考研英语一模拟试题及答案解析(19)

2014年考研英语模拟测试（一）答案解析Section ⅠUse of English答案1.C2.A3.D4.A5.C6.D7.B8.C9.A 10.A11.C 12.B 13.D 14.B 15.C 16.A 17.C 18.B 19.C 20.A总体分析本文介绍了东日本铁路公司引人关注的新计划。

文章第一段介绍说东日本铁路公司创造性地利用车站内部及周围房地产的计划正引起越来越多人的关注。

第二段具体介绍了这一计划的内容及好处，即适应信息时代的要求，把车站作为网上购物的物品收取地，这样既为消费者提供了方便，又提高了递送物品的安全性。

第三段介绍了该公司引入智能卡代替目前使用的各种磁卡作车票的计划及其优点。

试题精解1.[精解] 本题考查名词的词义辨析。

空格处填入的名词与growth搭配，由上下文语义可知，此处表达的含义是“铁路业没有令人振奋的发展前景”，Prospect“景色，前景，期望”指的是possibility of advancement or success。

所以[C]项正确。

perspective做可数名词时多指viewpoint(态度，观点)，如You have the wrong perspective on this situation(对于那个情势的未来发展，你的看法是错的)。

outlook用作“前景”讲时用单数形式，如the outlook for economic growth(经济发展的前景)。

spectacle“景象，奇观，场面，眼镜”，如A quarrel between drunken women is an unpleasant spectacle(喝醉酒的女人吵架是个丑恶的场面)。

2.[精解] 本题考查通过上下文选择适当的副词的能力。

空格处的副词修饰的动作是use real-estate assets in and around train stations(利用车站内部及周围的房地产)。

2019考研英语真题及答案解析(-)(完整版)参考答案在最后Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones・ _L of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone・ But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize・ _3_ you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you _4_ can^t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate _5_ to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well _6_ a trail, but not in a completely J_ area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water, 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you、e explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights一you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollutio n.18 , assuming you're lost inan area humans tend to,tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes \. [A]Some [BJMost [CJFew [DJA112.[A]put[B]take[C]run [DJcome3.[AJSince [B] If [C] Though [DJUntil4.[AJformally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5.[A] back [B| next [C] around [D] away6.[A]onto [B]off[C]across IDJalone7.[A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8.[A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9.[AJ So [B] Yet [CJInstead [DJBesides10.[A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11.[Alsurprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [Djconfused12.[A] problem [BJoption [CJview [D]result13.[A] Above all [BJIn contrast ICJ On average [D] For example14.[A]bridge [BJavoid [C]spot |D]separate15.[A] from [B] through [CJbeyond [D] under16.[A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally |B] Consequently [C] incidentally |D] Generally19.[A] memories [B] marks [C] notes |D] belongings20.[A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A. B, C or D. Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing・The main purpose of this “clawback^ rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations."Short-termism" or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says theBank of England's top economist. Andrew Haldane・He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like "Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once" rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm's efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed "quarterly capitalism^.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. "There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing/9said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week・In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performanee bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “shorMcrmismJTn its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “ a substantial part^ of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage 'Mong-termism/5 such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company・Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain^ new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21.According to Paragraph I, one motive in imposing the new rule is the ___________ .A.enhance banker^ sense of responsibilityB.help corporations achieve larger profitsC.build a new system of financial regulationD.guarantee the bonuses of top executives22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate __________ ・A.the conditions for generating quick profitsernmentsimpatience in decision-makingC・ the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. "short-termism^ in economics activities23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies canbe __________ .A.indirectB.adverseC.minimalD.temporary24.The US and France examples are used to illustrate _____________ .A.the obstacles to preventing "short-termism n.B.the significance of long-term thinking.C.the approaches to promoting "long-termism^.D.the prevalence of short-term thinking.25・ Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB.Patiencc as a Corporate VirtueC- Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force一a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness^—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a secondchance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven・College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. "Untimely/9said Jack Miner, Ohio State University's registrarJwe see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time."That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges，own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention一so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students一who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they've gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible一or at least appear to be. On this, studentsand colleges' incentives seem to be aligned ・26.What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.The change of course catalogs.B.Students, indifference to GPAS.C.Colleges, neglect of GPAS.D.The influence of consumer culture.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning・B.To maintain colleges' graduation rates.C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D・ To increase universities9 income from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to ___________ .A.obtain more financial supportB.boost their student enrollmentsC.improve their teachi ng qualityD.meet local governmentsneeds29.What does the phrase “to be aligned M(Line 5, Para.6) most probably mean?A・ To counterbalance each other.B.To complement each other.C.To be identical with each other.D.To be contradictory to each other.30.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by __________ ・A.assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind itparing different views on itD.listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by tech no logies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (Al) raises fundamental questionsf'What is intelligence, identify, orconsciousness? What makes humans humans?"What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as "Westworld^ and "Humans^.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. u We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there?"But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving Al aren^t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions・ Human drivers sometimes must make split-sec ond decisi ons. Their reactions may be a complex combi nation of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. Al "vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans・ And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions/' notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AL Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines・ Britain is setting up a data ethics center .India released its Al ethics strategy this spring ・On June 7 Google pledged not to "design or deploy AF" that would cause "overall harm/* or to develop Al-directed weapons or use Al for surveillance that would violate international norms- It also pledged not to deploy Al whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by Al systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity's highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein's out-of-control monster.31.Mary Shelley^s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because itA.fascinates Al scientists all over the world.B.has remained popular for as long as 200 years・C.involves some concerns raised by Al today.D.has sparked serious ethical controversies.32.In David Eagleman^s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA.helps explain artificial intelligence・B.can be misleading to robot making.C.inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D.is too limited for us to reproduce it.33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA.can hardly ever be found.B.is still beyond our capacity・C.causes little public concern・D・ has aroused much curiosity.34.The author's attitude toward Googlc^s pledge is one ofA.affirmation.B.skepticism.C.contempt.D・ respect.35- Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.AFs Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsB・ Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AlC.The Conscience of Al: Complex But InevitableD.Al Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Courtis opinion Thursday oveiTuled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases・The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States J he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule "limited states，ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants fromcompeting on an even playing field/'The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don5t have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven51 been collecting sales tax nationwidc. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-statc sellers to collect the staters sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. TheSmall Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a a statement, "Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision."36.The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA.Dette business' relutions with statesB.put most online business in a dilemmaC.make more online shoppers pay sales taxD.forces some states to cut sales tax37.It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA.have led to the dominance of e-commerceB.have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC.were widely criticized by online purchasesD.were considered up favorable by states38.According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA.hindered economic developmentB.brought prosperity to the countryC.harmed fair market competitionD・boosted growth in states revenue39- Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA.Internet entrepreneursB. Big-chair ownersC.Third-party sellersD. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA・ gives a factual acco unt of it and discusses its con sequencesB.describes the long and complicated process of its makingC.presents its main points with conflicting views on themD.cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes・Paragraph C and F have been correctly placed・ Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A・These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them・If we readjust our view of arguments——from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding——then we change the very nature of what it means to “wirT an argument.B.Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C.None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good・ Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raiseobjections and listen carefully to their replies.D・ Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied・ Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Paris of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered・ Everybody else loses・ This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E.In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "there is only one way...to get thebest of an argument-and that is to avoid it. "This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F.These views of arguments also undermine reason• If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you dorTt get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments・ You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G.There is a better way to win arguments・ Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, "yesj and I yell. "No,” neither of us learns anything・ We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers・41 T42T F T43T44I C—45PartCDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a greal deal of this kind of nonsense in lhe medical journals which, when laken up by broadcasters and the lay press、genenites both health scaws and short-lived dietary en thusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of B ad Science，：published on the Royal Society，s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages 让・What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47)nowadays anyone applying for a research Dost has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example、by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicants papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arninge to cite themselves in their future publications、or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours・Boiling down an individuaPs output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity・ Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure (hat our institutions encourage that kind of science・Section DI WritingPart A51.Directions:Suppse you are working for the “Aiding rurd Primary Sch oo厂project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying detail s of the project.Do not sign your own name at the end of the email. Use "Li Ming" instead/10 points)PartB52.Directions:Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should1)describe the pictures briefly,2)interpret the meaning, and3)give your comments・You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)途中参考答案Section I Use of EnglishL C few2. C run3. B If4. D literally5. A back6. B off7. D unfamiliar8. C way9. A so10- D eventually11.A surprised12.B option13.D For example14.C spot15.B through16.D breaks17.A artificial18.A Finally19.B mark20.C leadSection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121. A enhance banker's sense of responsibility22. D n short-termism n in economic activities23. B adverse24. C the approaches to promoting n long-termism n25. B Patience as a Corporate VirtueText 226. D The influence of consumer culture27. A To help freshmen adapt to college learning28. A obtain more financial support29- C to be identical with each other30. C analyzing the causes behind itText 331. C invoIves some concerns raised by Al today32. D is too limited for us to reproduce it33. B is still beyond our capacity34. A affirmation35. C The conscience of AI:Complex But Inevitable Text 436. C make more online shopper pay sale tax37. D were considered unfavorable by stales38. C harmed fair market competition39- B big-chain owners40. A gives a factual account of it and discuss its consequences Part B新题型41.E42.D43.G44.B45.APartCTranslation46.医学期刊中存在大量由广播公司和新闻媒体报道的这种无稽之谈,这会导致健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。

2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of English4. [A] detection [B] accumulation [C] consumption [D] separation5. [A] possibility [B] decision [C] goal [D] requirement6. [A] delay [B] ensure [C] seek [D] utilize7. [A] modified [B] supported [C] included [D] predicted8. [A] devoted [B] compared [C] converted [D] applied9. [A] with [B] above [C] by [D] against10. [A] lived [B] managed [C] scored [D] played11. [A] ran out [B] set off [C] drew in [D] went by12. [A] superior [B] attributable [C] parallel [D] resistant13. [A] restored [B] isolated [C] involved [D] controlled14. [A] alter [B] spread [C] remove [D] explain15. [A] compensations [B] symptoms [C] demands [D] treatments16. [A] Likewise [B] Meanwhile [C] Therefore [D] Instead17. [A] change [B] watch [C] count [D] take18. [A] well-being [B] process [C] formation [D] coordination19. [A] level [B] love [C] knowledge [D] space20. [A] design [B] routine [C] diet [D] prescriptionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)-Text 1-How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This yea r’s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21. The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares ______.A. will ease train operators’ burdenB. has kept pace with inflationC. is a big surprise to commutersD. remains an unreasonable measure22. The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for ______.A. car driversB. rail travelersC. local investorsD. ordinary taxpayers23. It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators ______.A. are offering compensation to commutersB. are trying to repair relations with the unionsC. have failed to provide an adequate serviceD. have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes24. If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face ______.A. the loss of investmentB. the collapse of operationsC. a reduction of revenueD. a change of ownership25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?B. Constant Complaining Doesn’t WorkC. Can Nationalisation Bring Hope?D. Ever-Rising Fares Aren’t Sustaina ble-Text 2-Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program. In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates. Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012—including during Indonesia’s p hase-in of the antipoverty program—in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. Ferraro separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro su ggests their results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment, Ferraro says. Even if this program didn’t reduce poverty, he says, “The value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to ______.A. facilitate health care reformB. help poor families get better offC. improve local education systemsD. lower deforestation rates27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that ______.A. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poorB. CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestylesC. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmersD. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out ______.A. its acceptance level of CCTsB. its annual rate of poverty alleviationC. the relation of CCTs to its forest lossD. the role of its forests in climate change29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that______.A. it will benefit other Asian countriesB. it will reduce regional inequalityC. it can protect the environmentD. it can boost grain production30. What is the text centered on?A. The effects of a program.B. The debates over a program.C. The process of a study.D. The transferability of a study.-Text 3-As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, ... How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the cameraperformed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital s tandards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displaye d through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, re gular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps and music hall performers might gum and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits th ere could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.31. According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter ______.A. changed people’s impression of the VictoriansB. highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studiesC. re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public imageD. illustrated the development of Victorian photography32. What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?A. They are in popular use among historians.B. They are rare among photographs of that age.C. They mirror 19th-century social conventions.D. They show effects of different exposure times.33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?A. Their inherent social sensitiveness.B. Their tension before the camera.C. Their distrust of new inventions.D. Their unhealthy dental condition.34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was ______.A. a deep-root beliefB. a misguided attitudeC. a controversial viewD. a thought-provoking idea35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?B. When did the Victorians start to view photographs?C. What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?D. How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?-Text 4-From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband internet connections had the power and incentive to favor their own or their partners’ websites and services over those of their rivals. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017. The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything beyond disclosing information about their services. The order also declared that state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’ streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to “avoid trapping internet regulation in technological anachronism.”In the meantime, the court threw ou t the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission’s power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order. That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36. There has long been concern that broadband providers would ______.A. bring web-based firms under controlB. slow down the traffic on their networkC. show partiality in treating clientsD. intensify competition with their rivals37. Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the FCC ______.A. sticks to an out-of-date orderB. takes an anti-regulatory stanceC. has issued a special resolutionD. has allowed the states to intervene38. What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?A. It protects against unfair competition.B. It engages in anti-competitive practices.C. It is under the FCC’s investigation.D. It is in pursuit of quality service.39. Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court’s decision ______.A. focuses on trivialitiesB. conveys an ambiguous messageC. is at odds with its earlier rulingsD. is out of touch with reality40. What does the author argue in the last paragraph?A. Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.B. The FCC should be put under strict supervision.C. Rules need to be set to diversify online services.D. Broadband providers’ rights should be protected.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41~45, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. One common application? Preventing electronic security breaches, which, rather than eliminating IT jobs, actually makes those personnel more valuable to employers, because they help firms prevent hacking attempts.Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. “There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does,” says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and acomputer science professor at the University of Washington. In addition, (41) ______________One company that’s doing this is called Blendoor. It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.More effective marketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. (42) _______________ These are “tools that help people use data, not a replacement for people,” says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving them money while helping the environment. Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies, meanwhile, can base their premiums on AI models tha t more accurately access risk. Domingos says, “(43) _____________”Improved accuracy“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics, which makes data more valuable,” says Winston. It “helps people make smarter decisions.”(44)_______________Protecting and maintaining infrastructureA number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. “If they fail first and then you fix them, it’s very expensive,” says Domingos. “(45) _______________”[A] AI replaces the boring parts. If you’re doing research, you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn’t have time f or.[B] One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit. This process, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.[C] There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will be most effective yield best results.[D] You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to wh ere it’s useful for employees to go to.[E] “Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much”, say Dominguos，“or they would charge them too little and then it would cost the company money. ”[F]We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyond human scale.[G] AI looks at résumés in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising candidates.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)WWII was the watershed event for higher education in modern Western societies.(46) Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war. But after the war, great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education. (47) And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war. These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly though unevenly in the 1970s and 1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems. There was first the rate of growth: (48) in many countries of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s. Second, growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions. And third, growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake. For example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, and above all of socialization. When a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years, (49) and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty. And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution—this was seen inAmerica as well as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan. (50) High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth. In the 1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements, with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.46. Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.47. And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.48. in many countries of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s.49. …and when the new staff s are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty.50. High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:A foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China. Write him/her an email to make some suggestions.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.DO not use your own name in the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the implied meaning, and3) give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)答案速查1-5: CDABA 6-10: ACBAC 11-15: DBCDD 16-20: BDAAC20-25: DBCDD 26-30: BDCCA 30-35: ABDAA 36-40: CBBDA41-45: GCEBD46. 二战结束后，这些西方社会有一定的高等教育水平，在战前几十年间，该水平大概保持在相对年龄群体的3%到5%。

考研英语一模拟试题及答案解析（15）(1~20/共20题)完形填空Millions of dollars often depend on the choice of which commercial to use in launching a new product. So you show the commercials to a __1__ of typical consumers and ask their opinion. The answers you get can sometimes lead you into a big __2__. Respondents may lie just to be polite.Now some companies and major advertising __3__ have been hiring voice detectives who test your normal voice and then record you on tape __4__ commenting on a product. A computer analyzes the degree and direction of change __5__ normal. One kind of divergence of pitch means the subject __6__ Another kind means he was really enthusiastic. In a testing of two commercials __7__ children, they were, vocally, about equally __8__ of both, but the computer reported their emotional __9__ in the two was totally different.Most major commercials are sent for resting-to theaters __10__ with various electronic measuring devices. People regarded as __11__ are brought in off the street. Viewers can push buttons to __12__ whether they are interested or bored.Newspaper and magazine groups became intensely interested in testing their ads for a product __13__ TV ads for the same product. They were interested because the main __14__ of evidence shows that people __15__ a lot more mental activity when they read __16__ when they sit in front of the TV set. TV began to be __17__ a low-involvement __18__. It is contended that low involvement means that there is less __19__ that the ad message will be __20__.Notes commercial广告。

第十九套题Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1 07.8Whenever the phrase “compensation culture”is used, an active coalition of trade unionists, Whitehall officials and Left-leaning publications leap into action to deny that such a thing exists in Britain. They point out that the number of claims has been falling for the past two or three years, that the average pay-out is low, that it isn’t easy to get compensation, and that the media blow up absurd cases that come to court but bury the fact that the case subsequently failed. All this may be true; yet it is equally undeniable in this weekend that marks the 40th anniversary of the Aberfan disaster, that a compensation culture exists today where it never did before.It’s hard to read about that day in Merthyr Tydfil without your feelings welling up. On the one hand, the example of the deputy headmaster found dead with five children in his arms, as if protecting them. On the other, the life-on-Mars behaviour of the Coal Board, which demanded ￡150,000 out of the ￡160,000 relief fund in order to move the slag heaps. And yet the villagers refused to sue the board as that would be “to bow to vengeance”.Then, a generation later in 1990, a young woman issued a writ suing the board for the psychological damage she suffered as a witness to the events. She received more than any of the more proximate victims. Whatever the rights and wrongs of her claim, it demonstrated a very significant social shift: a compensation culture didn’t exist at the time of the disaster in 1966 but had clearly started to form 25 years later. And it evolved rapidly. Nine years after the Hillsborough disaster in 1989, a number of police officers who had attended the carnage at the football ground claimed substantial payments for post traumatic stress. A former sergeant got ￡300,000. Fourteen other officers accepted ￡1.2 million between them. Phil Hammond, who lost a 14-year-old son, received ￡3,500. He called the payments to the police (who belonged to an organisation that had caused the disaster to happen, as Lord Justice Taylor reported) “disgusting”. The culture has now mutated and we hear daily reports of its manifestations. It is in this context that you can connect a wide range of different phenomena. The fact that cans of nuts present the warning “Contains nuts” is connected to the fact that teache rs won’t put a plaster on your child’s knee without written consent, which is also connected to the fact that tens of thousands of gravestones all over the country are being laid flat. Why? Because people sue for compensation when things go wrong.The authorities say it’s to do with public safety; it isn’t true. A child was killed when a gravestone fell on him. But the councils reacted only when a ￡30,000 award was made to the mother three years later. It is the cost to the public purse caused by compensation cases that produces this bizarre behaviour. It’s the threat of legal suit and large pay-outs that give bite to Health and Safety procedures.［530 words］1. What does the example of the Aberfan disaster illustrate?［A］Disaster victims don’t tend to get proper compensation.［B］Compensation culture didn’t exist in Britain.［C］The authorities’ statements are far from truth.［D］The public was poorly educated concerning its legal rights.2. When mentioning “a wide range of different phenomena” (Lines 2, Paragraph 4), the author is talking about .［A］all kinds of sues for compensation［B］exaggerated media reports of cases［C］precautionary measures against law suits［D］the beneficiaries of compensation culture 3. The author believes that safety procedures have now been drawn up because of .［A］the consideration of public safety［B］the denial of compensation culture［C］the pressure from the public［D］the fear of compensation4. Which of the following is true according to the text?［A］The British government has attached importance to compensation culture.［B］One indirect victim of Aberfan disaster has been compensated.［C］All Hillsborough victims have been granted good compensation.［D］the councils reacted swiftly to the gravestone accident.5. Toward compensation culture, the writer’s attitude can he said to be .［A］supportive［B］objective［C］disgusted［D］indifferentText 2 07.6The provision of positive incentives to work in the new society will not be an easy task. But the most difficult task of all is to devise the ultimate and final sanction to replace the ultimate sanction of hunger—the economic whip of the old dispensation. Moreover, in a society which rightly rejects the pretence of separating economics from politics and denies the autonomy of the economic order, that sanction can be found only in some conscious act of society. We can no longer ask the invisible hand to do our dirty work for us.I confess that I am less horror-struck than some people at the prospect, which seems to me unavoidable, of an ultimate power of what is called direction of labour resting in some arm of society, whether in an organ of state or of trade unions. I should indeed be horrified if I identified this prospect with a return to the conditions of the pre-capitalist era. The economic whip of laissez-faire undoubtedly represented an advance on the serf-like conditions of that period: in that relative sense, the claim of capitalism to have established for the first time a system of “free” labour deserves respect. But the direction of labour as exercised in Great Britain in the Second World War seems to me to represent as great an advance over the economic whip of the heyday of capitalist private enterprise as the economic whip represented over pre-capitalist serfdom.Much depends on the effectiveness of the positive incentives, much, too, on the solidarity and self-discipline of the community. After all, under the system of laissez-faire capitalism the fear of hunger remained an ultimate sanction rather than a continuously operative force. It would have been intolerable if the worker had been normally driven to work by conscious fear of hunger; nor, except in the early and worst days of the Industrial Revolution, did that normally happen. Similarly in the society of the future the power of direction should be regarded not so much as an instrument of daily use but rather as an ultimate sanction held in reserve where voluntary methods fail. It is inconceivable that, in any period or in any conditions that can now be foreseen, any organ of state in Great Britain would be in a position, even if it had the will, to marshal and deploy the labour force over the whole economy by military discipline like an army in the field. This, like other nightmares of a totally planned economy, can be left to those who like to frighten themselves and others with scarecrows.［439 words］6. The word “sanction”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to.［A］corrective measures［B］encouraging methods［C］preventive efforts［D］revolutionary actions7. Which of the following is implied in the first paragraph?［A］People used to be forced to work under whips.［B］The author dislikes the function of politics in economy.［C］Incentives are always less available than regulations.［D］People have an instinct of working less and getting more.8. The author’s attitudes towards future, as is indicated in the beginning of the second paragraph, is one of.［A］reluctant acceptance［B］sheer pessimism［C］mild optimism［D］extreme hopefulness9. The author of the text seems to oppose the idea of.［A］free market［B］military control［C］strict regulations［D］unrestrained labors10. The last sentence of the text indicates the author’s.［A］hatred［B］affection［C］stubbornness［D］rejectionText 3 07.8If the British government’s plans to introduce identity cards stay on track, Britons will, within three years, begin to receive cards containing personal details, together with a digital photograph, fingerprints and an iris scan. A nation that has not possessed identity cards since 1952 will, in a step, acquire the world’s most complex system.At the heart of the scheme is a national identity register, which will record basic personal details: name, sex, date and place of birth, address, nationality, immigration status and the numbers of documents such as driver’s licences and passports. Those who fear the lengthening arm of the state should note that all of this information (and a good deal more) is already in government hands. Nor will the register be a patch on some commercial databases. Pieter Kasselman of Cybertrust, an information-security company, points out that consumer data and credit-reference companies already know much more about what people get up to.The beauty of the new database, from the government’s point of view, is that the information it holds on a citizen will be dependable and reliably linked to that person. The errors and multiple entries that plague existing systems ought to be eliminated. As a result, and thanks to the introduction of a unique identifying number, government departments will be able to share information much more easily. At the moment, it is often difficult to know whether the John Bull known to one agency is the John Bull known to another.Prophets of technological doom will probably be disappointed by a system that ought to suffer no more than the usual teething troubles. Although government IT projects have an unhappy record in Britain, serious trouble has usually come not from technology, but from extra burdens and bureaucratic reforms brought in at the same time. In 1999, for example, the Passport Agency tried to upgrade its computer system while changing the rules about who had to apply for a passport. Fifty-day delays and angry queues were the result. Identity cards will be phased in gradually, as people renew their passports, and, because the database does not replace something that already exists, there will be no “big bang” when older systems are switched off. Catastrophic failure cantherefore probably be avoided.But the project may prove costly. That is a danger because public support for the cards, which appears immune to concerns about civil liberties or effectiveness, depends on their price. Charles Clarke, the home secretary, tried to relieve fears by promising to cap the cost of an identity card. This is a meaningless gesture, since costs can easily be shunted to places where they will cause less offence. Much of the cost of collecting biometric and personal data has already been shifted to the passport service, on the grounds that passports must meet tougher international standards. New procedures mean the cost of a passport is predicted to reach ￡67.93 next year—almost twice as much as the figure for a passport last year. That allows politicians to claim identity cards are a fairly cheap add-on.［520 words］11. What is the author’s attitude towards the ID card plans?［A］strong disagreement.［B］enthusiastic support.［C］cautious opposition. ［D］reserved approval.12. From the first three paragraphs, it can be inferred that the current identity database .［A］is difficult and costly to access ［B］excludes inaccurate information［C］is inefficient at identifying individuals ［D］contains little personal details13. “Teething troubles” (Line 2, Paragraph 4) most probably means .［A］small problems ［B］serious drawbacks［C］heavy burdens［D］slight contempt14. According to the opponents, the ID card scheme is likely to.［A］result in needless bureaucracy［B］be a technological and political disaster［C］threaten a citizen’s privacy［D］drain money from people15. According to the author, if the new register project is too expensive, the government will probably .［A］win unchanged support from the public［B］create a false impression of a reasonable price ［C］replace ID cards with passports ［D］make it compulsory for everyone to get an ID card Text 4 07.8Farmers in the United States and around the world are likely to face serious challenges in the coming decades as new kinds of weather test their ability to bring us the food we all depend on. The weather, of course, has never been exactly dependable—farmers have always been at the mercy of the vagaries of sun and rain. But general weather patterns have at least been broadly predictable, allowing farmers to know when to sow their seed, when to transplant, when to harvest. As weather patterns become less reliable, growers will be tested to develop new rhythms and systems for growing crops.Climate change is likely to impact different parts of the world in vastly different ways, climatologists and agronomists say. Scientists at a recent international conference in London reported that warming temperatures could lead to substantial harvest reductions in major food crops such as wheat, soy and rice. And for years the World Bank and others have been warning that climate change will be especially burdensome on poor countries in the tropics, where soil quality is generally inferior. According to a study conducted in the Philippines, for every one degree C increase in temperature, there will be a 10-percent reduction in yields for rice, a staple crop for billions of people.But here in the U.S., most observers agree, it’s doubtful that climate change could cause a foodsecurity crisis. The U.S. food system—though highly concentrated in terms of ownership and control—is geographically very diverse, which means that crops could be shifted to other areas if necessary. Also, the U.S. produces so much surplus grains for animal feed and food processing that it would take enormous crop failures to create real food scarcities. At least for residents of the U.S., a climate-change induced famine is unlikely.Farmers are a famously adaptive lot, well accustomed to reacting to forces beyond their control. The worry among scientists is that if the agriculture establishment does not take climate change seriously enough, it will become much more difficult to respond effectively when weather disruptions hit. Easterling says the window for farmers to successfully adapt to new weather conditions is about six to ten years—the time it takes for researchers to breed new seed varieties s uited for specific conditions. “What would worry anyone is if climate change starts to exceed the system’s built-in adaptive response,”easterling says.Among farmers and researchers, there is disagreement about which types of growers climate change will impact most—large agribusiness growing operations, or smaller, family-run farms. Some agriculture industry observers say that the bigger farmers will have an advantage in coping with weather changes, as they will have more resources to switch to new crops. Others say that since family farms usually grow a wider range of crops, their biological diversity will make it easier to cope with whatever changes occur.What all agriculture experts agree on is that farmers need to start preparing today for climate change. Growers ought to be thinking about what warmer temperatures, fluctuations in precipitation, and an increase in extreme weather events will mean for their farms, and how they can respond. “This is change; it’s not necessarily disaster,”says Grubinger. “The disaster will come if people aren’t prepared.”［551 words］16.The most serious problem confronting the farmers is that.［A］they lack the knowledge about weather forecasts［B］once-dependable weather patterns are shifting［C］the farming pattern is changing in strange ways［D］the farmland is not as productive as it used to be17.It can be inferred that tropical developing countries are more vulnerable to.［A］global warming［B］dry weather［C］soil erosion ［D］too much rain at the wrong time18. The United States is unlikely to suffer from food crisis because of its.［A］geographical complexity［B］mechanization in agriculture［C］diversity of crops［D］abundance of food19. According to the text, the scientists seem to worry about .［A］farmer’s ability to produce food［B］the environment’s capacity to absorb pollution［C］agricultural system’s capacity of innovation［D］human’s ability to respond to emergency20. What advice might agricultural experts give about crop growing?［A］Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. ［B］The first step is the only difficulty.［C］Caution is the parent of safety.［D］Early start makes easy stages.Part B 07.8Directions:You are going to read a text about the tips on how to walk out of career dilemma, followed by a list of examples and quotations. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (21-25). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSER SHEET 1. (10 points)As companies continue to cut costs, the days of frequent promotions are a distant memory. So are the days of endless opportunities to show off your skills. Layoff survivors, faced with fewer options are finding themselves in career suffering—there’s no way up and no way out.After talking to career coaches, managers, recruiters, and psychologists, Fortune puts together eight tips to help workers break free from the inertia.21. Avoid taking coverDon’t hide out behind your computer.22. Look beyond your job descriptionPeople don’t get promotions just because they do their jobs well; they get promotions because they take initiative.23.Be creativeRemember, says Lauren Doliva, a partner at recruiting firm Heidrick & Struggles International, “people hire us to think, not just to do.”This is the perfect time to tackle the project that you’ve always wished you had more time for.24.Take responsibility for your successBe proactive, not reactive. Says Kennedy: “If you’re waiting for something to happen to you, it’s not going to be anything positive.”Figure out your goals and let managers know what they are; identify your weaknesses and work on them; find better ways to harness your strengths. For nontangible skills—leadership, management, communication—coaches recommend hiring a coach.25. Adjust your attitudeDon’t panic. Even though the economy is in a recession, your career is not coming to an end. How you look at the situation will have a big impact on whether you stay stuck or move ahead.［256 words］［A］Dee Soder, founder of the CEO Perspective Group, recommends scheduling an hour each day to work on extra things such as new initiatives or ways to improve your job or that or those above you.［B］It might be helpful to hunt for motivation in other places. “Now is the time to start taking a look at how fulfilling your life is outside of work,”says Lois Frankel, president of Corporate Coaching International. Find exciting activities to replenish yourself with—and then bring that positive spirit into the office.［C］“You should really work to increase or maintain the visibility that you have,”says David Opton, founder and CEO of career management firm ExecuNet. Speak up in meetings, join task forces, and volunteer for difficult projects that co-workers aren’t willing to tackle.［D］Fortify your current relationships and work on making new ones, both within and outside the office. “Allies will be helpful in terms of letting you know information, like if there’s a job possibility that comes up, ”says Soder.［E］Lauren Doliva, a partner at recruiting firm Heidrick & Struggles International, has a client looking to hire a COO. When someone brought up the VP of operations, who was the obvious candidate for the job, the CEO rejected him outright. “He said no because the VP only does what’s expected,”says Doliva. “The CEO didn’t see him as someone who would take the risks and the time to do the job better.”［F］ A client of Soder’s was put into a new management role, but didn’t feel like she had what it took to oversee a bigger team. She went out and hired a coach who helped her learn how to interact with top executives as well as how to run a bigger territory. She has since been promoted again.Part C 06.8Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)Wisdom born of experience should tell us that war is obsolete.（26）There may have been a time when war served as a negative good by preventing the spread and growth of an evil force, but the destructive power of modern weapons eliminates even the possibility that war may serve any good at all. In a day when vehicles hurtle through outer space and guided ballistic missiles carve highways of death through the stratosphere, no nation can claim victory in war. A so-called limited war will leave little more than a calamitous legacy of human suffering, political and spiritual disillusionment. A world war will leave only smoldering ashes as mute testimony of a human race whose folly led inexorably to ultimate death. （27）If modern man continues to toy unhesitatingly with war, he will transform his earthly habitat into a hell such as even the mind of Dante (但丁) could not imagine.（28）Therefore I suggest that the philosophy and strategy of nonviolence becomes immediately a subject for study and for serious experimentation in every field of human conflict, by no means excluding the relations between nations. It is, after all, nation states, which make war, which have produced the weapons that threaten the survival of mankind and which are both genocidal and suicidal in character.We have ancient habits to deal with, vast structures of power, indescribably complicated problems to solve.（29）But unless we resign our humanity altogether and yield to fear and impotence in the presence of the weapons we have ourselves created, it is as possible and as urgent to put an end to war and violence between nations as it is to put an end to poverty and racial injustice.I do not minimize the complexity of the problems that need to be faced. （30）But I am convinced that we shall not have the will, the courage and the insight to deal with such matters unless in this field we are prepared to undergo a mental and spiritual re-evaluation, a change of focus which will enable us to see that the things that seem most real and powerful are indeed now unreal and have come under sentence of death. We need to make a supreme effort to generate the readiness, indeed the eagerness, to enter into the new world, which is now possible, “the city which hath foundation, whose Building and Maker is God”.［418 words］答案1.B2.C3.D4.B5.B6.A7.B8.A9.C10.D11.D12.C13.A14.C15.B16.B17.A18.D19.C20.A21.C22.E23.A24.F25.B26.也许曾经有一段时间，战争通过阻止邪恶势力的扩张和发展而成为负面的善举，但现代武器的巨大破坏力消除了战争成为善举的任何可能性。

考研英语模拟翻译—英译汉试题以及答案一、考研英语翻译英译汉1． It is better to take your time at this job than to hurry and make mistakes．A．最好的工作要慢慢找，不要太着急。

B．工作中不要太急，免得出错。

C．干这活最好要慢点不要匆忙，免得出错。

D．最好要多花点时间在工作上，免得忙中出错。

【答案】C【解析】本题的翻译要点是“It is better to do sth. than to do sth. ”和“take yore time”。

“It is better to do sth. than to do sth. ”这个句型表示是两件事情的比较，“最好采取……，而不是……”选项A理解出错，选项B没有把这种比较的意思表达出来，选项D 没有翻译出“this job”。

知识模块：英译汉2． Not until the problem 0f talents and funds is solved, is our talking about the project meaningful．A．不到解决人才和资金问题的时候，无须讨论这项工程的。

B．讨论这项工程有无意义要看人才和资金问题能否得到解决。

C．只有解决了人才和资金问题，讨论这项工程才有意义。

D．解决人才和资金问题与讨论这项工程具有同样重要的意义。

【答案】C【解析】本题的翻译要点是对“Not until…”这个句型的理解。

该句表示强调，意为“直到……才”。

选项D对句型理解有误。

选项A和选项B没有把强调的语气翻译出来，且选项A后半句有漏译现象。

知识模块：英译汉3． us of the overcharge on your account and we have contacted the store on your behalf and are awaiting their reply.A) 承蒙告知您受到恶意透支的指控，我们已经派代表与商店联系并正在等待回音。

2018年考研英语一试题与答案解析(完整版)——跨考教育英语教研室Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition _____(1) many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your _____(2)in the wrong place often carries a high _____(3)._____(4), why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. _____(5) people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that _____(6) pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that leads sheep to flock together for safety and prompts humans to _____(7) with oneanother. Swiss Scientists have found that exposure _____(8) this hormone puts us in a trusting _____(9): In a study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their _____(10) who inhaled something else._____(11) for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may _____(12) us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate _____(13) a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each _____(14) to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What's in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look _____ (15). Half of them found a toy; the other half _____ (16)the container was empty-and realized the tester had _____(17) them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were _____ (18) to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. _____ (19), only five of the 30 children paired with the "_____(20)"tester participated in a follow-up activity.1. A．on B．like C．for D．from2. A．faith B．concern C．attention D．interest3. A．benefit B．debt C．hope D．price4. A．Therefore B．Then C．Instead D．Again5. A．Until B．Unless C．Although D．When6. A．selects B．produces C．applies D．maintains7. A．consult B．compete C．connect D．compare8. A．at B．by C．of D．to9. A．context B．mood C．period D．circle10. A．counterparts B．substitutes C．colleagues D．supporters11. A．Funny B．Lucky C．Odd D．Ironic12. A．monitor B．protect C．surprise D．delight13. A．between B．within C．toward D．over14. A．transferred B．added C．introduced D．entrusted15. A．out B．back C．around D．inside16. A．discovered B．proved C．insisted D．remembered17. A．betrayed B．wronged C．fooled D．mocked18. A．forced B．willing C．hesitant D．entitled19. A．In contrast B．As a result C．On the whole D．For instance20. A．inflexible B．incapable C．unreliable D．unsuitable1.【答案】C【解析】该题选择的是介词，与后面的many worthwhile things一块做后置定语修饰前面的condition,表明对于许多重要事情来说是一个必要的条件。

2019年考研英语一真题及答案解析（完整版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t fi nd north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the landWhen you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for fam iliar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost i n an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All2. [A] put [B] take [C] run [D] come3. [A] Since [B] If [C] Though [D] Until4. [A] formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] alone7. [A] unattractive [B] uncrowded [C] unchanged [D] unfamiliar8. [A] site [B] point [C] way [D] place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C] Instead [D] Besides10.[A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D] eventually11.[A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frightened [D] confused12.[A] problem [B]option [C] view [D] result13.[A] Above all [B] In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14.[A] bridge [B] avoid [C] spot [D] separate15.[A] form [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16.[A] posts [B] links [C] shades [D] breaks17.[A] artificial [B]mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18.[A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19.[A]memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20.[A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are underinvestigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gaint of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from compan ies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. "There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short -termism .” In its latest survey of CEO pay ,The Wall Street Journal finds thant “a substantial part ” of executive pay is now tied to performance .Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism，” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies,the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance,not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1,one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers’ sense of responsibilityB. help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments’ impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. “short-termism” in economic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B. the significance of long-term thingking.C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB.Patience as a Corporate VirtueC.Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD.Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness"— is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in cal culating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that all ows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students' indifference to GPAS.C. Colleges' neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges' graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities' income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges toA. obtain more financial support.B. boost their student enrollments.C. improve their teaching quality.D. meet local governments' needs.29. What does the phrase "to be aligned"(Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each other.D. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA. assessing its feasibility.B. analyzing the causes behind it.C. comparing different views on it.D. listing its long-run effects.Text 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly a s sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief execu tive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy Al” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop Al-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking ofintelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein is mentioned because itA.fascinates Al scientists all over the world.B.has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C.involves some concerns raised by Al today.D.has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness A.helps explain artificial intelligence. B.can be misleading to robot making. C.inspires popular sci-fi TV series. D.is too limited for us to reproduce it33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA.can hardly ever be found.B.is still beyond our capacity.C.causes little public concern.D.has aroused much curiosity.34.The author's attitude toward Google's pledges is one ofA.affirmationB.skepticism.C.contemptD.respect.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Al's Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsB.Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AlC.The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableD.AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax inevery state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven't been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, "Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision."36. The Supreme Court decsion Thursday willA . Dette busines s’relutions with statesB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sules taxD. force some states to cut sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled desicisunsA . have led to the domainance of e-commerceB . have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC. were widely criticzed by online purchasesD. were consider upfavorable by states38. Auording to Justice Anthony Kennedy , the physical presernce rule hasA. hindered economic development .B. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. Doosted growth in states , revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet enterpreneursB. Big-chair ownersB. Third-party sellers D. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday ,the authorA. gives a factual account of it ard discusses its consequencesB. describes the long ard complicated process of its makingC. pressents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cities some saces related to it ard analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people.learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments –from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding---then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.B. Of course,many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the oppsite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There is only one way...to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. "This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don't get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,”and I yell. “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41→42→F→43→44→C→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was.I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual's output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quitegreat. (50)If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible.we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journal which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.47. Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.48. Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.49. This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.50. If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of sciences.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions：Suppse you are working for the "Aiding rurd Primary School" project of your university write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunter,specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET .Do not use your own name in the email ,use "Li Ming"instead.(10points)Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly2) interpret the meaning and3) give your comments .write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points) 爬山途中：A：累了，我不爬了B：别呀!休息一下再接着爬。

考研英语一模拟试题及答案解析（10）(1~20/共20题)完形填空Euthanasia has been a topic of controversy in Europe since at least 1936.@On an average of six times a day, a doctor in Holland practices active euthanasia __1__ administering a lethal drug to a __2__ ill patient who has asked to be relieved __3__ suffering. Twenty times a day, life prolonging treatment is withheld or withdrawn __4__ there is no hope that it can __5__ an ultimate cure. Active euthanasia remains a crime on the Dutch statute books, punishable __6__ 12 years in prison. But a series of court cases over the past 15 years has made it clear that a competent physician who __7__ it out will not be prosecuted.Euthanasia, often called mercy killing, is a crime everywhere in Western Europe. __8__ more and more doctors and nurses in Britain, Germany, Holland and elsewhere readily __9__ to practicing it, most often in the passive form of withholding or withdrawing__10__. The long simmering euthanasia issue has lately __11__ into a sometimes fierce public debate, __12__ both sides claiming the mantle of ultimate righteousness. Those __13__ to the practice see themselves __14__ sacred principles of respect for life, __15__ those in favor raise the banner of humane treatment. After years __16__ the defensive, the advocates now seem to be __17__ ground. Recent polls in Britain show that 72 percent of British __18__ favor euthanasia in some circumstances. An astonishing 76 percent of __19__ to a poll taken late last year in France said they would like the law changed to __20__ mercy killings. Obviously, pressure groups favoring euthanasia and assisted suicide have grown steadily in Europe over the years.Noteseuthanasia 安乐死lethal 致命的statute book 法典prosecute 起诉simmering 处于沸腾的状态mantle 重任，责任第1题A.incidentallyB.intentionallyC.intermittentlyD.intensely第2题A.terminallyB.finallyC.eventuallyD.ultimately第3题A.againstB.offC.ofD.out of第4题A.thoughB.whenC.thatD.since第5题A.effectB.affectC.resultD.execute第6题A.forB.inC.toD.by第7题A.worksB.savesC.carriesD.rescues第8题A.BecauseB.HenceC.AndD.But第9题A.admitB.allegeC.approveD.adopt第10题A.cureB.treatmentC.operationD.remedy第11题A.smoothed overB.boiled overC.broke downD.burst out第12题A.due toB.atC.forD.with第13题A.rejectedB.objectedC.respondedD.opposed第14题A.abandoningB.confirmingC.upholdingD.upgrading第15题A.whileB.whenC.asD.or第16题A.inB.forC.onD.against第17题A.supportingB.reinforcingC.maintainingD.gaining第18题A.patientsB.subjectsC.residentsD.physicians第19题A.officialsB.citizensC.respondentsD.interviewers第20题A.refuseB.evaluateC.decriminalizeD.counter下一题(21~25/共20题)Section ⅡReadingPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Of all the areas of learning the most important is the development of attitudes, emotional reactions as well as logical thought processes affect the behavior of most people. The burnt child fears the fire is one instance; another is the rise of despots like Hitler. Both these examples also point up the fact that attitudes come from experience. In the one case the experience was directand impressive; in the other it was indirect and cumulative. The Nazis were influenced largely by the speeches they heard and the books they read.The classroom teacher in the elementary school is in a strategic position to influence attitudes. This is true partly because children acquire attitudes from those adults whose words are highly regarded by them.Another reason it is true is that pupils often devote their time to a subject in school that has only been touched upon at home or has possibly never occurred to them before. To a child who had previously acquired, little knowledge of Mexico his teachers method of handling such a unit would greatly affect his attitude toward Mexicans.The media through which the teacher can develop wholesome attitudes are innumerable. Social studies (with special reference to races, creeds and nationalities), science matters of health and safety, the very atmosphere of the classroom.., these are a few of the fertile fields for the inculcation of proper emotional reactions.However, when children go to school with undesirable attitudes, it is unwise for the teacher to attempt to change their feelings by cajoling or scolding them. She can achieve the proper effect by helping them obtain constructive experiences.To illustrate, first-grade pupils afraid of policemen will probably alter their attitudes after a classroom chat with the neighborhood officer in which he explains how he protects them. In the same way, a class of older children can develop attitudes through discussion, research, outside reading and all-day trips.Finally, a teacher must constantly evaluate her own attitudes, because her influence can be negative if she has personal prejudices. This is especially true in respect to controversial issues and questions on which children should be encouraged to reach their own decision as a result of objective analysis of all the facts.Notespoint up (=emphasize)强调，突出touch upon 触及到creed 信条，教义inculcation 谆谆教诲cajoling 哄骗第21题Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the textA.An assertion is made and two examples are given to illustrate it.B.A controversy is stated and two opposite points of view are presented.C.A widely accepted definition is presented and two men are described.D.An idea is stated and two results of recent research are summarized.第22题The central idea conveyed in the above text is thatA.attitudes affect our actions.B.teachers play a significant role in developing or reshaping pupils attitudes.C.attitudes can be modified by some classroom experiences.D.by their attitudes, teachers dont affect pupils attitudes deliberately.第23题In paragraph 6 the author implies thatA.the teacher should guide all discussions by revealing her own attitude.B.in some aspects of social studies a greater variety of methods can be used in the upper grades than in the lower grades.C.people usually act on the basis of reasoning rather than on emotion.D.childrens attitudes often come from those of other children.第24题A statement not made or implied in the text is thatA.attitudes can be based on the learning of untrue statements.B.worthwhile attitudes may be developed in practically every subject area.C.attitudes cannot easily be changed by rewards and lectures.D.the attitudes of elementary school-aged children are influenced primarily by the way they were treated as infants.第25题The text specially states thatA.direct experiences are more valuable than indirect ones.B.whatever attitudes a child learns in school have already been introduced at home.C.teachers can sometimes have an unwholesome influence on children.D.teachers should always conceal their own attitudes.上一题下一题(26~30/共20题)Section ⅡReadingPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)If the opinion polls are to be believed, most Americans are coming to trust their government more than they used to. The habit has not yet spread widely among American Indians, who suspect an organization which has so often patronized them, lied to them and defrauded them. But the Indians may soon win a victory in a legal battle that epitomizes those abuses.Elouise Cobell, a banker who also happens to be a member of the Blackfeet tribe in Montana, is the leading plaintiff in a massive class-action suit against the government. At issue is up to $10 billion in trust payments owed to some 500,000 Indians. The suit revolves around Individual Indian Money (11M) accounts that are administered by the Interior Departments Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Back in the 1880s, the government divided more than 11m acres of tribal land into parcels of 80 to 160 acres that were assigned to individual Indians. Because these parcels were rarely occupied by their new owners, the government assumed responsibility for managing them. As the Indians trustee, it leased the land out for grazing, logging, mining and oil drilling—but it was supposed to distribute the royalties to the Indian owners.In fact, officials admit that royalties have been lost or stolen. Records were destroyed and the government lost track of which Indians owned what land. The plaintiffs say that money is owing to 500,000 Indians, but even the government accepts a figure of about 300,000. For years, Cobell heard Indians complain of not getting payment from the government for the oil-drilling and ranching leases on their land. But nothing much got done. She returned to Washington and, after a brush-off from government lawyers, filed the suit.Gale Norton, George Bushes interior secretary was charged with contempt in November because her department had failed to fix the problem. In December, Judge Lam berth ordered the interior Department to shut down all its computers for ten weeks because trustfund records were vulnerable to hackers. The system was partly restored last month and payments to some Indians, which had been interrupted, resumed.And that is not the end of it. Ms. Norton has proposed the creation of a new Bureau of IndianTrust Management, separate from the BIA. Indians are cross that she suggested this without consulting them. Some want the trust funds to be placed in receivership, under a neutral supervisor. Others have called for Congress to establish an independent commission, including Indians, to draw up a plan for reforming the whole system. A messy injustice may at last be getting sorted out.第26题Elouise Cobell criticized the Interior Departments BIA forA.its leasing land out for exploitation.B.its distribution of money collected.C.its supposed misconduct of abuses.D.its reaction to a massive action.第27题When mentioning the government accepts a figure of about 300,000, the writer is trying to illustrateA.lies and defraud to which American Indians are exposed.B.the strong confidence American Indians have in their government.C.doubts about government as shown in the opinion polls.D.the arrogance as displayed by government officials as a whole.第28题Which of the following is TRUE according the textA.Trust funds have been placed in the hands of American Indians.B.American Indians should become increasingly vocal for justice.C.Payments owed to American Indian have been indefinitely delayed.D.BIA reaped great rewards by deliberately destroying trust-fund records.第29题It seems that the write is very critical ofA.American Indians in a class-action.B.officials who are in charge of the suit.ernment agencies at all levels.D.those who have the land over-developed.第30题From the text, we can see that the writers overall attitude towards the issue seems to beA.sensitive.B.gloomy.C.optimistic.D.scared.上一题下一题(31~35/共20题)Section ⅡReadingPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Pronouncing a language is a skill. Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language, but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign languages.Now there are many reasons for this, some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronounce, and consequently never set about tackling it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign language is a skill, one that needs careful training of a special kind, and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself. I think even teachers of language, while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect, in their practical teaching, the branch of study concerned with speaking the language.So the first point I want to make is that English pronunciation must be taught; the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to this, and by his whole attitude to the subject should get the student to feel that here is a matter worthy of receiving his close attention. So there should be occasions when other aspects of English, such as grammar or spelling, are allowed for the moment to take second place.Apart from this question of the time given to pronunciation, there are two other requirements for the teacher the first, knowledge; the second, technique.It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the necessary information. This can generally be obtained from books. It is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech, and of what we call general phonetic theory. It is also possible in this way to get a clear mental picture of the relationship between the sounds of different languages, between the speech habits of English people and those, say, of your students. Unless the teacher has such a picture, any comments he may make on his students pronunciation are unlikely to be of much use, and lesson time spent on pronunciation may well be time-wasted.But it does not follow that you can teach pronunciation successfully as soon as you have read the necessary books. It depends, after that, on what use you make of your knowledge, and this is a matter of technique.Now the first and most important part of a language teachers technique is his own performance, his ability to demonstrate the spoken language, in every detail of articulation as well as in fluent speaking, so that the students latent capacity for imitation is given the fullest scope and encouragement. The teacher, then, should be as perfect a model in this respect as he can make himself. And to supplement his own performance, however satisfactory this may be, the modern teacher has at his disposal recordings, radio, television and video, to supply the authentic voices of native speakers, or, if the teacher happens to be a native speaker himself or speaks just like one, then to vary the method of presenting the language material.Notesset about 着手，试图articulation 发音latent 潜在的，不明显的at ones disposal供某人任意支配使用authentic真实的，真正的第31题What does the writer actually say about pronouncing foreign languagesA.Only a few people are really proficient.B.No one is really an expert in the skill.C.There arent many people who are even fairly good.D.There are even some people who are moderately proficient.第32题The writer argues that going about the problem of pronunciation in the wrong way isA.an obvious cause of not grasping the problem correctly.B.a fundamental consequence of not speaking well.C.a consequence of not grasping the problem correctly.D.not an obvious cause of speaking poorly.第33题What is it that teachers are said to be inclined to forgetA.The practical teaching of languages.B.The importance of a good accent.C.The principle of phonetic theory.D.The teaching of pronunciation in the classroom.第34题The value the student puts on correct speech habits depends uponA.how closely he attends to the matter.B.whether it is English that is being taught.C.his teachers approach to pronunciation.D.the importance normally given to grammar and spelling.第35题According to the text, in relation to someone teaching his own language to foreigners, audio-visual aids canpletely replace his own teaching performance.B.provide alternative samples of native speech.C.help to improve teaching quality to a great extent.D.provide a perfect model for language students to follow.上一题下一题(36~40/共20题)Section ⅡReadingPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities—as well as new and significant risks. Civil right activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack of access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500, 000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government, Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to 1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980s is estimated to be over $3 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantialinvestment in new plants, staff, equipment and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small companys efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionment through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil right groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as fronts with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming and remaining dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases; when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.Notescivil rights activists 公民权利激进分子Hispanics 西班牙后裔美国人sizable orders 大额订单subcontract 转包合同on forms filed with the government 在政府存档备案percentage goals 指标apportionment 分配，分派public works 市政工程letup 减弱，缓和promising as it is... 这是as引导的上步状语从句，表语倒装了patronage 优惠concern n. 公司and the like 以及诸如此类的crippling fixed expenses 引起损失的固定开支the world of 大量的bid 投标to cash in on ...靠......赚钱team up 一起工作, 合作fronts 此处意为摆门面Complacency 自满第36题The primary purpose of the text is toA.present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.B.describe a situation and its potential drawbacks.C.propose a temporary solution to a problem.D.analyze a frequent source of disagreement.第37题According to the text, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they haveA.been especially vulnerable to government mismanagement of the economy.B.been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors.C.not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations.D.not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers.第38题The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it toA.experience frustration but not serious financial harm.B.have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government.C.increase its spending with minority subcontractors.D.revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts.第39题The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer shouldA.avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding.B.concentrating on securing even more business from that corporation.e its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns.D.try to expand its customer bases to avoid becoming dependent on the corporation.第40题According to the organization of the text, it most likely appeared inA.a business magazine.B.an accounting textbook.C.a dictionary of financial terms.D.a yearbook of business statistics.上一题下一题(41~45/共5题)Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.[A] Two kinds of ground strength tests are carried out.[B] To solve all these problems the aircraft industry has a large number of research workers, with superior laboratories and test houses; and new materials to give the best strength in relation to weight are constantly being tested.[C] It is easy for a plane to pass all the tests in order to fly legally.[D] There are two main things that make aircraft engineering difficult: the need to make every component as reliable as possible and the need to build everything as light as possible.[E] When a plane has passed all the tests it can get a government certificate of airworthiness, without which it cannot be legally flown, except for test flying.[F] Given a certain power of engine, and consequently a certain fuel consumption, there is a practical limit to the total weight of aircraft that can be made to fly.[G] The structure of the aircraft has to be as small and light as possible.__41__. That fact that an airplane is up in the air and cannot stop if anything goes wrong makes it perhaps a matter of life or death that its performance is absolutely dependable.__42_. Out of that weight as much as possible is wanted for fuel, radio instruments, passenger seats or freight room, and, of course, the passengers or freight themselves. So the structure of the aircraft has to be as small and light as safety and efficiency will allow. The designer must calculate the normal load that each part will bear. This specialist is called the "stress man". He takes account of any unusual stress that may be put on the part as a precaution against errors in manufacture, accidental damage, etc. This stress man´s calculations go to the designer of the part, and he must make it as strong as the stress man says. One or two samples are always tested to prove that they are as strong as the designer intended. Each separate part is tested, then a whole assembly—for example, a complete wing, and finally the whole airplane. When a new typeof airplane is being made, normally only one of the first three made will be flown. Two will be destroyed on the ground in structural tests. The third will be tested in the air.__43__. The first is to find the resistance to loading of the wings, tail, etc. until they reach their maximum load and collapse. The other test is for fatigue strength. Relatively small loads are applied thousands of times. Each may be well under what the structure could stand as a single load, but many repetitions can result in collapse. One form of this test is done on the passenger cabin. It is filled with air at high pressure as for high altitude flying and completely submerged in a large tank of water while the test is going on. The surrounding water prevents the cabin from bursting like a bomb if there is a failure.__44__.Making the working parts reliable is as difficult as making the structure strong enough. The flying controls, the electrical equipment, etc. must not only be light in weight, but must work both at high altitudes where the temperature may be below the freezing point and in the hot air of an airfield in the tropics.__45__.第41题第42题第43题第44题第45题上一题下一题(46~50/共5题)Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)(46) But behind the deal is another Hewlett-Packard ambition to extend the reach of its dominant printing and imaging division, which registered $ 20 billion in sales this year, 43 percent of the companys revenue. In the last two decades, Hewlett-Packard built itself into the worlds largest vendor of desktop printers. It had done so under th6 command of Richard A. Hackbom, now a Hewlett-Packard board member and a leading advocate of the merger.(47)Today, the company tests so many printers, inks and papers that if one could stack up all the test sheets printed during an average month, the pile would reach 6,000 feet.(48)The printer division is widely regarded as the companys crown jewel, but how Hewlett car best exploit it is a matter of dispute. Walter Hewlett, the oldest son of the companys co-founder, and other critics of the Compaq acquisition argue that the deal will dilute the printing business by burying it in an even larger, slower-moving computer company. The divisions, $2 billion in operating profits this year propped up Hewlett-Packards sagging computer business, which lost $450 million.(49)Some analysts have advocated that instead of merging to become a larger company, Hewlett-Packard should sell off its other businesses and focus on selling more printers and imaging devices like digital cameras and scanners, which increase sales of ink cartridges and paper. The company, however, says it has no intention of narrowing its scope. Instead, proponents of the merger say the acquisition will fix Hewletts computing business, freeing up more research and development money for the printing division to tackle new markets, like the $400-billion-a-year commercial printing business. Hewlett-Packard wants to drive this transition to digital publishing, much as IBM, through a combination of products and services, helped businesses push into online sales in the late1990s.(50)If the strategy is successful, it would result in a surge in digital files that would stimulate sales of the powerful computing systems needed to create, store and move the files. To do that, Hewlett-Packard argues, it must become larger and stronger. The bigger it is, the more influence it will have on corporate technology managers.第46题_____第47题________第48题________第49题_______第50题_________上一题下一题(1/1)Section ⅢWritingPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information.(10points)第51题Your former student Fang Gang will go to Chicago for post-graduate studies, and you are kind to write an introduction letter to your friend Mr. Wang in Chicago to tell him1. Fangs information;2. the reason for introduction;3. hope for meeting.You should write about 100 words, do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Tang instead. You do not need to write the address.___________上一题下一题(1/1)Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following information. (20 points)第52题Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)图片_________________上一题交卷交卷答题卡答案及解析(1~20/共20题)完形填空Euthanasia has been a topic of controversy in Europe since at least 1936.@On an average of six times a day, a doctor in Holland practices active euthanasia __1__ administering a lethal drug to a __2__ ill patient who has asked to be relieved __3__ suffering. Twenty times a day, life prolonging。