Unit 1 Positive Attitude

Unit one你认为自己是什么样的人,那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普-撒弗兰[ 1 ] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈,而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们自细观察积极思维的作用时,这些陈辞滥调突然问都成了科学问题.[ 2 ] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目,涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功.与此相反,悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败,并与沮丧、孤独及令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关.位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说："如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考,那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗."[ 3 ]"你的能力固然重要,"匹兹堡的卡内基一梅降大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说,"但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功,"在某种程度上,这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望.[ 4 ] 以你的工作为例.宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利棉曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都市人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调察.他们发现,存工龄较长的推销员中,积极思考比消极思考者要多推销37％的保险额.机新雇用的推销员中,乐观主义者则多销了20％.[ 5 ] 公司受到了触动,便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人.这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出推销员的平均额10％.[ 6 ] 他们是如何做的呢？据塞利格曼说,乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的"解释方式".出了问题之后,悲观主义者倾向于自责.他说："我不善于做这种事,我总是失败."乐观主义者则寻找漏洞,他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至怪罪别人.他认为,是那个客户当时情绪不好.当一切顺利时,乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸. [ 7 ] 克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话,请他们为红十字会献血¨.当他们的第、二个电话末能得到对方同意时,悲观者说："我干不了这事."乐观主义者则对自己说："我需要试试另种方法."[ 8 ] 无论是消极还是积极,都是一种自我实现的预言.安德森说：如果人们感到没有希望,他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能."[ 9 ] 据安德森看来,有无控制感是成功的试金石.乐观主义者能够掌握自己的命运.如果事情不顺利,他立刻做出反应,寻找解决办法,制定新的行动计划,并且主动寻求指点.悲观者刚感到自己只能由命运摆布,行动拖拉.既然认为毫无办法．他便不去寻求指点．[10 ] 乐观主义者也许过高地评价自己——有时正是这点使他们充满生机.匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究.对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说,两次发病间隔的时间比较长,而这是生存下去的最好预兆.在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的小规模试验性研究中,利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早. [11] 乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈,却有可能预防疚病.在一项长期研究中,研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史.所有这些人部是班上的好学生,并且健康状况良好.他们之中有的是积极思考者,有的是消极思考者.20年后,悲观者中患有中年常见病一高血压、糖尿病、心脏病一的人数要比乐观者多.[ 12 ] 许多研究显示,悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系,即免疫系统.密执安大学的克里斯托弗·彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己.他消极被动,不会避开生活中的打击,无沦做什么都会担心身体不好或其他灾难将临.他大嚼不利于健康的垃圾食品,逃避体育锻炼,不听医生的劝告,还总是要再贪一杯.[ 13 ] 在多数人身上,乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之,但总是更倾向于其中之一.塞利格曼说,这是一种所谓早在"母亲膝下"就开始形成的思维模式,来自千万次警告或鼓励,积极的或消极的话语.过多的"不许"及危险警告会使一个孩了感到无能、恐惧,以及悲观.[ 14 ] 随着年龄的增长,儿童能体会到许多小小的成就感,如学会系鞋带等.家长可以促使这类成功转变为控制感,从而培养出乐观主义. [ 15 ] 悲观是一种很难克服的习惯,但并非不能克服.在一系列具有重大突破的研究中,伊利诺伊大学的卡罗尔·德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作.她帮助那些屡屡出错的学生改变对失败原因的解释——从"我准是很笨"变成"我学习还不够努力"——他们的学习成绩也随之提高了.[16 ] 匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命.在一次试验性研究中,两组结肠癌病人受到同样方式的治疗,但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助.试验结果表明这一作法有一定的效果.现在正计划实施一项重大研究,以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情的发展.[17] 因此,如果你是个悲观主义者,你完全有理由乐观起来.你能改变自己.以下就是范德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫·霍朗指出的方法：[18]一、当坏事发生时,仔细留意自己的想法,把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来,一字不改.[19] 二、然后,来做一个试验.做一件同任何消极反应相反的事.比如说,你工作XX了问题.你是这么想的吗：我讨厌我的工作,可我再也不会找到比这更好的工作了?这时你应该采取行动,就像完全不是这么回事一样：向外发寄个人简历、去参加面试、看看有没有培训项目并寻找工作门路.[20]三、继续关注事情的发展.你最初的想法是对还是错?霍朗说："如果你的想法使你裹足不前,那就改变这些想法.这是一种试错法,不能确保成功,但应给你自己一个机会."[21]积极的思维导致积极的行动以及积极的反应.如证据所表明的,你对世界抱有什么样的希望,你就很可能得到什么样的结果.4] They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37-percent more insurance than did the negative-thinkers.划线部分为主谓倒装句,是比较句型常见形式.本句译文：他们发现,在工龄较长的推销员中,积极思考者比消极思考者要多推37％的保险额.参见课文第五段第二句.[5] Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but had scored high on optimism. Impressed在此为过去分词作状语,其逻辑主语为the company.本句译文：公司受到了触动,便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人.[7] When they failed on the first call or two, pessimists said, "I can't do this."从句中they指代主句主语pessimists,划线部分意为："When the first few people they phoned refused to donate blood."本句译文：当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时,悲观者说："我干不了这事."[10] Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justify—and sometimes that's what keeps them alive.划线部分意为："overestimate themselves; regard themselves as better than they really are".本句译文：乐观主义者也许过高地评价自己－－有时正是这一点使他们充满活力.[13] It is a pattern of thinking learned "at your mother's knee",says Seligman. It grows out of thousands of cautions orencouragements, negative statements or positive ones.at one’s mother’s knee 意为"在母亲膝下",在此指孩提时代.grow out of 有"产生于"的意思.划线部分为cautions or encouragements 的同位语.本句译文：塞利格曼说,这是一种早在所谓"母亲膝下"就开始形成的思维模式,来自千万次警告或鼓励,积极或消极的话语.[18] Write down the first thing that comes to mind, unedited and uncensored.动词censor本意为"检查并删减",uncensored即"无删减的"；unedited和uncensored在此均为过去分词,作the first thing的非限定性定语.本句译文：把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来,一字不改.Ⅰ. Comprehension1. A2. B3. B4. D5. D6. C7. B8. B9. A 10. D Ⅱ. VocabularyA.1. C2. B3. D4. A5. C6. A7. A8. B9. D 10. CB.11. D 12. D 13. C 14. A 15.B 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. C 20.C Ⅲ. Cloze1. B2. A3. C4. C5. A6. D7. C8. A9. D 10. D 11. D 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. BⅣ. Translation <English to Chinese>有没有一种"成功性格",即几乎必然使人取得成就的某些性格特征的结合？如果有的话,这一成功的秘诀究竟是什么？并且,这种性格是否能培养出来？在盖洛普公司中,我们最近集中深入研究了成功现象,探查了1500名杰出人物的态度和性格特征.他们是从《美国名人录》中随机抽取的.被收入《名人录》的主要标准不是财富或社会地位,而是一个人当前在某个领域中的成就.我们的研究确认了一些在成就最显著的人身上总是出现的性格特征,其中最重要的五点是：由生活经验得出的判断力、专业知识、自力更生的精神、总的智力水平以及把事情完成的能力.如果你培养这些性格特征,你就很可能会成功.而且,你甚至可能会发现自己的名字有一天也被收进《名人录》.Ⅴ. Translation <Chinese to English>1.1> What you said to him can hardly justify such conduct of yours.2> You can't justify what you did with what you told him.3> What you did cannot be justified by what you said to him.2.1> Do you think he would be immune from religious persecution by reason of his personal relation with the Bishop?2> Do you think they would not persecute him religiously onaccount of his connection with the Bishop?3> Do you think he could enjoy immunity from religious persecution because he is a friend of the Bishop?3.1> Your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist will affect whether or not your bad dream recurs.2> Whether you will have the bad dream again depends on how you respond to the advice of the psychiatrist.3> Whether your nightmare recurs depends on your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist.4.1> The secret to the success of optimists is that they deal with disappointments and failures in a positive way.2> The optimists' positive attitude towards disappointments and failures is the recipe for their success.3> Optimists react to disappointments and failures positively, which is the secret to their success.5.1> The reason that a pessimist tends to fail is, in part, that a person's opinion about himself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy.2> Pessimists are likely to fail partly because one's perception of oneself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy.3> How one looks at oneself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy, which is part of the reason why a pessimist usually fails.6.1> In very young children, before traits have had much chance to develop, behavior is less consistent than it is in most adults. A child's changing behavior may show his changing concern with different features of his activity. His interest always focuses on the business at hand. The person with strong traits and interests is able to persist in what he is doing. Only a major situational change can disturb the direction or purpose of his behavior.2> Before young children have a chance to develop their personality, they do not act consistently as most grown-ups. If a child changes his behavior, it may indicate that his interest has changed because of the changed features of his activity. He is always interested in what he is doing at the time. A person with a forceful personality and intense interest is able to pursue to the end what he is doing. Only dramatic changes in the environment can alter the direction and purpose of his behavior.3> Unlike most adults, young children do not behave consistently before their personality traits are fully developed. A child's behavior change may show his changed interest brought about by a different kind of activity. He always concentrates on the activityin which he is engaged. A man of strong character and interest is able to carry to the end whatever he is doing. The direction and purpose of his behavior will not alter unless some drastic situational change takes place.Supplementary ReadingⅠ.1. B2. A3. C4. C5. A6. B7. D8. A9. D 10. DⅡ.1. 如果这些想法意味着黑暗和毁灭,那你就会走进黑暗和被毁灭,因为贬低的话语会摧毁你的信心,而不会鼓励你、支持你.2. 苏的理疗医生在初诊时告诉她,草草记录下她的思想活动,特别是夜里她不能入睡时的思想情况.3. 温森特和他的父亲感情很好,但父亲很溺爱他,灌输他满脑子的烦心事.4. 如果你害怕坐飞机,那么在飞机起飞或降落时,你就聚精会神地观看机场附近的灯光和道路吧.5. 应该养成一个习惯：即记住自己最美好的时刻,也就是记住你想做的那种人.Unit two癌症和化学物质——我们走得太远了吗?玛拉·孔恩[ 1 ] 去年,加利福尼亚州州长乔治·德米加召集本州许多优秀的科学家开会,开始执行第65号提案,即州安全饮用水和毒品实施法案.这一新法令禁止各工业部门向水源中排放被怀疑致癌和引起先天缺陷的化学物质.有些人宣称,新法律还要求在一切可能致癌的物品上贴上警告标签.[ 2 ] 原来预计,开会那天将全是些玄妙的科学和难懂的术语,但加州大学伯克利分校生物化学系系主任布鲁斯·爱姆兹却打算使会议开得更有生气.[ 3 ] 当爱姆兹走入会议室时,他看上去完全是一个典型的科学家形象：金丝边双光眼镜,皱褶的西服,蓬乱的头发,菜色的面庞,显示出他总是呆在实验室里而很少享受加州的阳光.当某人振振有词地大谈致痛机理时,爱姆兹开始打断他,插进来陈述自己的观点.[ 4 ] "整个世界都充满了致癌物",爱姆兹宣称."啤酒中有十亿分之七百的甲醛和百分之五的乙醇,比水中的任何物质都要危险1 000倍.如果你呼出的气息中有啤酒味,那是否意味着你必须向你周围10英尺以内的所有人发出警告?"[ 5 ] 在大肆宣传最新癌症恐怖的时代里,爱姆兹带来了不同的信息：大多数人造致癌物的含量一般来说都很低.与天然致癌物含量相比其危险微乎其微.[ 6 ] 爱姆兹不是个冒充内行的人.他59岁,是全国最受人尊敬的研究致癌问题的权威之一.他的简历中尽是各种荣誉,包括通用汽车癌症研究基金会颁发的查尔斯·莫特奖<这是痛症研究中最富声誉的嘉奖之一>.他还是国家科学院的院士.甚至他的批评者们也承认,爱姆兹试验是一项突出的成就.这种试验是在实验室里进行的一种简单廉价的操作方法,它有助于检测一种物质是否能引起癌症.[ 7 ] 但是爱姆兹藐视一切貌似神圣不可冒犯的东曲.他对环境保护运动的观点提出不同看法,有些人把这一运动称为20世纪最重要的运动.例如,1987年4月,他和两位同事雷纳·玛格和露易·斯沃斯基·戈尔德,在《科学》杂志上发表了一篇报告,列举了各种各样可能引起癌症的危险.以将近1 000种化学物质作的动物试验所得到的数据表明,每日所消耗的普通花生酱XX治中含有的微量黄曲霉素<花生中天然存在的一种霉菌致癌物>比我们每同从食物中摄取DDT的危险大100倍.一杯硅谷污染最严重的井水比一杯葡萄酒或啤酒致癌的危险要小1 000倍.他并不是建议人们停止消费花生酱、葡萄酒和啤酒.他所说的是,大多数人造致癌物的危险比起日常天然物的致癌危险是微不足道的.现在不清楚它们中有多少有真正的危险.这曲种危险都转移了人们对于诸如烟草之类的巨人危险的注意力.[ 8 ] 爱姆兹的癌症研究是25年前以一袋炸薯条开始的.当时他在马里兰全国健康研究所从事研究工作.在看到袋上列出的成分时,他突然想到还没有人知道每种化学物质对人的基因有什么影响,而要了解这些还没有简易的方法.[ 9 ] 那时,科学家为了测试致癌性,不得不在老鼠身上做耗时费钱的实验室试验.细菌对引起突变的物质很敏感,而致痛物很可能就是引起突变的物质.爱姆兹凭借这些知识,研究出了一种利用细菌检测致癌性的试验.爱姆兹试验被公认是一项主要的科学成果.现在在世界上已被广泛应用.[ 10 ] 1974年的一天,当时在伯克利任教的爱姆兹建议一些学生对各种各样家用产品进行检测.使他惊异的是,像用于儿童睡衣中的一种阻燃剂一样,许多普通染发剂经测试都呈阳性.当爱姆兹的测试结果导致对某些化学品实行新的规定和禁令时几乎一夜之间,他就成了环保界的英雄.[ 11 ] 随后10年间,公众对致癌物越来越关注.爱姆兹说"于是我开始意识到有些不对头."同样也被检测为致癌物或致突变物而呈阳性的天然物数量太多了：水果汁,芥菜,芹菜,欧芹等.实际上,爱姆兹测试的大约一半的化学物,当用老鼠进行大剂量实验时,无论是天然或人造的都证明有潜在的致癌作用.[ 12 ] 起初,爱姆兹断定他的试验有问题.他的试验并没有错.他的错误在于他象很多人一样天真地认为只有人造化学物质是危险的.他现在要问："为什么要推断天然就是无害的呢?"[ 13 ] 支持加州65号提案的运动使爱姆兹确信他有义务向公众解释这一点."当人们说某些先天缺陷是由水中十亿分之一的某物质引起时,我认为那是不负责任的."他说, "那是拿人们的害怕心理开玩笑.你总能在水中找到十亿分之一的某种物质."[ 14 ] 在加州参议院委员会作证时,爱姆兹举出丁一个例子：由于用氯消毒,自来水含有致癌物氯仿大约十亿分之八十三．.咖啡含有两种天然致癌物,每一种都是大约[ 15 ] 有些人想当然地认为爱姆兹是化学工业的代言人.情况却并非如此.他不为化学公司、药品公司、食品公司或法律事务所提供咨询.他没有接受来自商界的任何好处.十亿分之四千,而由于正常的新陈代谢,人血平均含有甲醛十亿分之三干.[ 16 ] 环境保护论者反对爱姆兹的观点.他们说,我们有义务在总量上使人们尽可能少地接触致癌物."不知为什么他认为要进行选择."峰峦俱乐部的卡尔·波普这样说："如果我们不得不在饮用水中的TCE<一种可疑的致癌溶剂>和有关吸烟的公共教育之间进行选择的话,可能他是对的.但是我们不是非去选择不可."[ 17 ] 爱姆兹的回答是, "你不想让每家化学公司从后门倒掉自己的垃圾,但是你生活在现代工业社会的代价就是水里会有十亿分之几的化学物质.你能除去它,但花费巨大.如果你把你所有的时间都花在追查微不足道的东西上,你就会看不到重要的危险."[ 1 ] This new law bans industries from discharging chemical suspected of causing cancer <carcinogens> or birth defects into water supplies.划线部分为本句基本结构.过去分词短语suspected…defects作chemical的定语,cancer or birth defects是causing的宾语.本句译文：这一新法令禁止各工业部门向水源中排放被怀疑致癌和引起先天缺陷的化学物质.[ 2 ] A day of esoteric science and incomprehensible jargon waspredicted.本句可理解为：Some people predicted that on that day, the discussions would be full of esoteric scientific theories and incomprehensible jargons.本句译文：原来预计,开会那天将全是些玄妙的科学和难懂的术语. [ 7 ] But Ames slaughters sacred cows. He's taking on the environmental movement, which some have called the single most important social movement of the 20th century.划线部分为非限定性定语从句,修饰the environmental movement.single常与形容词或副词的最高级连用,表示强调.本句译文：但是爱姆兹藐视一切貌似神圣不可冒犯的东西.他正向环境保护运动的观点进行挑战,有些人把环保运动称为20世纪最重要的运动.[ 9 ]Armed with the knowledge that bacteria are sensitive to substances that cause mutation, and that carcinogens were likely to be mutagens, Ames developed a carcinogen test using bacteria. Armed with the knowledge为过去分词短语,在此作伴随状语.划线部分是两个由连词that引导的从句,作knowledge的同位语.木句译文：细菌对引起突变的物质很敏感,而致癌物很可能就是引起突变的物质.爱姆兹凭借这些知识,研究出了一种利用细菌检测致癌性的试验.[ 10 ]To his surprise, many common hair dyes tested positive, asdid a flame retardant used in children's pajamas.划线部分为倒装句,其主语为a flame retardant, used in children’s pajamas为过去分词例组,在此作定语修饰a flame retardant.did替代谓语动词及其表语tested positive.本句译义：使他惊异的是,像用于儿童睡衣中的一种阻燃剂一样,许多普通染发剂经测试都呈阳性.[11] In fact, about half of all chemicals tested by Ames—both natural and man-made—turned out to be potentially carcinogenic when given in enormous doses to rats and mice.划线部分可看作省略的状语从句,完整从句"when they are given…to rats and mice".本句译文：实际上,爱姆兹测试的大约一半的化学物,当用老鼠进行大剂量实验时,无论是天然或人造的都证明有潜在的致癌作用. [12] His error had been making the common, but naive, assumption that only man-made chemicals could be dangerous. 划线部分为had been的表语,形容词common和naive均修饰assumption.本句译文：他的错误在于他像很多人一样天真地认为只有人造化学物质是危险的.[12] "Why assume nature is benign?" he now says.划线部分为省略句,完整句为"Why do we assume nature is benign?".本句译文：他现在要问："为什么要推断天然就是无害的呢?" [15] Some people assume Ames is a stooge for the chemical industry, which he is not.划线部分为非限定性定语从句,which的先行词为a stooge for the chemical industry.本句译文：有些人想当然地认为爱姆兹是化学工业的代言人.情况却并非如此.Ⅰ. Comprehension1. B2. A3. D4. D5. C6. D7. A8. C9. B 10. A 11. C Ⅱ. VocabularyA.1. B2. A3. D4. C5. C6. C7. A8. C9. B 10. CB.11. C 12.A 13. A 14. B 15. B16. B 17.B 18. A 19. C 20. AⅢ. Cloze1. B2. A3. D4. B5. D6. C7. A8. A 9. B 10. C 11. C 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. DⅣ. Translation <English to Chinese>不论是在青年时夭折还是在老年时死去,都没有是否虚度了年华来得重要.一个人可能在18年中比另一个在80年中活得更有意义.对于生活,我们认为并不是要去不顾一切地积累大量的他人想像为有价值的经验,而是应该过好每天的时光,就好像它是唯一的一天.我们的意思是要寻找平和感和力量感去对付生活中的失意和痛苦,同时坚持不懈地努力去发现能更加增添并维持生活乐趣和喜悦的方法.Ⅴ. Translation <Chinese to English>1.The politician was armed with many facts and figures.The politician cited numerous facts and figures as his weapon. Innumerable facts and figures are used by the politician as ammunition.2.It struck me that we had really learnt a great deal there.I think we did learn much there.I feel we have indeed learned quite a lot there.3.The conditions of workers now, as compared with what they were ten years ago, have been greatly improved.Compared with 10 years ago, the conditions of the workers have improved much in every aspect.The workers are enjoying much better conditions nowadays than they did 10 years ago.4.According to the law of the People's Republic, parents areobligated to send their children to school.Parents have a legal obligation to send their children to school under the law of the People's Republic.The laws of the People's Republic stipulate that parents send their children to school.5.He erred in making his decision before he confirmed the facts. He erred in that he did not check the facts before he made the decision.His mistake lies in his making the decision without confirming the facts.6.①Scientific research continues to open up previouslyundreamed of possibilities. Fifty years ago, few people could even imagine things like computers, lasers and holography.Today, a host of newly-emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and genetic engineering are opening up all kinds of new paths for technologists. Like it or not, our advancing technology has made us masters of the earth.6.②Scientific research continues to bring about new possibilitieswhich were unimaginable before. Few could have dreamedof such things as computers, lasers, and holography 50 years ago. Nowadays, with the emergence of new technologies including artificial intelligence and genetic engineering, new paths are opened up for technologists. No matter one likes it or not, the advancing technology has enabled us to be the masters on Planet Earth.Supplementary Reading1. T2. F3. Because in the report the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date.4. F5. T6. Because the findings of the study were so unlikely that they expected the results to be negative.7. F 8. T 9. TUnit3鼠与人——"不能解决"的问题S. I. 早川[ 1 ] 密执安大学的N·R·F·麦耶教授几年前做过一系列可以以诱导鼠产生"神经官能症"的实验.首先训练鼠由平台边缘跳向两个门中的一个.如果鼠向右跳,右门是碰不开的,那么鼠就撞了鼻子并掉进了网里；如果鼠向左跳,左门就会打开,鼠就会找到一碟食物.等鼠已很熟悉这一反应时,就改变情况：把食物放在另外一扇门后,这样鼠要想得到犒赏就不能向左跳,而要向右跳了.<实验者也可采用其他变化形式,比如用不同的方式标记两个门.> 如果鼠弄不懂新规则,它每次跳时都不知是会得到食物还是会撞鼻了.最终它就会放弃,拒绝再跳.到这步,麦耶博士说,"许多鼠宁愿挨饿也不再作选择."[ 2 ] 第二步,对鼠施以强大气流或电击,赶它,强迫它做出选择."处于不能解决的难题之中而被迫做出反应的动物",麦耶博士说,"最后总是定局到一个特定的反应上<比如只向左跳>,不顾结果如何它都总是做出这一反应.……这种条件下所做出的反应便固定不变了’.……一旦出现了这种固态,动物也就无法学会应变能力了’."一旦<鼠> 向左跳的反应固定下来时,可以敞开右门,使食物呈现在它眼前.可是鼠被驱赶时却仍旧向左跳,并且每次都愈来愈惶恐不安.实验者继续迫使鼠做出选择时,鼠开始惊厥不安,四下狂奔,弄伤爪了,撞上桌椅,然后浑身剧烈颤抖,直到昏迷不醒.在这种被动状态下,鼠拒绝进食,对一切不感兴趣：你可以把它卷成一团或擒住双腿倒挂空中——无论怎样摆布它,它都无动于衷.这时的鼠已是"神经崩溃"了.[ 3 ] 鼠所面临问题的"不可解决性"导致了它的神经崩溃,而麦耶博士对心理失常的小孩和成人所做的研究报告表明,鼠和人经历的各个阶段XX小异.首先是两者都受训练,在面对某一问题时都习惯地做出某一选择；然后,发现条件已改变而原来的选择并不能产生预期的效果时,两者都大吃一惊：在此,不论出于震惊、焦虑还是受挫,两者都会执著于最初的选择,不管结果,一意孤行；接着,悻悻然拒绝采取行动；而。

人教版九年级英语Unit 1 How do you study for a test? Section A教案及教学反思课题人教版九年级英语Unit 1 How do you study for a test?Section A作者及工作单位来安县龙山初中陈传玲教材分析本单元是九年级英语的第一个单元，具有举足轻重的地位。

常言道：“授之以鱼，不如授之以渔。

”本单元的重点内容就是向学生介绍了一系列的英语学习的有效方法，每个学生可以根据自己的实际情况选择适合自己的学习方法，这样才能提高英语成绩，进而为今后的英语学习奠定基础。

学情分析1. 经过两年的英语学习，很多学生都有自己的学习英语的方法，但是学习效果却不尽如人意。

2. 有近半的学生不但英语听说能力差，而且还没有养成良好的学习英语的习惯。

教学目标知识目标：1.Master the following words:flashcard, vocabulary, aloud, pronunciation2.Be able to master the ways of learning English技能目标：1.Be able to talk about the ways of learning English with your partners.2.Be able to understand what they listen in class.情感目标：Have a positive attitude towards learning English.教学重点和难点重点：Master the ways of learning English well.难点：1.Be able to talk about the ways of learning English with your partners.2. Have a positive attitude towards learning English.教学过程。

Positive AttitudeA Matter of ChoicePresentation Overview1 2 3 4 5 6 7 What is Positive Attitude? Why Positive Attitude? Benefits of Positive Attitude Factors affecting Attitude Role of Environment in forming Attitude How to have a Positive Attitude Tips to Build Positive AttitudeCopyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.What is Positive Attitude?Let’s understand first what is Attitude. Attitude is a mental position relative to a way of thinking or being. Your choice of attitude can decide the out come of your life.Whenever you're in conflict with someone, there is one factor that can make the difference between damaging your relationship and deepening it.That factor is attitude.William James - American psychologist and philosopher Copyright © 2008 - 2012. All rights reserved.What is Positive Attitude?Components of AttitudeComponents of Attitude1. Cognition Thoughts – My Job is interesting2. Affections Feelings – I love my Job3. Behavior Actions & Reactions – I will go to work early with a smile on my face - my Copyright © 2008 - intention to act 2012. All rights reserved.What is Positive Attitude?How are Attitudes formed? • Attitudes are not inherited. • Attitudes are the outward manifestation of your inner values & beliefs. • These develop over time. • As you grow you watch the significant people around you behaving in a particular way; you are being told to cherish certain things over others and you learn from your teachers / peers and come to value certain things over other, thus forming your value system.Copyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.What is Positive Attitude?Functions of AttitudeKnowledge Attitudes help employees adjust to their environment & form a basis for future behavior. Adjustment Attitudes provide standards and frames of reference that allow people to understand and perceive the world around them.1 3EgoDefensive2Attitudes help people to retain their dignity and selfimage.4ValueExpressiveAttitudes provide individuals Copyright © 2008 -with a basis for 2012 . All rights their values. expressingreserved.What is Positive Attitude?Let’s now understand what is Positive Attitude. Positive Attitude is a state of mind that is well worth developing and strengthening. It is a mental attitude that admits into the mind thoughts, words and images that are conducive to growth, expansion and success. You can see situations as opportunities or failures • A hot summer day may be beautiful or ugly • A departmental meeting is either interesting / boring Let’s understand this better with an exampleCopyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.What is Positive Attitude?Alex applied for a new job. • His self-esteem was low • He was sure that he was not going to get the job & believed other applicants were better than him. On the day of the interview he got up late, discovered that the shirt he had planned to wear needed ironing. He went out wearing a shirt full of wrinkles. During the interview he was tense & distracted which made it difficult for him to focus on the interview. He materialized his fear & didn’t get the job.James applied for the same job too. • He was sure he would get the job. • He often visualized himself making a good impression and getting the job. In the evening before the interview he prepared the clothes he was going to wear, and went to sleep a little earlier. On day of the interview he woke up earlier than usual, and had ample time to eat breakfast, and arrive before the scheduled time. He got the job because he made a good impression.Copyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.What is Positive Attitude?What do we learn from these two stories? Is there any magic employed here? No! When the attitude is positive we entertain pleasant feelings and constructive images. This brings more energy and happiness. The whole being broadcasts good will, happiness and success. Remember: Positive & negative thinking are both contagious.Copyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.Presentation Overview1 2 3 4 5 6 7 What is Positive Attitude? Why Positive Attitude? Benefits of Positive Attitude Factors affecting Attitude Role of Environment in forming Attitude How to have a Positive Attitude Tips to Build Positive AttitudeCopyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.Why Positive Attitude?Gives You Strength to deal with challengesGives You Self ConfidenceCreates GoodwillIncreases Chances of SuccessRemember: The Positive thinker sees the Invisible, feels the Intangible, and achieves the Impossible.Copyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.Presentation Overview1 2 3 4 5 6 7 What is Positive Attitude? Why Positive Attitude? Benefits of Positive Attitude Factors affecting Attitude Role of Environment in forming Attitude How to have a Positive Attitude Tips to Build Positive AttitudeCopyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.Benefits of Positive AttitudeIt is quite common to hear people say: "Think positive!". Most people do not take these words seriously. How many people do you know, who stop to think what the power of positive thinking means?Let’s understand the Power of Positive AttitudeCopyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.Benefits of Positive AttitudeJane was looking for a new position as an administrative assistant, but was reluctant to learn a new computer program that would improve her skills and help her get a better job. One day she decided to overcome her reluctance & learnt a spreadsheet software program. That knowledge could possibly be one of a number of software programs that could aid her in a potential admin position. Within a few hours after learning the program, she got a new job. Not only that, but the job position involved made extensive use of the very spreadsheet program she had learnt just a Copyright © 2008 - 2012 few hours before!. All rights reserved.Benefits of Positive Attitude1 2 3 4 5 6 Enhances inner power & strength Gives ability to surmount any challenge Gives ability to inspire & motivate others Creates goodwill & people respect you Helps achieve happiness Helps achieving goals & attaining successPositive Attitude is also one of the KEY ingredients in healing.Copyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.Presentation Overview1 2 3 4 5 6 7 What is Positive Attitude? Why Positive Attitude? Benefits of Positive Attitude Factors affecting Attitude Role of Environment in forming Attitude How to have a Positive Attitude Tips to Build Positive AttitudeCopyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.Factors Affecting AttitudeOther People’s Behavior Negative Work Environment Negative World ViewChanging Environment3ATTITUDEPast ExperiencesDeterminism TheoryCopyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.Factors Affecting AttitudeChanging Environment “The only person who always likes change is a wet baby.” ☺Why does Change affect our Attitude?It Challenges our Paradigms It Alters the way we think It Makes life more difficult for a while It can causes Stress It is an ongoing fact of lifeCopyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.Factors Affecting AttitudePast Experiences Things that have happened in past sometimes become powerful than your present…The good news is that it is YOU who empowers Past Experiences and its effect on your attitude. The control is with YOU.Copyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.Factors Affecting AttitudeDeterminism Theory Determinism states that, due to the laws of cause and effect, all future events are predetermined, including human decisions, and there is no such thing as free will. GENETIC: My Grandparents did it to me. [Inherited traits] PSYCHIC: My Parents did it to me. [Upbringing] ENVIRONMENTAL: My Spouse, my Boss, Company, Economy, etc. is doing this to me. [Surroundings] Copyright © 2008 - 2012. All rights reserved.Factors Affecting AttitudeOther People’s Behavior More often than not we are influenced by other people’s behavior. Our attitude changes with how people behave with us. Here are few behavioral traits displayed by people:Complainers PatronizersWhinersBackstabbersGossipsControllersSnipersWalking Wounded Copyright © 2008 - 2012. All rights reserved.ExplodersFactors Affecting AttitudeNegative Work Environment Stress at work often leads to change in attitude. • Everyone is fighting to get ahead • No one appreciates your contributions • Too much work - not enough help • Unrealistic deadlines • Longer hours of work • Budget Constraints • Poor management / direction • Job insecurityCopyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.Factors Affecting AttitudeNegative World ViewPeople get upset and agitated by what’s happening in the world. Be it economy or crime rate – it can possibly affect people’s attitude towards life.Copyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.Presentation Overview1 2 3 4 5 6 7 What is Positive Attitude? Why Positive Attitude? Benefits of Positive Attitude Factors affecting Attitude Role of Environment in forming Attitude How to have a Positive Attitude Tips to Build Positive AttitudeCopyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.Role of Environment in Forming AttitudeThere are various components of environment that determine our attitude. Home • Success / Failures of loved ones • Lack of Understanding • Lack of Appreciation Work • Lack of Appreciation by Colleagues / boss • Failures • Long due promotion / raise Others • MediaCopyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.Presentation Overview1 2 3 4 5 6 7 What is Positive Attitude? Why Positive Attitude? Benefits of Positive Attitude Factors affecting Attitude Role of Environment in forming Attitude How to have a Positive Attitude Tips to Build Positive AttitudeCopyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.How to have a Positive Attitude?Behaviour Attitude 3 things to work on for Positive AttitudeThinkingCopyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.How to have a Positive Attitude?How to change your Attitude?Changes happen personally from the INSIDE OUT!3 2 1Copyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.How to have a Positive Attitude?How to change your Attitude?We all have these choices on our life’s menu card everyday!Copyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.How to Change Your Attitude?How to change your Attitude?We must learn how to balance our attitude with the factors that determine our attitudeWorkload Career Stress Time Health Finances Family PeopleCopyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.How to Change Your Attitude?How to change your Attitude?Here is how you can change your attitude @ workAccept the right positionTake ResponsibilityBe SocialBe PositiveCommunicateCopyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.How to have a Positive Attitude?How to change your Behavior?Changes take true assessment, determination, & discipline3 2 1Copyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.How to have a Positive Attitude?How to change your Behavior?Copyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.How to have a Positive Attitude?How to change your Thinking?Changes come from observing logically in every situation.3 2 1Copyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.How to have a Positive Attitude?How to change your Thinking?Observe Your ThinkingWhat can I do to defuse this?I refusme! is stop t th e to leThis is very interestingTomorrow it will look very different.Copyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.How to have a Positive Attitude?How to change your Thinking?Manage Your Self-Talk This is going to be a wonderful day! OR This is going to be a crappy day!Copyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.Presentation Overview1 2 3 4 5 6 7 What is Positive Attitude? Why Positive Attitude? Benefits of Positive Attitude Factors affecting Attitude Role of Environment in forming Attitude How to have a Positive Attitude Tips to Build Positive AttitudeCopyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.Tips to Build Positive AttitudeRead Positive & Inspiring books - Books serve to encourage , inspire, & teach you. Listen to Podcasts / CDs - Listen to Be Thankful motivating podcasts while you clean your house / exercise / on a flight. Wake up Early - Waking up early allows you to get a head start on the day. Exercise - Exercise is useful to combat depression and to improve overall positive mood. Exercise Plan - A weekly plan allows you to match your long-term goals to your weekly accomplishments. Accept Failures - Have a plan, but Listen understand that things won't follow plan. Be Thankful - Be thankful about what you have, who you are, and what your life is like. Read Copyright © 2008 - 2012 Surround with Positive People - Surround . All rights yourself with positive people to be positive. reserved.Surround with Positive People Accept Failures PlanWake up earlyTips to Build Positive Attitude4 3 2Always use positive words while thinking and talking. Use words such as, 'I can', 'I am able', 'it is possible', 'it can be done', etc. Try to disregard and ignore negative thoughts. Refuse to think such thoughts, and substitute them with constructive happy thoughts. In your conversation use words that evoke feelings and mental images of strength, happiness and success.1Allow into your awareness feelings of happiness, strength, and success.Copyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.Tips to Build Positive Attitude8 7 6Always sit and walk with your back straight. This will strengthen Watch movies that your confidence make you feel happy. and inner strength. Minimize the time you listen to the news and read the papers. In your Walk, swim, or engage in some other physical activity. Before planning, This helps to visualize clearly its develop a more successful outcome. positive attitude. If you visualize with concentration faith, you will be amazed at the results.5Copyright © 2008 - 2012 . All rights reserved.Tips to Build Positive AttitudeIf you have been exhibiting a negative attitude and expecting failure and difficulties, it is now the time to change the way you think.It is time to get rid of negative thoughts and behavior and lead a happy and successful life.Why not start today?If you have tried and failed, it only means thatyou have not tried enough.Remember:Developing a positive attitude will lead you tohappiness and successCopyright ©2008 -2012Thank You!Copyright ©2008 -2012。

积极的人生态度作文英语英文回答：A positive attitude is a frame of mind that focuses on the good and the possible. It is an optimistic perspective that looks for the silver lining in every cloud andbelieves that things will ultimately work out for the best. People with a positive attitude are more likely to be happy, healthy, and successful.There are many benefits to having a positive attitude. First, it can improve your physical health. Studies have shown that people with a positive attitude are more likelyto have a strong immune system, less likely to get sick,and live longer. Second, a positive attitude can improve your mental health. People with a positive attitude aremore likely to be happy, optimistic, and resilient. Theyare also less likely to experience anxiety, depression, and stress. Third, a positive attitude can improve your relationships. People with a positive attitude are morelikely to be kind, compassionate, and forgiving. They are also more likely to attract and maintain healthy relationships. Fourth, a positive attitude can improve your success. People with a positive attitude are more likely to achieve their goals, both personally and professionally. They are also more likely to be successful in school, at work, and in their personal lives.There are many things you can do to develop a more positive attitude. Here are a few tips:Focus on the good. Instead of dwelling on the negative, try to focus on the good things in your life. Be gratefulfor the people and things you have.Surround yourself with positive people. The people you spend time with have a big impact on your attitude. Surround yourself with positive people who will support and encourage you.Be kind to yourself. When you make a mistake, don't beat yourself up. Everyone makes mistakes. Forgive yourselfand learn from your mistakes.Practice positive self-talk. The way you talk to yourself can have a big impact on your attitude. Instead of putting yourself down, try to talk to yourself in apositive and encouraging way.Be grateful. Take time each day to think about the things you are grateful for. This will help you focus onthe positive and appreciate the good things in your life.Live in the present moment. Dwelling on the past or worrying about the future can rob you of your joy. Try to live in the present moment and appreciate the good things you have right now.Having a positive attitude is not always easy, but itis worth it. A positive attitude can improve your physical health, mental health, relationships, and success. If you want to live a happier, healthier, and more successful life, develop a more positive attitude.中文回答：积极的人生态度。

【微听力】积极态度的价值The Value of a Positive Attitude发表于：2013-12-05【听力原文】A positive attitude is a key part to determine your success–it is. Believing you can succeed and treating the people around you with a positive attitude as well are both important to helping you find the success you want. However, you'll be hard pressed to find success even if you have the most sunny optimism if you don't focus in with some hard work, build your knowledge, plan for what you want, and build other foundational pieces of success.Here are seven ways to build up your positive attitude. Practice them, young man!Make lists of your own positive attributes. Better yet, see if you can get a friend to help you by making a list for you–I made a list like this for a friend once upon a time. Then, keep this list somewhere and look at it regularly. Remind yourself that you have a lot of positive attributes, and think about how you can do things so these attributes are accentuated.Don't dwell on your failures. We're all going to fail sometimes. While it's useful to reflect on them a bit, it's not healthy to dwell on them. Identify mistakes made, figure out how to correct them, and then move on. You're not defined by your failures.Make lists of the successes and positive attributes of those around you–and remind them of those successes when you can. Make a list of all of your regular coworkers and contacts and list a few positive attributes about each one–their knowledge, their insight, their communication skills, their logical skills, and so on. Then, be sure to focus on those skills–the good things they bring to the table–with every interaction.Avoid thinking negatively about others–if you find yourself going negative, look for their positive attributes. No one's perfect. Sometimes people are going to rub you the wrong way. Other times, they'll do something not up to snuff, or they'll engage in behavior you don't agree with. Don't focus on that. Instead, think about their positive attributes–and let them know you see them in a positive way. Knowing that others see you as positive and look up to you is often a big push to get people to act in a positive fashion.原文来自必克英语/magazine/guide_text.jsp?id=53098749。

Having the positive attitude towards the inevitable accident is essential for one’s life,it's how you handle rejections that determines where you'll end up.People are always complaining about the poor family they born in and how much they suffered from the problem.As a matter of fact ,a brand new attitude is what they really need.Victory won't come to me unless I go to it.Otherwise,negative attitude may destroy one’s life .May be I can cite a story as an example. Long ago, an old lady had two sons both doing busin ess. The elder one owned a grocery store selling umbrella, while the young one sold fans. Therefor e, the old lady worried about her elder son when the sun was shining. But she also got anxious wh en it rained, because her young one would had bad business. Her neighbor found her suffered from worry and sympathized with her. He told the lady that when it rained, the umbrella sold well, whil e when it was sunny, the fans were popular. From that day on, the old lady wore a smile with great delight all the time. The weather never changed. It was the attitude that the lady held changed. As we can see from the story, positive attitude is just like alchemic transformation which turns stone i nto gold. When our attitude change, the consequence become better. It gives you the confidence to confront tough difficulties and give you the abilities to tap into your endowments to lead a meanin gful life. Just like Richard Devos puts it: An optimistic attitude is not a luxury, it's a necessity .The way you look at life will determine how you feel, how you perform ,and how well you will get al ong with people.As far as I am concerned, in life attitude matters most. Attitude will influence our career, inter personal relationships and even our whole life, because our behavior is always determined by our attitude. First, positive attitude helps one to keep happy, and happiness itself is a huge wealth in lif e. Then, positive attitude make one more confident, and confidence plays important role to one’s success, success enrich your life. Finally, when one owns happiness and success, positive attitud e helps him treat his wealth correctly, so he will get real spiritual enjoyment. So, positive attitude d o good to one’s life. Keeping a positive attitude can take the fortune to life.。

九年级英语心理健康知识练习题30题1. We should keep a positive _____.A.attitudeB.feelingC.emotionD.mood答案：A。

“attitude”表示“态度”，“positive attitude”是“积极的态度”；“feeling”是“感觉”；“emotion”是“情感”；“mood”是“心情”。

在心理健康场景中，保持积极的态度很重要，这里强调的是一种长期的心理状态，所以选“attitude”。

2. When you are stressed, it's important to find a way to _____ your stress.A.reduceB.loseC.removeD.get rid of答案：D。

“reduce”是“减少”；“lose”是“失去”；“remove”是“移除”；“get rid of”是“摆脱”。

在面对压力时，要找到方法摆脱压力，“get rid of”更强调彻底消除，符合语境。

3. A good friend can always bring you _____.A.happinessB.joyC.pleasureD.cheerfulness答案：A。

“happiness”是“幸福”；“joy”是“快乐”；“pleasure”是“愉快”；“cheerfulness”是“高兴”。

“happiness”更强调一种内心的满足感，好朋友能带来的是幸福，所以选“happiness”。

4. If you have a problem, don't keep it to yourself. Talk to someone and get some _____.A.adviceB.suggestionC.helpD.support答案：D。

“advice”是“建议”；“suggestion”是“建议”；“help”是“帮助”；“support”是“支持”。