2007年博士研究生入学考试题-参考答案

考试科目：地球物理测井原理共1页第1页博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：地球物理测井原理____________________________________________________________________________1．写出测井中常用的深、中、浅电测井仪器组合，并简要说明应用条件。

（10分）2．说明阿尔奇公式的意义，并简要述评其对测井发展的基础作用。

（10分）3．试对比分析感应测井和侧向测井，说明测井方法研究的基本问题和特点。

（10分）4. 对称声源在充液裸眼井中激发起哪些波动模式？各有何特点？（10分）5. 试分析声波在传播过程中幅度变化的原因。

（10分）6. 试写出声波测井时间平均公式，说明其各个符号的意义和应用条件。

（10分）7．岩性密度测井是当前勘探测井中重要的核测井方法，试回答以下问题：（10分）（1）岩性密度测井采用什么核素作为伽马放射源？主要是基于什么考虑？（2）简述岩石的（质量）光电吸收截面Pe与体积光电吸收截面U的概念和相互关系，并作典型的Pe区不同U值时的伽马能谱示意图。

8．碳氧比能谱测井（C/O）是一种重要的剩余油测井方法，试回答以下问题：（10分）（1）C/O测井中，有哪些非（n，n’）反应对测井产生干扰？如何消除？（2）C/O测井的数据处理方法有哪几种？各自的特点是什么？9．选作题（从下列题目中任选二题）（20分）（1）简述阵列感应测井的基本原理和主要特征。

（10分）（2）在充液井眼中，井壁上的声学边界条件是什么？（10分）（3）试说明用常规声波测井仪器在软地层中没法获得S波的信息的原因。

（10分）（4）自然伽马能谱测井是重要的核测井方法之一，试回答以下问题：（10分）①自然伽马能谱测井仪主要由哪几部分组成？简述各部分的作用。

仪器一般采用什么方法稳谱？②自然伽马能谱测井的测井成果曲线有哪些？。

北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语考试时间：2006年3月17日招生专业：全校各专业研究方向：各研究方向Part One: Listening ComprehensionThere are 3 sections in this part.In sections A and B you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then choose the correct answer for each question. Mark your choices on your ANSWER SHEET.Section A: Conversations （5%）Directions: In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the conversation.1. What did Steve originally plan to do?[A] To do some work around the house. [B] To stay at home.[C] To see a new film. [D] To do some study.2. Maggie finally decided to go to see a film because ________.[A] the cinema was nearby [B] the weather wasn’t ideal for a walk[C] it would be easier to go to a cinema [D] Steve hadn’t seen the film yet3. Where did they plan to meet?[A] Outside the Town Hall. [B] Near the bank.[C] In Steve’s place. [D] At the cinema.Questions 4 to 6 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now，listen to the conversation.4. The following details are true about the new device EXCEPT ________.[A] it has color [B] it has a moving image[C] it costs less money [D] it is not on the market5. Why didn’t Bill want one of them?[A] He wanted to buy one from Japan. [B] He wasn’t sure about its quality.[C] He thought it was for business use. [D] He thought it was expensive.6. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the woman?[A] She had never read the magazine herself.[B] She knew who usually read the magazine.[C] She was quite interested in the new device.[D] She agreed with Bill at the end of the conversation.Questions 7 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now，listen to the conversation.7. What was the main focus of the survey?[A] Leisure sporting activities. [B] Average age of athletes.[C] Durability of sporting equipment. [D] Types of sports.8. Which sport was cited as the most popular?[A] Tennis. [B] Cycling. [C] Jogging. [D] Skiing.9. What is NOT among Jane’s marketing strategies?[A] Targeting the 18 to 26 age group. [B] Selling tennis rackets.[C] Selling more athletic shoes. [D] Working out a more appealing slogan.10. Why does Sam want to target the 46-55 age group?[A] They have more buying power. [B] They are very health-conscious.[C] They tend to enjoy sports more. [D] They have more time for sporting activities.Section B: Talks (5%)Directions: In this section, you will hear several talks. Listen to the talks carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the talk.11. In the old days dogs were used for the following purposes EXCEPT ________.[A] hunting other animals [B] driving sheep[C] guarding chickens [D] keeping thieves away12. Which of the following is CORRECT?[A] Dogs are now treated as part of a family.[B] Dogs still perform all the duties they used to do.[C] People now keep dogs for the same reasons as before.[D] Only old people are seen walking their dogs.13. The talk is mainly about ________.[A] what dogs can do [B] how to keep dogs[C] dogs and their masters [D] reasons for keeping dogsQuestions 14 to 17 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the talk.14. According to the talk, the working conditions in the new place are ________.[A] not yet clear [B] expected to be rather poor[C] just as adequate [D] the same as what the speaker is used to15. What is the speaker going to do in the new place?[A] Traveling. [B] Studying. [C] Settling down. [D] Teaching.16. The speaker expects ________.[A] fewer choices of food [B] many ways to do washing[C] modern lighting facilities [D] new types of drinking water17. From the talk we can learn that the speaker is ________.[A] unprepared for the new post [B] unclear about the conditions there[C] ready for all the difficulties there [D] eager to know more about the postQuestions 18 to 20 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the talk.18. According to the talk, when are children first expected to study hard?[A] Before 6 years of age. [B] Between 6 and 10.[C] After 10 years of age. [D] After 12 years of age.19. Parents who abuse their children tend to have the following problems EXCEPT ________.[A] religious problems [B] emotional problems[C] financial problems [D] marriage problems20. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?[A] Boys and girls are equally energetic.[B] Parents have higher expectations for boys.[C] Some parents lack skills to deal with their kids.[D] Some parents are ill-educated and ill-tempered.Section C: Spot Dictation (10%)Directions: In this section you are going to hear a presentation about trends in the milk drink markets, given by the director of the Milk Market Board. As you listen, complete the following sentences by filling in the missing words. The presentation will be read Twice. There will be a One-Minute interval between the first and the second reading. You will have another One Minute to check your work after the second reading. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).C1. The total market has ________ __________ from 280 million liters to 440 million liters.C2. The actual sector share of the four main milk products has _________ __________.C3. The full milk sector has _________ __________ from 74% to just 42%.C4. The skimmed milk sector has ________ from only 12% to 35%.C5. The long life sector has ________ from 5% to 13%.C6. The milk drinks have ________ pretty _________, just increasing by 1%.C7. The full milk sector will decline more ________ to around 40% and then fall a further 2%.C8. The skimmed milk sector should continue to rise _______ to 40% and then _______ _______ around this figure.C9. We expect long life milk to continue rising __________ so that this sector will _________ a __________ 20%.C10. We _________ a fairly marked decline in the milk drink sector, and _________ an __________ fall to just 2%.(This is the end of listening comprehension.)Part Two: Structure and Written Expression (20%)Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.21．_________ before we leave the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful time together.[A] Had they arrived [B] Would they arrive[C] Were they arriving [D] Were they to arrive22．_________ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.[A] He would leave school [B] He left school[C] He had left school [D] He has left school23．Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remained _________.[A] to be shown [B] to have been shown[C] to have shown [D] being shown24．__________ that should be given priority to.[A] It is the committee has decided[B] It is only the committee has decided[C] It is what the committee has decided[D] It is what has the committee decided25. The most interesting new cars may owe __________ the simple wisdom of hiring a fewtalented people and allowing them to work.[A] less local free-spiritedness than[B] less local free-spiritedness than to[C] to less local free-spiritedness than to[D] less to local free-spiritedness than to26. Over the years, Jimmy Connors __________ phenomenal displays of tennis and temper—andat the U.S. Open last week, he exhibited both again.[A] has treated spectators with [B] has treated spectator for[C] has treated spectators [D] has treated spectators to27. Summer holidays spent on the hot ghetto streets are __________ the time middle-classstudents devote to camps, exotic vacations and highly organized sports.[A] as hardly culturally enriching as [B] as hardly enriching culture as[C] hardly as culturally enriching as [D] hardly as cultural enriching as28. The major obstacle to the reform in New Orleans, __________, is money.[A] as is it across the country [B] as it is across the country[C] as it were across the country [D] as were it across the country29．Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth, take root, and eventually __________.[A] generate new seeds [B] new seeds generated[C] generates new seeds [D] new seeds are generated30. The well-maintained facility in San Francisco _________ leagues in virtually every sport.[A] were home to [B] was the home of [C] was home to [D] was home of31. Students at these schools test far below the state average in reading, and their scores haveimproved only __________.[A] marginally [B] marvelously [C] martially [D] markably32. I was in some doubt as to whether the Corporal had __________ us accidentally on his wayout of the town or if he'd been deliberately tasked.[A] crashed on [B] bumped into [C] fallen against [D] puzzled about33. In previous time, when fresh meat was in short __________, pigeons were kept by manyhouseholds as a source of food.[A] storage [B] reserve [C] supply [D] provision34. The hospital denies there is any connection between the disciplinary action and Dr. Reid’s__________ about health problems.[A] allegiance [B] alliance [C] allegations [D] alliteration35. The organization issued a cry of alarm last week, citing “__________ evidence”that thosechildren are not receiving the same quality of education as their richer peers.[A] comparing [B] completing [C] compelling [D] composing36. Since no one could __________ his scribbling, the chief editor decided to replace him withanother columnist.[A] encode [B] decipher [C] clear [D] identify37．Many Fine Art graduates take __________ professional practice as artists, and this course encourages them to consider their role as artists in the community by providing opportunities for short-term placements outside the Faculty.[A] down [B] up [C] out [D] in38. The statement said the people of Srebrenica __________ to the presidents of the United Statesand France to help halt the offensive.[A] aroused [B] ascribed [C] acclaimed [D] appealed39. The professor stopped for a drink and then __________ with his lecture on the Indian culture.[A] proceeded [B] processed [C] preferred [D] presented40. Although the false banknotes fooled many people, they did not __________ closeexamination.[A] put up with [B] keep up with [C] stand up to [D] look up toPart Three: Reading ComprehensionI.Directions: Each of the following three passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Passage OneIn science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilization’s every step in search of reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces “really”are. Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Paul’s Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, and under what circumstances they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell.”Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where they belong, and smoke goes up because that’s where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.41. Bertrand Russell’s notion about electricity is __________.[A] disapproved of by most modern scientists[B] in agreement with Aristotle’s theory of self-evident principles[C] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “how” things happen[D] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why” things happen42. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea that __________.[A] there are self-evident principles[B] there are mysterious forces in the universe[C] man cannot discover what forces “really” are[D] we can discover why things behave as they do43. The expression “speculated on” (line 4) means __________ .[A] considered [B] suspected [C] expected [D] engaged in buying and sellingPassage TwoThe concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo draw a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.44. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because __________.[A] it is essential to personal freedom in American society[B] it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge[C] personal health choices help cure most illnesses[D] wrong decisions could lead to poor health45. Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because __________.[A] current medical knowledge is still insufficient[B] there are many factors influencing our decisions[C] people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends[D] few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life46. According to Fries and Crapo, sound health choice should be based on __________.[A] personal decisions [B] society’s laws [C] friends’ opinions [D] statistical evidencePassage ThreeFor gathering data about individuals or groups at different developmental levels, researchers can use two related research designs: longitudinal and cross-sectional.A longitudinal study is one that measures a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a period of time, perhaps decades. An example of such a study is the Berkeley Growth Study begun in 1928 by Nancy Bayley. The study focused on a group of 74 white, middle-class newborns. As they grew older, extensive measures of their intellectual, personality, and motor development were recorded. The subjects were studied for more than thirty years.The longitudinal research design is a powerful technique for seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development. Also, differences in or stability of behaviors or characteristics at different ages can be determined. Longitudinal studies, however, are expensive to conduct, time-consuming, and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers. The findings of a longitudinal study may be jeopardized by relocation of subjects to another part of the country and by boredom or irritation at repeated testing. Another disadvantage is that society changes from one time to another and the subjects participating in the study reflect to some degree such changes. The methods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may also change from one time to another. If properly conducted, however, longitudinal studies can produce useful, direct information about development.A cross-sectional study is one in which subjects of differing ages are selected and compared on a specific behavior or characteristic. They are alike with respect to socioeconomic status, sex, or educational level. For example, a researcher may be interested in looking at changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period. Three groups of subjects, ages ten, twenty, and thirty, may be selected and tested. Conclusions are drawn from the test data.The cross-sectional research design has the clear advantage of being less expensive to conduct and certainly less time-consuming. The major disadvantage is that different individuals who make up the study sample have not been observed over time. No information about past influences on development or about age-related changes is secured. Like longitudinal studies, the cross-sectional methods cannot erase the generational influence that exists when subjects studied are born at different time. Psychologists are now beginning to use an approach that combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods.47. Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of a longitudinal research?[A] The subjects may become irritated at repeated testing.[B] The participants in the study may not stay in one place for many years.[C] The behavior of a subject in the study may be measured continuously for many years.[D] Social changes may be reflected in the behaviors of the subjects participating in the study.48. The word “contingent” in the third paragraph probably means __________.[A] dependent [B] consecutive [C] determined [D] continual49. Which of the following statements is true?[A] The subjects in a cross-sectional research are not of the same age group.[B] The methods of study in longitudinal research will not change over time.[C] Longitudinal research is reliable only in seeking understandings of the effects of earlyexperiences on later development.[D] Cross-sectional methods are not usually adopted in studying, for example, the changes inintelligence over a thirty-year period.50.One of the differences between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research is that__________.[A] the latter usually focuses on only one subject, while the former involves groups of subjects[B] the former can be free from the influence of social changes[C] the latter can be free from the influence of social changes[D] the former costs less money and takes less timeII.Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2). (15%)(51) It is useful to remember that history is to the nation as memory is to the individual. As persons deprived of memory become disoriented and lost, not knowing where they have been and where they are going, so a nation denied a conception of the past will be disabled in dealing with its present and its future.History is the best antidote to delusions of omnipotence and omniscience. (52) Self-knowledge is the indispensable prelude to self-control, for the nation as well as for the individual. History should forever remind us of the limits of our passing perspectives. It should strengthen us to resist the pressure to convert momentary impulses into moral absolutes. It should lead us to recognition of the fact, so often and so sadly displayed, that the future outwits all our certitudes and that the possibilities of the future are more various than the human intellect is designed to conceive.(53) A nation informed by a vivid understanding of the ironies of history is best equipped to manage the tragic temptations of military power. Let us not bully our way through life, but let a sensitivity to history temper and civilize our use of power. In the meantime, let a thousand historical flowers bloom. (54) History is never a closed book or a final verdict. It is forever in the interests of an ideology, a religion, a race, and a nation.The great strength of history is its capacity for self-correction. This is the endless excitement of historical writing: the search to reconstruct what went before. (55) A nation’s history must be both the guide and the domain not so much of its historians as its citizens.Part Four: Cloze Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).In Microsoft’s latest attempt to reach out to bloggers, the company recently gave away expensive laptops loaded (56) __________ its new Windows Vista operating system. But the gifts generated controversy as well as good (57) __________, with some bloggers accusing Microsoft of bribery and their peers (58) __________ unethical behavior.Several bloggers reported last week that they had received Acer Ferrari laptops, which can sell (59) __________ more than $2,200, from Microsoft.A spokeswoman for Microsoft confirmed Friday that the (60) __________ had sent out about 90 computers to bloggers (61) __________ wrote about technology and other subjects that could be (62) __________ by the new operating system, like photography and, oddly, parenting.But while those on Microsoft’s mailing list initially greeted the machines with enthusiasm, many (63) __________ bloggers soon objected – not because they had been left off the list but, they said, because bloggers are bound by the (64) __________ rules as traditional journalists, who should not accept (65) __________ gifts from companies they cover.Part Five: Proofreading (10%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes,ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).Examples:eg. 1 (66) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (66) begun beganeg. 2 (67) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre whenthe curtain went up.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2):(67) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3 (68) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (68) not(66) Prosperous alumni helped make 2006 a recorded fund-raising year for colleges and universities, which hauled in $28 billion—a 9.4 percent jump from 2005.(67) There were increases across the board, but for usual it was the already wealthy who fared best. (68) Stanford's $911 million was the most ever collected by a single university, and rose the possibility of a billion-dollar fund-raising year in the not-too-distant future.(69) "There were a set of ideas and a set of initiatives that the university is undertaking that people wanted to invest," said Martin Shell, Stanford's vice president for development. (70) "This is an unbelievably generous response from unbelievably philanthropic set of alumni, parents, and friends."(71) Harvard ranked two in fund-raising last year with $595 million.(72) National, donations from alumni rose 18.3 percent from 2005, according to figures released yesterday by the Council for Aid to Education. (73) Alumni donations account about 30 percent of giving to higher education. (74) Giving from other groups, such as corporations and foundations, increased by much small amounts.(75) Survey director Ann Kaplan said the strong economics played a role, but universities also were asking more aggressively as part of formal fund-raising campaigns.Part Six: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET (2).Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a lawful institution in China and is still very popular. The Chinese government has a department in charge of TCM and there are a lot of TCM hospitals and pharmaceutical factories in the country. Yet TCM is never short of opponents, including fierce opponents calling for its abolition. Please comment on the controversial status of TCM.Key-真题07Listening: (0.5 each)1-5 D B D C C 6-10 B A D B C11-15 D A D B D 16-20 A C B A BC1: grown substantiallyC2: changed radicallyC3: fallen dramaticallyC4: rocketedC5: risenC6: remained stableC7: graduallyC8: steadily level offC9: moderately represent significantC10: p roject forecast eventualStructure and Written Expression: (1 point each)21-25 D B A C D 26-30 D C B A C31-35 A B C C C 36-40 B B D A CReading: (1 point each)41-45 C C A D C 46-50 D C A A DParaphrasing: (3 points each)51. It is helpful for us to remember that history is very important to a country just as memory isvery important to a person. / If we remember that history is just as important to a country as memory is to a person, it will be very helpful to us.52. To know oneself very well is the necessary first step before one can control oneself. This istrue for both the nation and the individual.53. A nation that is fully aware of the twists and turns of history has the power to resist usingmilitary power, which will bring tragic results.54. History is never final but open to revision. People can always rewrite history.55. Not only people who study history should take a nation’s history as their guideand field of study, but the ordinary citizens should also do so.Cloze: (1 point each)56. with 57. will 58. of 59. for 60. company61. who 62. affected 63. other 64. same 65. expensiveProofreading: (1 point each)(66) recorded record (67) for as(68) rose raised (69) invest (in)(70) from (an) unbelievably (71) two second(72) national(ly) (73) account (for) about(74) small(er) (75) economics economyWriting: (15 points)。

同济大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题编号：101 考试科目：英语答题要求：答案一律写在答题纸上。

1． Vocabulary(10%)Directions：For each of the following sentences there are four choices. Choose the best one to complete the sentence. Mark your choices on the answer sheet.1．The man had a good disguise, but as soon as he spoke he ______himself．A．exposed B．revealed C．betrayed D．disclosed2. The leaders of the two countries feel it desirable to ______funds from armaments to health and education．A．derive B．deprive C. dispatch D．divert3．Democratic government is a phrase that is notoriously hard to ________.A．credit B．defy C．modify D．define4. I reject absolutely the _____that privatization is now inevitable in our industry．A. perception B．notion C．impression D．concept5. With the economy of the county going strong，the ______mood is one of optimism．A．presiding B，circulating C．floating D. prevailing6. The panel will consider whether or not Mr．Wilson has been ________serious professional misconduct.A．wary of B．guilty of C．confronted with D．reduced to7. It is a ____of our company to give refunds if goods are faulty.A．policy B．discipline C．decision D．determination8. He had always been _______ the way Ruth looked, and had never once paid her a complimentA．unaware of B．cautious about C．oblivious to D. subject to9．Since a circle has no beginning or end，the wedding ring is a symbol of _______love．A．constant B．infinite C．prolonged D．eternal10．Dick，who had failed the math test，was sitting．on a bench in the corner, ______over his disappointment．A．brooding B．mediating C．apologizing D．complaining11. Last week the seamen＇s strike led to the _______closure of the whole vast dock area．A．actual B．virtual C．factual D．local12．In the garden bees moved from _________flowers to purple ones．A．colorful B．prosperous C．scarlet D．brilliant13．Professor Smith has already retired but his teachings still _____a strong influence on his students.A．perform B．exhibit C．exert D. execute14．When they asked him about it，he said it was no ______ of theirs and wouldn＇t tell them anything.A．concern B．relation C. connection D．relevance15．The hunter knows quite well that wild animals go seeking the their _______ in the jungle．afterdark．A．victim B．favorite C．prey D．sacrifice16．I have absolutely no ______of ever meeting him before．A．reminiscence B．reminder C．recall D．recollection17. They agreed to take their disputes before the committee and ______ by its decisions.abideobserve C.D.precedeA.standB.18. Every weekend when I came back from school, Mother prepared meals ______ enough for a Sahara-bound camel and made me eat them up.A. adequateB. deliciousC. proficientD. substantial19. As the fat man sat down, the folding chair ______ under him, with a loud noise of tearing canvas.sustainedA.distorted D.yielded B.collapsed C.20. Modern artists often need financial support but they have difficulty in finding wealthy ______.millionaires D.patrons C.volunteersA.admirers B.II. Reading Comprehension (50%)Direction: For each of the following passages there are five questions or unfinished is followed by five statements. For each of them there are four choices, choose the best one to answer the question or complete the statement.Passage 1In managing information resources, the medium may be the key to an effective system. The medium is a vehicle, a tool, or a container for holding information; the information itself is the thing of value.There popular categories of information media are paper, film, and electronic system. The media choice must not be viewed as a choice among these three, however, it must be viewed as an opportunity to select from a multitude of media possibilities in combinations, that build effective systems. In many instances the person responsible for information-resource management is not the person who determines the medium in which information will be created. In such a case, the manager of a firm＇s information resources faces a challenge in making a significant contribution to the organization＇s objectives.For effective management of information resources, media conversion may be necessary. examples include keying or scanning paper documents to convert them to electronic media. Other processes convert electronic media from one format to another. For example, disk files created on one system may not be compatible with another system. Various hardware and software combinations can be used to convert files to formats that equipment will accept. For information generated within organizations, this necessity of making systems compatible may be eliminated by cooperative planning. However, very little control can be exercised over the media used to generate information that comes to your organization from the outside.The medium for information may be selected to satisfy. a need that excite when information is created and communicated. For example, a paper record may be created because of its portability and because no special equipment is necessary for later references to that information; electronic transmission may be selected because it is the fastest means of communicating information. A firm may use electronic mail because a network already exists for on-line computercommunication. The additional application may cost less than postage to mail paper memos.21. Which of the following can best sum up the passage?A. Media Selection in Managing Information Resources.B. The Importance and Necessity of Media ConversionC. Three Categories of Information Media.D. Various Means of Communicating Information22. The first paragraph aims telling the reader ______.A. the importance of information resources managementB. the relationship between the medium and informationC. the great variety of media for holding informationD. the numerous resources of information23. According to the author, ______.A. paper is the best storage deviceB. people have three choices in selecting information mediaC. it is better to let the person responsible for information-resource management determine the mediumD. the manager should build an effective system by selecting a good combination of different media24. For effective management of information resources, the manager should ______.A. convert all paper documents to electronic mediaB. make media conversion when necessaryC. control the media used to generate information both inside and outside his organizationD. use one format in processing information25. The main idea of the last paragraph is ______.A. paper record is the most convenient medium for later referenceB. electronic mail costs less than postage to mail paper memosC. different media for information may be selected for different purposesD. by using different media, a firm can create various in formation for its objectives Passage 2＂digital, digital, digital＂ continues to grow in volume worldwide. Digital ofchantThecameras, digital video camcorders, video CD players, DVD, cellular phones, and a host of computer peripherals are moving the trend along at a breathtaking rate. For the average person, it may seem like a remote and puzzling phenomenon meant only for the technologically adept.Virtually every aspect of our lives could be affected by the digital revolution. Here is a hypothetical scenario to show the possibilities: A real estate agent in Seattle uses a digital still camera to take some pictures of a house she＇s trying to sell., She transfers them to her computer, digitally retouches and enhances them, and posts them on her company＇s Internet Web site. In Singapore, a buyer sees the pictures and asks via electronic mail for more information. The agent replies via e-mail and attaches the text and a digital video clip to her message. Later the buyer flies to Seattle, inspects the property, and seals the deal.One of the biggest marketing surprises of the current age is the digital still camera. Once prohibitively expensive, these cameras have radically dropped in price while gaining in resolutionand other features. Although they often resemble traditional cameras, they don＇t use film. Instead, they store images on either a small removable memory card or on the memory chip inside the camera.The beauty of digital photography is that while you＇ll spend relatively more for a digital camera, you＇ll save a lot on film processing costs, because there aren＇t any. You can also discard digital pictures and keep shooting. Better yet, you can use software to enhance or alter the image. In quality, the images consumer-level digital cameras produce do not compare to ones you＇d get from a 35mm camera. For the most part, though, digital photos are meant to be viewed on a computer monitor, and so their resolution is more than acceptable. In a world where the speed at which you distribute information often means the difference between success and failure, and immediacy supersedes quality in importance, may people are finding a use for digital camera.26. From the first paragraph we know the average person thinks ____.A. the digital age is far awayB. digital is too complicated for himC. digital age is dreadfulD. both a and b27. In the second paragraph the writer used an example to show that _____.A. any real estate agent should use digital still cameraB. digital still camera should be used together with Internet WebC. digital age is gaining momentumD. house dealing can be made easier28. _____ could be the best summary of the last two paragraphs.A. Digital still camera and traditional cameraB. Pros and cons of digital still cameraC. Capturing the world digitallyD. The way to use digital still camera29. All the following are the advantages of digital still camera EXCEPT ______.A. no need of filmB. easy to carryC. the image can be changedD. high resolution30. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?A. New Digital Age of InteractivityB. Digital Still CameraC. One Application of ComputerD. Goodbye Analog, Hello DigitalPassage 3In the days immediately following hurricane Andrews deadly visit to South Florida, Allstate Insurance hastily dispatched more than 2,000 extra clang adjusters to the devastated area to assist the 200 stationed there. Many of the reserves rived in convoys of motor homes. Others flew in from as far away as Alaska and California. Since the storm had knocked out telephone lines, Allstate rushed to set up its own communications system. Allstate expects to pay out $1.2 billion to cover more than 121,000 damage claims as a result of Andrew.All told, U.S, property and casualty insurers have been hit with more than $8 billion in Andrew-related claims, making the hurricane the most costly single calamity to strike the industry since the San Francisco earthquake and fire in 1906 ( cost: $6 billion, after inflation). With claims continuing to pour in, Andrew threatens to take a painful toll on the already battered property-casualty insurance industry and its 100 million policy-holders. The final bill, analysts predict, is likely to top $10 billion. While most well-capitalized insurers are expected to weather the storm, less anchored firms are in danger of being blown away, leaving U.S. consumers stuck with the tab. Says Sean Mooney, senior researcher at the Insurance Information Institute: ＂It will take years before the industry digs itself out from the wreckage left by Andrew. Some (companies) will be buried by it?Hurricane Andrew is the latest in a string of mishaps to plague the American insurance industry this year. In April an over flowing Chicago River flooded the city＇s downtown district, costing insurers $300million in claims. A month later, Los Angles was rocked by the worst civilian riot in the U.S. since the Civil War. The insurance toll: $1 billion. Then came a series of major hailstorms in Texas. Florida and Kansas. They cost insurers a combined $700 million. And two weeks after Andrew, another lethal hurricane, Iniki, smashed into Hawaii, causing $ 1.4 billion in damages. In all, property and casualty insurers have paid out a record $13 billion in claims so far this year, far surpassing the previous high of $7.6 billion in 1989, the year of Hurricane Hugo and California＇s Bay Area earthquake. Just as in that year, when those catastrophes were followed by substantial increases in insurance premiums, insurers are already lobbying for rate relief.31. According to the passage. ＂Allstate Insurance＂most likely refers to ____.A. one of the property and casualty insurers in the U.S.B. the only insurance company responsible for the damage claims by AndrewC. the insurance industry as a wholeD. the biggest insurance company in the U.S.32. As is stated in the second paragraph, the result of hurricane Andrew is likely to _______.A. lead to inflation throughout the U.S.B. make the largest insurers suffer the mostC. put the industry in South Florida out of actionD. cause insurers with insufficient funds to go bankrupt33. Using context clues, we may infer that ＂stuck with the tab＂most probably means _____.＂caught in the hurricane＂A.＂exposed to natural disasters＂B.＂trapped in financial difficulties＂C.＂extremely vulnerable to further damages＂D.35. The main purpose of the passage is to _____.A. show the severe damages and heavy losses caused by Hurricane AndrewB. suggest that U.S. insurers are virtually unable to cover the damage claims any moreC. tell about the difficult situation faced by the insurers throughout the U.S.D. prove that disasters tend to cause ever worsening devastation as time goes on.Passage 4Steve Courtney wrote historical novels. Not, he was quick to explain, over colorful love stories of the kind that made so much money for so many women writer, but novels set, andcorrectly set, in historical periods. Whatever difference he saw in his own books, his readers didnot seem to notice it, and his readers were nearly all women. He had studied at university, but hehad not been a particularly good student, and he had never afterwards let any academic knowledgehe had gained interfere with his writing.Helen, his wife, who did not have a very high opinion of her husband's ability as a novelist,had been careful to say when she married him that she was not historically minded.Above all, Helen was doubtful whether her relationship with Steve would work at all in thevillage of Stretton, to which they had just moved. It was Steve who had wanted to move to thecountry, and she had been glad of the change, in principle, whatever doubts she was now havingabout Stretton as a choice. But she wondered whether Steve would not, before very long, wantto live in London again, and what she would do if he did. The Stretton house was not a weekendcottage. They had moved into it and given up the London flat altogether, partly at least, she suspected, because that she Steve's idea of what a successful author ought to do. However, she thought he was not going to feel like a successful author half as much in Stretton ashe had in London. On the other had, she supposed he might just start dashing up to London forthe day to see his agent or have lunch with his publisher, leaving her behind in Stretton, andshe thought on the whole she would like that.36. What was Steve＇s attitude towards women who wrote love stories?A. He would have liked to earn as much money as they did.B. He was afraid of being compared unfavorably with themC. He did not think he could write about the same subjectsD. He had a low opinion of the kind of books they wrote37. What did Helen have to be careful to hide?A. Her lack of interest in historyB. Her low opinion of her husband＇s writingC. Her dislike of her husband＇s writingD. Her inability to husband＇s admirers.38. What were Helen＇s feelings about the move from London to Stretton?A. She wanted to remain in the countryB. She had been unwilling to leave LondonC. She thought it was time to return to undon39. Helen thought Steve might not be content in Stretton because ______.A. he would not be able to write so well in the countryB. he would not feel so important in StrettonC. his relationship with Helen was changingD. he would not be lonely without all his London friends40. The passage as a whole suggests that Steve＇s novels were _____.A. popular but unimportantB. serious works of literatureC. admired for their historical truthD. written with women readers in mindPassage 5The sixties have been misunderstood. It was not a radical decade, as the term radical is commonly used in connection with those years. It was not a decade of the left ascendant. Rampant, perhaps but not ascendant. Rather, the decade was radical radicalizing, which, subsequent decades have shown, is different. Politically, the sixties invigorated the right more than the left. But of course politics is not everything. In fact, three decades down the road, the nation＇s political discourse may be driven by conservatives, but they, although by many measures triumphant, seem aggrieved because politics seems peripheral to, and largely impotent against, cultural forces and institutions permeated with what conservatives consider the sixties sensibilities.Treating a decade as a discrete entity obviously makes the assumption that history during that decade had an obliging tidiness, opening with a decisive and tone-setting episode and closing with a suitably climatic event. History rarely accommodates that assumption. Such a treatment of a decade also makes the equally dubious assumption that the decade in question had a clearly dominant tone or profile. So the 1920s was the decade of jazz., flappers, the birth of the sports celebrity (Babe Ruth, Red Grange, Jack Dempsey), the Lost Generation, Sacco and Vanzetti and ...Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover.Let us stipulate this, then: A decade, even one as intensely felt at the time and as hotly debated afterward as the sixties was and is, can come to seem, when recollected in tranquility, quite unlike the decade as it was felt at the time, and unlike the decade as it is portrayed by people with an emotional or political investment in portraying it a particular way.It is arguable that we should think of the sixties as beginning in November 1963 and ending in October 1973. That is, the years we connect with the tumultuousness associated with the phrase ＂the sixties＂ began with the assassination of a president and ended with the Yom Kippur War and the energy crisis. The assassination shattered (or at least many people say it did ) the nation＇s sunny postwar disposition; it supposedly ＂ended American innocence.＂ It is unclear how innocent was this nation that had been made possible by Puritans, had been founded by such innocents as Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and James Madison, had been born in the bloodshed of what actually was not only the American Revolution but also America＇s first civil war, had been preserved by the worst civil war the world had until then seen...you get the picture. The sixties as a decade of ＂lost innocence＂? Please. The 1973 oil embargo, which produced a sense of national vulnerability and pervasive limits, did seem to bring down a curtain on something. But on what?41. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. A radical period in American historyB. Different events in the sixtiesC. The true picture of the sixtiesD. Real radicals in the sixties42. Which of the following features describes the sixties according to the passage?RadicalA.AscendantB.WithdrawingC.RampantD.43. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A. The sixties should not be judged separatelyB. It is impossible to make assumptions about any decadeC. People tend to misunderstand some events in historyD. History presents many confusing phenomena to people44. It can be inferred from the passage that people regard the sixties asdangerousA.peacefulB.chaoticC.unbearableD.45. It can be most safely concluded from the passage that the 1973 oil embargo _____.A.America＇s weaknessreflectedAmerica＇s great power in the worldB.showeddidn＇t affect America at allC.D.America＇s position in the worldchangedIII． Translation (20%)Direction: Translate the following passage in to Chinese. Write your translation on the answer sheet.It is not enough to know what is right and what is wrong. One must also be able to apply this knowledge to actual, concrete situations. For that, the virtue of prudence is essential.St Thomas Aquinas referred to prudence as the ＂rudder virtue＂ the one that ＂steers＂the others. Without it, we are like someone adrift in a boat, tossedin this direction or that by the wind, the waves, and the current. Unfortunately, the virtue of prudence has too often been confused with caution. Thus, the ＂prudent＂person is one who never ＂rocks the boat＂and is especially careful to aroid is the wisest and most moral course of action to take.The word that actually come closest to fulletining as a synonym for prudence is ＂discernment＂. The prudent person is one who can ＂size Up a situation and decide. What is the, what is the wisest and most moral course of action to take.prudencedoesn＇t answer the question, ＂What is the right thing in principle to Accordingly,do? Rather, ＂What is the right thing for me (or for us) to do in this situation?＂The prudent person fully examines a situation and seeks advice from others. (Reaching out to others for counsel before acting is one of the classic marks of a prudent person.) A judgment is made in the light of this examination and advice, and then a decision is made.IV. Writing (20%)Directions: Read the following sentences carefully and write a composition of 250-300words according to the requirement. Write your composition on the answer sheet.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Face-to-face communication is better than other types of communication, such as letters, e-mail, or telephone calls. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.Key to Paper AI. Vocabulary (10%)1-10: C D D B D B A C D A11-20: B C C A C D C D B BII. Reading comprehension (50%)21-30: A B D B C D C C B A31-40: A D C A C D B D B A41-45: C D A C AIII. Translation (20%)只知道什么是对，什么是错，这还不够，还必须能把这一知识运用于实际的具体情况．为此，审慎这一美德便是必不可少的。

北京航空航天大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案及解析Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)PartⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 121．【答案】D【解析】原文第一段第一句明确指出“the noise level for potential hearing loss begins at about 70 decibels”。

因此A、B、C三个选项均不正确。

22．【答案】D【解析】根据第四段最后一句“Aircraft are increasingly being required to use reduced power flights around airports”可知，D选项正确，其他选项未被提及。

23．【答案】B【解析】本文在第三段明确指出“There are two common means for control”，并一一加以介绍，因此本题答案为B项。

24．【答案】B【解析】根据第四段第三句“More and more towns are passing zoning ordinances that try to segregate noisy factories or airports from residential areas”可知，现在越来越多的城镇通过分区条例，计划将噪声污染严重的工厂和机场与居民区分开。

那么未来机场可能会建在离居民区远的地方，即无人居住的地区。

因此正确答案是B。

25．【答案】A【解析】根据第五段最后一句“The new jumbojets...they are more powerful and carry twice as many passengers”可知，新式的大型喷气机能量更高，并且能够装载更多的旅客。

这说明，新式飞机噪声污染低而运输效率高。

因此A项正确。

其他选项不是拿喷气机举例的目的。

2007年博士研究生入学考试课程名称：专业综合课材料科学基础（每题20分，选做5题）1.简述有色金属材料退火热处理制度的种类及其在材料加工过程中的应用。

2.简述超塑性变形的基本原理、实现超塑性变形的工艺条件及超塑性成型的应用。

3.简述两种获得纳米材料的制备技术与工艺特点。

4.按增强体形貌金属基复合材料可以分为哪几类？简述它们的制备方法。

5.简述1-2种你熟悉的材料设计与材料组织演变模拟方法。

6.常用的材料连接方法有哪些？它们各有什么工艺特点与使用范围？7.晶体缺陷的种类有哪些？它们对材料的性能有什么影响？8.细化晶粒是提高材料强度与韧性的重要手段，实现晶粒晶粒细化的途径有哪些？试结合一种具体材料加以讨论。

9.快速凝固方法的工艺特点是什么？该方法对合金的组织性能有什么影响？10.试列举1-2种新型电子信息材料，简要介绍其研究开发现状及实际应用过程中需要解决的关键问题。

11.谈谈获得非晶态物质的途径（20分）。

2008年材料学综合试题（任选5题每题20分）1.试举1-2例计算机模拟与计算方法在材料科学与工程中的具体应用和基本原理。

2.在不改变金属材料化学组成的前提下，可以通过多种制备技术改变材料的组织与性能，试举两例说明之。

3.简述材料表面科学技术发展对未来材料的影响。

4.简要介绍1-2种新型功能材料的研究开发现状及实际应用过程中需要解决的关键问题。

5.从人类社会可持续发展的角度，论述新材料与新技术的发展趋势。

6.金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜都能用来观察和分析材料的微观结构，它们所依据的原理和方法是什么？举例说明。

7.简述1-2种纳米材料的性能特征与应用及其制备技术。

8.结合本人的研究和工作实践，简述一种新型材料的主要性能特点、用途与制备方法。

2009年博士研究生入学考试课程名称：材料计算科学与虚拟工程综合（每题20分，选做5题）a)简述金属塑性变形－组织结构－性能间的相互关系。

b)简述形变热处理提高材料性能的原理，介绍1－2种有色金属材料的具体形变热处理工艺。

2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：生态学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。

2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。

一、名词解释（每题2分）1、沉积型物质循环2、最小因子定律3、生态价4、静态生命表5、生物地球化学循环6、生态恢复7、地理隔离 8、负反馈调节二、简答题（每题8分）1、你认为当代生态学研究的中心任务是什么？2、简述用香农－威纳指数计算群落异质性的方法及其生物学意义。

3、简述群落数量分类与排序的异同。

三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、栖息在同一棵树上（空间生态位相同）、有相同食物（营养生态位相同）的两种鸟能否长期共存？请说明在什么情况下不能共存？在何种情况下才能共存？2、举例说明有毒有害物质在生态系统中的传递及其生态后果。

3、如何判断一种植物在一个新的环境中能够生存，选择陆生或水生高等植物说明？如果要实验判断，需要设计哪些实验？4、列举10种有关生态学的外文杂志。

分析现代生态学对人类发展的贡献有哪些。

科目名称：生态学第1页共1页2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：环境化学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。

2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。

一、名词解释（每题2分）1、污染物归趋2、限制性营养元素3、一级降解动力学4、Monod方程5、生化需氧量6、A2/O法7、酸碱缓冲容量8、沉积物释放二、简答题（每题8分）1、简述挥发作用中的双膜理论。

2、简述土壤的缓冲作用。

3、简述多环芳烃的来源及危害。

三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、叙述氮氧化物（NO、NO2）在大气液相平衡体系中的转化，并给出在气液间和液相内的相应平衡关系式。

2、土壤中有许多有机的和无机的氧化性和还原性物质，土壤中这些主要的氧化剂和还原剂有哪些？为什么有时可以用Eh值可以确定土壤中有机物和无机物可能发生的氧化还原反应？3、城市垃圾焚烧过程中会产生NO、HCl和PCDD等多种有害气体。

清华大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题PartⅠListening Comprehension (15 points)（略）Part II Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Sometimes, over a span of many years, a business will continue to grow, generating ever-increasing amounts of cash, repurchasing stock, paying increased dividends, reducing debt, opening new stores, expanding production facilities, moving into new markets, etc., while at the same time its stock price remains stagnant (or even falls).When this happens, the average and professional investors alike tend to overlook the company because they become familiar with the trading range.Take, for example, Wal-Mart. Over the past five years, the retailing behemoth has grown sales by over 80%, profits by over 100%, and yet the stock price has fallen as much as 30% during that timeframe. Clearly, the valuation picture has changed. An investor that read the annual report back in 2000 or 2001 might have passed on the security, deeming it too expensive based on a metric such as the price to earnings ratio. Today, however, the equation is completely different-despite the stock price, Wal-Mart is, in essence, trading at half its former price because each share is backed by a larger dividend, twice the earnings power, more stores, and a bigger infrastructure. Home Depot is in much the same boat, largely because some Wall Street analysts question how fast two of the world’s largest companies can continue to grow before their sheer size slows them down to the rate of the general economy.Coca-Cola is another excellent example of this phenomenon. Ten years ago, in 1996, the stock traded between a range of $36.10 and $54.30 per share. At the time, it had reported earnings per share of $1.40 and paid a cash dividend of $0.50 per share. Corporate per share book value was $2.48. Last year, the stock traded within a range of $40.30 and $45.30 per share; squarely in the middle of the same area it had been nearly a decade prior! Yet, despite the stagnant stock price, the 2006 estimates Value Line Investment Survey estimates for earnings per share stand around $2.16 (a rise of 54%), the cash dividend has more than doubled to $1.20, book value is expected to have grown to $7.40 per share (a gain of nearly 300%), and the total number of shares outstanding （未偿付的，未完成的）has actually decreased from 2.481 billion to an estimated 2.355 billion due to the company’s share repurchase program.16. This passage is probably a part of .A. Find Hidden Value in the MarketB. Become RicherC. Get Good BargainsD. Identify Good Companies17. The italicized word “stagnant” (line 4, Para. 1) can be best paraphrased as_____.A. prominentB. terribleC. unchangedD. progressing18. Wal-Mart is now trading at a much lower price because_____.A. it has stored a large quantity of goodsB. it has become financially more powerfulC. it has been eager to collect money to prevent bankruptcy中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tD. it is a good way to compete with other retailing companies19. All the following are shared by Wal-Mart and Coco-Cola EXCEPT .A. The cash dividend has increased.B. The earning power has become stronger.C. Both businesses have continued to grow.D. The stock price has greatly decreased.20. According to the author, one had better .A. buy more shares when the stock price falls downB. sell out the shares when the stock price falls downC. do some research on the value of a business when its stock price falls downD. invest in the business when its stock price falls downQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:Today’s college students are more narcissistic (自恋的) and self-centered than their predecessors, according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society.“We need to stop endlessly repeating ‘You’re special’ and having children repeat that back”, said the study’s lead author, Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University. “Kids are self-centered enough already”. “Unfortunately, narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society, including the breakdown of close relationships with others”, he said. The study asserts that narcissists “are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived, at risk for infidelity, lack emotional warmth, and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty, and over-controlling and violent behaviors”. Twenge, the author of “Generation Me: Why Today’s Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled—and More Miserable Than Ever Before”, said narcissists tend to lack empathy, react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others.Some analysts have commended today’s young people for increased commitment to volunteer work. But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically, noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications.Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced (非常明显的) that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies. “Permissiveness seems to be a component”, he said. “A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting. Less indulgence might be called for”. Yet students, while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings, don’t necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.Hanady Kader, a University of Washington senior, said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded. But she is dismayed by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status. “We’re encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want, and nobody should stand in your way”, Kader said. “I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships”.Kari Dalane, a University of Vermont sophomore, says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered. “People are worried about themselves—but in the sense of where are they’re going to find a place in the world”, she said. “People want to look their best, have a good time, but it doesn’t mean they’re not concerned about the rest of the world”.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tBesides, some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome, Dalane said. “It would be more depressing if people answered, ‘No, I’m not special’”.21. According to the passage, a narcissistic person may .A. hate criticismB. be dishonest to his/her partnerC. be unwilling to help othersD. All the above22. The italicized word “commended ” (line 1, Para. 3) means .A. praisedB. criticizedC. recommendedD. disfavored23. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. Narcissism may result in bad consequences.B. College students are active to participate in volunteer work.C. Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge.D. Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion.24. It is implied that________.A. both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissismB. the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC. the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the studyD. college students are pessimistic about their future25. It is proper to be ______when you hear someone say “I’m special”.A. objectiveB. pessimisticC. optimisticD. worriedQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among private industries.The Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting a majority of vote cards, instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board to oversee a secret ballot election, which can occur more than 50 days after the card vote is completed.Representatives of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill. The National Association of Manufacturers, The National Federation of Independent Business, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and other business groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers. “This isn’t about preventing increased unionization, it’s about protecting rights”, said the National Association of Manufacturer’s Jason Straczewski, of his organization’s opposition to bill. Straczewski says eliminating the secret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion (强迫；胁迫) from unions.Samuel of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes from employers. “Workers talking to workers are equals while managers talking to workers aren’t”, Samuel said. He cites the 31,358 cases of illegal employer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in 2005.Samuel also points out that counter to claims from the business lobby ， the secret ballot would not be eliminated. The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out of the hands of the employers. “On the ground, the difference between having this legislation and not would be the difference between night and day”, said Richard Shaw of the Harris County Central Labor Council, who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level.The bill has other provisions (规定，条款) as well. The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration (仲裁) when a company and a newly formed union cannot agree on a contract after 3 months. An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e twould be in effect for 2 years, a fact that Straczewski calls, “borderline unconstitutional”. “I don’t see how it will benefit employees if they’re locked into a contract”, said Straczewski.The bill’s proponents point to the trend of recognized unions unable to get contracts from unwilling employers. The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, the organization that oversees arbitration, reported that in 2004, 45 percent of newly formed unions were denied first contracts by employers. The bill would also strengthen the penalties for companies that illegally coerce or intimidate employees. As it stands, the law on the books hasn’t changed substantially since the National Labor Relations Act was made into law in 1935. The NLBR can enforce no other penalty than reinstating wrongfully fired employees or recovering lost wages.26. Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A. House bill aims to spur labor union growth.B. House bill aims to counter labor union growth.C. Employee Free Choice Act aims to spur employment.D. Employee Free Choice Act aims to raise employees’ income.27. According to its opponents, the bill .A. will protect employees’ rightsB. will benefit workers by binding contractsC. will empower unions too muchD. makes it possible for employees to yield to coercion from unions28. The word “it ” (line 5, Para. 5) refers to .A. the changeB. the legislationC. the AFL-CIOD. the difference29. People support the bill because of the following reasons EXCEPT .A. the bill will probably enable unions to have fewer members of private industriesB. the bill will allow a union to be recognized earlier and have a great effect on the local levelC. binding arbitration will be imposed to protect employees if a contract can’t be agreed on between a recently established union and a companyD. the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employees30. It is implied that .A. fewer private industries joined unions in the pastB. workers’ coercion often comes from unionsC. the bill will be a win-and-win one for employees and employersD. punishment authorized by the bill will be lighterQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:Some African Americans have had a profound impact on American society, changing many people’s views on race, history and politics. The following is a sampling of African Americans who have shaped society and the world with their spirit and their ideals.Muhammad Ali Cassius Marcellus Clay grew up a devout Baptist in Louisville, Kentucky, learning to fight at age 12 after a police officer suggested he learn to defend himself. Six years later, he was an Olympic boxing champion, going on to win three world heavyweight titles. He became known as much for his swagger (趾高气扬) outside the ring as his movement in it, converting to Islam in 1965, changing his name to Muhammad All and refusing to join the U.S. Army on religious grounds. Ali remained popular after his athletic career ended and he developed中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tParkinson’s disease, even lighting the Olympic torch at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics and conveying the peaceful virtues of Islam following the September 11 terrorist attacks.W.E.B. Du Bois Born William Edward Burghardt Du Bois in 1868, this Massachusetts native was one of the most prominent, prolific intellectuals of his time. An academic, activist and historian, Du Bois co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), edited “The Crisis” magazine and wrote 17 books, four journals and many other scholarly articles. In perhaps his most famous work, “The Souls of Black Folk”, published in 1903, he predicted “the problem of 20th century [would be] the problem of the color-line”.Martin Luther King Jr . The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. is considered one of the most powerful and popular leaders of the American civil rights movement. He spearheaded (带头；作先锋)a massive, nonviolent initiative of marches, sit-ins, boycotts and demonstrations that profoundly affected Americans’ attitudes toward race relations. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.Malcolm X Black leader Malcolm X spoke out about the concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the early 1960s. He denounced the exploitation of black people by whites and developed a large and dedicated following, which continued even after his death in 1965. Interest in the leader surged again after Spike Lee’s 1992 movie “Malcolm X” was released.Jackie Robinson In 1947, Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers, becoming the first black baseball player in the U.S. major leagues. After retirement from baseball in 1957, he remained active in civil rights and youth activities. In 1962, he became the first African-American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.31. Which of the following is NOT true about Muhammad Ali?A. He never served in the army.B. He learned to fight at an early age.C. His popularity decreased after his retirement from boxing.D. He loves peace.32. The italicized word “prolific” (line 2, Para. 3) is synonymous to .A. smartB. skilledC. productiveD. pioneering33. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. W.E.B. Du Bois was engaged in the cause of promoting the status of colored people.B. Jackie Robinson was denied by U.S. major baseball leagues throughout his life.C. Martin Luther King Jr. was highly awarded for his contributions to the civi1 rights movements.D. Malcolm X directly or indirectly inspired interest in leadership even after his death.34. What is common among the celebrities mentioned in the passage?A. Each achieved enormous success in his/her field and was highly recognized.B. Each was devoted to his/her cause but didn’t win recognition until death.C. All were active and famous in several fields in their lifetime.D. All loved peace and remained active in civil rights activities.35. Which of the following can be a title of the passage?A. Life of famous African AmericansB. Influence of famous African AmericansC. Political pioneers: Icons and intellectualsD. Cultural pioneers: Icons and intellectuals中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tPart III Vocabulary (10%)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning with the underlined word. And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 36. The building collapsed because its foundation was not strong enough to the weight of the building.A. subsideB. idealizeC. initiateD. sustain 37. The actress was very at the insulting question raised by her opponent at the conference.A. extraterrestrialB. explicitC. indignantD. innovative 38. It is known to all that children in this region have strong to swimming in summer because of the hot weather.A. inclinationB. exposureC. fluxD. correlation39. The torch was by a famous athlete at the opening of the sport meeting.A. implementB. deceiveC. exemplifyD. ignited40. These samples have to be in certain kind of chemical water in order to protect them.A. immersedB. crispedC. armoredD. arrayed41. Her talk at the seminar clearly from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology.A. alternatedB. amplifiedC. designatedD. diverged42. Three years before he returned home from the United States.A. denotedB. destinedC. elapsedD. enveloped43. A plan needs to be considered and accepted so as to lower the prices in these cities.A. deliberateB. disincentiveC. functionalD. fantastic44. Sometimes in drawing and designing ，the sign X the unknown number.A. facilitatesB. fascinatesC. denotesD. jots45. The speaker was very much by rude words and behavior of the audience in the hall.A. JerkedB. incensedC. 1acedD. limped 46. The two countries have developed a relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade.A. managerialB. lethalC. metricD. cordial47. The doctor’s was that she should go and see the specialist in this field.A. constraintB. counselC. coherenceD. consciousness48. The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.A. unanimousB. abstractC. autonomousD. almighty49. They need to move to new and large apartments. Do you know of any ones in this area?A. evacuatedB. emptyC. vacantD. vacate中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t50. The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get quickly.A. decomposedB. denouncedC. detachedD. deduced51. The government decided to take a action to strengthen the market management.A. diverseB. durableC. epidemicD. drastic 52. The local residents were unhappy about the curfew in this region and decided to_____ it.A. disgraceB. disguiseC. defyD. distress53. They admitted that they shared the same on the matter.A. potentialityB. sentimentC. postscriptD. subscription54. We cannot be with him due to his misbehavior at the meeting yesterday.A. peckedB. reconciledC. perturbedD. presumed55. Bad traveling conditions had seriously their progress to their destination in that region.A. tuggedB. demolishedC. hamperedD. destroyedPart IV Cloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Sea rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at sea level. Nearly one-third of all human beings live within 36 miles of a coastline. Most of the world’s great seaport cities would be __ 56__: New Orleans, Amsterdam, Shanghai, and Cairo. Some countrie s—Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in the Pacific —would be inundated. Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt, __57__ large populations occupy low-lying areas, would suffer extreme __58__. Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons, __59__ in coastal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world. __60__ water quality may result as __61__ flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking water supplies, and irreplaceable, natural __62__ could be flooded with ocean water, destroying forever many of the __63__ plant and animal species living there. Food supplies and forests would be __64__ affected. Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture. Warmer temperatures would __65__ grain-growing regions pole-wards. The warming would also increase and change the pest plants, such as weeds and the insects __66__ the crops. Human health would also be affected. Warming could __67__ tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever, malaria, and other diseases. Heat stress and heat mortality could rise. The harmful __68__ of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer __69__. There will be some __70__ from warming. New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic, longer growing seasons further north will _ 71__ new agricultural lands, and warmer temperature will make some of today’s colder regions more __72__. But these benefits will be in individual areas. The natural systems —both plant and animal —will be less able than man to cope and __73__. Any change of temperature, rainfall, and sea level of the magnitude now __74__ will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well.The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do everything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions __75__ by global warming.56. A. ascended B. assaulted C. erased D. endangered57. A. which B. where C. when D. what58. A. dislocation. B. discontent C. distribution D. distinction59. A. rebuking B. rambling C. resulting D. rallying60. A. Increased B. Reduced C. Expanded D. Saddened61. A. inland B. coastal C. urban D. suburban62. A. dry-land B. mountain C. wetlands D. forest63. A. unique B. precious C. interesting D. exciting64. A. geologically B. adversely C. secretively D. serially65. A. shift B. generate C. grease D. fuse66. A. hiking B. hugging C. attacking D. activating67. A. endanger B. accommodate C. adhere D. enlarge68. A. profits B. values C. effects D. interests69. A. conditions B. accommodation C. surroundings D. evolution70. A. adjustments B. benefits C. adoptions D. profits71. A. alternate B. abuse C. advocate D. create72. A. accidental B. habitable C. anniversary D. ambient73. A. adapt B. alleviate C. agitate D. assert74. A. ascertained B. conformed C. consoled D. anticipated75. A. tutored B. relayed C. triggered D. reflectedPart V Translation from English into Chinese. (10%)Directions ：Translate the following passage into Chinese ，and then write it on the ANSWER SHEET.Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy—including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it, but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts-detract from well being.For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy-well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970’s, then, represented a turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs—and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status —energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.Part Ⅵ Writing (15%)Directions ：You are asked to write in no less than 200 words about the title of Harmful Plagiarism in Academic Field in China . You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below. Remember to write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。

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@/9E =@239A4@31923:3@614176@C 14@/9@1691EQ G E /39A2C 10/4286/03439A21@C 93@7?86/b 1@24-%G X 92C 1?7428767A 678C !2C 11F861443/9#/9@12C 1</3?1634?32=9E 1632$0/4286/<7<?;01794#>C 19N 0163B@7939E =426;34G $N G =9E 160391E Y G =8A 67E 1E M G 39@1941E Q G 4230=?721E Y ’B79-*0*.5=9*D 7’:!!5&-9*7:+A 9(’B79-*:(J )#%0"21-"#123324()*+%,,%*#,!1(L#,#)-#)0#,"%L#5##)$#72L#’1$27-"#2$(*()%3-#V-.!"#6%$#3(,-#’1$27!=-2;%)’+9-5#324-"#+%,,%*#.?"22,#-"#72,-,9(-%53#,#)-#)0#1$27-"#3(,--21(33()#%0"21-"#53%)<,K *)975#$#’[[-2\W +.;2$#%0"+%,,%*#!-"#$#(,2)#,#)-#)0#-"%-’2#,)2-1(-()%)621-"#53%)<,.H %$<629$%),4#$,2)629$H %0"()#:,02$()*=),4#$C "##-.$%::%;’!I C 1Y =4C @6/>E<6342?14722C 1=41/:2C 1#h B >/6E $,O =7A 0361*沼泽+,2/E 14@63<1N 0163@79395/?51B 019239X 67O G Y =2>32C/=64/?E 3164:3A C 239A79EE ;39A>32C9/19E3943A C 2!>C /@79E 19;2C 72J 6G Y =4CC 74A /2219=4392/#7432=723/9:6/0>C 3@C1F263@723/934516;E 3::3@=?2!$>C 3@C3474279E 76EE 1:39323/9/:O =7A B 0361-J /612C 79$’)#N 0163@7926//84C 7517?617E ;E 31E39X 67O G !--!G 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标准答案（要点）一、1、由于含氢指数低，天然气层中天然气对快中子的减速能力低于骨架，导致中子测井结果明显低于实际的孔隙度的一种物理现象。

2、传统的声速测井往往采用阈值检测法来判断首波的到达。

如果地层对声波的衰减太大，以至于使首波的幅度小于所设置的阈值，则不能检测到首波，而只能检测到后续波，这会使所测量的声波旅行时间变大，这种现象叫“周波跳跃”。

周波跳跃一般都发生在远波，使时差t 变大。

周波跳跃现象的产生导致时间测量误差为首波的若干个周期。

3、淡水泥浆滤液侵入条件下，含高矿化度地层水轻质油气层中的油气相对渗透率大于水相相对渗透率，导致在侵入带前缘形成的以原生高矿化度地层水相对富集的环带。

4、核磁测井三种横向弛豫机制之一。

发生在岩石孔隙中固体与流体界面。

表面弛豫取决于岩石孔隙表面弛豫率和孔隙比表面。

5、在给定的地区地质条件下，为了完成预定的勘探、开发或工程任务而选用的一套经济实用的综合测井方法。

岩性、物性、流体性质。

6、饱和多相流体孔隙介质中一相流体有效渗透率与绝对（空气）渗透率的比值。

二、1、根据岩石物理体积模型，采用反演理论进行解释的一种方法。

以经过环境校正后的测井值（向量）为基础，根据适当的解释模型和测井响应方程，计算理论测井值（向量），并与实际测井值（向量）对比，按非线性加权最小二乘原理建立目标函数，用最优化方法不断调整未知储层参数，使目标函数达到极小值（能结合公式叙述最佳）。

2、是油藏描述和多井评价中的一项技术。

选择有系统连续取心、测试和较全测井系列等资料齐全的井，建立可以应用于整个油藏（田）其他井的测井解释模型、参数。

3、测井资料综合分析的一种直观图形手段。

如中子—密度测井重叠图可以直观反映地层岩性类型以及孔隙度高低；视地层水电阻率曲线与深探测电阻率曲线可以帮助判断储层流体性质等。

三、1、低电阻率油气层指与同等物性、岩性和水性的水层，电阻增大率小于2-3的油气层，主要类型有：具有高—极高地层水矿化度的低电阻率油气层，引起这类油气层呈低电阻率的原因是矿化度极高的地层水在孔隙中形成密布的导电网络，使油气层电阻率明显降低；微孔隙发育的低电阻率油气层，这类油气层低电阻率的原因是岩石的颗粒较细（细粉砂和粘土矿物），导致地层中微孔隙十分发育，微孔隙和渗流孔隙并存，再加上地层水矿化度的影响，其电阻率值可能极低；富含泥质的低电阻率油气层，这类地层往往是淡水泥质砂岩地层，这时泥质的附加导电性表现十分突出，成为引起电阻率下降的原因；粒间孔隙与裂缝并存引起的低电阻率油气层，由于裂缝发育，在钻井过程中有相当的泥浆滤液侵入，驱赶并代替了裂缝中的油气，而使油气层的电阻率明显下降； 表面和骨架导电引起的低电阻率油气层 2、（1）岩石体积模型方法的基本要点是：按物理性质的差别，将岩石分成几个组成部分，而且岩石的总体积等于各部分体积之和；根据测井方法的物理意义，表达出宏观物理量与测量的物理量（单位物理量）的表达式；对表达式简化得到体积模型方程。

2007年同济大学考博英语试题（含答案详解）考博英语真题博士研究生入学考试试题同济大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题编号：101 考试科目：英语答题要求：答案一律写在答题纸上。

I. Vocabulary (10%)Directions：For each of the following sentences there are four choices. Choose the best one to complete the sentence. Make your choices on the answer sheet.1. The man had a good disguise, but as soon as he spoke he ______ himself.A. exposedB. revealedC. betrayedD. disclosed2. The leaders of the two countries feel it desirable to ______ funds from armaments to health and education.A. deriveB. depriveC. dispatchD. divert3. Democratic government is a phrase that is notoriously hard to ______.A. creditB. defyC. modifyD. define4. I reject absolutely the ____ that privatization is now inevitable in our industry.B. notionC. impressionD. concept5. With the economy of the country going strong, the _____ mood is one of optimism.A. presidingB. circulatingC. floatingD. prevailing6. The panel will consider whether or not Mr. Wilson had been _____ serious professional misconduct.A. wary ofB. guilty offC. confronted withD. reduced to7. It is a _____ of our company to give refunds if goods are faulty.A. policyB. disciplineC. decisionD. determination8. He had always been_____ the way Ruth looked, and had never once paid her a compliment.A. unaware ofB. cautious aboutC. oblivious toD. subject to9. Since a circle had no beginning or end, the wedding ring is a symbol of _____ love.B. infiniteC. prolongedD. eternal10. Dick, who had failed the math test, was sitting on a bench in the corner, ______ over his disappointment.A. broodingB. meditatingC. apologizingD. complaining11. Last week the seamen’s strike led to the ____ clos ure of the whole vast dock area.A. actualB. virtualC. factualD. local12. In the garden bees moved from ______ flowers to purple ones.A. colorfulB. prosperousC. scarletD. brilliant13. Professor Smith has already retired but his teachings still ______ a strong influence on his students.A. performB. exhibitC. exertD. execute14. When they asked him about it, he said it was no ______ of theirs and wouldn’t tell them anything.B. relationC. connectionD. relevance。

名词解释：1.作物学:有关大田作物生产和改良的科学理论与技术。

2.作物栽培学:研究作物生长发育和产量品质形成规律及其与环境和技术的关系，进而采取栽培措施使各生产要素合理组合，以达到作物生产优质、高产、高效、安全、生态目的，使投入发挥最佳的经济和生态效益的一门科学。

3.作物遗传育种学：研究作物品种选育和遗传改良及种子生产的理论、方法与技术。

4.蒸腾系数:指作物每形成1g干物质所消耗的水分的克数。

5.凋萎系数:植物开始发生永久凋萎时的土壤含水率，也称凋萎含水率或萎蔫点6.生理需水：直接用于作物正常生理活动和保持体内水分平衡所需的水分。

7.生态需水：利用水作为生态因子，造成一个适于作物生长发育的良好环境所需要的水分。

8.活动积温:是指≥生物学零度的日平均温度的累积值。

9.有效积温:它指日均温与生物学零度的差值的累加值。

准确性较高。

10.基本营养生长期:11.基本营养生长性:12.经济系数:13.收获指数:14.生态型:同一种生物的不同个体群，长期生活在不同的生态环境或人工培育条件下，发生趋异适应，经自然和人工选择分化形成了生态、形态和生理特性不同的基因型类群，称为生态型。

15.生活型:不同种的生物长期生长在相同的自然和人工培育环境条件下，会发生趋同适应。

在自然和人工选择条件下，形成具有类似形态、生理和生态特性的生物（作物）类群，称为生活型。

16.种植资源:指选育新品种的基础材料，包括各种植物的栽培种、野生种的繁殖材料以及利用上述繁殖材料人工创造的各种植物的遗传材料。

17.遗传资源:是指具有实际或潜在价值的遗传材料。

18.基因资源:简答题：稻麦类作物通用生育期的划分。

举例说明什么是作物的生长和发育。

作物布局的原则和步骤。

作物源库流和作物高产之间的关系。

源：指光合产物供给源或代谢源，是制造和提供养料的器官。

主要指作物茎、叶为主体的全部营养器官库：光合产物贮藏库或代谢库，即接纳或最后贮藏养料的器官。

如籽粒、花果、幼叶、根系等。

北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析Part One Listening Comprehension(略)Part Two Structure and Written Expression21．D【解析】语法题，考查虚拟语气。

虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were，should或had，可将if省略，再把were，should或had移到从句句首，进行倒装。

此句是混合虚拟，从句中有the day after tomorrow表将来的状语，因此应用were to形式，所以答案是D选项。

22．B【解析】语法题。

句子中有last year，所以动词应该用过去式，这里的left school指毕业，school不用加冠词，所以正确答案是B选项。

23．A【解析】语法题。

句意是“一些人谨慎地看待这些发现，他们注意到被动吸烟和癌症之间的因果关系有待揭示”。

remain to be done为惯用法，表示“有待于(被做)”。

所以正确答案是A选项。

24．C【解析】此句子是一个强调句，强调了被动句的主语what the committee has decided，句意是“委员会的决定应该优先执行”。

25．D【解析】owe to的意思是“归功于，得益于”。

比如We owe much to Greek culture (我们得益于希腊文化之处甚多)。

句意是“最新颖的新车与其说是得益于当地的自由精神，还不如说是得益于一种简单的智慧，即雇用几个能人，并让他们为之工作”。

26．A【解析】treat．．．with．．．意为“用……招待……”。

这句话的意思是“过去几年，Jimmy Connors曾向观众展现了他的网球球技及其个性特点，在上周的美国公开赛上他再次展现了这两点”。

也就是说“他以精彩的网球表演，博得观众认可”。

所以正确答案是A选项。

27．C【解析】首先hardly否定词应该放as…as…之前，所以先可排除A、B。

1、什么是软地层：
常规单极子声波测井测量的是在井壁地层中传播的滑行波，包括滑行纵波和滑行横波。

滑行波产生的条件是井中流体（泥浆）的声速小于地层介质的声速，这对于纵波来说不成问题，但横波速度相对较小，在有些地层条件下就可能不满足滑行波产生的条件（即可能地层横波速度小于井内流体声波速度），导致有些地层无法测量到滑行横波。

通常把这种地层中横波速度小于井内流体声速的地层称为软地层，其他的相应就称硬地层。

新一代的声波测井如DSI等，很重要的一个方面就是借助挠曲波获取各种地层的横波速度。

通常把地层横波速度小于井内流体波速的地层称为软地层，也就是说单极子声波测井在井能无法产生滑行横波。

同样，DSI（偶极子声波测井仪）也无法在井能产生滑行横波。

但DSI产生的剪切扰曲波在高频时其速度低于地层横波速度，低频时与横波速度相同。

所以可以用DSI的扰曲波提取地层的横波时差。

2、孔喉结构可以反映在核磁共振T2谱上。

在含流体的多孔砂岩中，T2的衰减主要取决于表面驰豫，而表面驰豫时间与比表面成反比，比表面又于孔径成反比，所以驰豫时间与孔径成正比，因此孔径越大，衰减越慢，T2越长，反之，孔径越小衰减越快，T2越短。

因此在注水开发中，地层孔喉结构的变化可以通过T2谱分布特征的改变而得以了解。

东北财经大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(总分90, 做题时间180分钟)[*]1.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:B2.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:B3.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C4.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C5.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C6.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C7.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C8.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:B9.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:A10.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D[*]1.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:B2.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C3.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C4.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D5.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:A6.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C7.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:A8.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D9.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D10.SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C[*]SSS_SIMPLE_SIN1.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN2.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN3.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN4.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN5.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN6.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN7.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN8.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN9.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN10.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN11.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN12.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN13.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN14.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN15.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN16.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN17.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN18.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN19.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN20.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:B[*]SSS_SIMPLE_SIN1.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN2.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN3.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN4.A B C D该题您未回答:х 该问题分值: 0.5 答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN5.A B C D该题您未回答:х 该问题分值: 0.5 答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN6.A B C D该题您未回答:х 该问题分值: 0.5 答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN7.A B C D该题您未回答:х 该问题分值: 0.5 答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN8.A B C D该题您未回答:х 该问题分值: 0.5 答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN9.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN10.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN11.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN12.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN13.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN14.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN15.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN16.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN17.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN18.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN19.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN20.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:A[*]SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 10答案:SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 10答案:[*]1.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 10答案:1。

中国社科院2007年博士研究生入学考试试题PART I VocabularySection A (10 point)Directions：Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word．1．The public might well sanction a wider range of programming than would strictly be implied by the”gap-filling”approach，but this is not certain．A．view B．approve C．coerce D．insist2．Petrazzini's main concern is not so much cultural homogenization associated with the spread of the Internet，but an exacerbation of the gap between young and old and between spread of the Internet．A．uniformity B．discrepancy C．convention D．distinction．3．The history helps explain the vexing dispute between the European Union and the United States over the greatest threat to privacy yet conceived：the hundreds of millions of personal dossiers in computerized and networked databases．A．troublesome B．astonishing C．everlasting D．conflicting4．There were not personal goals，no desire to get ahead or to leave something behind．There were only God's decrees to be faithfully carried out．A．orders B．petitions C．prophets D．queries5．Lee Ford and Dan Brooks，a London-based creative and development team，came up with an”edgy”V olkswagen spot for a demo：a terrorist tries to detonate a car bomb outside a crowded caf．A．ignite B．stain C．impede D．ascribe6．The music indicates the way in which Mozart was developing his ideas in 1773 as he attempted to shake off his reputation as a child prodigy and be taken seriously as a composer．A．bedlamite B．betrayer C．genius D．jailor7．Kelly fought depression，her sister struggled against violent tendencies，and their only physical touches they'd ever known from their parents were abusive．A．cordial B．fastidious C．sadistic D．absurd8．Browse one of the websites that hosts them，like You Tube or Google Vides，and you'll see drunken karaoke，babies being born，plane crashes，freakish sports accidents and far，far stranger things．A．elegant B．fraternal C．frantic D．bizarre9．There were still a few surprises，as a squeal here and there in the dark announced，but we did learn to “see with our feet”—lessons in trail Braille．A．divergence B．scream C．gradation D．strand10．He hasn't analyzed why he tips so generously，but I think the proclivity stems from his high school years，when he worked as a busboy．A．predilection B．prosperityC．premeditation D．preambleSection B (10 points)Directions：Choose the answer that best fills in the blank．11．In a competitive and fast-paced modern society，busy business executives are so __________ their work that they hardly know what the word leisure means．A．engrossed in B．exempt from C．skeptical of D．extraneous to 12．But the depth of a novel and the value of its artistic and ideological feature do not depend on the theme-either __________ or significant．A．versatile B．trivial C．preliminary D．alternate13．It is always __________ in some ways，because if it were performed as a primitive fending-off or covering-up action，it would obviously be too transparent．A．scrupulous B．clamorous C．intrinsic D．camouflaged 14．She often remains coldly remote from him；probably his badly scarred face produced an involuntary feeling of __________ in his neighbor．A．discordance B．deliberation C．perversity D．repulsion15．For us it is a big and dark secret；to __________ it would be to jeopardize our future，confessed an avi-aphobe who is currently undergoing therapy．A．divulge B．recall C．retain D．duplicate16．The charitable acts of their boss used to be greatly praised by the people．However，ruthless company downsizing drives and continued layoffs，coupled with rising pay for top managers，have made him look a good deal less __________．A．discourteous B．prudent C．benevolent D．obstinate17．Most of us go through life adding __________ to knowledge，polishing a concept here or there，doing an experiment，contributing a few leaves—or，if we are lucky，a twig—to the tree of knowledge．A．impartially B．impassably C．incrementally D．melodiously 18．The only way he could do it-and by “it” he means achieving the level of fame enjoyed by Martin，who is so famous that his infant daughter，Apple，is better known than the rest of Coldplay combined--is by getting into some kind of trouble，and it could only be infamy，which is of course，__________．A．preposterous B．preludial C．precise D．preponderant 19．So the most __________ scientist alive at that time who symbolized the height of human intellect adopted what became his last message-this manifesto，which implored governments and the public not to allow our civilization to be destroyed by human folly．A．fastidious B．eminent C．anonymous D．waggish20．The novel will be read a long time for its minute and almost uncanny insight into army life，its __________ dialogue，its sheer narrative pull，its portrayal of the tenderness that sometimes is found beneath the crudest animal drives，its absence of mock heroics，its comic absurdities and irony and，above all else，its revelation of the perversity of human nature in the face of evil．A．pungent B．notorious C．anticlimactic D．shakyⅡPART GrammarSection A (10 mints)Directions：Choose the answer that best fills in the blank．21．The police kept asking me to repeat the story of how I found the scroll，and they kepttelling me that I was changing it and tripping me __________．A．for B．on C．up D．in22．The budget crunch has put extra pressure on nearly everyone at this storied campus--besieged administrators __________ to lure minority applicants，students frantically __________ money to cover fee hikes，department heads trying to staunch a faculty brain drain and office staffers worried that a stalemate in Sacramento means no money for the mortgage at home．A．to struggle，to seek B．struggled，soughtC．struggle，seek D．struggling，seeking23．If you're a regular reader of blogs，or indeed of any kind of news website，you've probably been frustrated from time to time by information overload：the blogosphere creates __________ material for any human being to comfortably __________．A．too much，digest B．not much，digestC．too little，be digested D．not much，be digested24．When deposits are federally insured，people no longer rush to withdraw their money if they __________ the financial condition of their bank．A．become concerned about B．become concerned withC．become concerned in D．concern25．Over and over in War of the Worlds，he evokes the sensation，more familiar from dreams than movies，__________ an otherworldly entity，glimpsed from a great distance，__________ suddenly，violently clawing its way into your personal space．A．that，is B．is，which C．that，being D．which，being26．As the generations progress，feather length will increase because females do not prefer a specific length tail，but a longer-than-average tall．Eventually tail length will increase to the point __________ the liability survival is matched by the sexual attractiveness of the trait and an equilibrium will be established．A．that B．where C．which D．／27．Never far from positions of influence，wealthier from his broadcasting activities __________ the biggest moguls，he is in many ways on the edge of things．A．than all but B．as all but C．but than all D．but as all28．__________ a rigid，unidirectional mode of demystification which saw all such other modes as subsidiary and peripheral，it began to see all alternatives to its mode of demystification as conspiracies against human good．A．Modern science not only gradually developsB．Not only did modem science gradually developC．Now that modem science gradually developedD．Only did modem science develop29．One theory is that too much vitamin E __________ bleeding risk，which would __________ the risk of a type of Stroke，while another theory suggests that at high doses vitamin E stops working like an antioxidant，removing harmful molecules in the body，and instead becomes a pro-oxidant，actually promoting the production of harmful molecules．A．decreases，decrease B． increases，increaseC．decreases，increase D．increases，decrease30．Nor，indeed，do all these guardians of tradition have to exert much pressure on the principal players，since the expectations of their social world have long ago been built into their own projections of the future--they want precisely __________ society expects of them．A．that which B．that C．which D．what thatSection B (10 points)Directions：Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence．31．The repetitions that concern Domhoff pertains largely to repetitions within an individual'sAdream history．But there is a sense in which all dreamers dream each other's dreams in the form ofB Cso-called universal dreams，which are the equivalent of literary archetypes．D32．The Nature commentary says scientists working on aging now have to take into accountAthe prospect that “drug-related approaches to interfere with this process may come at a price--theB Cdisruption of our natural mechanism for keeping cancer to bay．”D33．The work confirms hints that had already been emerging in the scientific literature inArecent years that p53 and related proteins might play an important role in life，but the new paper is far more detailed--and,scientists say,more compelling--that anything published previously．B C D34．For all the fretting about outsourcing and trade deficits in the United States，MTV offers a highly-end case study in how to export what seems，at first glance，to be a uniquely American brand．35．The trend to empty a library is being driven，academicians and librarians say，by theA Bdwindling need for undergraduate libraries，many of them were built when leading researchC Dlibraries were reserved for graduate students and faculty．36．Dr．ElBaradei said his hope is that the Nobel Peace Prize will serve to help theA internationalcommnunity，and to achieve the goal of developing a functional system of global security that does not derive from a nuclear weap ons deterrent，would rather based on addressingB C Dthe security concerns of all people．37．DDT，the most powerful pesticide the world has ever known，exposed nature'sAvulnera-bility．Unlike most pesticides，whose effectiveness is limited to destroy one or two types ofB Cinsects，DDT is capable of killing hundreds of different kinds at once．D38．For it is “everybody”，a whole society，which，has identified being feminine with caringA B C about how one looks．Given these stereotypes，it is no wonder that beauty enjoys，at best，a ratherDmixed reputation．39．The research also raises the possibility that younger people treat successfully for cancerAwith chemotherapy may be subject to premature aging later in life，a possibility that has never beenB C D rigorously examined．40．We peer out beyond our world to glimpse objects that lie at the very edge of the universe，Astars teetering tantalizingly on the beginning of time．We peer inward to our own genome，Bswiftly unraveling the puzzle of what tiny bit of chemical code manifests themselves as appearance，C Dten-dency，advantage and liability in the marvelous human creature．PART Reading comprehensionⅢ：(30 points)Directions：Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below．Passage 1I have observed that the Americans show a less decided taste for general ideas than the French．This is especially true in politics．Although the Americans infuse into their legislation far more general ideas than the English，and although they strive more than the latter to adjust the practice of affairs to theory，no political bodies in the United States have ever shown so much love for general ideas as the Constituent Assembly and the Convention in France．At no time has the American people laid hold on ideas of this kind with the passionate energy of the French people in the eighteenth century，or displayed the same blind confidence in the value and absolute truth of any theory．This difference between the Americans and the French originates in several causes，but principally in the following one．The Americans are a democratic people who have always directed public affairs themselves．The French are a democratic people who for a long time could only speculate on the best manner of conducting them．The social condition of the French led them to conceive very general ideas on the subject of government，while their political constitution prevented them from correcting those ideas by experiment and from gradually detecting their insufficiency；whereas in America the two things constantly balance and correct each other．It may seem at first sight that this is very much opposed to what I have said before，that democratic nations derive their love of theory from the very excitement of their active life．A moreattentive-examination will show that there is nothing contradictory in the proposition．Men living in democratic countries eagerly lay hold of general ideas because they have but little leisure and because these ideas spare them the trouble of studying particulars．This is true，but it is only to be understood of those matters which are not the necessary and habitual subjects of their thoughts．Mercantile men will take up very eagerly，and without any close scrutiny，all the general ideas on philosophy，politics，science，or the arts which may be presented to them；but for such as relate to commerce，they will not receive them without inquiry or adopt them without reserve．The same thing applies to statesman with regard to general ideas in politics．If，then，there is a subject upon which a democratic people is peculiarly liable to abandon itself，blindly and extravagantly，to general ideas，the best corrective that can be used will be to make that subject a part of their daily practical occupation．They will then be compelled to enter into details，and the details will teach them the weak points of the theory．This remedy may frequently be a painful one，but its effect is certain．Thus it happens that the democratic institutions which compel every citizen to take a practical part in the government moderate that excessive taste for general theories in polities which the principle of equality suggests．Comprehension questions41．According to the writer，what kinds of ideas have been favored by the French people?A．Political ideas that can be adjusted to the practice of government．B．Concrete ideas that they believe to be truthful．C．General ideas in political affairs．D．Eighteenth century ideas．42．Why do the Americans show less enthusiasm for general ideas than the French?A．The French constitution did not allow for experiment．B．In America，the constitution provides checks and balances．C．The social conditions in France led to different ideas．D．The Americans have always been in charge of their own public affairs．43．Some people in democratic countries prefer general ideas because __________．A．in politics it is easier to study general ideasB．general ideas on different subjects are more interestingC．mercantile men prefer general ideas on philosophy，politics，science and the artsD．they do not have time to address details44．What does the writer think would inhibit people's preference for general ideas?A．Teaching them the weak points of the theory．B．Encouraging them to take a practical part in democratic institutions．C．Trying to make them abandon those ideas．D．Compelling them to study details．45．The writer's conclusion is that __________．A．the principle of equality must be paramountB．general theories in politics should be the most important part of democracyC．citizens should be forced to take part in democratic institutionsD．people'ｓ taste for general ideas can be diminished through taking part in democratic institutionsPassage 2Of the great variety of opinions concerning “marriage for money”，the following three are important with reference to the development of the importance of money．Marriages based exclusively upon economic motives have not only existed in all periods and at all stages of development，but are particularly common among primitive groups and conditions where they do not cause any offence at all．The disparagement of personal dignity that nowadays arises in every marriage that is not based on personal affection-so that a sense of decency requires the concealment of economic motives-does not exist in simpler cultures．The reason for this development is that increasing individualization makes it increasingly contradictory and discreditable to enter into purely individual relationships for other than purely individual reasons．For nowadays the choice of a partner in marriage is no longer determined by social motives (though regard for the offspring may be considered to be such a motive)，in so far as society does not insist upon the couple，s equal social status-a condition，however，that provides a great deal of latitude and only rarely leads to conflicts between individual and social interests．In a quite undifferentiated society it may be relatively irrelevant who marries whom，irrelevant not only for the mutual relationship of the couple but also for the offspring．This is because where the constitutions，state of health，temperament，internal and external forms of life and orientations are largely the same within the group，the chance that the children will turn out well depends less upon whether the parents agree and complement each other than it does in highly differentiated society．It therefore seems quite natural and expedient that the choice of the partner should be determined by reasons other than purely individual affection．Yet personal attraction should be decisive in a highly individualized society where a harmonious relationship between two individuals becomes increasingly rare．The declining frequency of marriage which is to be found everywhere in highly civilized cultural circumstances is undoubtedly due，in part，to the fact that highly differentiated people in general have difficulty in finding a completely sympathetic complement to themselves．Yet we do not possess any other criterion and indication for the advisability of marriage except mutual instinctive attraction．But，happiness is a purely personal matter，decided upon entirely by the couple themselves，and there would be no compelling reason for the official insistence on at least pretending love may be misleading--particularly in the higher strata，whose complicated circumstances often retard the growth of the purest instincts--no matter how much other conditions may affect the final results，it remains true that，with reference to procreation，love is decidedly superior to money as a factor selection．In fact，in this respect，it is the only fight and proper thing．Marriage for money directly creates a situation of panmixia--the indiscriminate pairing regardless of individual qualities--a condition that biology has demonstrated to be the cause of the most direct and detrimental degeneration of the human species．In the case of marriage for money，the union of a couple is determined by a factor that has absolutely nothing to do with racial appropriateness--just as the regard for money often enough keeps apart a couple who really belong together--and it should be considered as a factor in degeneration to the same extent to which the undoubted differentiation of individuals makes selection by personal attraction more and more important．This case too illustrates once more that the increasing individualization within society renders money increasingly unsuitable as a mediator of purely individualrelationships．Comprehension questions46．According to the text，what is said to influence matrimonial compatibility and stability in simpler cultures?A．Personal dignity．B．Economic decline．C．Monetary considerations．D．Financial growth．47．Marriages motivated by monetary aspirations are more likely not to be camouflaged in what strata of society?A．Upper middle．B．Middle middle．C．Lower middle．D．Lower lower．48．The marriage rate is said to be decreasing because __________．A．we demand too much of our partnersB．partners don't give complimentsC．people are too differentiated sociallyD．the economic disparity in many regions is growing49．How is the question of race in relation to marriage similar to the question of money?A．They fuel mutual instinctual attraction．B．They inspire individual responsibilities．C．They deflect superficial relationships．D．They prohibit suitable marriages．50．Panmixia is said to __________．A．aid the selection process B．complement individualizationC．inspire positive results D．set up biological declinePassage 3But probably the fullest statement of the doctrine of the rule of law occurs in the work of William Paley，the “great codifier of thought in an age of codification．”It deserved quoting at some length：”The first maxim of a free state，”he writes，is，that the laws be made by one set of men，and administered by another；in other words，that the legislative and the judicial character be kept separate．When these offices are unified in the same person or assembly，particular laws are made for particular cases，springing often times from partial motives，and directed to private ends：whilst they are kept separate，general laws are made by one body of men，without foreseeing whom they may affect；and，when made，must be applied by the other，let them affect whom they will…When the parties and interests to be affected by the laws were known，the inclination of the law makers would inevitably attach to one side or the other；and where there were neither any fixed rules to regulate their determinations，nor any superior power to control their proceedings，these inclinations would interfere with the integrity of public justice．The consequence of which must be，that the subjects of such a constitution would live either without constant laws，that is，without anyknown pre-established rules of adjudication whatever；or under laws made for particular persons，and partaking of the contradictions and iniquity of the motives to which they owed their origin．“Which dangers，by the division of the legislative and judicial functions，are in this country effectually provided against．Parliament knows not the individuals upon whom its acts will operate；it has no ease or parties before it；no private designs to serve：consequently，its resolutions will be suggested by the considerations of universal effects and tendencies，which always produce impartial and commonly advantageous regulations．”With the end of the eighteenth century，England's major contributions to the development ofthe principles of freedom came to a close．Though Macaulay did once more for the nineteenth century what Hume had done for the eighteenth，and though the Whig intelligentsia of the Edinburgh Review and economists in the Smithian tradition，like J．R．MacCulloch and N．W Senior，continued to think of liberty in classical terms，there was little further develop- ment．The new liberalism that gradually displaced Whiggism came more and more under the influence of the rationalist tendencies of the philosophical radicals and the French tradition．Bentham and his Utilitarians did much to destroy the beliefs that England had in part preserved from the Middle Ages，by their scornful treatment of most of what until then had been the most admired features of the British constitution．And they introduced into Britain what had so far been entirely absent--the desire to remake the whole of her law and institutions on rational principles．The lack of understanding of the traditional principles of English liberty on the part of the men guided by the ideals of the French Revolution is clearly illustrated by one of the early apostles of that revolution in England，Dr．Richard Price．As early as 1778 he argued：”Liberty is too imperfectly defined when it is said to be a Government of LAWS and not by MEN．If the laws are made by one man，or a junto of men in a state，and not by common CONSENT，a government by them is not different from slavery．”Eight years later he was able to display a commendatory letter from Turgot：”How comes it that you are almost the first of the writers of your country，who has given a just idea of liberty，and shown the falsity of the notion so frequently repeated by almost all Republican Writers．‘that liberty consists in being subject only to the laws?'“From then onward，the essentially French concept of political liberty was indeed progressively to displace the English ideal of individual liberty，until it could be said that”in Great Britain，which，little more than a century ago，repudiated the ideas on which the French Revolution was based，and led the resistance to Napoleon，those ideas have triumphed．”Though in Britain most of the achievements of the seventeenth century were preserved beyond the nineteenth，we must look elsewhere for the further development of the ideals underlying them．Comprehension Questions51．Concerning William Paley's main vision of the rule of law，which of the following is NOT true?A．The purpose of an independent counsel is to eliminate potential conflicts of interests．B．Paley's political strategy illustrates the concept of checks and balances．C．The absence of separation of powers would inevitably result in injustice and inequity．D．The rule of law and the separation of powers could be deemed unconstitutional principles．52．According to Paley，what would happen to a person living in a country where the judiciary and legislative powers aren't kept separate?A．The inviolability of the legal apparatus would be guaranteed．B．Laws could be manipulated to serve particular interests．C．Lawmakers would have to mitigate conflicts of interest．D．Lawmakers would have adjudication powers．53．Complete the following sentence：”The Whig intelligentsia __________．”A．supported traditional tendencies B．supported reformist tendenciesC．supported Manichean tendencies D．supported aesthetical tendencies54．Which of the following best expresses the author's opinion of the Utilitarians?A．Unbiased．B．Neutral．C．Critical．D．Sympathetic．55．Which of the following is true?A．The author favors the principles of English freedom as opposed to the ideals of the French revolution．B．The author favors the principles of the French revolutions as opposed to the principles of English freedom．C．The author is deeply attached to the status quo between the principles of English freedom and the ideals of the French revolution．D．The author shows that the principle of political alienation in a capitalist society has an economic base．Passage 4There are，two opinions as to the production of light．Augustine seems to say that Moses could not have fittingly passed over the production of the spiritual creature，and therefore when we read．In the beginning God created heaven and earth，a spiritual nature as yet formless is to be understood by the word heaven，and the formless matter for the corporeal creature by the word earth．And spiritual nature was formed first，as being of higher dignity than corporeal The forming，therefore，of this spiritual nature is signified by the production of light. That is to say，the light inquestion is a spiritual light．For a spiritual nature receives its formation by the illumination whereby it is led to adhere to the Word of God．Other writers think that the production of spiritual creatures was purposely omitted by Moses，and give various reasons．Basil says that Moses begins his narrative from the beginning of the time which belongs to sensible things；but that the spiritual or angelic creation is passed over，as having been created beforehand．Chrysostom gives us a reason for the omission that Moses was addressing an ignorant people，to whom material things alone appealed，and whom he was endeavoring to draw away from the worship of idols．It would have been to them a pretext for idolatry if he had spoken to them of natures spiritual in substance and nobler than all corporeal creatures；for they would have paid them divine worship，since they were prone to worship as gods even the sun，moon，and stars，which was forbidden them (Deut．iv．19)But Scripture also mentioned several kinds of formlessness，in regard to the corporeal creature (Gen．i．2)．One is where we read that the earth was void and empty，and another where it is said that darkness was upon the face of the deep．Now it was necessary，for two reasons，that the informity of darkness should be removed first of all by the production of light．In the first place because light is a quality of the first body，as was stated，and thus it was fitting that the world should be first formed according to light．The second reason is because light is a common quality．For light is common to terrestrial and celestial bodies．But just as in knowledge we proceed from general principles，so do we in work of every kind．For the living thing is generated before the animal，and the animal before man，as is shown in De Gener Anim．It was fitting，then，as an evidence of the divine wisdom，that among the works of distinction the production of light should take first place，since light is a form of the primary body，and because it is a more common quality．Basil，furthermore，adds a third reason：that all other things are made manifest by light．And。

2007年社科院博士生入学考试英语真题及答案Section A (10 points)Directions : Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.1.The public might well sanction a wider range of programming than would strictlybe implied by the ―gap-filling‖ approach, but this is not certain.a. viewb. approvec. coerced. insist2. Petrazzini‘s main concern is not so much cultural homogenization associated with the spread of the Internet, but an exacerbation of the gap between young and old and between spread of the Internet.a. uniformityb. discrepancyc. conventiond. distinction3. The history helps explain the vexing dispute between the European Union and the United States over the greatest threat to privacy yet conceived: the hundreds o f millions of personal dossiers in computerized and networked databases.a. troublesomeb. astonishingc. everlastingd. conflicting4. There were not personal goals, no desire to get ahead or to leave something behind. There were only God‘s decrees to be faithfully carried out.a. ordersb. petitionsc. prophetsd. queries5. Lee Ford and Dan Brooks, a London-based creative and development team, came up with an ―edgy‖V olkswagen spot for a demo: a terrorist tries to detonate a car bomb outside a crowded café.a. igniteb. stainc. impeded. ascribe6. The music indicates the way in which Mozart was developing his ideas in 1773as he attempted to shake off his reputation as a child prodigy and be taken seriously ad a computer.a. bedlamiteb. betrayerc. geniusd. jailor7. Kelly fought depression, her sister struggled against violent tendencies, and their only physical touches they‘d ever known from their parents were abusive.a. cordialb. fastidiousc. sadisticd. absurd8. Browse one of the websites that hosts them, like Y ouTube or Google Vides, and you‘ll see drunken karaoke, babies being born, plane crashes, freakish sports accidents and far, far stranger things.a. elegantb. fraternalc. franticd. bizarre9. There were still a few surprises, as a squeal here and there in the dark announced, but we didlearn to ―see with our feet‖– lessons in trail Braille.a. divergenceb. screamc. gradationd. strand10. He hasn‘t analyzed why he tips so generously, but I think the proclivity stems from his highschool years, when he worked as a busboy.a. predilectionb. prosperityc. premeditationd. preambleSection B (10pionts)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.11. In a competitive and fast-paced modern society, busy business executives are so _____ theirwork that they hardly know what the word leisure means.a. engrossed inb. exempt fromc. skeptical ofd. extraneous to12. But the depth of novel and the value of its artistic and ideological feature do not depend on the theme ----- either _____ or significant.a. versatileb. trivialc. preliminaryd. alternate13. It is always _____ in some ways, because if it were performed as a primitive fending-off or covering-up action, it would obviously be too transparent.a. scrupulousb. clamorousc. intrinsicd. camouflaged14. She often remains coldly remote from him; probably his badly scarred face produced an involuntary feeling of _____ in his neighbor.a. discordanceb. deliberationc. perversityd. repulsion15. ―For us it is a big and dark secret; to _____ it would be to jeopardize our future,‖ confessed an aviaphobe who is currently undergoing therapy.a. divulgeb. recallc. retaind. duplicate16. The charitable aces of their boss used to be greatly praised by the people. However, ruthless company-downsizing drives and continued layoffs, coupled with rising pay for top managers, have made him look a good deal less _____.a. discourteousb. prudentc. benevolentd. obstinate17. Most of us go through life adding _____ to knowledge, polishing a concept here or there, doing an experiment, contributing a few leaves –or, if we are lucky, a twig –to the tree of knowledge.a. impartiallyb. impassablyc. incrementallyd. melodiously18. The only way he could do it – and by ―it‖ he means achieving the level of fame enjoyed by Martin, who is so famous that his infant daughter, Apple, is better known than the rest of Coldplay combined – is by getting into some kind of trouble, and it could only be infamy, which is of course, _____.a. preposterousb. preludialc. precised. preponderant19. So the most _____ scientist alive at that time who symbolized the height of human intellect adopted what became his last message –this manifesto, which implored governments and the public not to allow our civilization to be destroyed by human folly.a. fastidiousb. eminentc. anonymousd. waggish20. The novel will be read a long time for its minute and almost uncanny insight into army life, its _____ dialogue, its sheer narrative pull, its portrayal of the tenderness that sometimes is found beneath the crudest animal drives, its absence of mock heroics, its comic absurdities and irony and, above all else, its revelation of the perversity of human nature in the face of evil.a. pungentb. notoriousc. anticlimacticd. shakyPART II: GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best gills in the blank.21. The police kept asking me to repeat the story of how I found the scroll, and they kept tellingme that I was changing it and tripping me _____.a. forb. onc. upd. in22. The budget crunch has put extra pressure on nearly everyone at this storied campus ----- besieged administrators _____ to lure minority applicants, students frantically _____ money to cover fee hikes, department heads trying to staunch a faculty brain drain and office staffers worried that a stalemate in Sacramento means no money for the mortgage at home.a. to struggle, to seekb. struggled, soughtc. struggle, seekd. struggling, seeking23. If you‘re a regular reader of blogs, or indeed of any kind of news website, you‘ve probably been frustrated from time to time by information overload: the blogosphere creates _____ material for any human being to comfortably _____.a. too much, digestb. not much, digestc. too little, be digestedd. not much, be digested24. When deposits are federally insured, people no longer rush to withdraw their money it they _____ the financial condition of their bank.a. become concerned aboutb. become concerned withc. become concerned ind. concern25. Over and over in War of the worlds, he evokes the sensation, more familiar from dreams than movies, _____ an other worldly entity, glimpsed from a great distance, _____ suddenly, violently clawing its way into your personal space.a. that, isb. is, thatc. that, beingd. which, being27. Never far from position of influence, wealthier from his broadcasting activities _____ the biggest moguls, he is in many ways on the edge of things.a. than all butb. as all butc. but than alld. but as all28. _____ a rigid, unidirectional mode of demystification which saw all such other modes as subsidiary and peripheral, it began to see all alternatives to its mode of demystification as conspiracies against human good.a. Modern science not only gradually developsb. Not only did modern science gradually developc. Now that modern science gradually developedd. Only did modern science develop29. One theory is that too much vitamin E _____ bleeding risk, which would _____ the risk of a type of stroke, while another theory suggests that at high doses vitamin E stops working like an antioxidant, removing harmful molecules in the body, and instead becomes a pro-oxidant, actually promoting the production of harmful molecules.a. decreases, decreaseb. increases, increasec. decreases, increased. increases, decrease30. Nor, indeed, do all these guardians of tradition have to exert much pressure on the principal players, since the expectations of their social world have long ago been built into their own projections of the future – they want precisely _____ society expects of them.a. that, whichb. thatc. whichd. what thatSection B (10 points)Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.31. The repetitions that concern Domhoff pertains largely to repetitions within an individual‘sAdream history. But there is a sense in which all dreamers dream each other‘s dreams in the form ofB Cso-called universal dreams, which are the equivalent of literary archetypes.D32. The Nature commentary says scientists working on aging now have to take into account theAprospect that ―drug-related approaches to interfere with this process may come at a price—theB Cdisruption of our natural mechanisms for keeping cancer to bay.‖D33.The work confirms hints that had already been emerging in the scientific literature in recentAyears that p53 and related proteins might play an important role in life, but the new paper is farmore detailed - and, scientists say, more compelling – that anything published previously.B C D34. For all the fretting about outsourcing and trade deficits in the United States, MTV offers aA Bhighly-end case study in how to export what seems, at first glance, to be a uniquely AmericanC Dbrand.35. The trend to empty a library is being driven, academicians and librarians say, by the dwindlingA B C need for undergraduate libraries, many of them were built when leading research libraries wereDreserved for graduate students and faculty.36. Dr. ELBaradei said his hope is that the Nobel Peace Prize will serve to help the internationalAcommunity, and to achieve the goal of developing a functional system of global security that doesnot derive from a nuclear weapons deterrent, would rather based on addressing the securityB C Dconcerns of all people.37. DDT, the most powerful pesticide the world has ever known, exposed nature‘s vulnerability.AUnlike most pesticides, whose effectiveness is limited to destroy one or two types of insects, DDTB Cis capable of killing hundreds of different kinds at once.D38. For it is ―everybody‖, a whole society, which has identified being feminine with caring aboutA B Chow one looks. Given these stereotypes, it is no wonder that beauty enjoys, at best, a rather ……..D39. The research also raises the possibility that younger people treat successfully for cancer with chemotherapy may be subject to premature aging later in life, a possibility that has never been rigorously examined.40. We peer out beyond our world to glimpse objects that lie at the very edge of the universe, stars teetering tantalizingly on the beginning of time. We peer inward to our own genome, swiftly unraveling the puzzle of what tiny bit of chemical code manifests themselves as appearance, tendency, advantage and liability in the marvelous human creature.PART III: Reading comprehension：（30 points）Directions: Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1I have observed that the Americans show a less decided taste for general ideas than the French. This is especially true in politics.Although the Americans infuse into their legislation far more general ideas than the English, and although they strive more than the latter to adjust the practice of affairs to theory, no political bodies in the United States have ever shown so much love for general ideas as the constituent Assembly and the Convention in France. At no time has the American people laid hold on ideas of this kind with the passionate energy of the French people in the eighteenth century, or displayed the same blind confidence in the value and absolute truth of any theory.This difference between the Americans and the French originates in several causes, but principally in the following one. The Americans are a democratic people who have always directed public affairs themselves. The French are a democratic people who for a long time could only speculate on the best manner of conducting them. The social condition of the French led them to conceive very general ideas on the subject of government, while their polit ical constitution prevented them from correcting those ideas by experiment and from gradually detecting their insufficiency; whereas in America the two things constantly balance and correct each other.It may seem at first sight that this is very much opposed to what I have said before, that democratic nations derive their love of theory from the very excitement of their active life. A more attentive examination will show that there is nothing contradictory in the proposition.Men living in democratic countries eagerly lay hold of general ideas because they have but little leisure and because these ideas spare them the redouble of studying particulars. This is true, but it is only be understood of those matters while are not the necessary and habitual subjec ts of their thoughts. Mercantile men will take up very eagerly, and without any close scrutiny, all the general ideas on philosophy, politics, science, or the arts which may be presented to them; but for such as relate to commerce, they will not receive them without inquiry or adopt them without reserve. The same thing applies to statesman with regard to general ideas in politics.If, then, there is a subject upon which a democratic people is peculiarly liable to abandon itself, blindly and extravagantly, to general ideas, the best corrective that can be used will be to make that subject a part of their daily practical occupation. They will then be compelled to enter into details, and the details will teach them the weak points of the theory. This remedy mayfrequently be a painful one, but its effect is certain.Thus it happens that the democratic institutions which compel ever citizen to take a practical part in the government moderate that excessive taste for general theories in politics which the principle of equality suggests.Comprehension questions41. According to the writer, what kinds of ideas have been favored by the French people?a. Political ideas that can be adjusted to the practice of government.b. Concrete ideas that they believe to be truthful.c. General ideas in political affairs.d. Eighteenth century ideas.42. Why do the Americans show less enthusiasm for general ideas than the French?a. The French constitution did not allow for experiment.b. In America, the constitution provides checks and balances.c. The social conditions in France led to different ideas.d. The Americans have always been in charge of their own public affairs.43. Some people in democratic countries prefer general ideas because _____.a. in politics it is easier to study general ideasb. general ideas on different subjects are more interestingc. mercantile men prefer general ideas on philosophy, politics, science and the artsd. they do not have time to address details44. What does the writer think would inhibit people‘s preference for general ideas?a. Teaching them the weak points of the theory.b. Encouraging them to take a practical part in democratic institutions.c. Trying to make them abandon those ideas.d. Compelling them to study details.45. The writer‘s conclusion is that _____.a. the principle of equality must be paramountb. general theories in politics should be the most important part of democracyc. citizens should be forced to take part in democratic institutions.d. people‘s taste for general ideas can be diminished through taking part in democraticinstitutions.Passage 2Of the great variety of opinions concerning ―marriage for money‖, the following three are important with reference to the development of the importance of money. Marriages based exclusively upon economic motives have not only existed in all periods and at all stages of development, but are particularly common among primitive groups and conditions where they do not cause any offence at all. The disparagement of personal dignity that nowadays arises in every marriage that is not based on personal affection –so that a sense of decency requires the concealment of economic motives –does not exist in simpler cultures. The reason for this development is that increasing individualization makes it increasingly contradictory and discreditable to enter into purely individual relationships for other than purely individual reasons.For nowadays the choice of a partner in marriage is no longer determined by social motives (though regard for the offspring may be considered to be such a motive), in so far as society doesnot insist upon the couple‘s equal social status – a condition, however, that provides a great deal of latitude and only rarely leads to conflicts between individual and social interests. In a quite undifferentiated society it may be relatively irrelevant who marries whom, irrelevant not only for the mutual relationship of the couple but also for the offspring. This is because where the constitutions, state of health, temperament, internal and external forms of life and orientations are largely the same within the group, the chance that the children will turn out well depends less upon whether the parents agree and complement each other than it does in highly differentiated society. It therefore seems quite natural and expedient that the choice of the partner should be determined by reasons other than purely individual affection. Y et personal attraction should be decisive in a highly individualized society where a harmonious relationship between two individuals becomes increasingly rare.The declining frequency of marriage which is to be found everywhere in highly civilized cultural circumstances is undoubtedly due, in part, to the fact that highly differentiated people in general have difficulty in finding a completely sympathetic complement to themselves. Y et we do not possess any other criterion and indication for the advisability of marriage except mutual instinctive attraction. But, happiness is a purely personal matter, decided upon entirely by the couple themselves, and there would be no compelling reason for the official insistence on at least pretending love may be misleading –particularly in the higher strata, whose complicated circumstances often retard the growth of the purest instincts –no matter how much other conditions may affect the final results, it remains true that, with reference to procreation, love is decidedly superior to money as a factor selection. In fact, in this respect, it is the only right and proper thing.Marriage for money directly creates a situation of panmixia –the indiscriminate pairing regardless of individual qualities – a condition that biology has demonstrated to be the cause of the most direct and detrimental degeneration of the human species. In the case of marriage for money, the union of a couple is determined by a factor that has absolutely nothing to do with racial appropriateness –just as the regard for money often enough keeps apart a couple who really belong together –and it should be considered as a factor in degeneration to the same extent to which the undoubted differentiation of individuals makes selection by personal attraction more and more important. This case too illustrates once more that the increasing individualization within society renders money increasingly unsuitable as a mediator of purely individual relationships.Comprehension questions46. According to the text, what is said to influence matrimonial compatibility and stability insimpler cultures?a. Personal dignityb. Economic declinec. Monetary considerations d Financial growth47. Marriages motivated by monetary aspirations are more likely not to be camouflaged in whatstrata of society?a. Upper middleb. Middle middlec. Lower middled. Lower lower48. The marriage rate is said to be decreasing because _____.a. we demand too much of our partnersb. partners don‘t give complimentsc. people are too differentiated sociallyd. the economic disparity in many regions is growing49. How is the question of race in relation to marriage similar to the question of money?a. They fuel mutual instinctual attractionb. They inspire individual responsibilitiesc. They deflect superficial relationshipsd. They prohibit suitable marriages50. Panmixia is said to _____.a. aid the selection processb. complement individualizationc. inspire positive resultsd. set up biological declinePassage 3But probably the fullest statement of the doctrine of the rule of law occurs in the work of William Paley, the ―great codifier of thought in an age of codification.‖It deserved quoting at some length: ―The first maxim of a free state,‖ he writes, ―is, that the laws be made by one set of men, and administered by another; in other words, that the legislative and the judicial character be kept separate. When these offices are unified in the same person or assembly, particular laws are made for particular cases, springing often times from partial motives, and directed to private ends: whilst they are kept separate, general laws are made by one body of men, w ithout foreseeing whom they may affect; and, when made, must be applied by the other, let them affect whom they will… When the parties and interests to be affected by the laws were known, the inclination of the law makers would inevitably attach to one side or the other; and where there were neither any fixed rules to regulate their determinations, nor any superior power to control their proceedings, these inclinations would interfere with the integrity of public justice. The consequence of which must be, that the subjects of such a constitution would live either without constant laws, that is, without any known pre-established rules of adjudication whatever; or under laws made for particular persons, and partaking of the contradictions and iniquity of the motives to which they owed their origin.―Which dangers, by the division of the legislative and judicial functions, are in this country effectually provided against. Parliament knows not the individuals upon whom its acts will operate; it has no case or parties before it; no private designs to serve: consequently, its resolutions will be suggested by the considerations of universal effects and tendencies, which always produce impartial and commonly advantageous regulations.‖With the end of the eighteenth century, England‘s major contributions to the development of the principles of freedom came to a close. Though Macaulay did once more for the nineteenth century what Hume had done for the eighteenth, and though the Whig intelligentsia of the Edinburgh to think of liberty in classical terms, there was little further development. The new liberalism that gradually displaced Whiggism came more and more under the influence of the rationalist tendencies of the philosophical radicals and the French tradition. Bentham and his Utilitarians did much to destroy the beliefs that English had in part preserved from the Middle Ages, by their scornful treatment of most of what until then had been the most admired features of the British constitution. And they introduced into Britain what had so far been entirely absent – the desire to remark the whole of her law and institutions on rational principles.The lack of understanding of the traditional principles of English liberty on the part of the men guided by the ideals of the French Revolution is clearly illustrated by one of the early apostles of that revolution in England, Dr. Richard Price. As early as 1778 he argued: ―Liberty is too imperfectly defined when it is said to be ‗a Government of LA WS and not by MEN.‘ If the laws are made by one man, or a junto of men in a state, and not by common CONSENT, a government by them is not different from slavery.‖ Eight years later he was able to display a commendatory letter from Turgot: ―How comes it that you are almost the first of the writers of your country, who has given a just idea of liberty, and shown the falsity of the notion so frequently repeated by almost all Republican Writers, ‗that liberty consists in being subject only to the laws?‘‖ From then onward, the essentially French concept of political liberty was indeed progressively to displace the English ideal of individual liberty, until it could be said that ―in Great Britain, which, little more than a century ago, repudiated the ideas on which the French Revolution was based, and led the resistance to Napoleon, those ideas have triumphed.‖ Though in Britain most of the achievements of the seventeenth century were preserved beyond the nineteenth, we must look elsewhere for the further development of the ideals underlying them.Comprehension Questions51. Concerning William Paley‘s main vision of the rule of law, which of the following is Not true?a. The purpose of and independent counsel is to eliminate potential conflicts of interests.b. Paley‘s political strategy illustrates the concept of checks and balances.c. The absence of separation of powers would inevitably result in injustice and inequity.d. The rule of law and the separation of powers could be deemed unconstitutional princ iples.52. According to Paley, what would happen to a person living in a country where the judiciary andlegislative powers are n‘t kept separate?a. The inviolability of the legal apparatus would be guaranteed.b. Laws could be manipulated to serve particular interests.c. Lawmakers would have to mitigate conflicts of interest.d. Lawmakers would have adjudication powers.53. Complete the following sentence: ―The Whig intelligentsia _____.‖a. supported traditional tendenciesb. supported reformist tendenciesc. supported Manichean tendenciesd. supported aesthetical tendencies54. Which of the following best expresses the author‘s opinion of the Utilitarians?a. Unbiased.b. Neutral. C. Critical. d. Sympathetic.55. Which of the following is true?a. The author favors the principles of English freedom as opposed to the ideals of the Frenchrevolution.b. The author favors the principles of the French revolutions as opposed to the principles ofEnglish freedom.c. The author is deeply attached to the status quo between the principles of English freedomand the ideals of the French revolution.d. The author shows that the principle of political alienation in a capitalist society has aneconomic base.Passage 4There are two opinions as to the production of light. Augustine seems to say that Moses could not have fittingly passed over the production of the spiritual creature, and therefore when we read, In the beginning God created heaven and earth, a spiritual nature as yet formless is to be understood by the word heaven, and the formless matter for the corporeal creature by the word earth. And spiritual nature was formed first, as being of higher dignity than corporeal. The forming, therefore, of this spiritual nature is signified by the production of light. That is to say, the light in question is a spiritual light. For a spiritual nature receives its formation by the illumination whereby it is led to adhere to the Word of God.Other writers think that the production of spiritual creatures was purposely omitted by Moses, and give various reasons. Basil says that Moses begins his narrative from the beginning of the time which belongs to sensible things; but that the spiritual or angelic creation is passed over, as having been created beforehand.Chrysostom gives us a reason for the omission that Moses was addressing an ignorant people, to whom material things alone appealed, and whom he was endeavoring to draw away from the worship of idols. It would have been to them a pretext for idolatry if he had spoken to them of natures spiritual in substance and nobler than all corporeal creatures; for they would have paid them divine worship, since they were prone to worship as gods even the sun, moon, and stars, which was forbidden them (Deut. Iv. 9)But scripture also mentioned several kinds of formlessness, in regard to the corporeal creature (Gen. i. 2). One is where we read that the earth was void and empty, and another where it is said that darkness was upon the face of the deep. Now it was necessary, for two reasons, that the infirmity of darkness should be removed first of all by the production of light. In the first place because light is a quality of the first body, as was stated, and thus it was fitting that the world should be first formed according to light. The second reason is because light is a common quality. For light is common to terrestrial and celestial bodies. But just as in knowledge we proceed from general principles, so do we in work of every kind. For the living thing is generated before the animal, and the animal before man, as is shown in De Gener. Anim. It was fitting, then, as an evidence of the divine wisdom, that among the works of distinction the production of light should take first place, since light is a form of the primary body, and because it is a more common quality.Basil, furthermore, adds a third reason: that all other things are made manifest by light. And there is yet a fourth, already touched upon in the objections, namely, that day cannot be unless light exists. It had to be made, therefore, on the first day.Comprehension Questions56. the purpose of this article is to _____.a. discuss the origination of lightb. argue that physical light came firstc. argue that spiritual light came firstd. discuss early religious idol origins57. in this passage, the meaning of corporeal is ______.a. a living thingb. a spiritual thingc. a physical bodyd. a form of light58. What does Chrysostom say is Moses‘s reason for not discussing the spiritual nature of light?a. The people wouldn‘t understand.。

北京理工大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和解析Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this part there are four passages for you to read. After each passage there are five questions, below each of whom there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter with a pencil on the MA CHINE-SCORING ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneThe aroma of chocolate perfumes the air of the Rue d'Assas in Paris. Entering Christian Constant's state-of-the-art boutique, you find yourself in the kingdom of Paris's king of chocolate, where the humble cocoa bean is turned into mouth-watering chocolate Easter eggs.Constant, who is a chef, admits that chocolate is his passion and main interest in life. He first developed a fascination with chocolate when he was working for Gaston Len tre, a famous French pastry chef.Every year he has a theme for decorating Easter eggs: this year his decorations are inspired by “Art Nouveau〞. Tonight he has a dinner for 130 to organize and he has to prepare a three-foot-high Art Nouveau-style Easter egg by noon tomorrow. This, for Constant, is a normal schedule.Constant believes that his chocolate creations are as much of a work of art as other sculptures. It is, therefore, understandable that the restaurant, which he opened last month, is situated in the National Monuments Museum in Paris. During the day the restaurant is a tearoom and offers chocolate in every imaginable form. Customers can choose from a selection of sweet chocolate desserts or try the more exotic spicy chocolates. Constant is also a professional “nose〞, working closely with the French Institute of Taste. He is capable of identifying 450 different tastes and flavors. Constant explains that the mouth, which can only taste four things—salt, sweet, acid and bitter—is “stupid〞in comparison to the nose. He believes that the nose is everything.In his book The Taste of Chocolate, he explains how in 1502 Christopher Columbus came across an island and went ashore. He was greeted by an Indian chief bearing gifts，among which were huge sacks of beans which Columbus thought was local currency. To his surprise, they prepared a drink for him. But Columbus, who disliked the odd bitter taste, continued on his travels,ignorant of the fact that he had just tasted cocoa. Like Columbus, Constant travels the cocoa countries where he checks quality and works with local experts. Quality can vary depending on the region, year, and method of preparation. According to Constant, Venezuela and Trinidad have the best cocoa beans, which they export all over the world either as beans or as cocoa.Constant, who is a hard worker, only sleeps three hours a night. He talks long into the night with members of a club he has formed. The club is called “The Chocolate Munchers〞. Their main official activity is to get together for monthly dinners where they eat a very tiny dinner and tons of chocolate desserts.“I am an addict,〞Constant admits, “and I don't want to be cured!〞1．Which of the following is the most inclusive title for the passage?A．Chocolate — The Passion of a Lifetime.B．The Chocolate Munchers Club.C．Chocolate—A New Art Form.D．The Last Word in Good Taste.2．What does Constant do now?A．He works for a French pastry chef.B．He owns his own restaurant and tearoom.C．He is a sculptor for a museum in Paris.D．He is a chef in the Institute of Taste.3．Constant's newly-opened business ______.A．provides chocolates with various flavorsB．exhibits all of his chocolate sculpturesC．often needs to prepare a big Easter dinnerD．serves as a national monument in Paris4．The underlined part “Constant is also a... ‘nose’〞means ______.A．he believes he has the best nose in the worldB．his nose can taste salt, sweet, acid and bitterC．his nose can identify various tastes and flavorsD．he is capable of smelling flavors from a long distance5．According to Constant, ______.A．ancient Indians used cocoa beans as local currencyB．Columbus checked, the quality of cocoa beans in different placesC．chocolate addiction makes people sleep lessD．the quality of cocoa beans varies from region to regionPassage TwoFrench are elegant people. They are artists in everyday life, having a very good taste in everything. They don't like American tourists wearing jeans to go into their luxurious and exquisite five-star restaurants. So one of the restaurants put a notice outside its front door. It read “No trousers, please!〞A gourmet coffee was sold in Tokyo as an antidote to stress. Its name supposedly meant to people that it would smooth the troubled breast. Yet when it was printed in English, it turned out to be “Ease Your Bosoms〞.Swedes started a promotion stunt to promote the sales of their vacuum cleaner named Electro. Their original ad slogan was translated as “Noth ing sucks Like Electro〞.The General Motors' selling of Chevrolet was very bad in South America. And the reason? The translation of this brand sounds like “nova〞, which means “It doesn't go〞in Spanish.When Pepsi-cola invaded the huge Chinese and German markets, the efforts initially fizzled. The product's slogan, “Come alive with the Pepsi generation,〞was rendered into German as “come out of the grave with Pepsi.〞Coca-Cola also discovered something had gone wrong in Taiwan. The Chinese characters chosen for the world-famous product sound like “Bite the Wax Tadpole.〞A beer company's slogan “Turn it loose〞became, in Spanish, equivalent to “suffer from diarrhea.〞A company translated its sticky tape slogan into Japanese and came up with a sticky problem. The slogan “Sticks like crazy〞became literally “it sticks foolishly〞in Japanese.A tonic produced in China is made of royal jelly and is supposed to be very effective for some chronic diseases. Yet it was translated as “oral liquid〞, which means “saliva〞in English. In the brochure, it was described in this way: “it tastes like medicine〞, when the language in the original meant to use it as a food therapy.Even the wrong nonverbal cue can bring havoc to a product. A baby food company initiallypackaged their African products just the same as in the US—with a cute baby picture on the jar. They didn't realize that because so many Africans cannot read, nearly all pack aged products sold in Africa carry pictures of what is inside. Pureed baby! How horrible!In an Asian city, where traffic is really very bad, to secure people's safety, the municipal government has built underground passageways. Pedestrians are asked to use them whenever they need to cross the main street. A sign was posted once on the roadside, pointing to the entrance to an underground passageway, intending to notify English-speaking passengers, “Go underground.〞We chuckled at such clumsy translations. Is there anything wrong in the language? We must be aware that few words and idioms can be literally translated. It's best to hire the best for translation. Don't take it for granted that as long as one speaks a little English, he is autonomously able to do the translation. It takes a while to learn to be a good translator.6．“No trousers, please!〞sounds funny on the front door of a five-star restaurant, because it could mean“ ______ 〞in English.A．Take off your trousers, then come in, pleaseB．We don't sell any trousers hereC．We don't have any pairs of trousers hereD．Anyone who does not wear trousers is not welcome7．From the passage, you may guess that Chevrolet is most probably ______.A．shoes of some kind that South Americans likeB．the brand name of a kind of vehicleC．a pet animal which runs fastD．a word in Spanish which has a very bad meaning8．Any product with a cute baby picture on the jar will most probably ______ in Africa, according to the author.A．sell wellB．receive favorable attentionC．cause great interestD．bring an end to the product9．The Chinese characters chosen for Coca-Cola ______ in Taiwan first.A．were well receivedB．had a wrong nameC．sounded terrible in the languageD．were all terrible words10．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．Clumsy translations can sometimes produce the desired effect.B．We should not take it for granted that anything can be translated.C．Few words and idioms can be literally translated.D．Clumsy translation could mean more than just a laughing matter.Passage ThreeVitamins are a group of substances found in food. The body needs them for life and health. So naturally, many people are concerned with the question: Am I getting enough vitamins, and am I getting the right kind?Even though very small amounts of each vitamin are enough for the needs of the body, the worry people have about vitamins has some basis. And this has something to do with their diet—the food they take in. A person eating a good variety of foods gets all the vitamins now known to be needed (with the possible exception of vitamin D).The problem is that there are many people who don't choose foods wisely, don't get enough variety, and don't eat the basic foods they need to get their vitamins. So the answer to this question is.. No extra vitamins are needed, providing you eat proper foods. In fact, many of the vitamins cannot be stored in the body, so when extra vitamins taken in, the body simply gets rid of them. It is even harmful to put too much of certain vitamins into the body. This has been found to be true of vitamin A and D, when large amounts are taken in．What foods supply what vitamins? Here is a quick general idea. Vitamin A, for the health of the eyes, skin, teeth, and bones, is found in green vegetables, fruits, eggs, liver and butter. Vitamin B1 which helps the nervous and digestive system and prevents certain diseases, is found in cereals, pork and liver. Vitamin B2 is found in milk, eggs, green vegetables and meats. Vitamin C, which helps bones and teeth, is found in tomatoes, certain fruits and vegetables. These are only a few of the most important vitamins the body needs.11．Vitamin A is needed by ______ and can be found in ______.A．bones/pork B．nervous system/milkC．eyes/green vegetables D．teeth/meats12．Vitamin C helps ______ while vitamin B1 is very important to ______.A．teeth/digestive system B．skin/bonesC．bones/liver D．eyes/meats13．Vitamins are a group of substances found in ______.A．body B．foodC．pork D．digestive system14．The body needs ______ for life and health.A．extra vitamins B．a good variety of vitaminsC．large amounts of certain vitamins D．small amounts of each vitamin15．If you take in more vitamins than you actually need, ______.A．they are harmful to your bodyB．you get all the vitamins now known to be neededC．they help our bodies more properlyD．your body simply gets rid of themPassage FourAs the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation．Once you are in the habit of rushing through life and working from morning till night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body. Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is of ten supposed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual diffic lties. When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between “flight or fight〞and in more primitive days the choices made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme, but however little the stress, it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued exposure tostress, that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart diseases have established links with stress. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives—it would be unwise to do so even if we could, we need to find ways to deal with it.16．People are finding less and less time to relax themselves because ______.A．they do not know how to enjoy themselvesB．they do not believe that relaxation is important for healthC．they are traveling fast all the timeD．they are becoming busier with their work17．According to the author, the most important character for a good manager is his ______.A．not fearing stressB．knowing the art of relaxationC．high sense of responsibilityD．having control over performance18．Which of the following statements is TRUE?A．We can find some ways to remove stress.B．Stress is always harmful to people.C．It is easy to change the habit of keeping oneself busy with work.D．Different people can withstand different amount of stress.19．In paragraph 2, “such a reaction〞refers back to ______.A．“making a choice between ‘flight or fight'〞B．“reaction to stress both chemically and physically〞C．“responding to crises quickly〞D．“losing heart at the signs of difficulties〞20．In the last sentence of the article, “do so〞refers to ______.A．“expose ourselves to stress〞B．“find ways to deal with stress〞C．“remove stress from our lives〞D．“establish links between diseases and stress〞Part ⅡTranslation (40 points)Section A Directions: Translate the following short paragraphs into Chinese. (20 points)21．Love is of three varieties: unselfish, mutual and ordinary or selfish. Unselfish love is of the highest kind. Here, the one who loves seeks only the welfare of the beloved and does not care whether he suffers pains and hardships thereby. The second kind of love is mutual love in which the one who loves desires not only the happiness of his beloved, but has an eye to his own happiness also. Selfish love is the lowest. It makes a man care only for his own happiness without having any regard for the feeling of the beloved.22．Optimism and pessimism are both powerful forces, and each of us must choose which we want to shape our outlook and our expectations. There is enough good and bad in everyone's life—ample sorrow and happiness, sufficient joy and pain—to find a rational basis for either optimism or pessimism. We can choose to laugh or cry, bless or curse. It's our decision: From which perspective do we want to view life? Will we look up in hope or down in despair? I believe in the upward look. I choose to highlight the positive and slip right over the negative. I am an optimist by choice as much as by nature.23．Youth is not a time of life；it is a state of mind；it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a mater of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life. Youth means a temperamental pre dominance of courage over timidity of the appetite, of adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20．Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals. Years may wrinkle the skin. But to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust．24．All men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with inherent and unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government; ...Section BDirections：Translate the following paragraph into English．(20 points)每个人一生中都该有个志向，否那么他的精力便会浪费掉。