华南农业大学考博英语内部资料!

中大博士面试英语题Here is an essay on the topic "PhD Interview Questions in English" with a word count over 1000 words, written in English without any extra punctuation marks.The journey to earning a PhD is a challenging and rewarding one that requires immense dedication, intellect, and perseverance. As an aspiring doctoral candidate, the interview process plays a crucial role in determining one's suitability for the program. The PhD interview questions can delve into various aspects of the applicant's academic background, research interests, and personal qualities, all of which contribute to the selection of the most qualified individuals.One of the fundamental areas that is often explored during the PhD interview is the applicant's research experience and interests. Interviewers may ask the candidate to provide a detailed overview of their previous research projects, the methodology employed, the findings, and the potential implications of the work. This allows the panel to assess the candidate's depth of understanding, critical thinking abilities, and their ability to effectively communicate complex ideas. Candidates should be prepared to articulate their research interests in a concise and coherent manner, highlighting therelevance and significance of their proposed area of study within the broader academic landscape.Another crucial aspect that is commonly evaluated during the PhD interview is the applicant's academic background and qualifications. Interviewers may delve into the candidate's educational history, including their academic achievements, awards, and any relevant publications or presentations. This information helps the panel to gauge the applicant's intellectual capabilities, their commitment to academic excellence, and their potential to thrive in the rigorous doctoral program. Candidates should be ready to discuss their academic journey, the challenges they have faced, and the strategies they have employed to overcome them, demonstrating their resilience and adaptability.In addition to the academic and research-focused questions, the PhD interview may also explore the applicant's personal qualities and motivations for pursuing a doctoral degree. Interviewers may inquire about the candidate's long-term career goals, their passion for the field of study, and their ability to work independently as well as collaboratively. Candidates should be prepared to articulate their reasons for choosing the particular program and institution, highlighting how their personal and professional aspirations align with the program's objectives and the university's research focus.Furthermore, the PhD interview may assess the applicant's problem-solving skills, critical thinking abilities, and their capacity to think creatively and innovatively. Interviewers may present the candidate with hypothetical scenarios or challenges related to the field of study and gauge their responses. Candidates should be ready to demonstrate their analytical skills, their ability to think outside the box, and their willingness to tackle complex problems with a systematic and thoughtful approach.The PhD interview may also delve into the applicant's time management skills, their ability to handle multiple tasks and deadlines, and their resilience in the face of setbacks. Interviewers may inquire about the candidate's strategies for managing their research, coursework, and other responsibilities, as well as their ability to cope with the demands of a doctoral program. Candidates should be prepared to discuss their organizational skills, their approach to prioritizing tasks, and their strategies for maintaining a healthy work-life balance.Finally, the PhD interview may explore the applicant's communication skills, both written and verbal, as these are essential for success in a doctoral program. Interviewers may ask the candidate to provide writing samples, such as research proposals or academic papers, and assess their ability to articulate their ideas clearly and effectively. Candidates should be ready to demonstratetheir proficiency in English, their ability to engage in intellectual discourse, and their capacity to communicate complex concepts to diverse audiences.Throughout the PhD interview process, it is crucial for the applicant to remain composed, confident, and engaging. Candidates should be prepared to provide thoughtful and well-reasoned responses, while also demonstrating their enthusiasm for the field of study and their commitment to the doctoral program. By understanding the key areas of focus and preparing thoroughly, aspiring doctoral candidates can navigate the interview process with poise and increase their chances of securing a coveted position in a prestigious PhD program.。

华中农业大学研究生课程考试试卷考试科目名称：博士英语综合考试时间：2008-12-21备注：所有答案均要写在答题纸上，否则，一律无效。

（以下为试题）Part I V ocabularyDirections: Choose the word or phrase (a, b, c or d) that best completes the following sentences (20%, 1% for each)1.She was also admired for her tough stance when she replaced former Health Minister ZhangWenkang in the SARS crisis of April 2003, a(n)__that killed thousands of Chinese.(a)epideictic (b)epideme (c) epidemic (d) epidermal2.It seems somewhat __to expect anyone to drive 3 hours just for a 20-minute meeting.(a)unique (b)impossible (c)eccentric (d)absurdlions of people around the world have some type of physical, mental, or emotional__ thatseverely limits their abilities to manage their daily activities.(a)scandal (b)deficit (c)handicap (d)misfortune4.If the value-added tax were done away with, it would act as a __ to consumption.(a)progression (b)prime (c)stimulus (d)stability5.Those of us who__ our way through life have always been the target of mountebanks andquacks.(a)nip (b)doze (c)chuckle (d)slot6.To name those different kinds of mind foods or smart drugs we have a__ handle“nutriceuticals”(a) broad (b)mindset (c)inebriated (d)catch-all7.The girl’s face__ with embarrassment during the interview when she couldn’t answer thetough question.(a)radiated (b)beamed (c)dazzled (d)flushed8.Tom is bankrupt now. He is desperate because all his efforts__ failure.(a)inflicted on (b)hinged upon (c)tumbled to (d)culminated in9.He has been anxiously waiting for the results of the medical test for over a week, I should sayhe must be rather on__ now.(a)edge (b)constraint (c)pulse (d)euphoria10.The Government’s policies will come under close__ in the weeks before the election.(a)specification (b)scrutiny (c)appreciation (d)apprehension11.Her defense was that she had no intention of killing him, it was a crime of__ .(a)passion (b)heat (c)premeditation (d)raid12.The GP ordered him to change his diet and start taking vigorous exercise if he wanted tokeep the__ side effects of his life style and family history at bay.(a)positive (b)negative (c)unwelcome (d)shifty13.Amanda’s got really__ feet—she’s just come back from India and now she wants to go off toSouth America.(a)petty (b)itchy (c)spinning (d)stinky14.I don’t know where she got the money from but she had a__ of banknotes in her handbag.(a)stash (b)spell (c)wad (d)stroll15.The people who spend most money on the lottery come from__ areas.(a)derived (b)depicted (c)depreciated (d)deprived16.We stayed at a little guesthouse well off the beaten__, about two miles out of the town.(a)road (b)track (c)trace (d)way17.Professor Zhang is an authority__ crop genetics.(a)over (b)with (c)in (d)on18.Soon after he became a Congressman, Gore held a public hearing on the issue. He wasundoubtedly one of the first politicians to __ with the problem of global warming.(a)grapple (b)gruel (c)grumble (d)grunt19.__ my mind, Osaka is the most beautiful city in the world.(a)Under (b)On (c)To (d)For20.His great uncle was a __ gambler who squandered the family fortune in the casinos of MonteCarlo.(a)compulsive (b)compulsory (c)compelling (d)shrewdPart II CollocationsDirections: Math a word (or phrase) from Group A with a word (or phrase) in Group B to make twenty collocations (20%, 1% for each)Group Ababbling, catch someone, artificial, vigorous, enticing, body-rocking, a twinge of, low fat, long-haul, a cheesy, a jumbled, scuba, scenic, big, crime, crystal, political, a perfect, poverty, fast Group Bdiving, pain, conversation, game, hotel, route, experience, clear, crime, diet, suitcase, laugh, exercise, organs, asleep, stricken, quiescence, red-handed, buster, journey1.___________________________________2.___________________________________3.___________________________________4.___________________________________5.___________________________________6.___________________________________7.___________________________________8.___________________________________9.___________________________________ 10.___________________________________ 11.___________________________________ 12.___________________________________ 13.___________________________________ 14.___________________________________ 15.___________________________________ 16.___________________________________ 17.___________________________________ 18.___________________________________ 19.___________________________________ 20.___________________________________Part III ClozeDirections: Read the following article the fill in the blanks with the words in the box. (30%, 2% for each)The primary aims of government, I suggest, should be three: security, justice, and conservation. These are things of the utmost importance to human happiness, and they are things that only government can (1)____about. At the same time, no one of them is absolute; each may, in some (2)_______, have to be sacrificed in some degree for the (3)_____of a greater degree of some other good. I shall say something about each in turn.Security, in the(4)_____or protection of life and property, has always been recognized as on the primary purposes of the State. Many states, however, while safeguarding (5)______citizens against other citizens, have not thought it necessary to protect them against the State. Wherever there is arrest by administrative order, and punishment without due process of law. Private people have no security, however firmly the State may be established. And even insistence on due process of law is insufficient, unless the judges are independent of the (6)_________. This order of ideas was to the fore in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, under the slogan “liberty of the subject” or “right of man”.To inhabitants of Western countries in the present day, a more interesting kind of security is security (7)_____ attacks by (8)_____states. This is more interesting because it has not been secured and because it becomes more important year by year as methods of warfare develop.Security, though undoubtedly a good thing, may be sought excessively and because a (9)_____. A secure life is not necessarily a happy life, it may be (10)______dismal by boredom and monotony.Justice, especially economic justice, has become, in quite recent times, a governmental purpose. Justice, like security, but to an even greater degree, is a principle that is (11)_________ limitations. There is justice where all are equally poor as well as where all are equally rich, but it would seem fruitless to make the rich poorer if this was not going to make the poor richer. The case against justice is even stronger if in the (12)______of equality, it is going to make even the poor poorer than before. And this might well happen if a general lowering or education and a (13)_______of fruitful research were involved.Conversation, like security and justice, demands action by the State. I mean “conservation”not only the (14)________of ancient monuments and beauty spots, the (15)_______of roads and public utilities, and so on. These things are done at present, except in time of war. What I have chiefly in mind is the preservation of the world’s natural resources. This is a matter of enormous importance, to which very little attention has been paid.Part IV Reading ComprehensionCell phone talking while driving on the riseAbout 10 percent of the people on the road during the day are using cell phones, up from 8 percent in 2004, the government reported Thursday.Six percent of drivers were holding the phones to their ears, up from 5percent last year.The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, which issued the report, recommends that motorists use cell while driving only during an emergency.Connection, New York, New Jersey and the District of Columbia prohibit talking on hand-held cell phone while driving. The new data could add fuel to the debate over whether drivers should be limited in their use of cell phones on the nation’s highways.Cities such as Chicago and Santa Fe, New Mexico, require handsfree devices in automobiles. But eight states—Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, New York, Oklaboma and Oregon—bar local governments from restricting cell phone use in vehicles, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.Researchers have tried to figure out the possible risks of driving and dialing. A study published by the British Medical Journal in July found drivers using cell phones were four times as likely to get into a crash that could cause injuries serious enough to land them in the hospital.But the study, conducted by the Virginia-based Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, suggested that using a handsfree devices instead of a hand-held phone may not necessarily improve safety. Researchers found that both phone types increased the risk.Industry officials contend cell phones are just one form of distraction: many drovers eat fast food, push buttons on their stereo, apply makeup of talk to other passengers.“Talking on a cell phone is one of many possible distractions and by narrowly focusing on just this one could create a false sense of security with drivers,”said John Walls, spokesman for CTIA—The Wireless Association.Matt Sundeen of the National Conference of State Legislatures said state lawmakers have lacked the kind of conclusive data that was used in the past to bolster arguments for tougher drunken driving or seat belt laws.“You don’t have that wide body of accepted evidence yet on the driver distraction debate,”Sundeen said.The NHTSA survey was conducted between June 6 and June 25 at 1,200 road sites across the nation. Trained observers watched vehicles go by and charted what the driver was dong. The ages of drivers are estimated based on their observations.The survey found that 10 percent of drivers between 16 and 24 were holding cell phones to their ears, compared with 8 percent in 2004. Only 1 percent of drivers ages 70 and above were using handheld cell phones.Many states have sought restrictions for young drivers using cell phones. Ten states and the District of Columbia carry the prohibitions, with many of the laws approved in the past year.The National Transportation Safety Board, meanwhile, voted in September to recommend that all states make it illegal for teenagers and new drivers to talk on the phone while driving.Brian Schaffner, 24who works for a political consulting firm in Washington, D.C., said his cell phone is “almost a part of me”and admits using it behind the wheel. But he doesn’t think it affect his driving.“The probably young and arrogant, thinking that I can’t hurt myself, but for the most part I feelperfectly safe using when I drive,” Schaffner said.Women were more likely than men to use handheld phones behind the wheel, with 8 percent of women driving and taking into their cell phone, compared with 5 percent of men.For the first time, the government examined drivers manipulating hand-held devices at the wheel, including dialing, typing a text message or playing a video game. Only 0.2 percent of drivers were observed fiddling with the gadgets.Richard Roy, a state legislator in Connecticut who sponsored the state’s ban on handheld devices, predicted the new data would help states pursuing similar laws.“It will make it easier for other lawmakers to a get a law passed,” Roy said.Section A Explain the following words in English according to the contextual background.(10%, 2% for each)1.Contend:2.bolster:3.charted:4.arrogant:5.sponsor:Section B Paraphrase (to explain with simpler English , the underlined sentences from the article you have just read. (10%)1.The new data could add fuel to the debate over whether drivers should be limited in their useof cell phones on the nation’s highways. (3%)2.Talking on a cell phone is one of many possible distractions and by narrowly focusing on justthis one could create a false sense of security with drivers. (3%)3.For the first time, the government examined drivers manipulating hand-held devices at thewheel, including dialing, typing a text message or playing a video game. Only 0.2 percent of drivers were observed fiddling with the gadgets. (4%)Part V TranslationDirections: Translate the following Chinese into English. (10%)何青志的女儿何源何她的两个朋友住在长江边的同一条街上，在同一所中学上学，去年年末在同一次交通事故镇南关丧生。

农学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is a common agricultural practice?A. MonocultureB. PolycultureC. Both A and BD. None of the above2. The term "photosynthesis" refers to the process by which plants:A. Convert sunlight into energyB. Break down organic compoundsC. Absorb waterD. Release oxygen3. In agriculture, the use of "fertilizers" is primarily for:A. Soil structure improvementB. Pest controlC. Enhancing plant growthD. Harvesting crops4. What is the main purpose of crop rotation?A. To increase crop yieldB. To reduce soil erosionC. To prevent pest infestationD. All of the above5. The "Green Revolution" in agriculture is associated with:A. The use of high-yielding varietiesB. The application of organic farmingC. The reduction of chemical fertilizersD. The promotion of sustainable practices6. What is the role of "pesticides" in agriculture?A. To increase crop yieldB. To protect crops from pestsC. To improve soil fertilityD. To enhance crop quality7. "Organic farming" is characterized by:A. The use of chemical fertilizersB. The avoidance of synthetic chemicalsC. The reliance on monocultureD. The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)8. The term "biotechnology" in agriculture refers to:A. The use of traditional farming methodsB. The application of modern scientific techniquesC. The cultivation of wild plantsD. The breeding of livestock9. "Sustainable agriculture" aims to:A. Maximize short-term profitsB. Ensure long-term productivityC. Increase the use of machineryD. Expand the scale of farming10. "Conservation tillage" is a method that:A. Involves deep plowing of soilB. Reduces soil disturbanceC. Increases the use of waterD. Requires more fertilizers二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The process by which plants absorb water and nutrients from the soil is known as __________.2. A system of farming that mimics natural ecosystems is called __________.3. The use of genetically modified seeds in agriculture can lead to __________.4. The practice of leaving land fallow for a period is known as __________.5. The main component of natural gas used as a fertilizer is __________.6. The technique of grafting involves joining two different plants to form a __________.7. The term "drought-resistant" refers to plants that can survive with __________.8. The process of converting solar energy into chemical energy in plants is __________.9. The use of manure as a fertilizer is an example of__________.10. The practice of planting different crops in the samefield at the same time is known as __________.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the concept of integrated pest management (IPM) in agriculture.2. Describe the benefits of using compost in agricultural practices.3. What are the potential environmental impacts of using chemical fertilizers?4. Discuss the importance of biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the role of biotechnology in modern agriculture and its potential implications for food security.2. Analyze the challenges and opportunities presented by the adoption of precision farming techniques.五、翻译题（每题5分，共10分）1. Translate the following sentence into English: “土壤侵蚀是农业生产中一个严重的问题，需要采取有效措施来防止。

South China Agricultural University华南农业大学agricultural college农学院domestic and overseas国内外Agricultural administrative departments管理部门Distinguished著名的Advanced university 高等大学research institution研究机构Ministry of Agriculture of China中国农业部International Rice Research Institute国际水稻研究所China Agricultural University中国农业大学Food and Agriculture Organization（FAO）联合国粮农组织United States Department of Agriculture美国农业部Purdue University普度大学Agricultural college of South China Agricultural University（SCAU）is closely linked with agricultural administrative departments from domestic and overseas、distinguished advanced universities and other research institutions.Such as Ministry of Agriculture of China、International Rice Research Institute、China Agricultural University、Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)、United States Department of Agriculture and Purdue University.In southern China中国南方地区maturity 熟性growth and development 生长发育manufacturing experience 生产经验Rice is the principal cereal crops in southern China，after long-term domestication，it’s maturity、growth、development、etc have adapted to the climate conditions of local region, the farmers of the local region have extensive manufacturing experiences of rice growing, moreover great progress has been made in rice breeding, in short the rice growing of local region is going in the direction of low-power、high-quality and high-yield.参与亚太经全组织对中国的影响是多方面的。

华南农业大学2012年博士生入学考试外国语题型说明一、外国语听力与口语测试听力与口语测试统一安排在复试期间进行，具体形式由各招生学院自行安排。

二、外国语笔试题型说明考试时间为180分钟，卷面满分值为100分。

试卷分为四部分：完形填空(10%)、阅读理解(40%)、英汉互译（30%）、英语写作（20%）。

1. 完形填空（10％）本部分测试考生的语言知识及综合运用能力。

测试内容包括词汇的认知能力、搭配知识的掌握，句法结构的理解和篇章阅读、分析能力。

本部分给出一篇约200单词的短文，文中留出10处空白，每空为一题，设4个备选答案。

要求考生在理解全文的基础上，从中挑选一个最佳选项，使短文的内容和结构完整合理。

2. 阅读理解（40％）本部分测试考生在规定时间内通过阅读获取信息的能力，即对阅读材料的细节、事实、要点、作者观点和态度的理解能力。

题材包括社会经济文化、历史地理、科普及人物传记等内容，体裁涉及叙事、议论、描述、说明和应用文等。

该部分给出4篇约500单词的文章，每篇文章后面附5个问题，每个问题设四个备选答案。

要求考生根据文章内容从每题选出一个最佳选项。

3. 英汉互译（30％）本部分测试考生的英汉互译能力。

考试形式为翻译中英文段落，原文内容涉及社会经济文化、历史地理和科普知识。

要求考生将200-250汉字长度的中文段落准确地翻译成通顺的英文，以及将相当长度的英文段落准确翻译成通顺的中文。

4. 英语写作（20％）本部分测试考生的英语书面表达能力。

要求考生根据给出的题目和提纲，或者根据情景或图表自拟题目，用英语写出一篇200单词左右的短文。

要求作文切题、意义连贯、文字通顺，并符合英文表达习惯。

Part I Listening Comprehension (30 questions, 20 points)Section A (20 questions, 10 points)Directions: In this part, you will hear short conversations between two people. After each conversation, you will hear a question about the conversation. The conversation and questions will not be repeated. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your testbook and choose the best answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and draw a line crossing the letter that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.Example: You will hear:You will read: A) 2 hoursB) 3 hoursC) 4 hoursD) 5 hours1.A) He will be in the line for a long time.B) He has had experience coming to a line and waiting for a long time.C) He will not line up and wait.D) He doesn’t mind getting up early because lines don’t bother him.2.A) She isn’t knowledgeable about where things are on campus.B) The people outside are very good to ask.C) The man should not ask the registration office.D) The registration is outside of the building.3.A) Do a better job of guessing what she is expecting.B) Go talk to the professor and find out what her expectations are.C) Keep trying to work harder.D) Complain to the dean about professor Merrington’s str ict marking.4.A) He didn’t pay for it as expected.B) He bought a Horizon.C) He paid a lot for it.D) He didn’t pay that much although you might think he had..5.A) Come to the cafeteria early to get a place.B) Start cooking instead of eating out.C) Move out of the campus housing.D) Stop complaining.6.A) She is a great outdoor type.B) It is unusual for her to go mountain climbing.C) Shania prefers mountain climbing.D) Shania doesn’t really like the outdoor.7.A) Go in a couple of weeks later.B) Come as soon as he finished his case.C) Not go and work on his assignment.D) Come as soon as he is not so far behind.8.A) Who is begging the professor for money.B) What is bothering the professor.C) Why the professor is so upset.D) Who is giving the professor trouble.9.A) She doesn’t want to play here.B) He should decide where to play.C) He should call someone else.D) She would have to be there to decide.10.A) She is late for something.B) She was bored.C) She thinks they shouldn’t wa it.D) She thinks more should be achieved.11.A) He is too busy to go.B) He is late for her assignment.C) He would like to go but is afraid she cannot play well.D) He will go as soon as the assignment is finished.12.A) She thinks there is no chance of it happening.B) She thinks it’s quite possible under the circumstancesC) She is ambivalent.D) She would rather just help nurses.13.A) The man’s hand will get cold.B) The man needs to wear gloves.C) The man should hold the skis himself.D) The man should wear thinner gloves.14.A) Marge’s proofreading costs a lot.B) It will take one day for Marge to get back.C) Marge could do it but it will mean more delay.D) Marge may or may not do it.15.A) He thinks the woman should practice more.B) He think s she hasn’t practiced enough.C) He thinks the woman is now perfect at the new program.D) He thinks she practiced a lot so it’s now paying off.16.A) Look after if she is paid.B) Call Maggie to look after the dog.C) Not look after the dog.D) Look after the dog.17.A) The location of the computer.B) The new schedule.C) How to find a new home.D) The address of the website.18.A) She can go any day, but Friday is the best time.B) She can’t go any day.C) She can only go on Friday.D) She can go any day except Friday.19.A) Go to the Reeds Hotel pool.B) Arrange for a party at Reeds Hotel.C) Remind her to get things ready quickly.D) Confirm bookings at Reeds Hotel.20.A) Bill’s email is on the internet.B) Bill’s number is listed on the internet.C) Bill’s number might be on the listing on the internet.D) Bill may have moved.Section B (10 questions, 10 points)Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the question will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1Questions 21 to 23 are based on the passage you’ve just heard.21. A) In ancient China.B) In ancient Egypt.C) In ancient Greece.D) In ancient Rome.22. A) In ancient Egypt only members of the royal family were allowed to useumbrellas.B) By the late 16th century the English people began to use umbrellas.C) The umbrella changed much in style in the 18th century.D) The umbrella was initially used as a sunshade.23. A) When and how the umbrella was invented.B) The making of the umbrella.C) The history of the use of the umbrella.D) The different uses of the umbrella.Passage 2Questions 24 to 27 are based on the passage you’ve just heard.24. A) Both the players and the spectators are protected.B) The players have to catch beetles in their cars.C) The ball is extremely big.D) The players have to catch the ball while driving.25. A) Dangerous.B) Exciting but dangerous.C) Protective.D) Popular.26. A) He thinks the game will be as popular as football.B) He thinks the game will be more popular than football.C) He doesn’t think the game will be more popular than football.D) He doesn’t think the game will be popular at all.27. A) Americans are only interested in new things.B) The game is popular both in America and Europe.C) Football is no longer very popular in America.D) The game can be dangerous for both the players and the spectators.Passage 3Questions 28 to 30 are based on t he passage you’ve just heard.28. A) Scientists and comets.B) The origin of comets.C) Place of comets in the solar system.D) Man’s study of comets.29. A) In 1760 B.C.B) In 1770 B.C.C) In 1780B.C.D) In 1750 B.C.30. A) The wor d ‘comet’ comes form Greek.B) People used to think that comets brought bad news as well as good news.C) Edward Halley died in 1758.D) Halley’s Comet will reappear in 2062.Part II. Vocabulary (25 questions, 25 points)Section ADirections: There 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter in theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the center.31. The first thing to do in seeking a position is to determine exactly what you want to do, not ______ a vagueobjective but with a definite goal.A) in any term B) in terms of C) in high terms D) in set terms32. Energy shortage, soaring inflation, rampant unemployment and threat of war have made adults Americansnervous, and that sense of pervasive worry has been ______ the nations’ youth.A)went on to D) keep up with C) passed on to D) hold on to33. The idea of trying to cheat the income tax authorities ______ his principles, he had a strong sense of civicresponsibility.A)went against B) fought against C) leaned against D) over against34. If anyone can think of a better course of action, I ______ suggestions.A) would like to B) am delighted to C) am in open D) am open to35. With technological developments, some labor-intensive industries have ______ high-tech industries.A) given up B) stepped aside C) stood along D) yielded to36. You are looking bit ______ this morning; you must have had too much alcohol last night.A)blank B) fragile C) blue D) dizzy37. As she is ______ to eggs, she cannot eat one without breaking into a rash.A) partial B) accustomed C) allergic D) relevant38. She still looks weak though her fever ______ after she took some medicine.A) educed B) caught C) got off D) came down39. Relations between the two countries began to ______ in 1965.A) deteriorate B) cease C) accelerate D) stimulate40. Economic activity has been organized on the ______ of cheap and abundant oil from the beginning of the 20thcentury until early the 21st century.A)gist B) notion C) rationale D) premise41. Owing to a/an ______ lack of lower-income housing, the municipal government is embarrassed by theimpressing housing issue.A)acute B) stressful C) demanding D) urgent42. The idea that machines could be made to fly seemed ______ two hundred years ago.A) original B) eccentric C) terrific D) splendid43. The policy ______ it necessary for the town’s safety to arrest mo st speeders.A) narrated B) elaborated C) deemed D) commended44. If you do something on _____, you do it because you suddenly want to, although you haven’t planned to.A)impulse B) pulse C) impromptu D) imminence45. If ______ numbers provide any pro of, America’s universities and colleges are the envy of the world, for theUnited States’ 3,500 institutions were flooded with 407,530 students from 193 different countries last year.A)definite B) strong C) fundamental D) sheerSection BDirections: Choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase.46. Shortage of land and funding are blamed for the city’s inadequate green space.A) complained about B) are liable for C) accused of D) are damned as47. The hostess didn’t know what to do, as she hadn’t got enough food to go round so many people.A)give service to B) cater for C) be enough for D) sate oneself with48. The government stressed that high production rate should not be achieved at the expense of work quality.A)at any expense B) at the cost of C) at any cost D) to the extension of49. The idea that we cannot leave everything to free market forces seems to gain groundA)be acknowledged B) be accepted C) stand still D) get the ground of50. It is reported that the country’s national debt amounts in aggregate to four thousand million dollars.A)as a whole B) on the whole C) total to D) sum up51. At its last meeting, the Council endorsed changes intended to modernize the building.A)modified B) approved C) signed D) donated52. The United States committed a breach of international practice.A) violation B) concession C) offence D) compromise53. From the start, the plan was doomed to failure, so all his effort was in vain.A) expected B) supposed C) condemned D) promised54. In feudal society where there existed a rigid hierarchy of power, the poor had no chance of advancementexcept that they could pass many different levels of examinations.A) criteria B) layer C) degree D) rank55. You shouldn’t have criticized her so harshly. You have hurt her ego.A) self esteem B) self image C) image D) esteem.Part III. Reading Comprehension (20 questions, 40 points)Directions: Read the following passages and answer the multiple-choice questions after each passage.Passage 1Too Many Science Ph. D.’s?Something is wrong when a lot of young scientists, after achieving Ph.D.'s. are feeling like losers.Its a given that the job market for science positions in academe is bleak. A doctorate is supposed to be a ticket to a dream job, but many Ph.D.'s aren't even landing their third or fourth choices.But with reliable statistics hard to come by, the scientific community is at odds over whether it is producing too many Ph.D.'s. Some scientists believe that doctoral programs should be practicing "birth control," cutting back the number of graduate students they admit. Most., however, say the answer lies in changing doctoral education which they say has been too focused on producing university scientists."It's really destructive to the profession to have the sense that Ph.D.'s aren't valued," says Ronald Breslow, a chemist at Columbia University and president of the American Chemical Society.Young scientists in the post-Cold War era are facing two major difficulties: many have had to work in postdoctoral or temporary research positions for four years orlonger, because they can't find jobs. Others, like Kathryn S. Jones, have found jobs but can't find financing for their research. Ms. Jones, a retrovirologist, got a non-tenure-track position as a research assistant professor at the University of Maryland at Baltimore, but is about to lose the job because she hasn't landed a major grant."I have a Ph.D.," says Ms. Jones, who earned it at the Albert Einstein College of'' Medicine, "I've given my data at international meetings. But because of the small percentage of success in this field, I walk around feeling like a failure."By the end of this month, the start-up money that Ms. Jones received three years ago, when she was hired by the university and the Veterans Administration medical Center on the campus, will be gone. She can keep her laboratory and her titles for up to a year, and could be back in business if she g ets a grant. But she’s not hopeful. In fact, she’s thinking about getting certified to teach high-school biology. “I have to wonder if I want to be the last rat leaving a sinking ship,” she says.A report published last spring, called “Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers,” has sparked a national debate about doctoral education. Written by scholars and policy makers, it was sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.According to the report, the proportion of science and engineering Ph.D.'s employed by academe fell to 43 per cent in 1991. the most recent year for which statistics were available, from 5 I per cent in 1977. The 1993 unemployment rate was only 2 per cent for recent Ph.D. recipients and 1.6 per cent for all scientists and engineers, it said. Those figures seem low, but they include Ph.D.'s in temporary or post-doctoral positions."There is an oversupply of recent graduates for research positions in academic laboratories and federal and industrial labs," says Phillip A. Griffiths, director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J., and chairman of the panel that wrote the report. "Beyond that, it becomes quite a bit more murky. There certainly is an oversupply of unmet expectations."Since the job market varies by field, the report said it would be unwise to set across-the-board limits on graduate enrollment. Instead, it suggested broadening Ph.D. programs for students who aren't planning standard academic careers.Scientific societies provide a more up-to-date picture of the job-market, and it is grim. In December, the Joint Policy Board for Mathematics announced an unemployment rate of 14.7 per cent for the 1,226 Ph.D.'s awarded in the field in 1994——1995——the highest rate ever reported. An additional 4.2 percent of the Ph.D.'s were in part-time jobs, and of those employed in academe, 61 per cent were not in positions eligible for tenure.Anne C. Petersen, deputy director of the National Science Foundation, acknowledges that the N.S.F. was late in recognizing the job-market woes. “The anxiety some young people have is really obvious,” she says.Foundation officials are uncertain what exactly is happening, she says, because of gaps in the data collected on Ph.D's. But the N.S.F. is committed to improving its data collection, so that better information on where Ph.D.send up is available. In the next few years, she says, the foundation will also direct money to new models of doctoral education, other than the standard one presuming that a Ph.D. will become a professor."The Ph.D. should be construed in our society more like the law degree," she says. "A lot of people go to law school with no plans to practice law."But Mark S Wrighton, president of Washington University in St. Louis and a noted chemist, believes that the Ph.D. experience should continue to be "research-intensive." He says more federal money should be put directly into the hands of graduate students, allowing them to work on their own research ideas ——and to make themselves more remarkable —and less given to the research projects of professors who hire graduate students as research assistants.56. After achieving Ph.D's, a lot of young scientists are feeling like losers, because _______.A) they have no faith in the academeB) they can only choose from three or four positionsC) it is very difficult for them to find a desirable jobD) it is impossible for them to carry out scientific work57. As we all know, the job market for science position in academe is _______.A) tight B) challenging C) small D) exclusive58. Which of the following is true according to the article?A)A) Some scientists believe that there are too many doctoral programs.B)B) Reliable statistics suggest that there are not enough Ph.D's for science positions.C)C) Most scientists argue that doctoral education should produce more competent Ph.D's.D)D) Scholars hope that the job market will be open to more Ph.D's.59. What can we learn from the experience of Ms. Jones?A)The start-up money can last three years.B)Every Ph.D has financial problems.C)Postdoctoral position is a good choice.D)Grant, jobs, and title are interrelated.60. In order to reshape the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers, which of thefollowing suggestions is mentioned?A)To set limits on graduate enrollment in all fields.B)To direct money to new models of doctoral education.C)To broaden Ph. D programs for students who are to be professors.D)To hire graduate students as research assistants.Passage TwoOur Love-Hate Affair with TechnologyThe entertainment we enjoy is a measure of who we are. Two recent movies ——last summers Star Wars and November's Close Encounters of the Third Kind—suggest that Americans are both fascinated with and horrified by the technological world we have shaped.Neither movie pretends to great seriousness. Star Wars is a light confection about another galaxy and era and a young man named Luke Skywalker who, thanks to an improbable series of coincidences, is drawn into a death battle against the galaxy's wicked emperor. En route to victory, he encounters a fair princess and wins her heart, if not her hand. (This is the age of liberation.)Close Encounters of the Third Kind concerns Roy Neary, an ordinary American who has an encounter with a UFO and becomes obsessed with his search for an explanation. His mission is impeded by those who do not believe in the existence of UFOs; by those who would prefer to wish the perplexing UFOs out of existence; and by those in power who, to prevent panic, deny the existence of UFOs. Luke Skywalker and every adventurer-hero since Odysseus, Neary finds an available pretty girl to accompany him on his lonely mission. In the last frame, though, he achieves a goal more lofty than marriage ——he strides into a UFO and, the ultimate American pioneer, flies away with the strange Visitors to destinations unknown.From the popularity of Star Wars, the likely success of Close Encounters, and the increasing respectability ofthe whole genre of science fiction, it is clear that our age, more than its predecessors, needs whatever consolation or reassurance science fiction affords. If all art is to some extent escapist, one might ask what it is that we are escaping from.An answer, I think, is hidden in the films' imagery. In StarWars, Luke Skywalker ekes out a living as a "moisture farmer" (whatever that may be) in a bleak desert on the remote planet of Tatooine. Apparently, the reason he lives in such an unfruitful place rather than in galactic Palm Springs is that there is no galactic Palm Springs: Evil technology has reduced the universe to wind and sand. If the technocrats (技术专家治国论者) were not so vicious and self-serving, the land would be more fruitful. Luke's mission is to replace the Bad technocrats with the Good, which he does. In a closing ceremony disturbingly reminiscent of Nuremberg Nazi rallies, Luke is rewarded with a medal (and a wink) by the princess, who represents the new, benevolent ruling class.Similarly, in Close Encounters, the world in which Roy Neary lives is corrupted by bad technology. Director Stephen Spielberg focuses his camera critically on all the mechanical paraphernalia (器材) ——toy trains, hair dryers, TV's ——with which we surround ourselves. The way the Visitors from the other planet make their presence known is by wreaking havoc on technology; turning on toys, stereos. TVs, in the dead of night; turning off the telephones and the electricity; and bewildering the air traffic scanners. The vision that obsesses Roy Neary, though, is not one of a Thoreauvian cabin in the woods, where evil technology may never trespass, but rather one of a technologically perfect world, where all the circuits enhance man's happiness.Like Neary and Skywalke, Americans are perplexed by the failure of technology to supply us with a meaningful life or a decent environment to live in. For every wonderful achievement, technology seems to deal us an equivalent kick in the shins. Travel has become more efficient and less civilized. Television has helped to raise a generation of unprecedentedly educated six-year-olds and increasingly illiterate high school seniors. We can enjoy completely enclosed and comfortable environments hundreds of feet above the sidewalk until, as witness the NewYork City blackout last summer, someone pulls the plug and the environments become inaccessible and uninhabitable. Only the most naive believe we can escape our increasingly technological environment. Recognizing that the technologizing trend is irreversible, we fantasize, with Skywalker and Neary, about a world where all the machines work with us, rather than against us, where the computer does not obstinately mis-bill, and where jets disgorge (卸下) our luggage intact at correct destinations.Regrettably, as both these films imply, the "perfect" technocracy is one over which ordinary mortals can exercise no influence. The enormity and complexity of the system preclude nonexpert involvement. Our only options in such a world would be to replace the bad technocrats, as Skywalker does, evade them, as Neary does, or trust that in their loving-kindness they will make the machines produce what we desire. Our democratic methods of trying to control our exploding technology may be less than "perfect," but they do leave man some room in which to manage his destiny.61. What is Roy Neary's mission?A) To find a pretty girl.B) To look for an explanation about UFOs.C) To fly away to destinations unknown.D) To be a member of the world of UFOs.62. What can we learn from the increasing popularity of the whole genre of science fiction according to theauthor?A) Bad technology has caused serious problems.B) Science fiction is an art of escapism.C) We need more reassurance than our ancestors.D) Science fiction offers us more entertainment than any other art63. We can infer from the passage that the author thinks that __________.A) humans are more vicious and self-serving than any other creatureB) there does not exist a Palm Springs in the universeC) farmers can only eke out a livingD) our world has been seriously damaged by evil technology64. According to the author; every technological achievementA)has changed our living styleB)has made the environment more inhabitableC)has brought us more harm than benefitD)has enhanced people’s happiness65. What is the attitude of the author toward technology?A) Supportive.B) Negative.C) Tolerant.E)Cautious.Passage ThreeComputers BugYear 2,000 Bug Unstoppable for Some ComputersWith 500 days left until the year 2,000, experts said last week, that it may already be too late for many companies to defuse the millennium computer time bomb.According to the Gartner Group, a US high-technology consultant agency, nearly a quarter of all worldwide companies have not yet started work on plans to solve the year 2,000 problems.This means most of these organizations will effectively be unable to fix their system in time.The Gartner group, which said last year that the millennium bomb rehabilitation would cost between US$300 billion and US$ 600 billion worldwide, also said in the repot published this month that only 50 percent of companies that had projects to eliminate the bug planned to test their corrected systems.Dangerous PolicyExperts said this was a dangerous policy, because correcting computer programmes often introduced new flaws. Testing was essential.The millennium computer bomb is a legacy from shortcuts by software writers, who in the name of economy expressed years with just the final two digits rather than four.When clocks tick past midnight on December 31, 1999, many unrectified computers and chips will interpret the double zero as 1900.This will turn many computer programmes to mush. Unchecked, many public utilities, assembly lines, bank teller machines, traffic lights and lifts may shut down.Some experts say the problem has been grossly exaggerated by software companies seeking to scare customers into buying the latest, bug-free products.But Graham Titterington, consultant at London consultancy Ovum, does not share this optimistic view.“The situation is pretty critical. Most companies are doing something, but are they doing enough?” he said in an interview.Titterington also said that for the vast majority of business there was no extemal check on the effectiveness of their remedial work.Running out of TimeMitul Mehta, senior European research manager at Frost & Sullivan in London, said time was running out for many companies.Companies now could only pinpoint vital computer systems for fixing. Less crucial systems would just have to run the risk of crashing and be fixed later, Mehta said.“Some crucial areas apart from computers are not getting enough attention. I don’t think networking companies have their act together – meaning manufacturers of routers, switches and network equipment like Bay (network company) and Cisco (Systems company), these kinds of companies,” Mehta said.He sa id: “ Anybody looking at their system now is probably too late anyway.”Critical SituationIn his report, Gartner Group millennium research director, Lou Marcoccio, said that of the 15,000 companies and government agencies surveyed, 23 percent had not started millennium bomb projects. Of these, 86 percent were small companies which would not have a chance to correct their systems unless they began immediately. The Gartmer report said most Western European companies and the United States had made good progress. Germany was a notable laggard.“:Eastern Europe, Russia, India, pakistan, Southeast Asia, Japan, most of South America, most of middle east and Central Africa all lag the United States by more than 21 months.“Most of Western Europe is six mo nths behind the United States, except for Germany which is 21 months behind, and France, which is eight to 10 months behind.“The US government had the lead on all other national governments by an even wider margin than the companies in those countries. Most government agencies are significantly behind the United States.” The report。

英语考博试题及答案一、词汇与结构（共20分）1. The _______ of the project will depend on the availability of funds.A) initiationB) implementationC) terminationD) qualification答案：B2. Despite his _______ efforts, he failed to convince the committee.A) trivialB) futileC) sincereD) superficial答案：C3. The _______ of the new policy has been widely discussed in the media.A) implicationsB) complicationsC) ramificationsD) repercussions答案：A4. She is a _______ of her father, showing great talent in music.A) descendantB) successorC) inheritorD) progeny答案：C5. The _______ of the old building was a significant event in the community.A) demolitionB) renovationC) constructionD) destruction答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分）阅读下列短文，然后回答问题。

Passage 1The rise of the internet has transformed the way we communicate, learn, and do business. It has opened up new opportunities and challenges for individuals and organizations alike.6. What is the main topic of the passage?A) The history of the internet.B) The impact of the internet on society.C) The technical aspects of the internet.D) The future of the internet.答案：B7. What does the author imply about the internet?A) It has only positive effects.B) It has both opportunities and challenges.C) It is a threat to traditional businesses.D) It is outdated and no longer relevant.答案：BPassage 2In recent years, there has been a growing interest in renewable energy sources due to environmental concerns and the need for sustainable development.8. What is the main reason for the interest in renewable energy?A) Economic benefits.B) Environmental concerns.C) Technological advancements.D) Government policies.答案：B9. What can be inferred from the passage?A) Renewable energy is widely adopted.B) Renewable energy is too expensive.C) There is a need for sustainable development.D) Environmental concerns are a recent issue.答案：C三、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

博士英语考试要点总结(完美版) 整合博士英语复习资料分数组成：卷面80分+出勤10分+口试10分卷面：一. 听力选择（放2遍）：1分*10=10分二. 给出后缀，要求写出它的意思，并以此后缀造词并写出中文意思：分*10=5分三、单复数的变化四. 选择正确的解释并将所选选项翻译成中文（神经系统、消化系统、心血管系统、呼吸系统、药理）：本题出自各章课后习题Multiple choice部分：1分*10=10分五. 2段英翻中（医学科普）：5分*2=10分2段中翻英（一般为中医）：内容包括证、病机、症状、治则的翻译,书中以肺为例，考试中可以变为脾等脏。

详见《博士生医学英语教材》中的IX、X、XI：10分*2=20分六. 给一段中文科普文章，翻译成80字左右的英文摘要七. 作文：Economic Growth and Environment(80字) A4纸手写、不能从网上下，夹在卷子里：10分一．复数形式（教科书P42~43）Ampulla—Ampullae 尾突（另有一意思为壶腹）Corona—Coronae 冠状Vertebra—Vertebrae 脊椎Bronchus—Bronchi 支气管Capillus—Capili 毛发Fungus—Fungi 真菌Omphalos—Omphali 脐Genus—Genera 属Stercus—Stercora 粪Gonad—Gonades 性腺Testis—Testes 睾丸Diagnosis—Diagnoses 诊断Psychosis—Psychoses 精神病Epididymis—Epididymides 附睾Thorax—Thoraces 胸部Appendix—Appendices 阑尾Pollex—Pollices 拇指Meninx—Meninges 脑脊膜Caries—Caries龋齿Derma—Dermata 真皮，皮肤Sarcoma—Sarcomata 肉瘤Stoma—Stomata 口Flagellum—Flagella 鞭毛Labium—Labia 唇Protozoon—Protozoa 原生动物格（p17~p20）及课后练习题I的所有单词。

博士专业英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "sustainability" refers to the ability to endure over the long haul.A) TrueB) False2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of sustainable development?A) Economic growthB) Environmental protectionC) Social equityD) Unlimited resource consumption3. The phrase "paradigm shift" in academic writing often refers to:A) A change in the weatherB) A fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptionsC) A minor adjustment in perspectiveD) A change in political leadership4. The concept of "ecosystem services" is associated with which field of study?A) EconomicsB) EcologyC) SociologyD) Political science5. In the context of climate change, "mitigation" refers to:A) Adapting to the effects of climate changeB) Reducing greenhouse gas emissionsC) Planting more treesD) Moving populations to less affected areas6. The term "peer review" in academic publishing is a process where:A) Authors review each other's workB) Journal editors review all submissionsC) Experts in the field evaluate and critique manuscriptsD) The public reviews and comments on published articles7. Which of the following is not a type of renewable energy?A) Solar powerB) Wind powerC) Nuclear powerD) Hydroelectric power8. The "Kyoto Protocol" is an international treaty linked to:A) Biodiversity conservationB) Climate changeC) International tradeD) Space exploration9. "Circular economy" is a model of production and consumption that:A) Encourages the use of non-renewable resourcesB) Minimizes waste and promotes recyclingC) Focuses on mass production and consumptionD) Ignores the environmental impact of production10. The "Precautionary Principle" in environmental policy suggests that:A) Action should be taken only after full scientific certainty is achievedB) Scientific uncertainty should not be used as a reason to postpone measures to prevent harmC) Environmental policies should be based solely on economic considerationsD) Environmental harm should be accepted as a cost of economic growth二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The process of converting light energy into chemical energy in plants is known as __________.12. The greenhouse effect is primarily caused by the accumulation of __________ gases in the atmosphere.13. In a __________ economy, the goal is to minimize waste and make the most of resources.14. The term "biodiversity" refers to the variety of life in all its forms and levels of __________.15. The __________ Principle states that it is better to be safe than sorry when it comes to potential harm to the environment.16. The __________ is a global environmental facility that provides grants for projects that benefit the global environment.17. The __________ is a set of international rules for the trade and use of hazardous chemicals and pesticides.18. "Eco-friendly" products are designed to have the leastpossible __________ on the environment.19. The __________ is a measure of the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly by human activities.20. The __________ is a branch of environmental science concerned with the study of the total environment of a given area, both physical and biological.三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）21. Define the term "sustainable development" and explain its three main pillars.22. What are the key components of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?23. Describe the role of "stakeholders" in the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR).24. Explain the concept of "ecological footprint" and why it is important for environmental conservation.四、论述题（每题25分，共50分）25. Discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with the transition to a low-carbon economy.26. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of international environmental agreements in addressing global environmental issues.五、翻译题（共30分）27. Translate the following paragraph from English to Chinese (15 points):"Environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, and climate change are three of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. The need for sustainable solutionsthat balance economic growth, social development, and environmental protection is more urgent than ever."28. Translate the following paragraph from Chinese to English (15 points):"可持续发展是指在不损害后代满足其需求的能力的前提下，满足当代人的需求。

中国农业大学考博英语真题复习备考重点介绍ExampleInca society was strictly organized,from the emperor and royal family down to the peasants.The emperor was thought to be descended from the sun god,Inti,and he therefore ruled with divine authority. All power rested in his hands.Only the influence of custom and the fear of revolt checked the emperor’s power.(41)__________.The emperor chose his most important administrators from among his sons.Just below the emp Xu yao quan guo ge da yuan xiao kao bo ying yu zhen ti shi juan qing jia qq：qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi,huo er ba jiu ling ling liu si san wu yi.ye ke yi bo da quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba xiang shou kao bo fu dao ti yan.eror came the aristocracy,which included descendants and relations of all the emperors.(42)__________.The nobles of conquered peoples also became part of the governing aristocracy and were considered Inca by adoption.For administrative purposes the empire was divided into regions known as the“four suyus(quarters)of the world,”with Cuzco at its center.The Incas called their empire“Land of the Four Quarters.”One suyu,the Antisuyu,stretched to the east of Cuzco and contained deep,forest-covered valleys that gradually descended into the jungles of the Amazon basin.Indian groups in this region, many of whom were only partially pacified,continued to launch attacksagainst the Incas.Cuntisuyu included all the land west of Cuzco, including the coastal regions of Peru from Chan Chan to Arequipa. Collasuyu was the largest of the quarters.Located south of Cuzco, it took in Lake Titicaca and regions of Bolivia,Chile,and Argentina. Chincasuyu contained the remaining land to the north of Cuzco.A blood relative of the emperor served as governor of each quarter. The Incas further divided each quarter into progressively smaller units,with officials of descending rank overseeing the activities of these units.(43)__________.Another official,ideally a leader of a large village,ruled over a smaller area containing about1,000 peasants.At the level below,ten foremen each supervised a total of 100peasants.At the lowest organizational level,an official oversaw a group of ten peasants.For every10,000people,there were1,331 officials.Inca state affairs were complex and tightly controlled.Whole native populations were at times uprooted and resettled in other communities.Often groups were relocated to areas where they were needed for agricultural or mining activities.Sometimes relocations were politically motivated.(44)__________.Furthermore,these relocations facilitated the spread of Inca ideas and culture and promoted unity in the empire.In order to deal efficiently with such matters,government officers kept strict accounts of all the people,gold,land,crops and projects of the empire.Since the Incas had no system of writing,they kept records by means of a quipu—a series of short,knotted strings hung at intervals from a long top string.By varying the colors and kinds of string used and the spacing of the strings and knots, the Incas could record populations,troops,and tribute,as well as information about their legends and achievements.The quipu was a complex memory aid rather than a literal record,and only a trained quipucamayo,or memory expert,could create or interpret it.An oral comment accompanied each quipu and allowed the quipucamayo to make sense of its meaning.(45)__________.Modern scholars still have not deciphered the codes used in the creation of quipus.[A]Serving under each governor were ten district governors,each of whom ruled over a district containing about10,000peasants.[B]Following the Spanish conquest and the introduction of records written in Spanish,the Incas lost the ability to read quipus.[C]Noticeable economic thriving was frequently found,in the records of the local governments,after relocations.[D]The emperor had one official wife,but he had many royal concubines and his children by these wives often numbered in the hundreds.[E]Placing Quechua-speaking populations in newly conquered areas impaired the ability of local groups to unite against the Incas.[F]Relations between relatives of the emperor,governors and officials often posed headaches for the supreme ruler himself,who was interwoven tightly and deeply among them.[G]These pure-blooded Incas held the most important government, religious,and military posts.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。