Chapter 21
The Theory of Consumer Choice
Multiple Choice
1. The theory of consumer choice provides the foundation for understanding
a. the structure of a firm.
b. the profitability of a firm.
c. a firm's product deman
d.
d. a firm's product supply.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-0
TOP: Consumer choice MSC: Definitional
2. The theory of consumer choice examines
a. the determination of output in competitive markets.
b. the tradeoffs inherent in decisions made by consumers.
c. how consumers select inputs into manufacturing production processes.
d. the determination of prices in competitive markets.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-0
TOP: Consumer choice MSC: Definitional
3. Consider two goods, books and hamburgers. The slope of the consumer's budget constraint is measured by the
a. consumer's income divided by the price of hamburgers.
b. relative price of books and hamburgers.
c. consumer's marginal rate of substitution.
d. number of books purchased divided by the number of hamburgers purchased.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Interpretive
4. If a consumer's income decreases, the budget constraint for CDs and DVDs will
a. shift outward, parallel to the original budget constraint.
b. shift inward, parallel to the original budget constraint.
c. rotate outward along the CD axis because we can afford more CDs.
d. rotate outward along the DVD axis because we can afford more DVDs.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Analytical
5. If the relative price of a concert ticket is 3 times the price of a meal at a good restaurant, then the opportunity cost of
a concert ticket can be measured by the
a. slope of the budget constraint.
b. slope of an indifference curve.
c. marginal rate of substitution.
d. income effect.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Analytical
6. When the price of a shirt falls, the
a. quantity of shirts demanded falls.
b. quantity of shirts demanded rises.
c. quantity of shirts supplied rises.
d. demand for shirts falls.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-1
TOP: Demand MSC: Analytical
898
Chapter 21/The Theory of Consumer Choice 899
7. A budget constraint
a. shows the prices that a consumer chooses to pay for products he consumes.
b. shows the purchases made by consumers.
c. shows the consumption bundles that a consumer can affor
d.
d. represents the consumption bundles that give a consumer equal satisfaction.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Definitional
8. Assume that a college student spends her income on books and pizza. The price of a pizza is $8.00, and the price of a
book is $15. If she has $100 of income, she could choose to consume
a. 8 pizzas and 4 books.
b. 4 pizzas and 5 books.
c. 9 pizzas and 3 books.
d. 4 pizzas and 3 books.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Applicative
9. Assume that a college student spends her income on mac-n-cheese and CDs. The price of one box of mac-n-cheese is
$1.00, and the price of one CD is $12.00. If she has $100 of income, she could choose to consume
a. 15 boxes of mac-n-cheese and 6 CDs.
b. 20 boxes of mac-n-cheese and 7 CDs.
c. 10 boxes of mac-n-cheese and 8 CDs.
d. 30 boxes of mac-n-cheese and 6 CDs.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Applicative
10. A consumer that doesn't spend all of her income
a. would be at a point outside of her budget constraint.
b. would be at a point inside her budget constraint.
c. must not be consuming positive quantities of all goods.
d. must be consuming at a point where her budget constraint touches one of the axes.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Interpretive
11. An increase in income will cause a consumer's budget constraint to
a. shift outward, parallel to its initial position.
b. shift inward, parallel to its initial position.
c. pivot around the "Y" axis.
d. pivot around the "X" axis.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Analytical
Figure 21-1
900 Chapter 21/The Theory of Consumer Choice
12. Refer to Figure 21-1. Which point in the figure showing a consumer’s budget constraint represents the consumer's
income divided by the price of a CD?
a. Point A
b. Point C
c. Point D
d. Point E
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Applicative
13. Refer to Figure 21-1. A consumer that chooses to spend all of her income could be at which point(s) on the budget
constraint?
a. A
b. E
c. B, C, or D
d. A, B, C, or D
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Applicative
14. Refer to Figure 21-1. All of the points identified in the figure represent possible consumption options with the
exception of
a. A
b. E
c. A and E
d. Non
e. All points are possible consumption options.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Applicative
Figure 21-2
Chapter 21/The Theory of Consumer Choice 901
15. Refer to Figure 21-2. Which of the graphs in the figure reflects a decrease in the price of good X only?
a. graph (a)
b. graph (b)
c. graph (c)
d. graph (d)
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Analytical
16. Refer to Figure 21-2. Which of the graphs in the figure reflects an increase in the price of good Y only?
a. graph (a)
b. graph (b)
c. graph (c)
d. graph (d)
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Analytical
17. Refer to Figure 21-2. Which of the graphs in the figure could reflect a decrease in the prices of both goods?
a. graph (a)
b. graph (b)
c. graph (c)
d. graph (d)
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Analytical
18. The slope of the budget constraint is determined by the
a. relative price of the goods measured on the axes.
b. relative price of the goods measured on the axes and the consum er’s income.
c. endowment of productive resources.
d. preferences of the consumer.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Definitional
19. The slope of the budget constraint is all of the following except
a. the relative price of two goods.
b. the rate at which a consumer can trade one good for another.
c. the marginal rate of substitution.
d. constant.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Definitional
Figure 21-3
902 Chapter 21/The Theory of Consumer Choice
20. Refer to Figure 21-3. In graph (a), if income is equal to $120, the price of good y is
a. $1
b. $2
c. $3
d. $4
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Applicative
21. Refer to Figure 21-3. In graph (a), what is the price of good y relative to good x (i.e., P y/P x)?
a. 1/3
b. 1/4
c. 3
d. 4
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Applicative
22. Refer to Figure 21-3. In graph (b), what is the price of good x relative to good y (i.e., P x/P y)?
a. 2/7
b. 3/6
c. 7/2
d. 7
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Applicative
23. Refer to Figure 21-3. Assume that a consumer faces both budget constraints in graph (a) and graph (b) on two
different occasions. If her income has remained constant, what has happened to prices?
a. The price of X in graph (a) is higher than the price of X in graph (b).
b. The price of Y in graph (a) is higher than the price of Y in graph (b).
c. The prices of both X and Y are lower in graph (a).
d. None of the above are tru
e.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Analytical
24. Suppose a consumer spends her income on two goods: music CDs and DVDs. If the consumer has $200 to allocate to
these two goods, the price of a CD is $10, and the price of a DVD is $20, what is the maximum number of CDs the consumer can purchase?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 40
d. 50
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Applicative
25. Suppose a consumer spends her income on two goods: music CDs and DVDs. If the price of a CD is $8, the price of
a DVD is $20, and we graph the budget constraint by placing the quantity of CDs purchased on the horizontal axis,
what is the slope of the budget constraint?
a. -5.0
b. -2.5
c. -0.4
d. The slope of the budget constraint cannot be determined without knowing the income the consumer has available
to spend on the two goods.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Applicative
Chapter 21/The Theory of Consumer Choice 903 26. Suppose a consumer is currently spending all of her available income on two goods: music CDs and DVDs. If the
price of a CD is $9, the price of a DVD is $18, and she is currently consuming 10 CDs and 5 DVDs, what is the consumer's income?
a. $90
b. $180
c. $270
d. $360
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Applicative
27. A consumer is currently spending all of her available income on two goods: music CDs and DVDs. At her current
consumption bundle she is spending twice as much on CDs as she is on DVDs. If the consumer has $120 of income and is consuming 10 CDs and 2 DVDs, what is the price of a CD?
a. $4
b. $8
c. $12
d. $20
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Analytical
28. The following diagram shows a budget constraint for a particular consumer.
If the price of x is $10, what is the price of y?
a. $15
b. $25
c. $35
d. $70
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Analytical
29. Budget constraints exist for consumers because
a. their utility from consuming goods eventually reaches a maximum level.
b. even with unlimited incomes they have to pay for each good they consume.
c. they have to pay for goods and they have limited incomes.
d. prices and incomes are inversely related.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Interpretive
904 Chapter 21/The Theory of Consumer Choice
30. A family on a trip budgets $800 for meals and gasoline. If the price of a meal for the family is $50, how many meals
can the family buy if they do not buy any gasoline?
a. 8
b. 16
c. 24
d. 32
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Applicative
31. A family on a trip budgets $800 for meals and hotel accommodations. Suppose the price of a meal is $40. In addition,
suppose the family could afford a total of 8 nights in a hotel if they don’t buy any meals. How many meals could the family afford if they gave up two nights in the hotel?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 5
d. 8
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Applicative
32. If the price of bread is zero, the budget constraint between bread (on the vertical axis) and cheese (on the horizontal
axis) would
a. be vertical.
b. coincide with the vertical axis.
c. coincide with the horizontal axis.
d. be horizontal.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Analytical
Scenario 21-1
Suppose the price of pizza is $10, the price of cola is $1, and the consumer’s income is $50. In addition, suppose the con sumer’s budget constraint measures pizza on the horizontal axis and cola on the vertical axis.
33. Refer to Scenario 21-1. If the price of cola doubles to $2, then the
a. budget constraint intersects the vertical axis at 25 colas.
b. slope of the budget constraint rises to -2.
c. budget constraint intersects the vertical axis at 100 colas.
d. budget constraint shifts inward in a parallel fashion.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Applicative
34. Refer to Scenario 21-1. If the consumer's income rises to $60, then the budget line for pizza and cola would
a. now intersect the horizontal axis at 6 pizzas and the vertical axis at 60 colas.
b. not change.
c. now intersect the horizontal axis at 4 pizzas and the vertical axis at 16 colas.
d. rotate outward along the cola axis.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Applicative
35. An increase in a consumer's income
a. increases the slope of the consumer's budget constraint.
b. has no effect on the slope of the consumer's budget constraint.
c. decreases the slope of the consumer's budget constraint.
d. has no effect on the consumer's budget constraint.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Analytical
Chapter 21/The Theory of Consumer Choice 905
36. A decrease in a consumer's income
a. increases the slope of the consumer's budget constraint.
b. has no effect on the consumer's budget constraint.
c. decreases the slope of the consumer's budget constraint.
d. has no effect on the slope of the consumer's budget constraint.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Analytical
37. The price of gin has risen from $7 to $9 per bottle, the price of cocktail onions has fallen from $6 to $5 per jar, and
Elizabeth's income has stayed fixed at $46 per week. Since the price changes, Elizabeth has been buying 4 bottles of gin and 2 jars of cocktail onions per week. At the original prices, 4 bottles of gin and 2 jars of cocktail onions would have
a. exactly exhausted her income.
b. cost more than her income.
c. cost less than her income.
d. could have maximized her satisfaction given her budget constraint.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Applicative
38. The price of gin has risen from $7 to $9 per bottle, the price of cocktail onions has fallen from $6 to $5 per jar, and
Elizabeth's income has stayed fixed at $46 per week. If you put gin on the vertical axis and cocktail onions on the horizontal axis, then the budget constraint
a. is steeper after the price changes.
b. is flatter after the price changes.
c. is the same after the price changes.
d. shifts in parallel to the old budget constraint after the price changes.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Applicative
39. Suppose the only two goods that Brett consumes are wine and cheese. When wine sells for $10 a bottle and cheese
sell for $10 a pound, he buys 6 bottles of wine and 4 pounds of cheese — spending his entire income of $100. One day the price of wine falls to $5 a bottle and the price of cheese increases to $20 a pound, while his income does not change. The bundle of wine and cheese that he purchased at the old prices, now costs, at the new prices,
a. the same amount.
b. less than Brett's income.
c. more than Brett's income.
d. not enough information to answer the question.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Applicative
40. Suppose the only two goods that Brett consumes are wine and cheese. When wine sells for $10 a bottle and cheese
sell for $10 a pound, he buys 6 bottles of wine and 4 pounds of cheese — spending his entire income of $100. One day the price of wine falls to $5 a bottle and the price of cheese increases to $20 a pound, while his income does not change. If you place wine on the vertical axis and cheese on the horizontal axis, then
a. the slope of Brett's budget has not changed.
b. the slope of Brett's budget constraint is flatter at the new prices.
c. the slope of Brett's budget constraint is steeper at the new prices.
d. Brett's budget constraint has shifted in parallel to the budget constraint with the old prices.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-1
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Applicative
41. Consider the indifference curve map for nickels and quarters. Assume nickels are on the vertical axis and quarters are
on the horizontal axis. The indifference curves for nickels and quarters
a. are straight lines with slope of -1/5
b. are straight lines with a slope of -1.
c. are straight lines with a slope of -5.
d. are L shaped.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Perfect substitutes MSC: Applicative
906 Chapter 21/The Theory of Consumer Choice
42. All of the following are properties of indifference curves except
a. higher indifference curves are preferred to lower ones.
b. indifference curves are downward sloping.
c. indifference curves do not cross.
d. indifference curves are bowed outward.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Interpretive
43. A consumer’s preferences for right shoes and left shoes can be represented by indifference curves that are
a. bowed out from the origin
b. bowed in towards the origin
c. straight lines
d. right angles
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Interpretive
44. A consumer’s preferences for $1 bills and $20 bills can be represented by indifference curves that are
a. bowed out from the origin
b. bowed in towards the origin
c. straight lines
d. right angles
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Interpretive
45. Economists represent a consumer's preferences using
a. demand curves.
b. budget constraints.
c. indifference curves.
d. supply curves.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Definitional
46. If two bundles of goods give a consumer the same satisfaction, the consumer must be
a. on her budget constraint.
b. in a position of equilibrium.
c. indifferent between the bundles.
d. Both a and c are correct.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Interpretive
Figure 21-4
Chapter 21/The Theory of Consumer Choice 907
47. Refer to Figure 21-4. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Point A is preferred equally to point E.
b. Point A is preferred equally to point C.
c. The bundle associated with point B contains more Ho-Ho's than that associated with point C.
d. The bundles along indifference curve I1 are preferred to those along indifference curve I2.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Analytical
48. Refer to Figure 21-4. Which of the following statements is true?
a. If a consumer moves from point C to point A, her loss of Ho-Ho's cannot be compensated for by an increase in
Twinkies.
b. Point E is preferred to all other points identified in the figure.
c. Since more is preferred to less, point C may be preferred to point E in some circumstances for this consumer.
d. Even though point E has more of both goods than point B, we could draw a different set of indifference curves in
which point B is preferred to point E.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Analytical
49. Refer to Figure 21-4. Which of the following statements is not true for a consumer who moves from point B to point
C?
a. At point C the consumer would be willing to give up a larger number of Ho-Hos in exchange for a Twinkie than
at point B.
b. The marginal rate of substitution at points C and B are the same since the points lie on the same indifference
curve.
c. The consumer is willing to sacrifice Twinkies to obtain Ho-Ho's.
d. The consumer receives the same level of satisfaction at points B and C.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Analytical
50. Refer to Figure 21-4. Which of the following statements is true for a consumer who moves from point A to point D?
a. It is difficult to compare the level of consumer satisfaction between points D and A.
b. The consumer is indifferent between point A and point D.
c. The consumer is definitely worse off.
d. The consumer is likely to place a higher relative value on Twinkies at point A than at point D.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Analytical
51. Refer to Figure 21-4. A person that chooses to consume bundle C is likely to
a. receive higher total satisfaction at point C than at point A.
b. spend more on bundle C than bundle A.
c. receive higher marginal utility from Ho-Ho's than from Twinkies.
d. receive higher marginal utility from Twinkies than from Ho-Ho's.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-3
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Analytical
52. Indifference curves graphically represent
a. an income level sufficient to allow an individual to achieve a given level of satisfaction.
b. the constraints faced by individuals.
c. an individual's preferences.
d. the relative price of commodities.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Definitional
53. The slope of an indifference curve is
a. the rate of change of consumer's preferences.
b. the marginal rate of preference.
c. the marginal rate of substitution.
d. always equal to the slope of the budget constraint.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-2
TOP: Marginal rate of substitution MSC: Definitional
908 Chapter 21/The Theory of Consumer Choice
54. The rate at which a consumer is willing to exchange one good for another, and maintain a constant level of
satisfaction, is called the
a. relative expenditure ratio.
b. value of marginal product.
c. marginal rate of substitution.
d. relative price ratio.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-2
TOP: Marginal rate of substitution MSC: Definitional
55. If an indifference curve is bowed in toward the origin, the marginal rate of substitution is
a. not likely to reflect the relative value of goods.
b. likely to be constant for all bundles along the indifference curve.
c. likely to be identical to the price ratio for each bundle along the indifference curve.
d. different for each bundle along the indifference curv
e.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-2
TOP: Marginal rate of substitution MSC: Interpretive
56. The marginal rate of substitution is
a. the slope of a budget constraint.
b. always constant.
c. the slope of an indifference curve.
d. the point at which the budget constraint and the indifference curve is tangent.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-2
TOP: Marginal rate of substitution MSC: Definitional
57. The rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for another to maintain the same level of satisfaction is
affected by
a. the prices of the products.
b. the amount of each good the consumer is currently consuming.
c. the consumer’s income.
d. the marginal value product.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Marginal rate of substitution MSC: Analytical
58. As long as a consumer remains on the same indifference curve
a. she is indifferent to all points which lie on any other indifference curve.
b. her preferences will not affect the marginal rate of substitution.
c. she is unable to decide which bundle of goods to choose.
d. she is indifferent among the points on that curv
e.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-2
TOP: Marginal rate of substitution MSC: Interpretive
59. A consumer
a. is equally satisfied with any indifference curve.
b. prefers indifference curves with positive slopes.
c. prefers higher indifference curves to lower indifference curves.
d. is generally unable to place all consumption bundles on an indifference curv
e.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Interpretive
60. A consumer's preferences provide a
a. ranking of the set of bundles that happen to fall on indifference curves.
b. relative ranking of bundles that provide more of all goods.
c. framework for evaluating market equilibriums.
d. complete ranking of all possible consumption bundles.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Definitional
Chapter 21/The Theory of Consumer Choice 909
61. Which of the following is a property of indifference curves?
a. Indifference curves cross to explain higher preferences.
b. Indifference curves have positive slopes.
c. Indifference curves are downward sloping and always linear.
d. Indifference curves are bowed in toward the origin.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Interpretive
62. Higher indifference curves are preferred to lower ones as long as the
a. marginal rate of substitution is diminishing.
b. products in the bundle are "bads."
c. products in the bundle are "goods."
d. budget constraint does not shift.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Interpretive
63. Indifference curves that cross would suggest that
a. the consumer does not prefer more to less.
b. the consumer is likely to prefer a redistribution of income from rich to poor.
c. different individuals have different preferences for the same goods.
d. the marginal rate of substitution is the same for both indifference curves.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Analytical
64. When indifference curves are bowed in toward the origin,
a. a consumer is less inclined to trade away goods they are lacking.
b. a consumer's willingness to trade away goods they have in abundance diminishes.
c. an increase in income will shift the indifference curve away from the origin.
d. a decrease in income will shift the indifference curve away from the origin.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Analytical
65. Which of the following is not true? Indifference curves
a. are downward sloping.
b. that are closer to the origin are preferable to indifference curves further from the origin.
c. are bowed in toward the origin.
d. do not cross.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Interpretive
66. As one moves down a typical indifference curve, the marginal rate of substitution
a. increases.
b. decreases.
c. is constant.
d. will switch from positive to negativ
e.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Interpretive
67. When two goods are perfect substitutes, the marginal rate of substitution
a. is constant along the indifference curve.
b. decreases as the scarcity of one good increases.
c. increases as the scarcity of one good increases.
d. changes to reflect the consumer’s changing preferences for the goods.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Interpretive
910 Chapter 21/The Theory of Consumer Choice
Figure 21-5
68. Refer to Figure 21-5. Which of the graphs shown may represent indifference curves?
a. graph (a)
b. graph (b)
c. graph (c)
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Analytical
69. Refer to Figure 21-5. Which of the graphs shown represent indifference curves for perfect substitutes?
a. graph (a)
b. graph (b)
c. graph (c)
d. None of the above is correct.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Interpretive
70. When two goods are perfect complements they will have
a. indifference curves with a positive slope.
b. indifference curves that are right angles.
c. indifference curves with a constant marginal rate of substitution.
d. Both b and c are correct.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Interpretive
71. "Left" gloves and "right" gloves provide a good example of
a. perfect substitutes.
b. perfect complements.
c. negatively sloped indifference curves.
d. positively sloped indifference curves.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Perfect complements MSC: Analytical
Chapter 21/The Theory of Consumer Choice 911
72. When two goods are perfect complements, the indifference curves are
a. positively sloped.
b. negatively sloped.
c. straight lines.
d. right angles.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-2
TOP: Perfect complements MSC: Interpretive
73. A set of indifference curves that are only slightly bowed inward represent goods that could best be described as
a. perfect substitutes.
b. perfect complements.
c. very close substitutes.
d. very close complements.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Analytical
74. The bowed shape of the indifference curve reflects the consumer's
a. unwillingness to give up a good that he already has in large quantity.
b. unwillingness to purchase a good that he already has in large quantity.
c. greater willingness to give up a good that he already has in large quantity.
d. greater willingness to purchase a good that he already has in large quantity.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Interpretive
75. The following diagram shows one indifference curve representing the preferences for goods x and y for one
consumer.
What is the marginal rate of substitution between points A and B?
a. 2/5
b. 1
c. 5/2
d. 3
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Marginal rate of substitution MSC: Analytical
912 Chapter 21/The Theory of Consumer Choice
76. The following diagram shows one indifference curve representing the preferences for goods x and y for one
consumer.
What is the marginal rate of substitution between points A and B?
a. 1/2
b. 4/3
c. 2
d. 3
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Marginal rate of substitution MSC: Analytical
77. A consumer has preferences over two goods: books and movies. Two bundles, which lie on the same indifference
curve for this consumer, are shown in the table below.
Which of the following bundles could not lie on the same indifference curve with A and B and satisfy the four properties of indifference curves?
a. One movie and five books
b. Three movies and three books
c. Five movies and one book
d. One movie and seven books
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Analytical
78. A consumer has preferences over two goods: books and movies. Three bundles, which all lie on the same
indifference curve for this consumer, are shown in the table below.
Assuming that these goods are neither perfect substitutes nor perfect complements for this consumer, which of the following properties of indifference curves would this consumer's preferences violate?
a. Indifference curves are downward sloping.
b. Indifference curves do not cross.
c. Indifference curves are bowed inwar
d.
d. These bundles do not violate any of the properties of indifference curves.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Analytical
Chapter 21/The Theory of Consumer Choice 913 79. A consumer has preferences over two goods: x and y. Three bundles, which all lie on the same indifference curve for
this consumer, are shown in the following table.
Which of the following statements regarding these bundles is correct?
a. The goods are perfect substitutes for this consumer.
b. The goods are perfect complements for this consumer.
c. These bundles violate the property that indifference curves are bowed inwar
d.
d. These bundles violate the property that indifference curves do not cross.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Perfect complements MSC: Analytical
80. As more units of an item are purchased, everything else equal, marginal satisfaction from consuming additional units
will tend to
a. decrease at the same rate for all consumers.
b. decrease but at different rates for different people.
c. increase at the same rate for all consumers.
d. increase but at a decreasing rate for all consumers.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Marginal utility MSC: Interpretive
81. Suppose Rich always uses two packets of sugar with his coffee. Rich's indifference curves for sugar and coffee are
a. bowed inward.
b. bowed outward.
c. straight lines.
d. L shaped.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-2
TOP: Perfect complements MSC: Applicative
82. Indifference curves tend to be bowed inward because of diminishing
a. marginal rates of substitution.
b. demand for the good as prices rise.
c. income.
d. Both a and b are correct.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Interpretive
83. Laura consumes only beer and chips. Her indifference curves are all bowed inward. Consider the bundles (2,6), (4,4),
and (6,2). If Laura is indifferent between (2,6) and (6,2), then Laura must
a. prefer (4,4) to (6,2).
b. be indifferent between (4,4) and (6,2).
c. prefer (6,2) to (4,4).
d. prefer (2,6) to (4,4).
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-2
TOP: Consumer choice MSC: Analytical
84. When considering her budget, the highest indifference curve that a consumer can reach is the
a. one that is tangent to the budget constraint.
b. indifference curve farthest from the origin
c. indifference curve that intersects the budget constraint in at least two places.
d. None of the above is correct; consumer preferences are bounded.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-3
TOP: Consumer choice MSC: Interpretive
914 Chapter 21/The Theory of Consumer Choice
85. When economists describe preferences, they often use the concept of
a. markets.
b. income.
c. utility.
d. prices.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-3
TOP: Utility MSC: Interpretive
86. Utility measures
a. the income a consumer receives from consuming a bundle of goods.
b. the satisfaction a consumer receives from consuming a bundle of goods.
c. the satisfaction a consumer places on their budget constraint.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-3
TOP: Utility MSC: Definitional
87. A rational consumer is likely to have maximized her
a. preferences.
b. marginal rate of substitution.
c. utility.
d. budget constraint.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-3
TOP: Utility MSC: Interpretive
88. If John's marginal utility derived from the consumption of another candy bar is 1 and the price of the candy bar is
$1.50, then
a. this is the last candy bar John will purchase since the marginal utility is less than the price.
b. the opportunity cost of the candy bar is less than $1.50.
c. if John purchases and consumes the candy bar his total satisfaction will go down since the marginal utility is less
than the price.
d. there is not enough information to determine if John will or will not purchase the candy bar.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 21-3
TOP: Marginal utility MSC: Analytical
89. Each of the following are characteristics of an indifference curve map except
a. moving northeast to a new indifference curve will increase utility.
b. points on the same indifference curve yield equal utility.
c. the axes represent levels of utility for each of the goods.
d. indifference curves cannot cross.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-3
TOP: Indifference Curve MSC: Interpretive
90. The marginal rate of substitution between two goods always equals the
a. marginal utility of one divided by the marginal utility of the other.
b. marginal utility of one times the marginal utility of the other.
c. price of one good divided by the price of the other.
d. Both a and c are correct.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-3
TOP: Marginal rate of substitution MSC: Interpretive
91. Dave consumes two normal goods, X and Y, and is currently at an optimum. If the price of good X falls, we can
predict with certainty that
a. Dave will definitely consume more of both goods since his real income has risen.
b. the substitution effect will be positive for good X and negative for good Y.
c. may consume more or less of good X and he will definitely consume less of good Y.
d. the substitution effect will offset the income effect for good X.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-3
TOP: Consumer choice MSC: Analytical
Chapter 21/The Theory of Consumer Choice 915 92. The relationship between the marginal utility that Wendy gets from eating hamburgers and the number of
hamburgers she eats per month is as follows:
Wendy receives 3 units of utility from the last dollar spent on each of the other goods she consumes. If hamburgers cost $4 each, how many hamburgers will she consume per month if she maximizes utility?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 21-3
TOP: Consumer choice MSC: Applicative
93. George consumes two goods, milk and cookies. He has maximized his utility given his income. Milk costs $2 per
gallon and he consumes it to the point where the marginal utility he receives from drinking a gallon of milk is 6.
Cookies cost $4 per bag and the relationship between the marginal utility that George gets from eating a bag of cookies and the number of bags he eats per month is as follows:
How many bags of cookies does George buy each month?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 21-3
TOP: Consumer choice MSC: Applicative
94. A fall in the price of DVD players leads consumers to buy more DVD players. From this information we can
conclude that DVD players
a. are normal goods.
b. are inferior goods.
c. are Giffen goods.
d. None of the above is correct.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 21-3
TOP: Income effect MSC: Interpretive
95. Consider a consumer who purchases two goods, X and Y. If the price of good Y falls, then the substitution effect by
itself will
a. cause the consumer to buy more of good Y and less of good X.
b. cause the consumer to buy more of good X and less of good Y.
c. not affect the amount of goods X and Y that the consumer buys.
d. result in an upward-sloping demand for good Y if the substitution effect is positiv
e.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-3
TOP: Substitution effect MSC: Analytical
96. If goods X and Y are perfect complements, then if the price of good Y falls, changes in the amount of goods X and Y
purchased are due
a. strictly to the substitution effect.
b. strictly to the income effect.
c. to both the income and substitution effects
d. strictly to the complement effect.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 21-3
TOP: Perfect complements MSC: Analytical
916 Chapter 21/The Theory of Consumer Choice
97. The consumer's optimal choice is the one in which the marginal utility per dollar spent on good X
a. is equal to the marginal utility per dollar saved on good X.
b. is greater than the marginal utility per dollar spent on good Y.
c. is equal to the marginal utility per dollar spent on good Y.
d. is less than the marginal utility per dollar spent on good Y.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-3
TOP: Consumer choice MSC: Interpretive
98. The goal of the consumer is to
a. maximize utility.
b. be on the highest indifference curve.
c. maximize satisfaction.
d. All of the above are the goals of the consumer.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-3
TOP: Consumer choice MSC: Interpretive
99. Beer and pretzels are normal goods. When the price of beer falls, the income effect causes a
a. shift to a lower indifference curve and the consumer buys less pretzels.
b. shift to a higher indifference curve and the consumer buys more pretzels.
c. movement along the indifference curve and the consumer buys less pretzels.
d. movement along the indifference curve and the consumer buys more pretzels.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 21-3
TOP: Income effect MSC: Analytical
100. Pepsi and pizza are normal goods. When the price of pizza falls, the substitution effect causes a
a. shift to a lower indifference curve and the consumer buys less Pepsi.
b. shift to a higher indifference curve and the consumer buys more Pepsi.
c. movement along the indifference curve and the consumer buys more Pepsi.
d. movement along the indifference curve and the consumer buys less Pepsi.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 21-3
TOP: Substitution effect MSC: Analytical
101. Beer and pretzels are normal goods. When the price of beer falls, the income effect causes
a. the consumer to feel richer, so the consumer buys more pretzels.
b. the consumer to feel richer, so the consumer buys less pretzels.
c. pretzels to be relatively more expensive, so the consumer buys more pretzels.
d. pretzels to be relatively less expensive, so the consumer buys less pretzels.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-3
TOP: Income effect MSC: Analytical
102. Beer and pretzels are normal goods. When the price of beer falls, the substitution effect causes
a. the consumer to feel richer, so the consumer buys more pretzels.
b. the consumer to feel richer, so the consumer buys less pretzels.
c. pretzels to be relatively more expensive, so the consumer buys less pretzels.
d. pretzels to be relatively less expensive, so the consumer buys more pretzels.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-3
TOP: Substitution effect MSC: Analytical
103. Pepsi and pizza are normal goods. When the price of pizza rises, the substitution effect causes Pepsi to be relatively
a. more expensive, so the consumer buys more Pepsi.
b. more expensive, so the consumer buys less Pepsi.
c. less expensive, so the consumer buys more Pepsi.
d. less expensive, so the consumer buys less Pepsi.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-3
TOP: Substitution effect MSC: Analytical
Chapter 21/The Theory of Consumer Choice 917 104. An increase in income will cause a shift in the budget constraint
a. outward.
b. towards the good most consumed.
c. towards the good least consume
d.
d. inward.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-3
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Interpretive
105. A decrease in income will cause a shift in the budget constraint
a. outward.
b. towards the good most consumed.
c. towards the good least consume
d.
d. inward.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 21-3
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Interpretive
106. An outward shift of the budget constraint will cause a consumer to buy
a. fewer normal goods and more inferior goods.
b. more normal goods and fewer inferior goods.
c. more normal goods and more inferior goods.
d. fewer normal goods and fewer inferior goods.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-3
TOP: Budget constraint MSC: Interpretive
107. To derive the demand curve for a good the
a. income effect must be greater than the substitution effect.
b. substitution effect must be greater than the income effect.
c. substitution effect must be in the same direction as the income effect.
d. income effect and the substitution effect may work in the same or in opposite directions.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-3
TOP: Demand curve MSC: Interpretive
108. An optimizing consumer will select a consumption bundle in which
a. income is maximized and prices are minimized.
b. utility is maximized and prices are minimized.
c. utility is maximized subject to budget constraints.
d. utility is maximized and indifference curves are linear.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-3
TOP: Consumer choice MSC: Interpretive
109. The consumer's optimum choice is represented by
a. MU x/MU y = P x/P y
b. MU x/P x = MU y/P y
c. MRS xy = P x/P y
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-3
TOP: Consumer choice MSC: Interpretive
110. An optimizing consumer will select the consumption bundle in which the
a. ratio of total utilities is equal to the relative price.
b. ratio of income to price equals the marginal rate of substitution.
c. marginal rate of substitution is equal to the relative price of the goods.
d. marginal rate of substitution is equal to marginal utility.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 21-3
TOP: Consumer choice MSC: Interpretive
经济学原理第十章作业题（CZ组） 一、选择题 1、下列选项中不是宏观经济政策应该达到的标准是（ C ） A.充分就业 B.物价稳定 C.经济稳定 D.国际收支平衡 2、四种经济目标之间存在的矛盾错误的是（D ） A.充分就业与物价稳定的矛盾 B.充分就业与经济增长的矛盾 C.充分就业与国际收支平衡的矛盾 D.物价稳定与国际收支平衡的矛盾 3、紧缩性货币政策的运用会导致（C） A.减少货币供给量，降低利率； B.增加货币供给量，提高利率； C.减少货币供给量，提高利率； D.增加货币供给量，提高利率。 4、1936年，英国经济学家凯恩斯提出，国家应积极干预经济生活，增加有效需求，以防止新的经济危机的发生。下列选项中与上述主张吻合的是（B ） A.自由放任政策 B.国家加强对经济的干预 C.缓和与工人阶级的矛盾 D.以计划经济取代市场经济 5、降低贴现率的政策（A） A．将增加银行的贷款意愿 B．将制约经济活动 C．与提高法定准备金率的作用相同 D．通常导致债券价格下降 6、属于内在稳定器的项目是（ C ） A.政府购买 B.税收 C.政府转移支付 D.政府公共工程支出 7、属于紧缩性财政政策工具的是（ B ） A.减少政府支出和减少税收 B.减少政府支出和增加税收 C.增加政府支出和减少税收 D.增加政府支出和增加税收 8、如果存在通货膨胀缺口，应采用的财政政策是（ A ） A.增加税收 B.减少税收
C.增加政府支出 D.增加转移支出 9、经济中存在失业时，应采取的财政政策是（ A ） A.增加政府支出 B.提高个人所得税 C.提高公司所得税 D.增加货币发行 10、商业银行资金的主要来源是（ D ） A.贷款 B.利息 C.债券 D.存款 二、判断题 1.债券价格与债券收益的大小成反比，与利率的高低成反比。（ F ） 2.财政政策的主要内容包括政府支出和政府税收。（T ） 3.贴现政策中最主要的是贴现条件。（ F ） 4.在经济学中，广义的货币是=通货+商业银行活期存款+定期存款与储蓄存款（T ） 5.经济增长是指达到一个适度的增长率，这种增长率要既能满足社会发展需要， 有事人口增长和技术进步所能达到的。（T ） 6.货币的职能主要有三种，其中计价单位是货币最基本的职能。（ F ） 7.在短期内，影响供给的主要因素是生产成本，在长期内，影响供给的主要因素是生产能力。( T ) 8.扩张性财政政策是增加政府支出( F ) 9.商业银行性质和一般的企业一样，包括吸收存款、发放贷款、代客结算。（T ） 10.提高劳动力数量的方法是增加人力资本投资。（ F ） 三、简答题 1.扩张性财政政策对萧条经济会产生怎样的影响? 当经济萧条时，扩张性财政政策会使收入水平增加。一方面，扩张性财政本身意味着总需求扩张，另一方面，通过乘数的作用，扩张性财政会导致消费需求增加，因此，总需求进一步扩张。当然，在扩张财政时，由于货币供给不变，利息率会提高。这样，投资需求会有一定程度的下降。在一般情况下，扩张性财政的产出效应大于挤出效应，最终结果是扩张性财政政策导致国民收入增加。 2.按财政政策和货币政策的影响填写下表 政策种类对利率的影响对消费的影响对投资的影响对GDP的影响 财政政策（减少所 上升增加减少增加 得税） 上升增加减少增加 财政政策（增加政 府开支，包括政府 购买和转移支付） 财政政策（投资津上升增加增加增加
第一章 导论 生产关系也叫经济关系。生产关系是人们在生产过程中结成的社会经济关系，它包括生产、分配、交换、消费过程中的各种经济关系。 研究的出发点 1、 物质资料生产的含义 1、劳动过程－－生产力 生产力的内涵、生产力的构成 2、 社会过程 －－生产关系 3、 生产力和生产关系构成了社会的生产方式，它是二者的对立统一。 *生产资料所有制是对社会生产中人们在生产资料的所有、占有、支配和使用上所结成的关系的制度规定，生产资料所有制是生产关系的基础。 （四）横向生产关系系统 生产力和生产关系的有机结合和统一，构成社会生产方式。人类征服自然、改造自然的能力，就叫生产力。 1. 生产力的性质决定生产关系的性质。 1.当生产关系适合生产力状况和发展要求时，它推动生产力发展。 1.要求生产关系的具体形式即经济体制，也必须同生产力的性质和水平相适应。 2.要求生产关系的具体形式即经济体制，也必须同生产力的性质和水平相适应 3. 要求在一定的经济体制下选择与之相适应的经济运行机制。 经济规律 :经济规律是经济现象和经济过程内在的、本质的、必然的联系。 经济规律特点：1.经济规律是不会长久不变的。 1.辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的方法 2科学的抽象法 3.数学和统计方法 4.逻辑和历史相统一的方法 ？思考题 1、 如何认识马克思主义政治经济学的与时俱进的理论品质？ 2 、什么是生产关系？马克思主义政治经济学研究生产关系的目的是什么？
第二章社会经济制度与经济运行的一般规律 原始公社制度、奴隶制度、封建制度、资本主义制度和社会主义制度这五种不同经济制度的依次变革。 封建主庄园等）的直接消费而进行生产的经济形式。 ：1.它是自给自足的经济 2.它是封闭型经济 3.它是保守性经济 4.它是以简单再生产为特征的经济 5.其中劳动者的私人劳动直接成为社会劳动的组成部分 自然经济相对应的经济形式。 .社会分工 2.生产资料和产品属于不同的特质的利益主体所有 2.商品经济是开放型经济。 3.商品经济是开拓进取型经济 4.商品经济以扩大再生产为特征 三、市场经济 1.资源配制市场化 2.企业行为自主化 3.企业产权商品化 4.宏观经济间接化 5.市场体系完善化 6.交易关系平等化 7.市场管理法制化8.经济生产国际化 特点：商品的自然属性，构成社会财富的物质内容，是交换价值和价值的物质承担者 ②价值：是凝结在商品中的一般人类劳动 特点：是商品的社会属性，体现商品生产者相互比较劳动和交换劳动的经济关系，是一个历史 范畴 *交换价值：表现为一种使用价值与另一种使用价值相交换的量的关系和比例 3、价值和交换价值的关系：1.价值是交换价值的基础和内容 2.交换价值是价值的表现形式 4、使用价值和价值的关系：1.使用价值与价值相互排排斥、相互对立（矛盾） 2.使用价值与价值相互排依存、相互作用（统一） !!!!任何商品都是使用价值和价值的统一体，价值是商品最本质的特征。 1、概念：是在一定具体形式下进行的劳动 2、特点：创造商品的使用价值，反映人和自然的关系，具有永久性 1、概念：撇开具体形式的无差别的一般人类劳动 1.统一性：是生产商品的同一劳动过程的两个方面 2.对立性：具体劳动是实现抽象劳动的必要前提，商品交换成功必然使具体劳动和抽象劳动相分离
★★★★★ 马克思主义政治经济学教案 上篇总论 第一讲导论（3学时） 学习目的和要求：政治经济学是马克思主义的三个组成部分之一，在马克思主义理论体系中占有重要地位，是马克思主义理论最深刻、最全面、最详细的证明和运用。本章主要阐明政治经济学的产生和发展，马克思主义政治经济学的研究对象、任务和方法。 第一节政治经济学的产生和发展 一、政治经济学的产生 （一）“经济”的最初含义 讲解要点：古汉语含义、西方文献的含义 “经济”一词在我国古代汉语中的含义是“经邦济世”、“经国济民”，即治理国家、拯救庶民的意思。在西方文献中，最先使用“经济”一词的是古西腊思想家色诺芬（约公元前面430—354年）。他在《经济论》一书中，首次把奴隶主组织和管理奴隶制经济用“经济”一词来概括，意指家庭管理。现代西方文献中“经济”一词的含义就是从希腊文“家庭管理”演变而来的。 （二）经济学的出现 讲解要点：出现的时期、人物 可供研究的文献资料表明，经济学的出现是在奴隶社会产生以后的事情。色诺芬《经济论》的问世表明西方出现了经济学。之后，亚里斯多德（公元前384—322年）在其所著的《政治学》一书中详细探讨了经济学的对象和任务，认为“经济学”是研究家务，即奴隶主经济问题，他的这种观点在欧洲流行了近两千年。 虽然早在奴隶社会和封建社会，经济学原理就被一些思想家所重视，并对许多重要的经济现象和过程作过考察，但是经济学只是作为一门统一科学的某些要素，远未形成一门独立的科学。
（三）政治经济学的产生 讲解要点：政政治经济学的提出、政治经济学学科产生的脉络、古典政治经济学的贡献及局限 政治经济学作为一门独立的社会科学，是随着资本主义生产方式的产生和发展而逐渐形成的。 15世纪末到17世纪中叶，在欧洲流行的重商主义，对资本主义生产方式进行了最早的理论探讨。法国重商主义代表人物安·德·蒙克莱田（1575--1622年），在其1615年出版的《献给国王和王太后的政治经济学》一书中，最早使用“政治经济学”这一名词。 随后“政治经济学”一词被广泛使用，表示对整个社会经济问题的研究。重商主义最早冲破自然经济束缚，开始从宏观上考察社会经济现象，并提出了一些经济政策，但是，由于这种理论探讨仅局限于流通过程，并且只就考察到的经济现象作些肤浅的解释，未能揭示社会经济关系的本质。因此，重商主义理论只是资产阶级政治经济学的“前史”。 使政治经济学成为一门独立科学的是资产阶级古典政治经济学。它产生于17世纪中叶，完成于19世纪初期。古典政治经济学在英国是由威廉·配第（1623--1687年）创始，亚当·斯密（1723--1790年）集其大成，大卫·李嘉图（1772--1823年）最后完成的。 资产阶级古典政治经济学的主要任务是批判封建社会的经济制度，阐明资本主义生产和分配的规律，为促进资本主义发展服务。古典政治经济学的主要贡献是：把理论研究的重点从流通领域转向生产领域，并在一定程度上研究了资本主义生产的内部联系，提出了劳动创造价值的观点，继而接触到剩余价值问题。 古典政治经济学的局限：古典政治经济学的劳动价值理论是不完善的，古典经济学家们都没有考察剩余价值的来源和实质，从而不能揭示资本主义经济的本质，不能把资本主义理解为历史发展中的过渡形式，而把它看作是合乎人性的、合乎自然的、绝对和永恒的社会生产方式。 庸俗政治经济学的出现：18世纪末到19世纪初，产业革命的发展使机器大工业成为资本主义工业的主要形式，无产阶级作为独立的政治力量开始登上历史舞台，资本主义社会的阶级矛盾和阶级斗争日益公开化和尖锐化，资产阶级需要对资本主义经济制度进行辩护的理论，于是，资产阶级庸俗政治经济学便应运而生，并于19世纪30年代取代古典政治经济学而占据统治地位。庸俗政治经济学抛弃或歪曲劳动价值理论，发展了古典政治经济学的庸俗成分；不研究经济现象的内部联系，而是根据资本主义经济的表面现象，制造出各种各样的“理论”来为资本主义经济制度作辩护。 二、马克思主义政治经济学的创立及其根本变革 讲解要点：资本主义社会矛盾的激化、空想社会主义的影响、马克思主义政治经济学的产生和意义。 马克思主义政治经济学，是资本主义生产方式在许多国家中确立，资本主义内在矛盾日益暴露，工人运动有了迅速发展，迫切需要科学的革命理论进行指导的历史背景下产生的。
Aofafcs北大课程-曼昆经济学原理(上)微观部分--期中试题参考答案
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七夕，古今诗人惯咏星月与悲情。吾生虽晚，世态炎凉却已看透矣。情也成空，且作“挥手袖底风”罢。是夜，窗外风雨如晦，吾独坐陋室，听一曲《尘缘》，合成诗韵一首，觉放诸古今，亦独有风韵也。乃书于纸上。毕而卧。凄然入梦。乙酉年七月初七。 -----啸之记。 经济学原理期中考试试题 一、选择题（每题只有一个正确答案，10小题，每题2分，共20分） 1、“资源是稀缺的”是指（） A、资源是不可再生的 B、资源必须留给下一代 C、资源终将被消耗殆尽 D、相对于需求而言，资源总是不足的 2、小强星期六下午决定学习三个小时，而不是去打网球。请问他学习的机会成本是（） A、学习三个小时后，学习成绩的提高 B、学习成绩的提高减去打网球带来的快乐 C、从打网球中得到的快乐和锻炼 D、没有机会成本 3、以下哪一项是宏观经济学研究的内容：（） A、政府管制对民航机票价格的影响 B、农民决定今年种植多少粮食的决策
C、加入WTO对中国汽车企业的影响 D、中国的高储蓄对经济增长的影响 4、以下哪一种表述是实证而非规范的表述：（） A、我国政府应该调高人民币汇率 B、农民工的合法权益理应得到保障 C、印度去年的GDP增长率为9% D、我们必须要遏制经济过热的势头 5、以下哪个概念不能用生产可能性边界表现出来？（） A、效率 B、公平 C、权衡取舍 D、机会成本 6、假定在某个市场中，消费者用于购买正常品的收入减少，而生产该物品的投入品的价格下降。那么，我们可以预期：（） A、均衡价格将上升，但对该市场均衡数量的影响则是不确定的。 B、均衡价格将下降，但对该市场均衡数量的影响则是不确定的。 C、均衡价格与均衡数量都上升。 D、均衡数量将上升，但对该市场均衡价格的影响则是不确定的。 7、当禽流感到来时，鸡蛋的销量下降了，但价格却没有太大的变化。 对此解释最为合理的是：（） A、鸡蛋的供给曲线呈完全水平状态，而需求曲线左移
《经济学原理》总目录 第一篇导论 第一章导论 第二篇微观经济理论 第二章需求、供给与均衡 第三章消费者行为理论 第四章生产者行为理论 第五章产品市场理论 第六章生产要素理论 第七章微观经济政策 第三篇宏观经济理论 第八章国民收入的核算与决定理论 第九章失业与通货膨胀理论 第十章经济周期与经济增长理论 第十一章宏观经济政策 第十二章开放经济
第一章导论 一、单项选择 1、作为经济学的两个组成部分，微观经济学与宏观经济学是（）A．互相对立的B．没有任何联系的C．相互补充的D．部分联系的 2、古典经济学家亚当·斯密所谓的“看不见的手”是指（）A．技术B．信息C．价格D．行政命令 3、经济学研究的基本问题是（） A．生产什么B．如何生产C．为谁生产D．以上都是4、资源的稀缺性是指（）。 A．世界上的资源最终会由于人们生产更多的物品而消耗光 B．相对于人们无穷的欲望而言，资源总是不足的 C．生产某种物品所需资源的绝对数量很少 D．由于存在资源浪费而产生的稀缺 5、微观经济学解决的问题是（）。 A．资源配置B．资源利用C．市场出清D．完全理性6、宏观经济学的中心理论是（）。 A．失业理论B．通货膨胀理论
C．国民收入决定理论D．经济增长理论 7、关于实证经济学与规范经济学说法正确的是（） A．两者并不是绝对相互排斥的，而应当是相互补充的。 B．规范经济学是以实证经济学为基础，而实证经济学则是以规范经济学作为指导的。 C．一般来说，越是具体的问题，实证的成分越多，而越是高层次的、决策性的问题，就越具有规范性。 D．以上说法都对 二、多项选择 1、微观经济学的主要内容包括（） A．体格决定理论B．消费者行为理论 C．生产者行为理论D．市场理论和分配理论等 2、宏观经济学的基本内容有（） A．宏观经济政策B．经济周期与增长理论 C．国民收入决定理论D．失业与通货膨胀理论 3、下列关于资源稀缺性的正确的说法有（） A．资源稀缺性是相对于欲望的无限性而言的 B．地球上的资源本来就少 C．资源稀缺性存在于世界各地 D．资源稀缺性存在于人类历史的各个时期 三、判断题
绪论 1、名词解释： (1)生产力：人们征服自然、改造自然、创造物质财富的能力。 (2)生产关系：在生产过程中，人们只有结成一定的关系进行共同活动和互相交换活动，才能和自然界发生联系，人们在生产过程中结成的这种关系，叫做生产关系。 (3)生产方式：是指社会生活所必需的物质资料的谋得方式，在生产过程中形成的人与自然 界之间和人与人之间的相互关系的体系。 (4)物质资料生产总过程：是由生产、分配、交换、消费四个环节组成的有机整体。生产是起点，消费是终点，分配和交换是连接生产和消费的中间环节。生产、分配、交换、消费相互制约、互相依赖，构成生产过程的矛盾运动。 (5)经济规律：社会经济发展过程中不以人们的意志为转移的客观的内在的本质的必然 的联系。 (6)基本经济规律：在一个社会形态里，会有许多个特有经济规律存在并发生作用，它们和 共有经济规律一起构成该社会经济制度的规律体系。在这些规律里，有一个起着决定作用的经济规律，即基本经济规律。 (7)抽象法：政治经济学对社会经济现象的研究，主要依靠抽象的思维能力。即首先收集和 占有大量的实际材料，然后运用抽象力对实际材料进行整理、加工、分析，去粗取精、去伪存真、由表及里，从中找出最基本、最简单的东西，并发现它们内在的各种联系。 (8)矛盾分析法：政治经济学要研究生产关系的发展运动，首先要分析生产关系内部的各种 矛盾关系以及生产关系同它的外部条件的矛盾关系，通过这些矛盾的分析，能揭示简单商品经济转化为资本主义商品经济的必然性。矛盾分析法包括一分为二看问题、普遍性与特殊性相结合、具体问题具体分析、坚持两点论和重点论的统一。 2、怎样理解政治经济学的研究对象 政治经济学研究的对象是社会生产关系。 物质资料的生产是政治经济学研究的起点，物质资料的生产是生产力与生产关系的统一。所谓生产关系，就是指人们在物质资料生产过程中结成的相互关系。生产关系也叫经济关系，它是一切社会关系中最基本的关系。马克思指出，人们“如果不以一定方式结合起来共同活动化相互交换其活动，便不能进行生产”。因此，生产在任何时候，任何条件下都是社会的生产，人们只有首先发生相互之间的联系，而后才能同自然界发生联系。在阶级社会中，则表现为阶级关系。 物质资料的生产是人类社会存在与发展的基础，而物质资料的生产又是不断进行的社会再生产过程。这一再生产过程包括生产、交换、分配、消费四个环节，社会再生产过程就是这四个环节的辩证统一过程。社会生产关系就是人们在社会生产和再生产过程中结成的生产、交换、分配、消费的社会关系的总和。 在这一整体中，起决定作用的是生产。所谓生产，是指以一定关系结合起来的人们改造自然、生产物质资料的过程。人们在这一过程中的共同活动和相互交换其活动的关系构成生产关系，这一生产关系既包括劳动者在分工协作基础上互相交换其活动与能力的关系，也包括社会生产各部门、企业之间在生产过程中发生的协作关系以及人们对生产进行组织管理方面的关系。首先，生产决定分配，有什么样性质的生产关系，就有与其相适应的分配形式，分配的结构决定于生产的结构，它体现人们对产品的所有权关系。其次，生产决定交换，交换包括人们在生产过程中发生的各种活动和能力的交换，以及一般产品和商品的交换。前者属于直接的生产过程，后者则是联结生产、分配、消费的中间环节。没有生产发展和社会分
马克思政治经济学简答汇总 1、马克思主义政治经济学的研究对象是什么？ 答：（1 ）马克思主义政治经济学研究的对象，是在一定生产力状况基础之上的社会生产关系及其发展的规律性。 （2 ）政治经济学所研究的生产关系，是人们在社会生产总过程中所形成的生产、分配、交换、消费诸方面。经济关系的总和，也就是社会生产关系体系。 （3 ）政治经济学的任务在于揭示经济运行过程中的客观经济规律。经济规律是经济现象和经济过程内在的、本质的、必然的联系。 2.马克思主义政治经济学为什么实现了阶级性与科学性的统一？ 答：（1 ）政治经济学的阶级性。政治经济学研究对象的特殊性决定它和其他社会科学一样，具有鲜明的阶级性。对于某种特定性质的生产关系；各个阶级都从本阶级利益出发，采取拥护或者反对的态度，因而政治经济学必然具有阶级性。各个不同阶级，都有为本阶级利益服务的、性质不同的政治经济学。 （2 ）马克思主义政治经济学，既是一门代表无产阶级利益和具有鲜明阶级性的科学，又是一门揭示社会经济发展规律的科学，它实现了阶级性和科学性的统一。这是因为，马克思主义政治经济学所代表的无产阶圾利益同广大劳动人民的根本利益是一致的；同社会发展方向是完全一致的。 3.如何正确看待资产阶级政治经济学？ 答：（1 ）资产阶级政治经济学的本质。从资产阶级政治经济学的整个体系和总体内容来看，是为资产阶级利益服务的，是为资本主义制度辩护的经济理论。 （2 ）对资产阶级政治经济学应采取科学分析的态度。对资产阶级政治经济学，无论是重商主义经济学、资产阶级古典经济学、庸俗经济学，还是当代西方经济学，都应采取科学分析的态度，批判其中的糟粕，吸取并改造其中有价值的成分，为我所用。特别是当代资产阶级经济学，其理论体系和根本内容是为资本主义经济的发展和资产阶级利益服务的，但是，它在发展和管理社会化大生产，在发展市场经济和实行政府调控，在经济增长与发展，在产业结构调整与优化，在实行与发展股份制经济，在提高劳动生产率和经济效益方面的思想和理论，对于发展社会主义经济和进行经济体制改革，都具有借鉴意义。 4.什么是劳动、劳动对象及劳动资料？ 答：劳动是有劳动能力和劳动经验的人，在生产过程中的有目的的活动。 劳动对象是人们把自己的劳动加于其上的一切东西，也就是劳动加工的对象。 劳动资料，又称劳动手段，是人们用来影响或改变劳动对象的一切物质资料，其中最主要的是生产工具。 5.什么是生产资料？什么是物质资料生产过程？ 答：生产资料是生产过程中的劳动资料和劳动对象的总和、它是任何社会进行物质生产所必备的物质条件；物质资料生产过程是人们的劳动、劳动对象、劳动资料（劳动手段）在一定形式下结合起来，创造满足人类生存和发展所需的物质产品的过程。 6.生产力是由哪些因素构成的？ 答：（1 ）生产力的含义。生产力是人们生产物质资料的能力，它表示人们改造自然和征服自然的能力，反映人和自然界的关系。 （2 ）构成生产力的因素。生产力由人的因素和物的因素构成，还包括管理等其他因素。人的因素是指有一定生产经验、劳动技能和科学知识的劳动者，它是生产中能动的主体要素，在生产中起着最根本的作用。
经济学原理I （2010年秋季学期） 期中考试1（A 卷答案） （2010/11/3） 注意：请将所有题目的答案写在答题册上，写在本试题纸上一律无效。 一、判断题（判断并简要说明理由，必要时可以用图形。每题4分，共20分） 1. 假设你捡到了20美元，并选择用它购买一本小说。则你购买这本小说的机会成本是零。 错误。你购买小说的机会成本是用这20美元购买其他物品或服务带给你的好处（可能大于或等于20美元。（注：答20美元也算对） 2. 电脑行业的技术进步只能使得经济中的电脑产量增加，而经济中其它产品的数量不会增 加。 错误。电脑行业的技术进步使得整个社会的生产可能性边界外移（如图）。一般来说，这会使得社会可以生产的其他产品的数量也增加（如图中A 到A’点）。直观来说，由于技术进步，当社会在既定的生产要素配置下可以生产更多电脑和同样多的其他产品时（图中B 点），通过生产要素重新配置也可以同时生产更多的两种产品（图中B 到A’点）。 3. An increase in the demand for notebooks raises the quantity of notebooks demanded but not the quantity supplied. False. The increase in demand for notebooks results in an increased quantity supplied, in general. The reason is that demand increase will raise the price (to eliminate the shortage it causes), which in turn increases the quantity supplied. The only way the statement would be true is if the supply is perfectly inelastic. 4. If more Americans go on a low-carb diet, the demand for bread will fall. The decrease in the demand for bread will cause the price of bread to fall. The lower price, however, will then increase the demand. In the new equilibrium, Americans might end up consuming more bread than they did initially. (DO use a diagram to illustrate your explanations) False. When the demand falls, there will be a surplus of bread for a while (FE 1 in the graph), when the original equilibrium price P 1 has not fallen yet. As time goes on, price begins to fall, quantity 电脑 其他产品
1. 经济学原理的假定前提有哪些？ 西方经济学有两个基本假定：第一，经济人的假定。经济人假定也称为理性人假定。“经济人”被规定为经济生活中的一般的人的抽象，基本性被假设为是利己的。 第二，完全信息的假设条件。这一假设条件的主要含义是市场上每一个从事经济活动的个体（即买者和卖者）都对有关的经济情况具有完全的信息。 上述两个假设条件未必完全合乎事实，它们是为了理论分析的方便而设立的。 2.假设某学生有10小时的时间用于准备即将到来的经济学与英语的考试。在给定该学生时间资源的条件下，试画出其分数的生产可能性边界。如果该学生没有认真复习，而是去玩电脑游戏了，那么，相对于他的生产可能性边界而言，他的分数“产量”在何处？如果该学生将学习时间从10小时增加到15小时，那么，他的分数可能性边界会发生何种变化？ 给定10小时学习时间的条件下，该学生的分数的生产可能性边界如下图所示。缺乏效率的学习时间会导致其分数“产量”位于先前勤奋学习的生产可能性边界的下方。如果学习时间增加，分数的生产可能性边界将沿东北方向向外移动。
3.假定下表是供给曲线Qs= -3+2p 在一定价格范围内的供给表: （1）求出价格3元和5元之间的供给的价格弧弹性。 （2）根据给出的供给函数,求P ＝4元时的供给的价格点弹性。 （1）供给价格弧弹性的公式： 2)21(2)21(Q Q P P P Q Q P P Q P P Q Q E ++???=???=??= 6.12)37(2 )35(3537=++?--=E （2）供给价格的点弹性公式 1.6 5 4 2)'23(E 5 423Q 4P P ]P Q )[('=?=?+-==?+-==? =?==Q P P Q P Q Q P dP dQ P dP Q dQ E 时，当求导对表示 4.已知某商品的需求方程和供给方程分别为：Qd=14-3P ；Qs=2+6P 。求该商品的均衡价格，以及均衡时的需求价格弹性和供给价格弹性。 =Qd s Q 时市场处于均衡状态，此时14-3P=2+6P ，得出 10,34 == Qe Pe 此时需求价格弹性为： 4 .01034 31034 )'314()('=??=?--=?-=?-=P Q P P Qd Q P dP dQ Ed 供给价格弹性为：=?=Q P dP dQ Es 8.010******* )'62()('=?? =?+=?P Q P P Qs 5.运用供求图，说明下列事件对运动衫市场的影响。 （1）皮夹克价格下降。 （2）发明了新织布机。 a.皮夹克价格下降。
马克思主义政治经济学 原理 南京气象学院经济贸易系于波
导论 ●教学目的 通过导论的教学，使学生明确马克思主义政治经济学的形成、发展、理论基础、研究对象和根本任务，以及学习马克思主义政治经济学的重要性，正确认识邓小平理论和江泽民关于“三个代表”思想是对马克思主义政治经济学的丰实和发展。 ●教学要点 第一节马克思主义政治经济学的形成和发展 1.政治经济学是一门独立的以研究社会经济问题为己任的社会科学 政治经济学作为—门学科最早是由法国重商主义者孟克列钦（1575～1622年）提出的。在1915年出版的《献给国王和王太后的政治经济学》中，孟克列钦使用了“政治经济学”这个名词。这里的“政治”与我们现在一般使用的“政治”概念不同，它是国家范围或社会范田的意思。“政治经济学”就是指所研究的是国家范围或社会范围的经济问题，突破／以往研究社会经济问题只局限于家庭经济或庄园经济，或只作为某一学说的组成部分的限制。从此以后，“政治经济学”—词便被广泛使用，成为研究社会经济问题这门学科的代名称。到1890年马歇尔出版了《经济学原理》—书后，这门学科的名称才逐渐由政治经济学改为经济学。但马歇尔认为，政治经济学和经济学是通用的，因此，不能把“政怡经济学”理解为既研究政治又研究经济的学科，“政治经济学”也可简称为“经济学”。当今，随着经济学科的发展，经济学分支学科不断增多，于是将政治经济学纳入理论经济学的范畴，以与应用经济学科、管理经济学科相区别。从前面的论述我们可以知道，“政治经济学”这个学科名称并不是马克思发明的，因而“政治经济学”就不是马克思主义的专用词。这样，政治经济学就因理论框架、理论观点的不同而区分为马克思主义政治经济学(或马克思主义经济学)和非马克思主义政治经济学(或非马克思主义经济学)。马克思主义政治经济学是反映客观经济运动规律的经济理论，具有严格的、高度的科学性。 2．马克思主义政治经济学是阶级性和科学性的统一 马克思主义政治经济学是无产阶级的政治经济学。由于无产阶级的经济地位
马克思主义政治经济学(总结) 导论 1.政治经济学的研究对象，研究方法和主要任务。 ⑴研究对象：物质资料的生产。 物质资料生产是生产力和生产关系的统一。生产力是人们征服自然改造自然的能力，包括劳动对象、劳动资料和劳动者；生产关系是人们在生产过程中结成的各种关系，包括生产资料所有制形式、人们在生产过程中所处的地位和关系、产品的分配关系。 ⑵研究方法：抽象法、矛盾分析法、逻辑与历史相统一的方法。 ⑶主要任务：通过对生产关系的研究，揭示各种生产关系产生、发展和变化的规律－经济规律。 2.怎样理解马克思主义政治经济学的现实意义。 ⑴认识和掌握经济规律，按经济规律办事。 ⑵认识人类社会发展规律，树立共产主义世界观。 ⑶正确认识我国的经济体制改革。 ⑷能用经济观点和经济分析方法来观察和处理问题。 ⑸对学好其他经济学科也有重要意义。 第一章商品与货币 1.商品的二因素 二因素： 使用价值是商品能满足人们某种需要的有用性。由商品的物理化学等自然属性决定。特征有a 必须对别人有用，是社会的使用价值b必须是劳动产品的使用价值 c 必须通过交换让渡给别人，才能进入消费的使用价值，从而是交换价值的物质承担者。 价值：凝结在商品中无差别的人类劳动。 交换价值：表现为一种使用价值同另一种使用价值相交换的数量关系或比例。价值是交换价值的内容或基础，交换价值是价值的表现形式。 商品是使用价值和价值的矛盾统一体： 相互依存：a 没有使用价值就没有价值 b 未经人类劳动创造的物品，有使用价值，没价值，不是商品c 不是为了交换的劳动产品有使用价值没价值，不是商品。 相互对立，相互排斥：a 使用价值是商品的自然属性，价值是商品的社会属性，体现商品生产者相互交换劳动的社会关系b 使用价值和价值只能实现一种属性，不能两者兼得 c 两者的矛盾通过交换才能解决。 2.生产商品的劳动的二重性。 具体劳动是劳动的自然属性，体现人与自然的关系。 抽象劳动是无差别的人类劳动，是劳动的社会属性，体现了商品生产者之间的社会关系。 具体劳动和抽象劳动是同一劳动的两个方面，不是两次劳动支出。 二因素由二重性决定：具体劳动同物质要素相结合创造使用价值，但不是使用价值的唯一源泉，抽象劳动创造价值，是价值的唯一源泉。 3.价值形式的发展与货币的起源；；货币流通规律。 ⑴简单的、个别的或偶然的价值形式：一种商品的价值偶然的表现在另一种商品上。 1只绵羊＝2把斧子
经济学原理（Ⅰ）期中考试一 注意：请全部用中文回答（留学生可用英文）。试卷的答案必须写在答题册上才有效，请记住在答题册上写下姓名和学号。 一、判断题（判断并必须说明理由，可以用文字或图形。每题5分，共40分） 1.某城市幼儿园的规定是每天下午4点钟家长必须将孩子接走，可是每周都有那么几个家长迟到（孩子在等待父母的过程中会较烦躁，幼儿园也不得不留下一个老师专门看护。）。因此，有人向校长建议对迟到的家长每次罚款10元。如果校长采用该建议，那么迟到的家长数肯定减少。 错误。在没有罚款之前，家长们迟到实际上是免费的，但是很多家长没有迟到，这说明迟到会引起一种心理成本（内疚感）。一旦有了罚款，家长们迟到的成本变为10元钱，但是心理成本消失，其净效果很可能是激励更多的家长迟到。 2.众所周知，汽车超速对于公路安全带来危害，并且超速越严重危害越大。某城市现行的法律是每超速10公里就增加罚款2千元。有代表指出这种交通立法对于超速行为过于宽松，建议只要发现超速行为，不管超速多少即罚款1万元。该代表的建议能够降低超速带来的危害性。 错误。理性的人考虑边际量。采用该建议后，驾驶者只要交足1万元就可以随意超速，即超速的边际成本等于0，面临这样的激励，超速的程度将很严重，危害也就越大。 3、出版社的张编辑是某著名经济学教科书的销售负责人，他认为，由于允许学生将旧的教科书再次出售，损害了出版社的利益。某著名化学家对此建议，出版社可以使用一种他本人发明的印刷墨水，当教科书使用半年后，这种墨水自动褪色，使得书页变成空白。如果张编辑接受这一建议，其结果是必然导致新书价格上升和出版社盈利增加。 错误。这里的分析虽然看到了旧教科书和新教科书为替代品，随着旧教科书的供给下降（甚至消失），旧教科书价格上升，引起新教科书需求上升，需求曲线右移，价格上升，这可以增加出版社盈利。但是，必须看到问题的另一方面。对于购买新教科书的需求者来说，他原来使用教科书实际支付的价格仅是新书和旧书的差价，而现在必须支付新书的全部价格，相当于新书的市场 ．．价格而言，现在的需求曲线会左移（需求下降）。两方面的影响相反，抵消后的结果使得需求曲线变化方向不确定。加上新书的印刷使用该墨水还可能提高了生产成本，是否盈利更成为问题。 4.小明的预算是每月用在手机通讯上的部分为100元，该预算长期不变。通过这个信息我们可以认为小明手机通话需求的价格弹性是单位1. 正确。需求价格弹性与总收益或总支出的关系：如果是单位弹性，则价格的变动不会带来总收益或总支出的变化。反之命题也为真。 5、In a competitive market, an increase in the demand for notebooks raises the quantity of notebooks demanded, but not the quantity supplied. 错误。练习本的需求提高了练习本的均衡价格和均衡数量。均衡数量同时代表者需求和供给的数量，所以供给量也增加了。这一说法混淆了供给变动和供给量变动两个术语。实际上，随着需求增加，开始会出现短缺现象，推动价格上升，从而刺激供给量增加（和需求量下降），最终回到供求平衡。 6、“非典”期间，口罩的价格上升了，购买的人也大大增加了。这一现象违背了需求定律，因为价格上升导致需求上升而非下降。 错误。“非典”事件是除价格以外其他因素导致的需求变动，是需求曲线的移动而不是沿着需求曲线移动。因此，这一变化不能用需求定律（沿着需求曲线移动）来解释。实际上，需求曲线右移，均衡价格和数量上升，运用比较静态分析可以得出正确结论。
经济学原理 第二章生产什么？ 1.10.某种商品的边际效用（）。 A.是消费该商品产生的总效用与消费其他商品的总效用之比 B.等于该商品的价格 C.是消费该商品产生的总效用与该商品的数量之比 D.是每增加一单位某种商品的消费所带来的效用增量 参考答案：D 2.11. 边际效用递减意味着：（） A.随服务水平的增加，效用服务的成本越来越低。 B.一个人的消费组合中拥有越多的某种产品，该种产品的每一额外增加产生越少的总效益。 C.一个人的消费组合中拥有越多的某种产品，总的支付意愿将减少。 D.一个人的消费组合中拥有越多的某种产品，该种产品的每一额外增加产生越少的额外收益 参考答案：D 3. 12.边际效用递减规律表明，随着消费者对某种商品消费量的增加( ) A.该商品的效用总量趋于递减 B.该商品的平均效用趋于递减 C.该商品的效用增量趋于递减 D.该商品的总效用趋于递减 参考答案：C 4. 13. 某消费者逐渐增加某种商品的消费量，直到实现效用最大化。在这一过程中，该商品的（） A.总效用和边际效用不断增加 B.总效用不断下降，边际效用不断增加
C.总效用不断增加，边际效用不断下降 D.总效用和边际效用不断减少 参考答案：C 5. 14.如果商品的边际效用为零，那么（）。 A.该商品的总效用已经是最大 B.商品没有效用，它不是消费者想去享用的东西 C.在考虑要购买这种商品的前提下，消费者达到了他的均衡点 D.该商品的总效用肯定也等于零 参考答案：A 6. 15.已知某消费者的收入是200元，商品X的价格是20元，商品Y的价格是6元。假定他打算购买7单位X和10单位Y，这时商品X和Y的边际效用分别是50和18，如要获取最大效用，他应该（）。 A.停止购买 B.增购X，减少Y的购买量 C.增购Y，减少X的购买量 D.同时增购X、Y 参考答案：C 7.16.总效用达到最大时：（）。 A.边际效用为正 B.边际效用为零 C.边际效用为负 D.边际效用达到最大 参考答案：B 8.17.对于公共产品的概念，以下表述正确的是( )： A.不因消费者人数增加而导致其他人消费的减少 B.因消费者人数增加则导致其他人消费的增加 C.不因公共产品的增加而导致消费者消费的增加 D.不因公共产品的减少而导致消费者消费的减 参考答案：A 9. 18. 西方经济学在研究消费者行为时，提出了以下假设：（）。 A.消费者是社会人 B.消费者对商品存在偏好 C.消费者是理性人 D.存在预算收入的约束 参考答案：BCD 10. 19.下面属于序数效用论观点的是（）。 A.消费者对两种商品的任意一种组合都能明确说出其偏好顺序 B.消费者的偏好有传递性 C.消费者均衡条件是：消费者使自己购买的各种商品的边际效用与价格之比相等 D.消费者更偏好数量多的商品组合 参考答案：ABD 11.20.公共产品的特征有（）。 A.消费的非竞争性 B.受益的非排他性 C.效用的不可分割性 D.消费的竞争性 参考答案：ABC 12. 21.公共产品的非竞争性是指任何人对公共产品消费者不影响其他人，其原因有（）。 A.消费者的增加不增加提供公式产品的生产成本 B.消费者的增加不对其他消费者产生拥挤 C.消费者的减少将减少提供公共产品的成本 D.消费者的减少将减少对其他消费的非竞争性 参考答案：AB 第三章如何生产？ 1.2 2.如果我们在生产的过程中发现某一个可变要素的收益递减，这意味着： A.可变要素投入量的增长和产量的增长等幅变化 B.产量的增长幅度小于可变要素投入量的增长幅度 C.可变要素投入量的增长幅度小于产量的增长幅度 D.产量的增长幅度大于可变要素投入量的增长幅度。 参考答案：B
第一章导论第二节马克思主义政治经济学的研究对象 一、政治经济学的研究对象是社会生产关系 生产关系也叫经济关系。生产关系是人们在生产过程中结成的社会经济关系，它包括生产、分配、交换、消费过程中的各种经济关系。 （一）物质资料生产是政治经济学 研究的出发点 1、物质资料生产的含义 2、生产过程的三要素：人的劳动、劳动资料和劳动对象 （二）、物质资料生产的两个方面 1、劳动过程－－生产力生产力的内涵、生产力的构成 2、社会过程－－生产关系 3、生产力和生产关系构成了社会的生产方式，它是二者的对立统一。 *生产资料所有制是对社会生产中人们在生产资料的所有、占有、支配和使用上所结成的关系的制度规定，生产资料所有制是生产关系的基础。 （四）横向生产关系系统 二、政治经济学研究生产关系必须联系生产力和上层建筑 （一）生产关系与生产力 生产力和生产关系的有机结合和统一，构成社会生产方式。人类征服自然、改造自然的能力，就叫生产力。生产力决定生产关系 1.生产力的性质决定生产关系的性质。 生产关系反作用于生产力 1.当生产关系适合生产力状况和发展要求时，它推动生产力发展。 2.当生产关系不适合生产力状况和发展要求时，它阻碍生产力发展。 （二）生产关系一定要适合生产力状况的规律 ? 1.要求生产关系的具体形式即经济体制，也必须同生产力的性质和水平相适应。 ? 2.要求生产关系的具体形式即经济体制，也必须同生产力的性质和水平相适应 ? 3.要求在一定的经济体制下选择与之相适应的经济运行机制。 三、政治经济学研究的任务是揭示经济运动规律 （一）经济规律及其特点 经济规律 :经济规律是经济现象和经济过程内在的、本质的、必然的联系。 经济规律特点：1.经济规律是不会长久不变的。 2.经济规律是不能离开人的社会经济活动而存在并发生作用的。 第三节政治经济学的研究方法和学习政治经济学的意义 一、马克思主义政治经济学的研究方法 1.辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的方法 2科学的抽象法 3.数学和统计方法 4.逻辑和历史相统一的方法 ？思考题 1、如何认识马克思主义政治经济学的与时俱进的理论品质？ 2 、什么是生产关系？马克思主义政治经济学研究生产关系的目的是什么？
马克思主义政治经济学 导论 1.政治经济学的研究对象，研究方法和主要任务。 ⑴研究对象：物质资料的生产。 物质资料生产是生产力和生产关系的统一。生产力是人们征服自然改造自然的能力，包括劳动对象、劳动资料和劳动者；生产关系是人们在生产过程中结成的各种关系，包括生产资料所有制形式、人们在生产过程中所处的地位和关系、产品的分配关系。 ⑵研究方法：抽象法、矛盾分析法、逻辑与历史相统一的方法。 ⑶主要任务：通过对生产关系的研究，揭示各种生产关系产生、发展和变化的规律－经济规律。 2.怎样理解马克思主义政治经济学的现实意义。 ⑴认识和掌握经济规律，按经济规律办事。 ⑵认识人类社会发展规律，树立共产主义世界观。 ⑶正确认识我国的经济体制改革。 ⑷能用经济观点和经济分析方法来观察和处理问题。 ⑸对学好其他经济学科也有重要意义。 第一章商品与货币 1.商品的二因素 二因素： 使用价值是商品能满足人们某种需要的有用性。由商品的物理化学等自然属性决定。特征有a 必须对别人有用，是社会的使用价值b必须是劳动产品的使用价值 c 必须通过交换让渡给别人，才能进入消费的使用价值，从而是交换价值的物质承担者。 价值：凝结在商品中无差别的人类劳动。 交换价值：表现为一种使用价值同另一种使用价值相交换的数量关系或比例。价值是交换价值的内容或基础，交换价值是价值的表现形式。 商品是使用价值和价值的矛盾统一体： 相互依存：a 没有使用价值就没有价值 b 未经人类劳动创造的物品，有使用价值，没价值，不是商品 c 不是为了交换的劳动产品有使用价值没价值，不是商品。 相互对立，相互排斥：a 使用价值是商品的自然属性，价值是商品的社会属性，体现商品生产者相互交换劳动的社会关系 b 使用价值和价值只能实现一种属性，不能两者兼得 c 两者的矛盾通过交换才能解决。 2.生产商品的劳动的二重性。 具体劳动是劳动的自然属性，体现人与自然的关系。 抽象劳动是无差别的人类劳动，是劳动的社会属性，体现了商品生产者之间的社会关系。 具体劳动和抽象劳动是同一劳动的两个方面，不是两次劳动支出。 二因素由二重性决定：具体劳动同物质要素相结合创造使用价值，但不是使用价值的唯一源泉，抽象劳动创造价值，是价值的唯一源泉。 3.价值形式的发展与货币的起源；；货币流通规律。 ⑴简单的、个别的或偶然的价值形式：一种商品的价值偶然的表现在另一种商品上。 1只绵羊＝2把斧子 绵羊：作为使用价值出现。主动作用，通过斧子表现自己的价值，处于相对价值形式。 斧子：作为价值出现。被动作用，不表现自己的价值，充当表现材料，起等价物的作用，处于等价形式。 ⑵总和的或扩大的价值形式：一种商品的价值经常的表现在一系列商品上。价值第一次表现为无差别的人类劳动。 缺陷：价值表现不完全，特殊等价形式的商品是没有穷尽的。