPORATE FINANCEAnswers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions1. a.The dollar is selling at a premium because it is more expensive in the forward market than inthe spot market (SFr 1.53 versus SFr 1.50).b.The franc is expected to depreciate relative to the dollar because it will take more francs to buyone dollar in the future than it does today.c.Inflation in Switzerland is higher than in the United States, as are nominal interest rates.2.The exchange rate will increase, as it will take progressively more pesos to purchase a dollar. This isthe relative PPP relationship.3. a.The Australian dollar is expected to weaken relative to the dollar, because it will take moreA$ in the future to buy one dollar than it does today.b.The inflation rate in Australia is higher.c.Nominal interest rates in Australia are higher; relative real rates in the two countries are thesame.4. A Yankee bond is most accurately described by d.5. No. For example, if a country’s currency strengthens, imports become cheaper (good), but its exportsbecome more expensive for others to buy (bad). The reverse is true for currency depreciation.6.Additional advantages include being closer to the final consumer and, thereby, saving ontransportation, significantly lower wages, and less exposure to exchange rate risk. Disadvantages include political risk and costs of supervising distant operations.7.One key thing to remember is that dividend payments are made in the home currency. Moregenerally, it may be that the owners of the multinational are primarily domestic and are ultimately concerned about their wealth denominated in their home currency because, unlike a multinational, they are not internationally diversified.8. a.False. If prices are rising faster in Great Britain, it will take more pounds to buy the sameamount of goods that one dollar can buy; the pound will depreciate relative to the dollar.b.False. The forward market would already reflect the projected deterioration of the euro relativeto the dollar. Only if you feel that there might be additional, unanticipated weakening of the euro that isn’t reflected in forward rates today, will the forward hedge protect you against additional declines.c.True. The market would only be correct on average, while you would be correct all the time.9. a.American exporters: their situation in general improves because a sale of the exported goods fora fixed number of euros will be worth more dollars.American importers: their situation in general worsens because the purchase of the imported goods for a fixed number of euros will cost more in dollars.b.American exporters: they would generally be better off if the British government’s intentionsresult in a strengthened pound.American importers: they would generally be worse off if the pound strengthens.c.American exporters: they would generally be much worse off, because an extreme case of fiscalexpansion like this one will make American goods prohibitively expensive to buy, or else Brazilian sales, if fixed in cruzeiros, would become worth an unacceptably low number of dollars.American importers: they would generally be much better off, because Brazilian goods will become much cheaper to purchase in dollars.10.IRP is the most likely to hold because it presents the easiest and least costly means to exploit anyarbitrage opportunities. Relative PPP is least likely to hold since it depends on the absence of market imperfections and frictions in order to hold strictly.11.It all depends on whether the forward market expects the same appreciation over the period andwhether the expectation is accurate. Assuming that the expectation is correct and that other traders do not have the same information, there will be value to hedging the currency exposure.12.One possible reason investment in the foreign subsidiary might be preferred is if this investmentprovides direct diversification that shareholders could not attain by investing on their own. Another reason could be if the political climate in the foreign country was more stable than in the home country. Increased political risk can also be a reason you might prefer the home subsidiary investment. Indonesia can serve as a great example of political risk. If it cannot be diversified away, investing in this type of foreign country will increase the systematic risk. As a result, it will raise the cost of the capital, and could actually decrease the NPV of the investment.13.Yes, the firm should undertake the foreign investment. If, after taking into consideration all risks, aproject in a foreign country has a positive NPV, the firm should undertake it. Note that in practice, the stated assumption (that the adjustment to the discount rate has taken into consideration all political and diversification issues) is a huge task. But once that has been addressed, the net present value principle holds for foreign operations, just as for domestic.14.If the foreign currency depreciates, the U.S. parent will experience an exchange rate loss when theforeign cash flow is remitted to the U.S. This problem could be overcome by selling forward contracts. Another way of overcoming this problem would be to borrow in the country where the project is located.15.False. If the financial markets are perfectly competitive, the difference between the Eurodollar rateand the U.S. rate will be due to differences in risk and government regulation. Therefore, speculating in those markets will not be beneficial.16.The difference between a Eurobond and a foreign bond is that the foreign bond is denominated in thecurrency of the country of origin of the issuing company. Eurobonds are more popular than foreign bonds because of registration differences. Eurobonds are unregistered securities.Solutions to Questions and ProblemsNOTE: All end-of-chapter problems were solved using a spreadsheet. Many problems require multiple steps. Due to space and readability constraints, when these intermediate steps are included in this solutions manual, rounding may appear to have occurred. However, the final answer for each problem is found without rounding during any step in the problem.Basicing the quotes from the table, we get:a.$50(€0.7870/$1) = €39.35b.$1.2706c.€5M($1.2706/€) = $6,353,240d.New Zealand dollare.Mexican pesof.(P11.0023/$1)($1.2186/€1) = P13.9801/€This is a cross rate.g.The most valuable is the Kuwait dinar. The least valuable is the Indonesian rupiah.2. a.You would prefer £100, since:(£100)($.5359/£1) = $53.59b.You would still prefer £100. Using the $/£ exchange rate and the SF/£ exchange rate to find theamount of Swiss francs £100 will buy, we get:(£100)($1.8660/£1)(SF .8233) = SF 226.6489ing the quotes in the book to find the SF/£ cross rate, we find:(SF 1.2146/$1)($0.5359/£1) = SF 2.2665/£1The £/SF exchange rate is the inverse of the SF/£ exchange rate, so:£1/SF .4412 = £0.4412/SF 13. a.F180= ¥104.93 (per $). The yen is selling at a premium because it is more expensive in theforward market than in the spot market ($0.0093659 versus $0.009530).b.F90 = $1.8587/£. The pound is selling at a discount because it is less expensive in the forwardmarket than in the spot market ($0.5380 versus $0.5359).c.The value of the dollar will fall relative to the yen, since it takes more dollars to buy one yen inthe future than it does today. The value of the dollar will rise relative to the pound, because it will take fewer dollars to buy one pound in the future than it does today.4. a.The U.S. dollar, since one Canadian dollar will buy:(Can$1)/(Can$1.26/$1) = $0.7937b.The cost in U.S. dollars is:(Can$2.19)/(Can$1.26/$1) = $1.74Among the reasons that absolute PPP doe sn’t hold are tariffs and other barriers to trade, transactions costs, taxes, and different tastes.c.The U.S. dollar is selling at a discount, because it is less expensive in the forward market thanin the spot market (Can$1.22 versus Can$1.26).d.The Canadian dollar is expected to appreciate in value relative to the dollar, because it takesfewer Canadian dollars to buy one U.S. dollar in the future than it does today.e.Interest rates in the United States are probably higher than they are in Canada.5. a.The cross rate in ¥/£ terms is:(¥115/$1)($1.70/£1) = ¥195.5/£1b.The yen is quoted too low relative to the pound. Take out a loan for $1 and buy ¥115. Use the¥115 to purchase pounds at the cross-rate, which will give you:¥115(£1/¥185) = £0.6216Use the pounds to buy back dollars and repay the loan. The cost to repay the loan will be:£0.6216($1.70/£1) = $1.0568You arbitrage profit is $0.0568 per dollar used.6.We can rearrange the interest rate parity condition to answer this question. The equation we will useis:R FC = (F T– S0)/S0 + R USUsing this relationship, we find:Great Britain: R FC = (£0.5394 – £0.5359)/£0.5359 + .038 = 4.45%Japan: R FC = (¥104.93 – ¥106.77)/¥106.77 + .038 = 2.08%Switzerland: R FC = (SFr 1.1980 – SFr 1.2146)/SFr 1.2146 + .038 = 2.43%7.If we invest in the U.S. for the next three months, we will have:$30M(1.0045)3 = $30,406,825.23If we invest in Great Britain, we must exchange the dollars today for pounds, and exchange the pounds for dollars in three months. After making these transactions, the dollar amount we would have in three months would be:($30M)(£0.56/$1)(1.0060)3/(£0.59/$1) = $28,990,200.05We should invest in U.S.ing the relative purchasing power parity equation:F t = S0 × [1 + (h FC– h US)]tWe find:Z3.92 = Z3.84[1 + (h FC– h US)]3h FC– h US = (Z3.92/Z3.84)1/3– 1h FC– h US = .0069Inflation in Poland is expected to exceed that in the U.S. by 0.69% over this period.9.The profit will be the quantity sold, times the sales price minus the cost of production. Theproduction cost is in Singapore dollars, so we must convert this to U.S. dollars. Doing so, we find that if the exchange rates stay the same, the profit will be:Profit = 30,000[$145 – {(S$168.50)/(S$1.6548/$1)}]Profit = $1,295,250.18If the exchange rate rises, we must adjust the cost by the increased exchange rate, so:Profit = 30,000[$145 – {(S$168.50)/1.1(S$1.6548/$1)}]Profit = $1,572,954.71If the exchange rate falls, we must adjust the cost by the decreased exchange rate, so:Profit = 30,000[$145 – {(S$168.50)/0.9(S$1.6548/$1)}]Profit = $955,833.53To calculate the breakeven change in the exchange rate, we need to find the exchange rate that make the cost in Singapore dollars equal to the selling price in U.S. dollars, so:$145 = S$168.50/S TS T = S$1.1621/$1S T = –.2978 or –29.78% decline10. a.If IRP holds, then:F180 = (Kr 6.43)[1 + (.08 – .05)]1/2F180 = Kr 6.5257Since given F180 is Kr6.56, an arbitrage opportunity exists; the forward premium is too high.Borrow Kr1 today at 8% interest. Agree to a 180-day forward contract at Kr 6.56. Convert the loan proceeds into dollars:Kr 1 ($1/Kr 6.43) = $0.15552Invest these dollars at 5%, ending up with $0.15931. Convert the dollars back into krone as$0.15931(Kr 6.56/$1) = Kr 1.04506Repay the Kr 1 loan, ending with a profit of:Kr1.04506 – Kr1.03868 = Kr 0.00638b.To find the forward rate that eliminates arbitrage, we use the interest rate parity condition, so:F180 = (Kr 6.43)[1 + (.08 – .05)]1/2F180 = Kr 6.525711.The international Fisher effect states that the real interest rate across countries is equal. We canrearrange the international Fisher effect as follows to answer this question:R US– h US = R FC– h FCh FC = R FC + h US– R USa.h AUS = .05 + .035 – .039h AUS = .046 or 4.6%b.h CAN = .07 + .035 – .039h CAN = .066 or 6.6%c.h TAI = .10 + .035 – .039h TAI = .096 or 9.6%12. a.The yen is expected to get stronger, since it will take fewer yen to buy one dollar in the futurethan it does today.b.h US– h JAP (¥129.76 – ¥131.30)/¥131.30h US– h JAP = – .0117 or –1.17%(1 – .0117)4– 1 = –.0461 or –4.61%The approximate inflation differential between the U.S. and Japan is – 4.61% annually.13. We need to find the change in the exchange rate over time, so we need to use the relative purchasingpower parity relationship:F t = S0 × [1 + (h FC– h US)]TUsing this relationship, we find the exchange rate in one year should be:F1 = 215[1 + (.086 – .035)]1F1 = HUF 225.97The exchange rate in two years should be:F2 = 215[1 + (.086 – .035)]2F2 = HUF 237.49And the exchange rate in five years should be:F5 = 215[1 + (.086 – .035)]5F5 = HUF 275.71ing the interest-rate parity theorem:(1 + R US) / (1 + R FC) = F(0,1) / S0We can find the forward rate as:F(0,1) = [(1 + R US) / (1 + R FC)] S0F(0,1) = (1.13 / 1.08)$1.50/£F(0,1) = $1.57/£Intermediate15.First, we need to forecast the future spot rate for each of the next three years. From interest rate andpurchasing power parity, the expected exchange rate is:E(S T) = [(1 + R US) / (1 + R FC)]T S0So:E(S1) = (1.0480 / 1.0410)1 $1.22/€ = $1.2282/€E(S2) = (1.0480 / 1.0410)2 $1.22/€ = $1.2365/€E(S3) = (1.0480 / 1.0410)3 $1.22/€ = $1.2448/€Now we can use these future spot rates to find the dollar cash flows. The dollar cash flow each year will be:Year 0 cash flow = –€$12,000,000($1.22/€) = –$14,640,000.00Year 1 cash flow = €$2,700,000($1.2282/€) = $3,316,149.86Year 2 cash flow = €$3,500,000($1.2365/€) = $4,327,618.63Year 3 cash flow = (€3,300,000 + 7,400,000)($1.2448/€) = $13,319,111.90And the NPV of the project will be:NPV = –$14,640,000 + $3,316,149.86/1.13 + $4,4327,618.63/1.132 + $13,319,111.90/1.133NPV = $914,618.7316. a.Implicitly, it is assumed that interest rates won’t change over the life of the project, but theexchange rate is projected to decline because the Euroswiss rate is lower than the Eurodollar rate.b.We can use relative purchasing power parity to calculate the dollar cash flows at each time. Theequation is:E[S T] = (SFr 1.72)[1 + (.07 – .08)]TE[S T] = 1.72(.99)TSo, the cash flows each year in U.S. dollar terms will be:t SFr E[S T] US$0 –27.0M –$15,697,674.421 +7.5M 1.7028 $4,404,510.222 +7.5M 1.6858 $4,449,000.223 +7.5M 1.6689 $4,493,939.624 +7.5M 1.6522 $4,539,332.955 +7.5M 1.6357 $4,585,184.79And the NPV is:NPV = –$15,697,674.42 + $4,404,510.22/1.13 + $4,449,000.22/1.132 + $4,493,939.62/1.133 + $4,539,332.95/1.134 + $4,585,184.79/1.135NPV = $71,580.10c.Rearranging the relative purchasing power parity equation to find the required return in Swissfrancs, we get:R SFr = 1.13[1 + (.07 – .08)] – 1R SFr = 11.87%So, the NPV in Swiss francs is:NPV = –SFr 27.0M + SFr 7.5M(PVIFA11.87%,5)NPV = SFr 123,117.76Converting the NPV to dollars at the spot rate, we get the NPV in U.S. dollars as:NPV = (SFr 123,117.76)($1/SFr 1.72)NPV = $71,580.10Challenge17. a.The domestic Fisher effect is:1 + R US = (1 + r US)(1 + h US)1 + r US = (1 + R US)/(1 + h US)This relationship must hold for any country, that is:1 + r FC = (1 + R FC)/(1 + h FC)The international Fisher effect states that real rates are equal across countries, so:1 + r US = (1 + R US)/(1 + h US) = (1 + R FC)/(1 + h FC) = 1 + r FCb.The exact form of unbiased interest rate parity is:E[S t] = F t = S0 [(1 + R FC)/(1 + R US)]tc.The exact form for relative PPP is:E[S t] = S0 [(1 + h FC)/(1 + h US)]td.For the home currency approach, we calculate the expected currency spot rate at time t as:E[S t] = (€0.5)[1.07/1.05]t= (€0.5)(1.019)tWe then convert the euro cash flows using this equation at every time, and find the present value. Doing so, we find:NPV = –[€2M/(€0.5)] + {€0.9M/[1.019(€0.5)]}/1.1 + {€0.9M/[1.0192(€0.5)]}/1.12 + {€0.9M/[1.0193(€0.5/$1)]}/1.13NPV = $316,230.72For the foreign currency approach, we first find the return in the euros as:R FC = 1.10(1.07/1.05) – 1 = 0.121Next, we find the NPV in euros as:NPV = –€2M + (€0.9M)/1.121 + (€0.9M)/1.1212+ (€0.9M)/1.1213= €158,115.36And finally, we convert the euros to dollars at the current exchange rate, which is:NPV ($) = €158,115.36 /(€0.5/$1) = $316,230.72。

Chapter 2: Accounting Statements and Cash Flow2.10AssetsCurrent assetsCash $ 4,000Accounts receivable 8,000Total current assets $ 12,000Fixed assetsMachinery $ 34,000Patents 82,000Total fixed assets $116,000Total assets $128,000Liabilities and equityCurrent liabilitiesAccounts payable $ 6,000Taxes payable 2,000Total current liabilities $ 8,000Long-term liabilitiesBonds payable $7,000Stockholders equityCommon stock ($100 par) $ 88,000Capital surplus 19,000Retained earnings 6,000Total stockholders equity $113,000Total liabilities and equity $128,0002.11One year ago TodayLong-term debt $50,000,000 $50,000,000Preferred stock 30,000,000 30,000,000Common stock 100,000,000 110,000,000Retained earnings 20,000,000 22,000,000Total $200,000,000 $212,000,0002.12Total Cash Flow ofthe Stancil CompanyCash flows from the firmCapital spending $(1,000)Additions to working capital (4,000)Total $(5,000)Cash flows to investors of the firmShort-term debt $(6,000)Long-term debt (20,000)Equity (Dividend - Financing) 21,000Total $(5,000)[Note: This table isn’t the Statement of Cash Flows, which is only covered in Appendix 2B, since the latter has th e change in cash (on the balance sheet) as a final entry.]2.13 a. The changes in net working capital can be computed from:Sources of net working capitalNet income $100Depreciation 50Increases in long-term debt 75Total sources $225Uses of net working capitalDividends $50Increases in fixed assets* 150Total uses $200Additions to net working capital $25*Includes $50 of depreciation.b.Cash flow from the firmOperating cash flow $150Capital spending (150)Additions to net working capital (25)Total $(25)Cash flow to the investorsDebt $(75)Equity 50Total $(25)Chapter 3: Financial Markets and Net Present Value: First Principles of Finance (Advanced)3.14 $120,000 - ($150,000 - $100,000) (1.1) = $65,0003.15 $40,000 + ($50,000 - $20,000) (1.12) = $73,6003.16 a. ($7 million + $3 million) (1.10) = $11.0 millionb.i. They could spend $10 million by borrowing $5 million today.ii. They will have to spend $5.5 million [= $11 million - ($5 million x 1.1)] at t=1.Chapter 4: Net Present Valuea. $1,000 ⨯ 1.0510 = $1,628.89b. $1,000 ⨯ 1.0710 = $1,967.15c. $1,000 ⨯ 1.0520 = $2,653.30d. Interest compounds on the interest already earned. Therefore, the interest earned inSince this bond has no interim coupon payments, its present value is simply the present value of the $1,000 that will be received in 25 years. Note: As will be discussed in the next chapter, the present value of the payments associated with a bond is the price of that bond.PV = $1,000 /1.125 = $92.30PV = $1,500,000 / 1.0827 = $187,780.23a. At a discount rate of zero, the future value and present value are always the same. Remember, FV =PV (1 + r) t. If r = 0, then the formula reduces to FV = PV. Therefore, the values of the options are $10,000 and $20,000, respectively. You should choose the second option.b. Option one: $10,000 / 1.1 = $9,090.91Option two: $20,000 / 1.15 = $12,418.43Choose the second option.c. Option one: $10,000 / 1.2 = $8,333.33Option two: $20,000 / 1.25 = $8,037.55Choose the first option.d. You are indifferent at the rate that equates the PVs of the two alternatives. You know that rate mustfall between 10% and 20% because the option you would choose differs at these rates. Let r be thediscount rate that makes you indifferent between the options.$10,000 / (1 + r) = $20,000 / (1 + r)5(1 + r)4 = $20,000 / $10,000 = 21 + r = 1.18921r = 0.18921 = 18.921%The $1,000 that you place in the account at the end of the first year will earn interest for six years. The $1,000 that you place in the account at the end of the second year will earn interest for five years, etc. Thus, the account will have a balance of$1,000 (1.12)6 + $1,000 (1.12)5 + $1,000 (1.12)4 + $1,000 (1.12)3= $6,714.61PV = $5,000,000 / 1.1210 = $1,609,866.18a. $1.000 (1.08)3 = $1,259.71b. $1,000 [1 + (0.08 / 2)]2 ⨯ 3 = $1,000 (1.04)6 = $1,265.32c. $1,000 [1 + (0.08 / 12)]12 ⨯ 3 = $1,000 (1.00667)36 = $1,270.24d. $1,000 e0.08 ⨯ 3 = $1,271.25e. The future value increases because of the compounding. The account is earning interest on interest. Essentially, the interest is added to the account balance at the e nd of every compounding period. During the next period, the account earns interest on the new balance. When the compounding period shortens, the balance that earns interest is rising faster.The price of the consol bond is the present value of the coupon payments. Apply the perpetuity formula to find the present value. PV = $120 / 0.15 = $800a. $1,000 / 0.1 = $10,000b. $500 / 0.1 = $5,000 is the value one year from now of the perpetual stream. Thus, the value of theperpetuity is $5,000 / 1.1 = $4,545.45.c. $2,420 / 0.1 = $24,200 is the value two years from now of the perpetual stream. Thus, the value of the perpetuity is $24,200 / 1.12 = $20,000.pply the NPV technique. Since the inflows are an annuity you can use the present value of an annuity factor.ANPV = -$6,200 + $1,200 81.0= -$6,200 + $1,200 (5.3349)= $201.88Yes, you should buy the asset.Use an annuity factor to compute the value two years from today of the twenty payments. Remember, the annuity formula gives you the value of the stream one year before the first payment. Hence, the annuity factor will give you the value at the end of year two of the stream of payments.A= $2,000 (9.8181)Value at the end of year two = $2,000 20.008= $19,636.20The present value is simply that amount discounted back two years.PV = $19,636.20 / 1.082 = $16,834.88The easiest way to do this problem is to use the annuity factor. The annuity factor must be equal to $12,800 / $2,000 = 6.4; remember PV =C A T r. The annuity factors are in the appendix to the text. To use the factor table to solve this problem, scan across the row labeled 10 years until you find 6.4. It is close to the factor for 9%, 6.4177. Thus, the rate you will receive on this note is slightly more than 9%.You can find a more precise answer by interpolating between nine and ten percent.[ 10% ⎤[6.1446 ⎤a ⎡r ⎥bc ⎡6.4 ⎪ d⎣9%⎦⎣6.4177 ⎦By interpolating, you are presuming that the ratio of a to b is equal to the ratio of c to d.(9 - r ) / (9 - 10) = (6.4177 - 6.4 ) / (6.4177 - 6.1446)r = 9.0648%The exact value could be obtained by solving the annuity formula for the interest rate. Sophisticated calculators can compute the rate directly as 9.0626%.[Note: A standard financial calculator’s TVM keys can solve for this rate. With annuity flows, the IRR key on “advanced” financial c alculators is unnecessary.]a. The annuity amount can be computed by first calculating the PV of the $25,000 which youThat amount is $17,824.65 [= $25,000 / 1.075]. Next compute the annuity which has the same present value.A$17,824.65 = C 507.0$17,824.65 = C (4.1002)C = $4,347.26Thus, putting $4,347.26 into the 7% account each year will provide $25,000 five years from today.b. The lump sum payment must be the present value of the $25,000, i.e., $25,000 / 1.075 =$17,824.65The formula for future value of any annuity can be used to solve the problem (see footnote 11 of the text).Option one: This cash flow is an annuity due. To value it, you must use the after-tax amounts. Theafter-tax payment is $160,000 (1 - 0.28) = $115,200. Value all except the first payment using the standard annuity formula, then add back the first payment of $115,200 to obtain the value of this option.AValue = $115,200 + $115,200 30.010= $115,200 + $115,200 (9.4269)= $1,201,178.88Option two: This option is valued similarly. You are able to have $446,000 now; this is already on an after-tax basis. You will receive an annuity of $101,055 for each of the next thirty years. Those payments are taxable when you receive them, so your after-tax payment is $72,759.60 [= $101,055 (1 - 0.28)].AValue = $446,000 + $72,759.60 30.010= $446,000 + $72,759.60 (9.4269)= $1,131,897.47Since option one has a higher PV, you should choose it.et r be the rate of interest you must earn.$10,000(1 + r)12 = $80,000(1 + r)12= 8r = 0.18921 = 18.921%First compute the present value of all the payments you must make for your children’s educati on. The value as of one year before matriculation of one child’s education isA= $21,000 (2.8550) = $59,955.$21,000 415.0This is the value of the elder child’s education fourteen years from now. It is the value of the younger child’s education sixteen years from today. The present value of these isPV = $59,955 / 1.1514 + $59,955 / 1.1516= $14,880.44You want to make fifteen equal payments into an account that yields 15% so that the present value of the equal payments is $14,880.44.A= $14,880.44 / 5.8474 = $2,544.80Payment = $14,880.44 / 15.015This problem applies the growing annuity formula. The first payment is$50,000(1.04)2(0.02) = $1,081.60.PV = $1,081.60 [1 / (0.08 - 0.04) - {1 / (0.08 - 0.04)}{1.04 / 1.08}40]= $21,064.28This is the present value of the payments, so the value forty years from today is$21,064.28 (1.0840) = $457,611.46se the discount factors to discount the individual cash flows. Then compute the NPV of the project. NoticeYou can still use the factor tables to compute their PV. Essentially, they form cash flows that are a six year annuity less a two year annuity. Thus, the appropriate annuity factor to use with them is 2.6198 (= 4.3553 - 1.7355).Year Cash Flow Factor PV0.9091 $636.371$70020.8264 743.769003 1,000 ⎤4 1,000 ⎥ 2.6198 2,619.805 1,000 ⎥6 1,000 ⎦7 1,250 0.5132 641.508 1,375 0.4665 641.44Total $5,282.87NPV = -$5,000 + $5,282.87= $282.87Purchase the machine.Chapter 5: How to Value Bonds and StocksThe amount of the semi-annual interest payment is $40 (=$1,000 ⨯ 0.08 / 2). There are a total of 40 periods;i.e., two half years in each of the twenty years in the term to maturity. The annuity factor tables can be usedto price these bonds. The appropriate discount rate to use is the semi-annual rate. That rate is simply the annual rate divided by two. Thus, for part b the rate to be used is 5% and for part c is it 3%.A+F/(1+r)40PV=C Tra. $40 (19.7928) + $1,000 / 1.0440 = $1,000Notice that whenever the coupon rate and the market rate are the same, the bond is priced at par.b. $40 (17.1591) + $1,000 / 1.0540 = $828.41Notice that whenever the coupon rate is below the market rate, the bond is priced below par.c. $40 (23.1148) + $1,000 / 1.0340 = $1,231.15Notice that whenever the coupon rate is above the market rate, the bond is priced above par.a. The semi-annual interest rate is $60 / $1,000 = 0.06. Thus, the effective annual rate is 1.062 - 1 =0.1236 = 12.36%.A+ $1,000 / 1.0612b. Price = $30 12.006= $748.48A+ $1,000 / 1.0412c. Price = $30 1204.0= $906.15Note: In parts b and c we are implicitly assuming that the yield curve is flat. That is, the yield in year 5applies for year 6 as well.rice = $2 (0.72) / 1.15 + $4 (0.72) / 1.152 + $50 / 1.153= $36.31The number of shares you own = $100,000 / $36.31 = 2,754 sharesPrice = $1.15 (1.18) / 1.12 + $1.15 (1.182) / 1.122 + $1.152 (1.182) / 1.123+ {$1.152 (1.182)(1.06) / (0.12 - 0.06)} / 1.123= $26.95[Insert before last sentence of question: Assume that dividends are a fixed proportion of earnings.] Dividend one year from now = $5 (1 - 0.10) = $4.50Price = $5 + $4.50 / {0.14 - (-0.10)}= $23.75Since the current $5 dividend has not yet been paid, it is still included in the stock price.Chapter 6: Some Alternative Investment Rulesa. Payback period of Project A = 1 + ($7,500 - $4,000) / $3,500 = 2 yearsPayback period of Project B = 2 + ($5,000 - $2,500 -$1,200) / $3,000 = 2.43 yearsProject A should be chosen.b. NPV A = -$7,500 + $4,000 / 1.15 + $3,500 / 1.152 + $1,500 / 1.153 = -$388.96NPV B = -$5,000 + $2,500 / 1.15 + $1,200 / 1.152 + $3,000 / 1.153 = $53.83Project B should be chosen.a. Average Investment:($16,000 + $12,000 + $8,000 + $4,000 + 0) / 5 = $8,000Average accounting return:$4,500 / $8,000 = 0.5625 = 56.25%b. 1. AAR does not consider the timing of the cash flows, hence it does not consider the timevalue of money.2. AAR uses an arbitrary firm standard as the decision rule.3. AAR uses accounting data rather than net cash flows.aAverage Investment = (8000 + 4000 + 1500 + 0)/4 = 3375.00Average Net Income = 2000(1-0.75) = 1500=> AAR = 1500/3375=44.44%a. Solve x by trial and error:-$8,000 + $4,000 / (1 + x) + $3000 / (1 + x)2 + $2,000 / (1 + x)3 = 0x = 6.93%b. No, since the IRR (6.93%) is less than the discount rate of 8%.Alternatively, the NPV @ a discount rate of 0.08 = -$136.62.a. Solve r in the equation:$5,000 - $2,500 / (1 + r) - $2,000 / (1 + r)2 - $1,000 / (1 + r)3- $1,000 / (1 + r)4 = 0By trial and error,IRR = r = 13.99%b. Since this problem is the case of financing, accept the project if the IRR is less than the required rate of return.IRR = 13.99% > 10%Reject the offer.c. IRR = 13.99% < 20%Accept the offer.d. When r = 10%:NPV = $5,000 - $2,500 / 1.1 - $2,000 / 1.12 - $1,000 / 1.13 - $1,000 / 1.14When r = 20%:NPV = $5,000 - $2,500 / 1.2 - $2,000 / 1.22 - $1,000 / 1.23 - $1,000 / 1.24= $466.82Yes, they are consistent with the choices of the IRR rule since the signs of the cash flows change only once.A/ $160,000 = 1.04PI = $40,000 715.0Since the PI exceeds one accept the project.Chapter 7: Net Present Value and Capital BudgetingSince there is uncertainty surrounding the bonus payments, which McRae might receive, you must use the expected value of McRae’s bonuses in the computation of the PV of his contract. McRae’s salary plus the expected value of his bonuses in years one through three is$250,000 + 0.6 ⨯ $75,000 + 0.4 ⨯ $0 = $295,000.Thus the total PV of his three-year contract isPV = $400,000 + $295,000 [(1 - 1 / 1.12363) / 0.1236]+ {$125,000 / 1.12363} [(1 - 1 / 1.123610 / 0.1236]= $1,594,825.68EPS = $800,000 / 200,000 = $4NPVGO = (-$400,000 + $1,000,000) / 200,000 = $3Price = EPS / r + NPVGO= $4 / 0.12 + $3=$36.33Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 51. Annual Salary$120,000 $120,000 $120,000 $120,000 $120,000 Savings2. Depreciation 100,000 160,000 96,000 57,600 57,6003. Taxable Income 20,000 -40,000 24,000 62,400 62,4004. Taxes 6,800 -13,600 8,160 21,216 21,2165. Operating Cash Flow113,200 133,600 111,840 98,784 98,784 (line 1-4)$100,000 -100,0006. ∆ Net workingcapital7. Investment $500,000 75,792*8. Total Cash Flow -$400,000 $113,200 $133,600 $111,840 $98,784 $74,576*75,792 = $100,000 - 0.34 ($100,000 - $28,800)NPV = -$400,000+ $113,200 / 1.12 + $133,600 / 1.122 + $111,840 / 1.123+ $98,784 / 1.124 + $74,576 / 1.125= -$7,722.52Real interest rate = (1.15 / 1.04) - 1 = 10.58%NPV A = -$40,000+ $20,000 / 1.1058 + $15,000 / 1.10582 + $15,000 / 1.10583= $1,446.76NPV B = -$50,000+ $10,000 / 1.15 + $20,000 / 1.152 + $40,000 / 1.153= $119.17Choose project A.PV = $120,000 / {0.11 - (-0.06)}t = 0 t = 1 t = 2 t = 3 t = 4 t = 5 t = 6 ...$12,000 $6,000 $6,000 $6,000$4,000$12,000 $6,000 $6,000 ...The present value of one cycle is:A+ $4,000 / 1.064PV = $12,000 + $6,000 306.0= $12,000 + $6,000 (2.6730) + $4,000 / 1.064= $31,206.37The cycle is four years long, so use a four year annuity factor to compute the equivalent annual cost (EAC).AEAC = $31,206.37 / 406.0= $31,206.37 / 3.4651= $9,006The present value of such a stream in perpetuity is$9,006 / 0.06 = $150,100o evaluate the word processors, compute their equivalent annual costs (EAC).BangAPV(costs) = (10 ⨯ $8,000) + (10 ⨯ $2,000) 414.0= $80,000 + $20,000 (2.9137)= $138,274EAC = $138,274 / 2.9137= $47,456IOUAPV(costs) = (11 ⨯ $5,000) + (11 ⨯ $2,500) 3.014- (11 ⨯ $500) / 1.143= $55,000 + $27,500 (2.3216) - $5,500 / 1.143= $115,132EAC = $115,132 / 2.3216= $49,592BYO should purchase the Bang word processors.Chapter 8: Strategy and Analysis in Using Net Present ValueThe accounting break-even= (120,000 + 20,000) / (1,500 - 1,100)= 350 units. The accounting break-even= 340,000 / (2.00 - 0.72)= 265,625 abalonesb. [($2.00 ⨯ 300,000) - (340,000 + 0.72 ⨯ 300,000)] (0.65)= $28,600This is the after tax profit.Chapter 9: Capital Market Theory: An Overviewa. Capital gains = $38 - $37 = $1 per shareb. Total dollar returns = Dividends + Capital Gains = $1,000 + ($1*500) = $1,500 On a per share basis, this calculation is $2 + $1 = $3 per sharec. On a per share basis, $3/$37 = 0.0811 = 8.11% On a total dollar basis, $1,500/(500*$37) = 0.0811 = 8.11%d. No, you do not need to sell the shares to include the capital gains in the computation of the returns. The capital gain is included whether or not you realize the gain. Since you could realize the gain if you choose, you should include it.The expected holding period return is:()[]%865.1515865.052$/52$75.54$50.5$==-+There appears to be a lack of clarity about the meaning of holding period returns. The method used in the answer to this question is the one used in Section 9.1. However, the correspondence is not exact, because in this question, unlike Section 9.1, there are cash flows within the holding period. The answer above ignores the dividend paid in the first year. Although the answer above technically conforms to the eqn at the bottom of Fig. 9.2, the presence of intermediate cash flows that aren’t accounted for renders th is measure questionable, at best. There is no similar example in the body of the text, and I have never seen holding period returns calculated in this way before.Although not discussed in this book, there are two generally accepted methods of computing holding period returns in the presence of intermediate cash flows. First, the time weighted return calculates averages (geometric or arithmetic) of returns between cash flows. Unfortunately, that method can’t be used here, because we are not given the va lue of the stock at the end of year one. Second, the dollar weighted measure calculates the internal rate of return over the entire holding period. Theoretically, that method can be applied here, as follows: 0 = -52 + 5.50/(1+r) + 60.25/(1+r)2 => r = 0.1306.This produces a two year holding period return of (1.1306)2 – 1 = 0.2782. Unfortunately, this book does not teach the dollar weighted method.In order to salvage this question in a financially meaningful way, you would need the value of the stock at the end of one year. Then an illustration of the correct use of the time-weighted return would be appropriate. A complicating factor is that, while Section 9.2 illustrates the holding period return using the geometric return for historical data, the arithmetic return is more appropriate for expected future returns.E(R) = T-Bill rate + Average Excess Return = 6.2% + (13.0% -3.8%) = 15.4%. Common Treasury Realized Stocks Bills Risk Premium -7 32.4% 11.2% 21.2%-6 -4.9 14.7 -19.6-5 21.4 10.5 10.9 -4 22.5 8.8 13.7 -3 6.3 9.9 -3.6 -2 32.2 7.7 24.5 Last 18.5 6.2 12.3 b. The average risk premium is 8.49%.49.873.125.246.37.139.106.192.21=++-++- c. Yes, it is possible for the observed risk premium to be negative. This can happen in any single year. The.b.Standard deviation = 03311.0001096.0=.b.Standard deviation = = 0.03137 = 3.137%.b.Chapter 10: Return and Risk: The Capital-Asset-Pricing Model (CAPM)a. = 0.1 (– 4.5%) + 0.2 (4.4%) + 0.5 (12.0%) + 0.2 (20.7%) = 10.57%b.σ2 = 0.1 (–0.045 – 0.1057)2 + 0.2 (0.044 – 0.1057)2 + 0.5 (0.12 – 0.1057)2+ 0.2 (0.207 – 0.1057)2 = 0.0052σ = (0.0052)1/2 = 0.072 = 7.20%Holdings of Atlas stock = 120 ⨯ $50 = $6,000 ⨯ $20 = $3,000Weight of Atlas stock = $6,000 / $9,000 = 2 / 3Weight of Babcock stock = $3,000 / $9,000 = 1 / 3a. = 0.3 (0.12) + 0.7 (0.18) = 0.162 = 16.2%σP 2= 0.32 (0.09)2 + 0.72 (0.25)2 + 2 (0.3) (0.7) (0.09) (0.25) (0.2)= 0.033244σP= (0.033244)1/2 = 0.1823 = 18.23%a.State Return on A Return on B Probability1 15% 35% 0.4 ⨯ 0.5 = 0.22 15% -5% 0.4 ⨯ 0.5 = 0.23 10% 35% 0.6 ⨯ 0.5 = 0.34 10% -5% 0.6 ⨯ 0.5 = 0.3b. = 0.2 [0.5 (0.15) + 0.5 (0.35)] + 0.2[0.5 (0.15) + 0.5 (-0.05)]+ 0.3 [0.5 (0.10) + 0.5 (0.35)] + 0.3 [0.5 (0.10) + 0.5 (-0.05)]= 0.135= 13.5%Note: The solution to this problem requires calculus.Specifically, the solution is found by minimizing a function subject to a constraint. Calculus ability is not necessary to understand the principles behind a minimum variance portfolio.Min { X A2 σA2 + X B2σB2+ 2 X A X B Cov(R A , R B)}subject to X A + X B = 1Let X A = 1 - X B. Then,Min {(1 - X B)2σA2 + X B2σB2+ 2(1 - X B) X B Cov (R A, R B)}Take a derivative with respect to X B.d{∙} / dX B = (2 X B - 2) σA2+ 2 X B σB2 + 2 Cov(R A, R B) - 4 X B Cov(R A, R B)Set the derivative equal to zero, cancel the common 2 and solve for X B.X BσA2- σA2+ X B σB2 + Cov(R A, R B) - 2 X B Cov(R A, R B) = 0X B = {σA2 - Cov(R A, R B)} / {σA2+ σB2 - 2 Cov(R A, R B)}andX A = {σB2 - Cov(R A, R B)} / {σA2+ σB2 - 2 Cov(R A, R B)}Using the data from the problem yields,X A = 0.8125 andX B = 0.1875.a. Using the weights calculated above, the expected return on the minimum variance portfolio isE(R P) = 0.8125 E(R A) + 0.1875 E(R B)= 0.8125 (5%) + 0.1875 (10%)= 5.9375%b. Using the formula derived above, the weights areX A = 2 / 3 andX B = 1 / 3c. The variance of this portfolio is zero.σP 2= X A2 σA2 + X B2σB2+ 2 X A X B Cov(R A , R B)= (4 / 9) (0.01) + (1 / 9) (0.04) + 2 (2 / 3) (1 / 3) (-0.02)= 0This demonstrates that assets can be combined to form a risk-free portfolio.14.2%= 3.7%+β(7.5%) ⇒β = 1.40.25 = R f + 1.4 [R M– R f] (I)0.14 = R f + 0.7 [R M– R f] (II)(I) – (II)=0.11 = 0.7 [R M– R f] (III)[R M– R f ]= 0.1571Put (III) into (I) 0.25 = R f + 1.4[0.1571]R f = 3%[R M– R f ]= 0.1571R M = 0.1571 + 0.03= 18.71%a. = 4.9% + βi (9.4%)βD= Cov(R D, R M) / σM 2 = 0.0635 / 0.04326 = 1.468= 4.9 + 1.468 (9.4) = 18.70%Weights:X A = 5 / 30 = 0.1667X B = 10 / 30 = 0.3333X C = 8 / 30 = 0.2667X D = 1 - X A - X B - X C = 0.2333Beta of portfolio= 0.1667 (0.75) + 0.3333 (1.10) + 0.2667 (1.36) + 0.2333 (1.88)= 1.293= 4 + 1.293 (15 - 4) = 18.22%a. (i) βA= ρA,MσA / σMρA,M= βA σM / σA= (0.9) (0.10) / 0.12= 0.75(ii) σB= βB σM / ρB,M= (1.10) (0.10) / 0.40= 0.275(iii) βC= ρC,MσC / σM= (0.75) (0.24) / 0.10= 1.80(iv) ρM,M= 1(v) βM= 1(vi) σf= 0(vii) ρf,M= 0(viii) βf= 0b. SML:E(R i) = R f + βi {E(R M) - R f}= 0.05 + (0.10) βiSecurity βi E(R i)A 0.13 0.90 0.14B 0.16 1.10 0.16C 0.25 1.80 0.23Security A performed worse than the market, while security C performed better than the market.Security B is fairly priced.c. According to the SML, security A is overpriced while security C is under-priced. Thus, you could invest in security C while sell security A (if you currently hold it).a. The typical risk-averse investor seeks high returns and low risks. To assess thetwo stocks, find theReturns:State of economy ProbabilityReturn on A*Recession 0.1 -0.20 Normal 0.8 0.10 Expansion0.10.20* Since security A pays no dividend, the return on A is simply (P 1 / P 0) - 1. = 0.1 (-0.20) + 0.8 (0.10) + 0.1 (0.20) = 0.08 = 0.09 This was given in the problem.Risk:R A - (R A -)2 P ⨯ (R A -)2 -0.28 0.0784 0.00784 0.02 0.0004 0.00032 0.12 0.0144 0.00144 Variance 0.00960Standard deviation (R A ) = 0.0980βA = {Corr(R A , R M ) σ(R A )} / σ(R M ) = 0.8 (0.0980) / 0.10= 0.784βB = {Corr(R B , R M ) σ(R B )} / σ(R M ) = 0.2 (0.12) / 0.10= 0.24The return on stock B is higher than the return on stock A. The risk of stock B, as measured by itsbeta, is lower than the risk of A. Thus, a typical risk-averse investor will prefer stock B.b. = (0.7) + (0.3) = (0.7) (0.8) + (0.3) (0.09) = 0.083σP 2= 0.72 σA 2 + 0.32 σB 2 + 2 (0.7) (0.3) Corr (R A , R B ) σA σB = (0.49) (0.0096) + (0.09) (0.0144) + (0.42) (0.6) (0.0980) (0.12) = 0.0089635 σP = = 0.0947 c. The beta of a portfolio is the weighted average of the betas of the components of the portfolio. βP = (0.7) βA + (0.3) βB = (0.7) (0.784) + (0.3) (0.240) = 0.621Chapter 11:An Alternative View of Risk and Return: The Arbitrage Pricing Theorya. Stock A:()()R R R R R A A A m m Am A=+-+=+-+βεε105%12142%...Stock B:()()R R R R R B B m m Bm B=+-+=+-+βεε130%098142%...Stock C:()R R R R R C C C m m Cm C=+-+=+-+βεε157%137142%)..(.b.()[]()[]()[]()()()()()()[]()()CB A m cB A m c m B m A m CB A P 25.045.030.0%2.14R 1435.1%925.1225.045.030.0%2.14R 37.125.098.045.02.130.0%7.1525.0%1345.0%5.1030.0%2.14R 37.1%7.1525.0%2.14R 98.0%0.1345.0%2.14R 2.1%5.1030.0R 25.0R 45.0R 30.0R ε+ε+ε+-+=ε+ε+ε+-+++++=ε+-++ε+-++ε+-+=++= c.i.()R R R A B C =+-==+-==+-=105%1215%142%)1113%09815%142%)137%157%13715%142%168%..(..46%.(......ii.R P =+-=12925%1143515%142%)138398%..(..To determine which investment investor would prefer, you must compute the variance of portfolios created bymany stocks from either market. Note, because you know that diversification is good, it is reasonable to assume that once an investor chose the market in which he or she will invest, he or she will buy many stocks in that market.Known:E EF ====001002 and and for all i.i σσεε..Assume: The weight of each stock is 1/N; that is, X N i =1/for all i.If a portfolio is composed of N stocks each forming 1/N proportion of the portfolio, the return on the portfolio is 1/N times the sum of the returns on the N stocks. Recall that the return on each stock is 0.1+βF+ε.()()()()()()[]()()()()()()()[]()[]()[]()()[]()()()()()j i 2j i 22j i i 2222222222P P P P iP ,0.04Corr 0.01,Cov s =isvariance the ,N as limit In the ,Cov 1/N 1s 1/N s )(1/N 1/N F 2F E 1/N F E 0.10.1/N F 0.1E R E R E R Var 0.101/N 00.1E 1/N F E 0.11/N F 0.1E R E 1/N F 0.1F 0.1(1/N)R 1/N R εε+β=εε+β∞⇒εε-+ε+β=ε∑+εβ+β=ε+β=-ε+β+=-==+β+=ε+β+=ε∑+β+=ε+β+=ε+β+==∑∑∑∑∑∑∑∑()()()()()()Thus,F R f E R E R Var R Corr Var R Corr ii ip P p i j PijR 1i =++=++===+=+010*********002250040002500412212111222.........,,εεεεεεa.()()()()Corr Corr Var R Var R i j i j p pεεεε112212000225000225,,..====Since Var ()()R p 1 Var R 2p 〉, a risk averse investor will prefer to invest in the second market.b. Corr ()()εεεε112090i j j ,.,== and Corr 2i()()Var R Var R pp120058500025==..。

第一章现代公司制度一、名词解释：1.合伙制企业：合伙企业是依法设立，由各合伙人订立合伙协议，共同出资，合伙经营，共享收益，共担风险，并对合伙企业债务承担无限连带责任的营利组织。

合伙制企业分为两大类：一般合伙制和有限合伙制。

在一般合伙制企业中，所有合伙人共同提供一定比例的工作和资金，并且分享相应的利润或亏损，每一个合伙人承担合伙制企业中的相应债务。

具体的合作模式由合伙人的协议来规定。

在一般合伙制当中，所有合伙人都承担债务的无限责任。

有限合伙制允许某些合伙人的责任仅限于其在合伙制企业的出资额。

在有限合伙制下，通常要求至少有一人为一般合伙人，并且有限合伙人不参与企业管理。

国外很多基金管理公司是以有限合伙的形式存在的。

合伙企业特点：①有两个以上所有者(出资者)。

②合伙人对企业债务承担连带无限责任。

③合伙人通常按照他们对合伙企业的出资比例分享利润或分担亏损。

④合伙企业本身一般不交纳企业所得税。

其收益直接分配给合伙人。

石油、天然气勘探和房地产开发企业通常按合伙企业组织形式组建。

合伙企业的价值是合伙人转让其出资可以得到的现金。

合伙企业优点：创建容易，成本较低。

合伙企业缺点：与个体企业类似，筹资难，无限债务，有限寿命，难转移所有权。

2.公司制企业：公司是依据一国公司法组建的、具有法人地位的、以盈利为目的的企业组织形式。

公司制具有两个主要特点。

第一，公司就是法人。

公司是一个法人团体，具有法人地位，具有与自然人相同的民事行为能力。

这是现代公司制的根本特点。

公司是由出资者(股东)入股组成的法人团体，没有意识和意志，由所有者、董事会和高级执行者经理组成的组织机构，在其法人财产基础上营运。

所有者将自己的资产交由公司董事会托管；公司董事会是公司的最高决策机构，拥有对高级经理人员的聘用、奖惩以及解雇权，高级经理人员受雇于董事会，组成在董事会领导下的执行机构，在董事会的授权范围内经营企业。

第二，公司对自己的行为负有限责任。

公司是以责任形式设立的，容纳各方面授资者的投资。

.CHAPTER 7Net Present Value and Other Investment Rules Multiple Choice Questions:I. DEFINITIONSNET PRESENT VALUEa 1. The difference between the present value of an investment and its cost is the:a. net present value.b. internal rate of return.c. payback period.d. profitability index.e. discounted payback period.Difficulty level: EasyNET PRESENT VALUE RULEc 2. Which one of the following statements concerning net present value (NPV) is correct?a. An investment should be accepted if, and only if, the NPV is exactly equal to zero.b. An investment should be accepted only if the NPV is equal to the initial cash flow.c. An investment should be accepted if the NPV is positive and rejected if it is negative.d. An investment with greater cash inflows than cash outflows, regardless of when thecash flows occur, will always have a positive NPV and therefore should always beaccepted.e. Any project that has positive cash flows for every time period after the initialinvestment should be accepted.Difficulty level: EasyPAYBACKc 3. The length of time required for an investment to generate cash flows sufficient torecover the initial cost of the investment is called the:a. net present value.b. internal rate of return.c. payback period.d. profitability index.e. discounted cash period.Difficulty level: EasyPAYBACK RULEa 4. Which one of the following statements is correct concerning the payback period?a. An investment is acceptable if its calculated payback period is less than some pre-specified period of time.b. An investment should be accepted if the payback is positive and rejected if it isnegative.c. An investment should be rejected if the payback is positive and accepted if it isnegative.d. An investment is acceptable if its calculated payback period is greater than some pre-specified period of time.e. An investment should be accepted any time the payback period is less than thediscounted payback period, given a positive discount rate.Difficulty level: EasyDISCOUNTED PAYBACKe 5. The length of time required for a project’s discounted cash flows to equal the initialcost of the project is called the:a. net present value.b. internal rate of return.c. payback period.d. discounted profitability index.e. discounted payback period.Difficulty level: EasyDISCOUNTED PAYBACK RULEd 6. The discounted payback rule states that you should accept projects:a. which have a discounted payback period that is greater than some pre-specified periodof time.b. if the discounted payback is positive and rejected if it is negative.c. only if the discounted payback period equals some pre-specified period of time.d. if the discounted payback period is less than some pre-specified period of time.e. only if the discounted payback period is equal to zero.Difficulty level: EasyAVERAGE ACCOUNTING RETURNc 7. An investment’s average net income divided by its average book value defines theaverage:a. net present value.b. internal rate of return.c. accounting return.d. profitability index.e. payback period.Difficulty level: EasyAVERAGE ACCOUNTING RETURN RULEb 8. An investment is acceptable if its average accounting return (AAR):a. is less than a target AAR.b. exceeds a target AAR.c. exceeds the firm’s return on equity (ROE).d. is less than the firm’s return on assets (ROA).e. is equal to zero and only when it is equal to zero.Difficulty level: EasyINTERNAL RATE OF RETURNb. 9. The discount rate that makes the net present value of an investment exactly equal tozero is called the:a. external rate of return.b. internal rate of return.c. average accounting return.d. profitability index.e. equalizer.Difficulty level: EasyINTERNAL RATE OF RETURN RULEd 10. An investment is acceptable if its IRR:a. is exactly equal to its net present value (NPV).b. is exactly equal to zero.c. is less than the required return.d. exceeds the required return.e. is exactly equal to 100 percent.Difficulty level: EasyMULTIPLE RATES OF RETURNe 11. The possibility that more than one discount rate will make the NPV of an investmentequal to zero is called the _____ problem.a. net present value profilingb. operational ambiguityc. mutually exclusive investment decisiond. issues of scalee. multiple rates of returnDifficulty level: MediumMUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE PROJECTSc 12. A situation in which accepting one investment prevents the acceptance of anotherinvestment is called the:a. net present value profile.b. operational ambiguity decision.c. mutually exclusive investment decision.d. issues of scale problem.e. multiple choices of operations decision.Difficulty level: EasyPROFITABILITY INDEXd. 13. The present value of an investment’s future cash flows divided by the initial cost of theinvestment is called the:a. net present value.b. internal rate of return.c. average accounting return.d. profitability index.e. profile period.Difficulty level: EasyPROFITABILITY INDEX RULEa 14. An investment is acceptable if the profitability index (PI) of the investment is:a. greater than one.b. less than one.c. greater than the internal rate of return (IRR).d. less than the net present value (NPV).e. greater than a pre-specified rate of return.Difficulty level: EasyII. CONCEPTSNET PRESENT VALUEd 15. All else constant, the net present value of a project increases when:a. the discount rate increases.b. each cash inflow is delayed by one year.c. the initial cost of a project increases.d. the rate of return decreases.e. all cash inflows occur during the last year of a project’s life instead ofperiodically throughout the life of the project.Difficulty level: EasyNET PRESENT VALUEa 16. The primary reason that company projects with positive net present values areconsidered acceptable is that:a. they create value for the owners of the firm.b. the project’s rate of return exceeds the rate of inflation.c. they return the initial cash outlay within three years or less.d. the required cash inflows exceed the actual cash inflows.e. the investment’s cost exceeds the present value of the cash inflows.Difficulty level: EasyNET PRESENT VALUEd 17. If a project has a net present value equal to zero, then:I. the present value of the cash inflows exceeds the initial cost of the project.II. the project produces a rate of return that just equals the rate required to accept the project.III. the project is expected to produce only the minimally required cash inflows.IV. any delay in receiving the projected cash inflows will cause the project to have a negative net present value.a. II and III onlyb. II and IV onlyc. I, II, and IV onlyd. II, III, and IV onlye. I, II, and III onlyDifficulty level: MediumNET PRESENT VALUEb 18. Net present value:a. cannot be used when deciding between two mutually exclusive projects.b. is more useful to decision makers than the internal rate of return when comparingdifferent sized projects.c. is easy to explain to non-financial managers and thus is the primary method of analysisused by the lowest levels of management.d. is not an as widely used tool as payback and discounted paybacke. is very similar in its methodology to the average accounting return.Difficulty level: EasyPAYBACKc 19. Payback is frequently used to analyze independent projects because:a. it considers the time value of money.b. all relevant cash flows are included in the analysis.c. it is easy and quick to calculate.d. it is the most desirable of all the available analytical methods from a financialperspective.e. it produces better decisions than those made using either NPV or IRR.Difficulty level: EasyPAYBACKc 20. The advantages of the payback method of project analysis include the:I. application of a discount rate to each separate cash flow.II. bias towards liquidity.III. ease of use.IV. arbitrary cutoff point.a. I and II onlyb. I and III onlyc. II and III onlye. II, III, and IV onlyDifficulty level: MediumPAYBACKd 21. All else equal, the payback period for a project will decrease whenever the:a. initial cost increases.b. required return for a project increases.c. assigned discount rate decreases.d. cash inflows are moved forward in time.e. duration of a project is lengthened.Difficulty level: MediumDISCOUNTED PAYBACKd 22. The discounted payback period of a project will decrease whenever the:a. discount rate applied to the project is increased.b. initial cash outlay of the project is increased.c. time period of the project is increased.d. amount of each project cash flow is increased.e. costs of the fixed assets utilized in the project increase.Difficulty level: MediumDISCOUNTED PAYBACKa 23. The discounted payback rule may cause:a. some positive net present value projects to be rejected.b. the most liquid projects to be rejected in favor of less liquid projects.c. projects to be incorrectly accepted due to ignoring the time value of money.d. projects with negative net present values to be accepted.e. some projects to be accepted which would otherwise be rejected under the paybackrule.Difficulty level: EasyINTERNAL RATE OF RETURNb 24. The internal rate of return (IRR):I. rule states that a project with an IRR that is less than the required rate should beaccepted.II. is the rate generated solely by the cash flows of an investment.III. is the rate that causes the net present value of a project to exactly equal zero.IV. can effectively be used to analyze all investment scenarios.a. I and IV onlyb. II and III onlyc. I, II, and III onlyd. II, III, and IV onlyDifficulty level: MediumINTERNAL RATE OF RETURNa 25. The internal rate of return for a project will increase if:a. the initial cost of the project can be reduced.b. the total amount of the cash inflows is reduced.c. each cash inflow is moved such that it occurs one year later than originally projected.d. the required rate of return is reduced.e. the salvage value of the project is omitted from the analysis.Difficulty level: MediumINTERNAL RATE OF RETURNc 26. The internal rate of return is:a. more reliable as a decision making tool than net present value whenever you areconsidering mutually exclusive projects.b. equivalent to the discount rate that makes the net present value equal to one.c. difficult to compute without the use of either a financial calculator or a computer.d. dependent upon the interest rates offered in the marketplace.e. a better methodology than net present value when dealing with unconventional cashflows.Difficulty level: MediumINTERNAL RATE OF RETURNa 27. The internal rate of return tends to be:a. easier for managers to comprehend than the net present value.b. extremely accurate even when cash flow estimates are faulty.c. ignored by most financial analysts.d. used primarily to differentiate between mutually exclusive projects.e. utilized in project analysis only when multiple net present values apply.Difficulty level: EasyINCREMENTAL INTERNAL RATE OF RETURNe 28. You are trying to determine whether to accept project A or project B. These projectsare mutually exclusive. As part of your analysis, you should compute the incrementedIRR by determining:a. the internal rate of return for the cash flows of each project.b. the net present value of each project using the internal rate of return as the discountrate.c. the discount rate that equates the discounted payback periods for each project.d. the discount rate that makes the net present value of each project equal to 1.e. the internal rate of return for the differences in the cash flows of the two projects.Difficulty level: MediumINCREMENTAL INTERNAL RATE OF RETURNb 29. Graphing the incremental IRR helps explain:a. why one project is always superior to another project.b. how decisions concerning mutually exclusive projects are derived.c. how the duration of a project affects the decision as to which project to accept.d. how the net present value and the initial cash outflow of a project are related.e. how the profitability index and the net present value are related.Difficulty level: MediumPROFITABILITY INDEXd 30. The profitability index is closely related to:a. payback.b. discounted payback.c. the average accounting return.d. net present value.e. mutually exclusive projects.Difficulty level: EasyPROFITABILITY INDEXb 31. Analysis using the profitability index:a. frequently conflicts with the accept and reject decisions generated by the application ofthe net present value rule.b. is useful as a decision tool when investment funds are limited.c. is useful when trying to determine which one of two mutually exclusive projectsshould be accepted.d. utilizes the same basic variables as those used in the average accounting return.e. produces results which typically are difficult to comprehend or apply.Difficulty level: MediumPROFITABILITY INDEXe 32. If you want to review a project from a benefit-cost perspective, you should use the_____ method of analysis.a. net present valueb. paybackc. internal rate of returnd. average accounting returne. profitability indexDifficulty level: EasyPROFITABILITY INDEXb 33. When the present value of the cash inflows exceeds the initial cost of a project, thenthe project should be:a. accepted because the internal rate of return is positive.b. accepted because the profitability index is greater than 1.c. accepted because the profitability index is negative.d. rejected because the internal rate of return is negative.e. rejected because the net present value is negative.Difficulty level: EasyMUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE PROJECTSc 34. Which one of the following is the best example of two mutually exclusive projects?a. planning to build a warehouse and a retail outlet side by sideb. buying sufficient equipment to manufacture both desks and chairs simultaneouslyc. using an empty warehouse for storage or renting it entirely out to another firmd. using the company sales force to promote sales of both shoes and sockse. buying both inventory and fixed assets using funds from the same bond issueDifficulty level: MediumMUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE PROJECTSd 35. The Liberty Co. is considering two projects. Project A consists of building a wholesalebook outlet on lot #169 of the Englewood Retail Center. Project B consists of buildinga sit-down restaurant on lot #169 of the Englewood Retail Center. When trying todecide whether or build the book outlet or the restaurant, management should relymost heavily on the analysis results from the _____ method of analysis.a. profitability indexb. internal rate of returnc. paybackd. net present valuee. accounting rate of returnDifficulty level: MediumMUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE PROJECTSc 36. When two projects both require the total use of the same limited economic resource,the projects are generally considered to be:a. independent.b. marginally profitable.c. mutually exclusive.d. acceptable.e. internally profitable.Difficulty level: EasyMUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE PROJECTSc 37. Matt is analyzing two mutually exclusive projects of similar size and has prepared thefollowing data. Both projects have 5 year lives.Project A Project B Net present value $15,090 $14,693Payback period 2.76 years 2.51 yearsAverage accounting return 9.3 percent 9.6 percentRequired return 8.3 percent 8.0 percentRequired AAR 9.0 percent 9.0 percentMatt has been asked for his best recommendation given this information. Hisrecommendation should be to accept:a. project B because it has the shortest payback period.b. both projects as they both have positive net present values.c. project A and reject project B based on their net present values.d. project B and reject project A based on their average accounting returns.e. project B and reject project A based on both the payback period and the averageaccounting return.Difficulty level: MediumINVESTMENT ANALYSISa 38. Given that the net present value (NPV) is generally considered to be the best methodof analysis, why should you still use the other methods?a. The other methods help validate whether or not the results from the net present valueanalysis are reliable.b. You need to use the other methods since conventional practice dictates that you onlyaccept projects after you have generated three accept indicators.c. You need to use other methods because the net present value method is unreliablewhen a project has unconventional cash flows.d. The average accounting return must always indicate acceptance since this is the bestmethod from a financial perspective.e. The discounted payback method must always be computed to determine if a projectreturns a positive cash flow since NPV does not measure this aspect of a project.Difficulty level: MediumINVESTMENT ANALYSISe 39. In actual practice, managers frequently use the:I. AAR because the information is so readily available.II. IRR because the results are easy to communicate and understand.III. payback because of its simplicity.IV. net present value because it is considered by many to be the best method of analysis.a. I and III onlyb. II and III onlyc. I, III, and IV onlyd. II, III, and IV onlye. I, II, III, and IVDifficulty level: MediumINVESTMENT ANALYSISa 40. No matter how many forms of investment analysis you do:a. the actual results from a project may vary significantly from the expected results.b. the internal rate of return will always produce the most reliable results.c. a project will never be accepted unless the payback period is met.d. the initial costs will generally vary considerably from the estimated costs.e. only the first three years of a project ever affect its final outcome.Difficulty level: EasyINVESTMENT ANALYSISb 41. Which of the following methods of project analysis are biased towards short-termprojects?I. internal rate of returnII. accounting rate of returnIII. paybackIV. discounted paybacka. I and II onlyb. III and IV onlyc. II and III onlyd. I and IV onlye. II and IV onlyDifficulty level: MediumINVESTMENT ANALYSISa 42. If a project is assigned a required rate of return equal to zero, then:a. the timing of the project’s cash flows has no bearing on the value of the project.b. the project will always be accepted.c. the project will always be rejected.d. whether the project is accepted or rejected will depend on the timing of the cash flows.e. the project can never add value for the shareholders.Difficulty level: MediumDECISION RULESe 43. You are considering a project with the following data:Internal rate of return 8.7 percentProfitability ratio .98Net present value -$393Payback period 2.44 yearsRequired return 9.5 percentWhich one of the following is correct given this information?a. The discount rate used in computing the net present value must have been less than 8.7percent.b. The discounted payback period will have to be less than 2.44 years.c. The discount rate used to compute the profitability ratio was equal to the internal rateof return.d. This project should be accepted based on the profitability ratio.e. This project should be rejected based on the internal rate of return.Difficulty level: MediumNET PRESENT VALUEc 44. Accepting positive NPV projects benefits the stockholders because:a. it is the most easily understood valuation process.b. the present value of the expected cash flows are equal to the cost.c. the present value of the expected cash flows are greater than the cost.d. it is the most easily calculated.e. None of the above.Difficulty level: EasyNET PRESENT VALUEa 45. Which of the following does not characterize NPV?a. NPV does not incorporate risk into the analysis.b. NPV incorporates all relevant information.c. NPV uses all of the project's cash flows.d. NPV discounts all future cash flows.e. Using NPV will lead to decisions that maximize shareholder wealth.Difficulty level: EasyPAYBACKe 46. The payback period rule:a. discounts cash flows.b. ignores initial cost.c. always uses all possible cash flows in its calculation.d. Both A and C.e. None of the above.Difficulty level: EasyPAYBACKc 47. The payback period rule accepts all investment projects in which the payback period forthe cash flows is:a. equal to the cutoff point.b. greater than the cutoff point.c. less than the cutoff point.d. positive.e. None of the above.Difficulty level: EasyPAYBACKd 48. The payback period rule is a convenient and useful tool because:a. it provides a quick estimate of how rapidly the initial investment will be recouped.b. results of a short payback rule decision will be quickly seen.c. it does not take into account time value of money.d. All of the above.e. None of the above.Difficulty level: EasyDISCOUNTED PAYBACKa 49. The discounted payback period rule:a. considers the time value of money.b. discounts the cutoff point.c. ignores uncertain cash flows.d. is preferred to the NPV rule.e. None of the above.Difficulty level: EasyPAYBACKc 50. The payback period rule:a. determines a cutoff point so that all projects accepted by the NPV rule will be acceptedby the payback period rule.b. determines a cutoff point so that depreciation is just equal to positive cash flows in thepayback year.c. requires an arbitrary choice of a cutoff point.d. varies the cutoff point with the interest rate.e. Both A and D.Difficulty level: EasyAVERAGE ACCOUNTING RETURNc 51. The average accounting return is determined by:a. dividing the yearly cash flows by the investment.b. dividing the average cash flows by the investment.c. dividing the average net income by the average investment.d. dividing the average net income by the initial investment.e. dividing the net income by the cash flow.Difficulty level: EasyAVERAGE ACCOUNTING RETURNb 52. The investment decision rule that relates average net income to average investment isthe:a. discounted cash flow method.b. average accounting return method.c. average payback method.d. average profitability index.e. None of the above.Difficulty level: EasyMODIFIED INTERNAL RATE OF RETURNd 53. Modified internal rate of return:a. handles the multiple IRR problem by combining cash flows until only one change insign change remains.b. requires the use of a discount rate.c. does not require the use of a discount rate.d. Both A and B.e. Both A and C.Difficulty level: MediumAVERAGE ACCOUNTING RETURNd 54. The shortcoming(s) of the average accounting return (AAR) method is (are):a. the use of net income instead of cash flows.b. the pattern of income flows has no impact on the AAR.c. there is no clear-cut decision rule.d. All of the above.e. None of the above.Difficulty level: MediumINTERNAL RATE OF RETURNe 55. The two fatal flaws of the internal rate of return rule are:a. arbitrary determination of a discount rate and failure to consider initial expenditures.b. arbitrary determination of a discount rate and failure to correctly analyze mutuallyexclusive investment projects.c. arbitrary determination of a discount rate and the multiple rate of return problem.d. failure to consider initial expenditures and failure to correctly analyze mutuallyexclusive investment projects.e. failure to correctly analyze mutually exclusive investment projects and the multiple rateof return problem.Difficulty level: MediumMUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE PROJECTSd 56. A mutually exclusive project is a project whose:a. acceptance or rejection has no effect on other projects.b. NPV is always negative.c. IRR is always negative.d. acceptance or rejection affects other projects.e. cash flow pattern exhibits more than one sign change.Difficulty level: EasyINTERNAL RATE OF RETURNd 57. A project will have more than one IRR if:a. the IRR is positive.b. the IRR is negative.c. the NPV is zero.d. the cash flow pattern exhibits more than one sign change.e. the cash flow pattern exhibits exactly one sign change.Difficulty level: EasyINTERNAL RATE OF RETURN RULESb 58. Using internal rate of return, a conventional project should be accepted if the internalrate of return is:a. equal to the discount rate.b. greater than the discount rate.c. less than the discount rate.d. negative.e. positive.Difficulty level: EasyINTERNAL RATE OF RETURNa 59. The internal rate of return may be defined as:a. the discount rate that makes the NPV cash flows equal to zero.b. the difference between the market rate of interest and the NPV.c. the market rate of interest less the risk-free rate.d. the project acceptance rate set by management.e. None of the above.Difficulty level: MediumMULTIPLE INTERNAL RATE OF RETURNSd 60. The problem of multiple IRRs can occur when:a. there is only one sign change in the cash flows.b. the first cash flow is always positive.c. the cash flows decline over the life of the project.d. there is more than one sign change in the cash flows.e. None of the above.Difficulty level: EasyTIMING AND SCALE ISSUES WITH INTERNAL RATE OF RETURNb 61. The elements that cause problems with the use of the IRR in projects that are mutuallyexclusive are:a. the discount rate and scale problems.b. timing and scale problems.c. the discount rate and timing problems.d. scale and reversing flow problems.e. timing and reversing flow problems.Difficulty level: MediumNET PRESENT VALUE DECISIONc 62. If there is a conflict between mutually exclusive projects due to the IRR, one should:a. drop the two projects immediately.b. spend more money on gathering information.c. depend on the NPV as it will always provide the most value.d. depend on the AAR because it does not suffer from these same problems.e. None of the above.Difficulty level: MediumPROFITABILITY INDEXe 63. The profitability index is the ratio of:a. average net income to average investment.b. internal rate of return to current market interest rate.c. net present value of cash flows to internal rate of return.d. net present value of cash flows to average accounting return.e. present value of cash flows to initial investment cost.Difficulty level: EasyINVESTMENT DECISION RULESa 64. Which of the following statement is true?a. One must know the discount rate to compute the NPV of a project but one can computethe IRR without referring to the discount rate.b. One must know the discount rate to compute the IRR of a project but one can computethe NPV without referring to the discount rate.c. Payback accounts for time value of money.d. There will always be one IRR regardless of cash flows.e. Average accounting return is the ratio of total assets to total net income.Difficulty level: MediumCAPITAL BUDGETING PRACTICE。

EXAM PAPER 1I. True(T) or False(F). Please fill in the bracket with T or F. (15%)1. In financial management, the more appropriate goal of the firm is maximization of shareholderwealth. ( )2. The component cost of preferred stock must be adjusted for taxes which the stockholdersmust pay on the dividends. ( )3. If an investment project has a profitability index of 1.15, the project’s internal rate of returnexceeds its net present value. ( )4. With an annuity due the payments occur at the end of each period. ( )5. If the firm decides to impose a capital constraint on investment projects, the appropriatedecision criterion is to select the set of projects with the highest NPV subject to the capital constraint. ( )6. Business risk refers to the relative dispersion in the firm’s EBIT. ( )7. Net working capital equals current assets less current liabilities. ( )8. Under MM’s model with corporate taxes, the benefits of debt financing stem solely from the taxdeductibility of interest payments. ( )9. Investors can only expect to receive a return for incurring unsystematic risk. ( )10. The Security Market Line is a risk-return trade-off for combinations of the market portfolio andthe riskless asset. ( )II. Multiple Choice (15%)1. Dorset Ltd wishes to calculate its weighted average cost of capital for use in investmentappraisal. The company is financed by 150 million $1 ordinary shares, which have a current market value of $2, and $100 million 12 per cent irredeemable debentures, which are currently quoted at $150 per $100 nominal value. The cost of ordinary share capital is 11 per cent and the rate of corporation tax is 25 per cent.What is the weighted average cost of capital for Dorset Ltd? (To one decimal place)A. 9·0 per centB. 9·3 per centC. 10·4 per centD. 11·4 per cent2. Cheshire Ltd has developed a revolutionary form of tyre gauge at a cost of $300,000 to date.To produce the tyre gauge, a new machine will be acquired immediately at a cost of $750,000.The machine will be sold at the end of the five years for $350,000 and will be depreciated over its life using the straight-line method.The tyre gauge has an expected life of five years and estimated future profits from the product are: Years1 2 3 4 5$000 $000 $000 $000 $000Estimated profit 80 160 240 140 130What is the payback period for the new tyre gauge? (To the nearest month)A. 3 years 2 monthsB. 4 years 2 monthsC. 4 years 3 monthsD. 4 years 11 months3. Cumbria Ltd has $1 ordinary shares in issue that have a current market value of $3. Thedividend expected for next year is $0·40 and future dividends are expected to grow at the rate of 5 per cent per annum. The rate of corporation tax is 20 per cent and the dividend Growth model is used to calculate the cost of ordinary shares.What is the cost of ordinary shares to the business?A. 6·1%B. 15·7%C. 18·3%D. 19·0%4. Calcite Ltd used the NPV and IRR methods of investment appraisal to evaluate a project thathas an initial cash outlay followed by annual net cash inflows over its life. After the evaluationhad been undertaken, it was discovered that the cost of capital had been incorrectly calculated and that the correct cost of capital figure was in fact higher than that used.What will be the effect on the NPV and IRR figures of correcting for this error?Effect onNPV IRRA. Decrease DecreaseB. Decrease No changeC. Increase IncreaseD. Increase No Change5. A business evaluates an investment project that has an initial outlay followed by annual netcash inflows of $10 million throughout its infinite life. The evaluation of the inflows produced a present value of $50 million and a profitability (present value) index of 2·0.What is the internal rate of return and initial outlay of this project?IRR Initial outlay% $mA. 20 25B. 20 100C. 40 25D. 10 1006. Quartz Ltd pays an annual dividend of 30 cent per share to shareholders, which is expected tocontinue in perpetuity. The average rate of return for the market is 9% and the company has a beta coefficient of 1·5. The risk-free rate of return is 4%.What is the expected rate of return for the shareholders of the company and the predicted value of the shares in the company?Expected rate Predictedof return value(%) (cent)A. 23·5 705B. 17·5 171C. 16·5 182D. 11·5 2617. Tourmaline Ltd pays its major credit supplier 40 days after receiving the goods and receives nosettlement discount. The supplier has recently offered the company revised credit terms of 3/10, net 40.If Tourmaline Ltd refuses the settlement discount and pays in full after 40 days, what is the approximate, implied, interest cost that is incurred by the company per year?A. 10·3%B. 27·4%C. 28·2%D. 37·6%8. Carrickfergus Ltd wishes to forecast its financial performance and position for the forthcomingyear. The forecast model used by the company incorporates the following relationships: Sales: total assets employed 2·5:1Current assets: current liabilities 1·8:1Quick assets: current liabilities 1·2:1Fixed assets: current assets 1·0:1If sales for the forthcoming year are expected to be $800,000, what is the forecast closing stock figure?A. $53,333B. $71,111C. $85,926D. $96,000.9. The Modigliani and Miller (no taxes) proposition concerning capital gearing states that, as thelevel of capital gearing increases from zero,A. the cost of equity capital will remain unchangedB. the weighted average cost of capital will decreaseC. the value of the business will remain unchangedD. the cost of loan capital will increase.10. A study of the shares of companies listed on a particular stock market found that:(i) share prices were independent of past share price movements and followed a random path. (ii) some investors used the published accounts of the companies to analyse performance and, by doing so, made abnormal gains over many years.Which of the following would be consistent with these findings?A. The stock market is inefficientB. The stock market is efficient in the weak formC. The stock market is efficient in the semi-strong formD. The stock market is efficient in the strong form11. The economic order quantity (EOQ) for stocks can be calculated by using an equation of theform:)/2(ZXY EOQ=What is Z in the above equation?A. Cost of placing an orderB. Annual demand for the item of stockC. Cost of holding one unit of stock for one yearD. The lead time between placing an order and receiving the goods12. Which of the following is associated with the problem of “overtrading”?A. Higher-than-normal earnings per shareB. Higher-than-normal sales to capital employed ratioC. Lower-than-normal gearing ratioD. Lower-than-normal stock turnover ratio13. Investors have an expected rate of return of 8% from ordinary shares in Algol Ltd, which have abeta of 1·2. The expected returns to the market are 7%.What will be the expected rate of return from ordinary shares in Rigel Ltd, which have a beta of 1.8?A. 9·0%B. 10·5%C. 11·0%D. 12·6%.14. Chrysotile Ltd has ordinary shares with a par value of $0·50 in issue. The company generatedearnings per share of 45c for the financial year that has just ended. The dividend cover ratio is 2·5 times and the gross dividend yield is 2% (Ignore taxation).What is the price/earnings ratio of the company?A. 2·8 timesB. 5·0 timesC. 20·0 timesD. 40·0 times15. Ethical behavior is important because it:A. builds customer loyaltyB. builds a good reputationC. avoids fines and legal expensesD. all of the aboveIII. Solving the following problems. (60 marks)1. Brambling (Electronics) Ltd is a research-led business that specialises in the development of surveillance equipment. The company has recently developed a new form of camera with a powerful fibre-optic lens and is currently considering whether or not to produce the camera. The Board of Directors will soon meet to make a final decision and has the following information available to help it decide:(i) The cost of developing the camera has been $1,400,000 to date and the company iscommitted to spending a further $350,000 within the next two months.(ii) The company has spare production capacity and can produce the camera using machinery that will cost $4,700,000 and which will be purchased immediately. It isexpected to be sold at the end of four years for $800,000.(iii) Total fixed costs identified with the production of the camera are $1,725,000 per year.This includes a depreciation charge in respect of the machinery of $975,000 per yearand a charge allocated to represent a fair share of the fixed costs of the business as awhole of $250,000 per year.(iv) The cameras are expected to sell for $10,000 each and the marketing department believes that the business can sell 800 cameras per year over the next four years.(v) The variable costs of production are $7,000 per camera.(vi) If the business decides not to produce the camera it can sell the patents immediately for $1,300,000.The company has a cost of capital of 12%.Ignore taxation.Required:(a) Calculate the net present value of producing and selling the new camera versus thealternative of selling the patent. (6 marks)(b) Carry out a separate sensitivity analysis to show by how much the following factorswould have to change before the proposal to produce and sell the new camera has an NPV of zero:(i) the initial outlay on the machinery;(ii) the discount rate;(iii) the residual value of the machinery;(iv) the annual net operating cash flows. (11 marks)(c) Briefly evaluate your findings in (a) and (b) above. (3 marks)(20 marks)2.Grebe Ltd operates a chain of cellular telephone stores in the UK. An abbreviated profit and loss account and balance sheet of the business for the year that has just ended is as follows: Abbreviated profit and loss account for the year ended 31 May 2003$000SalesOperating profit for the year Debenture interest payable 6,450 800 160Net profit before taxation Corporation tax (20%)Net profit after taxation Dividends proposed Retained profit for the year 640 128 512 256 256Abbreviated balance sheet as at 31 May 2003$000$000 Fixed assets at written down valuesCurrent assetsLess Creditors: amounts falling due within one yearLess Creditors: amounts falling due after more than one yearCapital and reserves$0·50 Ordinary sharesRetained profit 1,8001,1003,5007004,2002,0002,2006001,6002,200The company is expecting a surge in sales following advances in cellular telephone technology that should translate into additional operating profits of $180,000 per year for the foreseeable future. However, the company will need to invest $1,200,000 immediately in expanding the asset base of the business if it is to achieve these additional profits.The business has approached a large supplier that already has an equity investment in the business to see whether it would be prepared to provide further funds for the business. The supplier has indicated it would be willing to provide the necessary funds by either:(i) an issue of $0·50 ordinary shares at a premium of $1·50 per share, or(ii) an issue of $1,200,000 10% debentures at par.The Board of Directors of Grebe Ltd has already announced that it will maintain the same dividend payout ratio in future years as in the past and that this policy will be unaffected by the form of finance raised.Required:(a) For each of the financing options, calculate the forecast earnings per share for theforthcoming year;(10 marks)(b) Calculate the level of operating profit at which the earnings per share will be the sameunder each financing option. (10 marks)(20 marks)3. Bartok Ltd produces a single product. Financial data concerning the product is as follows:$ $Selling price per unit 20Variable cost per unit 17Fixed costs per unit 2 19Net profit 1At present, total credit sales for the product are $1·2m and the average collection period is one month. In order to stimulate sales for the product, the company is considering liberalising its credit policy so as to allow an average collection period of 1 1/2 months. This change of policy will allow the company to break into the US market where, currently, it has no presence. As a result of this breakthrough, sales will increase by 25%. However, there would be an additional investment required in stocks of $150,000 and an increase in trade creditors of $50,000.The company requires a 25% rate of return on its investments.Ignore taxation.Required:(a) Evaluate the proposal to increase the average collection period for debtorsassuming:(i) all customers take advantage of the longer credit period (8 marks)(ii) only new customers take advantage of the longer credit period. (8 marks)(b) Identify and discuss the main factors which influence the credit terms granted tocustomers by a company. (4 marks)(20 marks)ANSWERS FOR EXAM PAPER 1I. (10%, 1 mark each)1. T2. F3. F4. F5. T6. T7. T8. T9. F 10. FII. (30%, two marks each)1. B2. A3. C4. B5. C6. D7. D8. A9. C 10. B 11. C 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. DIII. (60%, 20marks each)1. (a) Annual operating cash flows can be calculated as follows:$m $m Sales (800 x $10,000) LessVariable costs (800 x $7,000) Fixed costs5·6 0·58·0 6·1 1·9(2 marks)Cash flows relating to the project are as follows:Year0 $m1 $m 2$m 3 $m 4 $m Machinery Opportunity cost Annual cash flows(4·7) (1·3) (6·0)1·9 1·91·9 1·91·9 1·90.8 1·9 2·7(2 marks)The net present value of the project is:$m $m $m $m $mCash flows Discount rate (12%) Present valueNPV (6·0)1·0(6·0)0·291·90·891·691·90·801·521·90·711·352·70·641·73(2maks)(b) (i) The increase required in the initial outlay on machinery before the project becomes nolonger profitable will be $0·29m. The machinery is already expressed in present value terms and so this figure is the same as the net present value of the project. This figure is 6·2% higher than the initial cost figure stated. (2 marks)(ii) If the discount rate is increased to 14%, the NPV of the project is:$m $m $m $m $mCash flows Discount rate (14%) Present valueNPV (6·0)1·0(6·0)0·011·90·881·671·90·771·461·90·681·292·70·591·59Thus, the project will become unprofitable at approximately 14% cost of capital.This represents a 16·7% increase in the cost of capital. (3 marks)(iii) The decrease in the residual value of the equipment (R) that will make the project no longer profitable is calculated as follows:(R x discount factor at the end of four years) – NPV of the project = 0This can be rearranged as follows:(R x discount factor at the end of four years) = NPV of the projectR x 0.64 = $0·29 mR = $0·29m/0·64= $0·45mThis represents a 43·8% decrease in the estimated residual value. (3marks)(iv) The decrease in annual net operating cash flows (C) to make the project no longer profitable is calculated as follows:(C x annuity factor for a four-year period) – NPV = 0This can be rearranged as follows:(C x annuity factor for a four-year period) = NPV C x 3·04 = $0·29m C = $0·29m/3·04 C = $0·095mThis represents a decrease of 5·0% on the estimated annual net operating cash flows. (3marks)(c) The net present value calculations in (a) above indicate that the project will increaseshareholder wealth if it is accepted. The sensitivity calculations in (b) above show by how much each of the key variables will have to change before the project becomes no longer profitable. It can be seen that the most sensitive factor is the annual net operating cash flows followed by the initial cost of the machinery, the discount rate and finally the residual value of the machinery. The annual net operating cash flows will require only a five per cent decrease before the project ceases to be profitable. (3marks)2 (a) Forecast profit and loss account for the year ended 31 May 2004Shares $000Debentures$000 Profit before interest and taxation Debenture interest payable Profit before taxation Corporation tax (20%) Profit after taxation DividendRetained profit for the year Forecast earnings per share980 160 820 164 656 328 328$656,000/1,800,000=36·4c (5marks)980 280 700 140 560 280 280$560,000/1,200,000 46·7c (5marks)(b) The level of operating profit, or profit before interest and taxation (PBIT), at which earnings per share under each method are equal (PBIT = x) is calculated as follows:Shares Debentures(x – B/E PBIT)(1 – tax rate) (x – B/E PBIT)(1 – tax rate)––––––––––––––––––––––– = –––––––––––––––––––––––No. of shares No. of sharesThe level of PBIT at which earnings per share are equal is:(x – $0·16m)(1 – 0·20) (x – $0·28m)(1 – 0·20)–––––––––––––––––––– = –––––––––––––––––––– (3 marks)1·8m 1·2m(0·8 x – $0·128m) (0·8 x – $0·224m)––––––––––––––––– = ––––––––––––––––1·8m 1·2m0·96m x – $0·1536m = 1·44m x – $0·4032m0·48m x = $0·2496mx = $0·52m (2 marks)3. (a) (i) The contribution per unit is $3 (i.e. $20 - $17). A 25% increase in sales will lead to anincrease of sales revenue of $0·3m or 15,000 units (i.e. $0·3m/$20). Hence the increase in contribution and profit will be:15,000 x $3 = $45,000 (4marks)The additional investment required will be:$Increase in stocksIncrease in debtors [($1·5m/12 ) x 11/2m] - [(1·2m/12) x 1m)]Increase in creditorsNet increase in working capitalReturn on investment 150,00087,500237,50050,000187,500= 45,000 x 100% 187,500= 24·0 %(6 marks)(ii) The additional investment required will be:$Increase in stocksIncrease in debtors [($0·3m/12) x 11/2]Increase in creditorsNet increase in working capital Return on investment 150,00037,500187,50050,000137,500= 45,000 x 100% 137,500= 32·7 %(6 marks)Thus, it is if new customers only take advantage of the longer credit period that the proposed change in policy will meet the profit requirements of the company.(b) The main factors that influence the credit terms granted to customers are: Management policies/Market strength /Order size and frequency /Profitability /Resources of the business /Resources of the customer/Industry norms, etc.(4 marks)。