Indoor thermal comfort studies based on physiological parameter measurement and questionnaire i

上海某办公楼 VAV 空调系统设计王费佳汉诺国际工程咨询 （北京） 有限公司上海分公司摘 要： 本文以上海某总部办公楼 VAV 空调设计为例， 详细介绍了办公楼的负荷计算， 空调分区及 VAV 末端选 择。

并联式风机动力型带再热盘管末端与单风道带再热盘管末端是现代办公建筑中常用的两种外区空调末端形式。

本文对这两种末端形式的特点做了对比分析。

通过舒适性， 节能性及经济性的多角度对比分析， 确认该办公楼 外区VAV 末端形式。

对于外区VAV 再热系统存在的冷热混合损失问题， 本文也总结了相关设计优化建议。

关键词： 办公空调分区 单风道末端 并联式风机动力型末端 冷热混合损失VAV Air Conditioning System Design for an Office Building in ShanghaiWANG Fei­jiaHanah International Engineering Consulting (Beijing)Co.,Ltd.Shanghai BranchAbstract: Taking the VAV system design for a headquarters office building in shanghai as a case,introduce the load calculation,air condition zoning,and VAV terminal device selection.Parallel fan­powered boxes with reheat pipes and single duct boxes with reheat pipes are two common VAV terminals for office buildings.This report will compare and analysis the characteristics between the parallel fan­powered boxes with reheat pipes with single duct boxes with reheat pipes.The VAV terminal device for the office building is based on indoor thermal comfort,energy saving and economic consideration.This report also summarizes some optimization suggestion for mixing loss of heating and cooling issue in VAV reheat system.Keywords: office air condition zoning,single duct boxes,parallel fan­powered boxes,mixing loss of heating and cooling收稿日期： 2020­4­15 作者简介： 王费佳 （1989~）， 女， 硕士， 工程师； 上海市杨浦区控江路 1029弄国科大厦 1701室 （200093）； E­mail:*********************.cn上海属亚热带季风性气候，温和湿润， 春秋较短， 冬夏较长。

外文翻译1外文原文出处：Silvia Banfi,Mehdi Farsi,Massimo Filippini,Martin Jakob,Willingness to pay forenergy-saving measures in residential buildings,Energy Economics,Volume30,Issue2, March2008.愿意为节能措施买单由于大多数工业化国家处在温带地区，所以在瑞士，建筑能耗在全社会能源中占有很大比例。

因此提高建筑领域的能源利用效率对全国总能耗，为实现二氧化碳排放目标起到重要影响。

一座建筑的整体能源效率主要是通过建筑维护结构的保温性能和空气交换系统实现，以此来提高能源更有效的利用率。

这些措施产生了两种好处。

首先它减少了建筑能源能耗的成本。

其次，它们具备舒适的感受，改善了室内的空气质量，增强了热舒适性和阻隔外界噪声的能力。

在瑞士，虽然建筑能耗相关的装修存在比较长的周期，但是建筑业节能措施的实施率仍然很低。

每年只有1%到2%的既有建筑的围护结构有进行维护或改造。

在这种情况下，也只有30%到50%的改造措施是包括保温性能的，其可减少50%到70%的能源消耗。

只有很小的一部分是通过提高能源效率的方式彻底挖掘保温性节能的潜力。

后者措施制定的建筑满足Minergie要求。

瑞士联邦政府和州政府通过补贴或降低利率的方式支持既有建筑改造或者新建建筑达到Minergie要求。

然而，相对只有较少的房屋构造达到（5%到10%新住宅和不到5%新公寓楼），除此之外几乎没有任何装修是达到Minergie规定的。

在最近的一项研究中，奥特等人（2005年）确定了法律和社会因素，以及市场的结构性障碍，缺乏节能意识是作为瑞士住宅建筑节能系统使用率低情况可能的解释。

为了确定有效的政策措施，吸引更多的在建筑物能源效率的投资，至关重要的要有详细的信息，因为它是业主投资决策和支付投资的重要因素。

有关仿生建筑的英语作文标题，Exploring the Future: Biomorphic Architecture。

In recent years, the field of architecture haswitnessed a remarkable shift towards biomorphic design principles, drawing inspiration from nature to create innovative and sustainable structures. This emerging trend, known as biomorphic architecture, seeks to integrateorganic forms, functions, and processes into the built environment, offering a glimpse into the future of sustainable design. In this essay, we will delve into the concept of biomorphic architecture, its principles, benefits, and examples, exploring its potential to revolutionize the way we inhabit and interact with our surroundings.Biomorphic architecture takes cues from biological systems, embracing principles of sustainability, efficiency, and adaptability. By mimicking the shapes, patterns, and processes found in nature, architects and designers aim tocreate buildings that harmonize with their environmentwhile enhancing the well-being of occupants. This approach not only reduces the environmental impact of constructionbut also fosters a deeper connection between humans and the natural world.One of the key principles of biomorphic architecture is biomimicry, the practice of emulating nature's designs and strategies to solve human challenges. From the lotus-inspired roof of the Singapore ArtScience Museum to the termite mound-inspired Eastgate Centre in Zimbabwe, biomimetic designs have proven to be both aesthetically striking and functionally efficient. By studying the waysin which organisms regulate temperature, optimize structure, and conserve resources, architects can develop innovative solutions for energy-efficient building design, ventilation systems, and material selection.Moreover, biomorphic architecture emphasizes the use of sustainable materials and construction techniques,prioritizing renewable resources and minimizing waste. Bamboo, for example, is a versatile and rapidly renewablematerial that has been used in projects such as the Green School in Bali, showcasing its strength, flexibility, and eco-friendly properties. Similarly, 3D printing technology has enabled the creation of intricate structures inspired by natural forms, such as the "Hy-Fi" tower constructed from organic mushroom-based materials.In addition to environmental benefits, biomorphic architecture prioritizes human well-being by creating spaces that promote health, comfort, and productivity. Biophilic design principles, which integrate natural elements into the built environment, have been shown to reduce stress, increase productivity, and enhance creativity. Features such as green roofs, indoor gardens, and natural lighting not only improve air quality and thermal comfort but also foster a sense of connection to the outdoors, supporting overall health and well-being.Furthermore, biomorphic architecture encourages a holistic approach to urban planning, envisioning cities as living ecosystems that interact harmoniously with their inhabitants and surroundings. Concepts such as verticalgardens, urban forests, and pedestrian-friendly design aim to create sustainable, resilient urban environments that prioritize human-scale development and biodiversity. Projects like the Bosco Verticale in Milan and the High Line in New York City exemplify this approach, transforming disused urban spaces into vibrant green corridors that promote biodiversity and community engagement.In conclusion, biomorphic architecture represents a paradigm shift in the field of design, harnessing the power of nature to create sustainable, resilient, and human-centered built environments. By embracing biomimicry, sustainable materials, and biophilic design principles, architects and designers can pave the way for a more harmonious relationship between humanity and the natural world. As we continue to face pressing challenges such as climate change, resource depletion, and urbanization, biomorphic architecture offers a beacon of hope for a more sustainable and regenerative future. Through innovation, collaboration, and a deep respect for the wisdom of nature, we can unlock the full potential of biomorphic architecture to shape a better world for generations to come.。

室内热舒适性综述朱明贵（暖通03）摘要：通过介绍室内热舒适性影响因素，对其评价指标PMV等进行综述，详尽分析了改善室内热舒适性的措施，展望我国研究学者应该结合自身生理参数、环境参数对前人研究的模型进行优化。

关键词：热舒适性、PMV、气流组织Abstract：Through the introduction of indoor thermal comfort factors, their evaluation were reviewed, a detailed analysis of the measures to improve indoor thermal comfort, and the prospect of our researchers should combine their physiological parameters and environmental parameters on the model of previous studies to be optimized.Keywords：Thermal comfort、PMV、air distribution0.序言所谓人体热舒适，指人体对热湿环境感到满意的主客观评价。

热舒适是人体自身通过热平衡和感觉到的环境状况并综合起来获得是否舒适的感觉，它是由生理和心理综合决定的，并且，更偏重于心理上的感受,影响人体热舒适性的环境参数主要有空气温度、气流速度、空气的相对湿度和平均辐射温度；人的自身参数有衣服热阻和劳动强度。

人体热舒适的研究涉及建筑热物理、人体热调节机理的生理学和人的心理学等学科。

人的一生中有80%以上的时间是在室内度过的，室内环境品质如声､光､热环境及室内空气品质对人的身心健康､舒适感及工作效率都会产生直接的影响。

同时，大量的国内外研究表明，室内空气品质也与热环境有关：1)空气温湿度以及风速会影响室内污染物的放；2)对污染物的感觉与温度有关，国外有关研究认为，在室内空气的化学成分保持不变的情况下，温度降低会使人感到舒服一点，对空气品质的不满意率也会降低｡为了获得舒适的热环境，各国每年都要消耗大量的能源用于供热和空调。

128暖通空调HV&AC2021年第51卷第5期[引用本文]王昭俊，徐云艳，苏小文.冬季外窗和外墙冷辐射的热舒适限值[J].暖通空调，2021,51(5) :128_132|| 冬季外窗和外墙冷辖射的热舒适限值*哈尔滨工业大学寒地城乡人居环境科学与技术工业和信息化部重点实验室王昭俊☆徐云艳苏小文摘要严寒和寒冷地区冬季建筑外墙和外窗的内表面温度较低，形成的冷辐射会引起人体 局部热不舒适。

为了研究冷壁面温度引起热不舒适的限值，基于人工气候室的实验研究数据，研 究了冷辐射最不利工况下的人体热反应。

结果表明：小腿对外墙和外窗冷辐射最敏感，建立了最 不利工况下人体全身热感觉和局部热感觉的相关性模型；当室内空气温度为19 X：，且受试者距离 外墙和外窗1m时，20名受试者的平均热感觉投票值为一0.82,即为20%不满意率的下限值;该 最不利工况下外墙和外窗内表面温度与室内空气温度之差的限值为2.6 X：。

关键词冷辐射冷表面温度限值局部热感觉不满意率建筑热工设计Comfort limit for cold radiation from cold walls andwindows in winterBy Wong Zhoojun^ ,Xu Yunyon ond Su XioowenA bstract Local human thermal discomfort may exist because of cold radiation from a cold surface,such as a cold external wall or window with lower inner surface temperature in severe cold and cold zones in winter. In order to study the limit of cold surface temperature causing discom fort，analyses the human thermal responses under the most unfavorable cold radiant condition based on the experimental data of an artificial climate chamber. The results show that the calf of subjects is the most sensitive part to cold radiation o f external walls and windows. Establishes a correlation model of the overall and local thermal sensations of the human body under the most unfavorable conditions. When the indoor air temperature is 19C and the subjects are 1 m away from an external wall and an external window, the average thermalsensation vote of 20 subjects is -0.82,which is the lower limit of 20% o f dissatisfied percentage. The limit o f the difference is 2. 6 °C between the indoor air temperature and the inner surface temperature of the external wall and the external window under this condition.Keywords cold radiation，limit of cold surface temperature, local thermal sensation, dissatisfied percentage, building thermal design★ Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin,China〇引言随着生活水平的提高，人们对提升人居环境的 热舒适更加关注。

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4468.2022.02.207冬季西安农村住宅室内热舒适研究赵旭蒙1，闫秀英*1，郝官强2（1-西安建筑科技大学建筑设备科学与工程学院，陕西西安 710055；2-中建三局智能技术有限公司，湖北武汉 430074）[摘 要] 本文对西安市鄠邑区的农村住宅冬季的室内外环境参数进行了连续4天的测量，并采用主观调查问卷方式对长期生活在当地的居民的着装情况和热感觉等进行了统计，研究了冬季该地区农村住宅的室内热舒适。

分析了实测得到的室内外环境参数数据和主观调查问卷结果，结果显示该地区冬季室内的预测热中性温度为14.79 ℃，实测热中性温度为13.88 ℃，热期望温度为14.0 ℃，采用间接法求得80%居民可接受温度下限为9.6 ℃。

结果表明：在气候、衣着习惯、心理及生理因素的综合影响下，长期生活在当地的居民对偏冷环境具有良好的适应性。

[关键词] 热舒适性评价；西安农村住宅；现场测试 中图分类号：TU831; TU241.4文献标识码：AStudy on Indoor Thermal Comfort in Xi'an Rural Residence in WinterZHAO Xumeng 1, YAN Xiuying *1, HAO Guanqiang 2(1-School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi, China; 2-Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. of Chinese State Construction Engineering Corporation Third Engineer, Wuhan 430074,Hubei, China)[Abstract] In this paper, the indoor and outdoor environmental parameters of rural houses in Huyi District of Xi 'an are measured for four consecutive days in winter, and a subjective questionnaire method is used to make statistics on the clothing and thermal feelings of residents living in the area for a long time. The indoor thermal comfort of rural houses in the area in winter. Analyzing the measured indoor and outdoor environmental parameter data and subjective questionnaire results, the results show that the predicted thermal neutral temperature in winter in this area is 14.79 ℃, the measured thermal neutral temperature is 13.88 ℃, and the thermal expected temperature is 14.0 ℃. The lower limit of acceptable temperature for 80% of residents is 9.6 ℃. The research results show that under the comprehensive influence of climate, clothing habits, psychological and physiological factors, residents living in the local area for a long time have good adaptability to the cold environment. [Keywords] Thermal comfort assessment; Xi'an rural housing; Field test*闫秀英（1980—），女，副教授，博士。

Thermal comfort in the future - Excellence and expectationP. Ole Fanger and Jørn ToftumInternational Centre for Indoor Environment and EnergyTechnical University of DenmarkAbstractThis paper predicts some trends foreseen in the new century as regards the indoor environment and thermal comfort. One trend discussed is the search for excellence, upgrading present standards that aim merely at an “acceptable” condition with a substantial number of dissatisfied. An important element in this connection is individual thermal control. A second trend is to acknowledge that elevated air temperature and humidity have a strong negative impact on perceived air quality and ventilation requirements. Future thermal comfort and IAQ standards should include these relationships as a basis for design. The PMV model has been validated in the field in buildings with HVAC systems that were situated in cold, temperate and warm climates and were studied during both summer and winter. In non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates occupants may sense the warmth as being less severe than the PMV predicts, due to low expectations. An extension of the PMV model that includes an expectancy factor is proposed for use in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates. The extended PMV model agrees well with field studies inon-air-conditioned buildings of three continents.Keywords: PMV, Thermal sensation, Individual control, Air quality, AdaptationA Search for ExcellencePresent thermal comfort standards (CEN ISO 7730, ASHRAE 55) acknowledge that there are considerable individual differences between people’s thermal sensation and their discomfort caused by local effects, i.e. by air movement. In a collective indoor climate, the standards prescribe a compromise that allows for a significant number of people feeling too warm or too cool. They also allow for air velocities that will be felt as a draught by a substantial percentage of the occupants.In the future this will in many cases be considered as insufficient. There will be a demand for systems that allow all persons in a space to feel comfortable. The obvious wayto achieve this is to move from the collective climate to the individually controlled local climate. In offices, individual thermal control of each workplace will be common. The system should allow for individual control of the general thermal sensation without causing any draught or other local discomfort. We know the range of operative temperatures required in a workplace to satisfy nearly everybody (Wyon 1996; Fanger 1970) and we know the sensitivity to draught from a wide range of studies. A search for excellence involves providing all persons in a space with the means to feel thermally comfortable without compromise.Thermal Comfort and IAQPresent standards treat thermal comfort and indoor air quality separately, indicating that they are independent of each other. Recent research documents that this is not true (Fang et al. 1999; Toftum et al. 1998). The air temperature and humidity combined in the enthalpy have a strong impact on perceived air quality, and perceived air quality determines the required ventilation in ventilation standards. Research has shown that dry and cool air is perceived as being fresh and pleasant while the same composition of air at an elevated temperature and humidity is perceived as stale and stuffy. During inhalation it is the convective and evaporative cooling of the mucous membrane in the nose that is essential for the fresh and pleasant sensation. Warm and humid air is perceived as being stale and stuffy due to the lack of nasal cooling. This may be interpreted as a local warm discomfort in the nasal cavity. The PMV model is the basis for existing thermal comfort standards. It is quite flexible and allows for the determination of a wide range of air temperatures and humidities that result in thermal neutrality for the body as a whole. But the inhaled air would be perceived as being very different within this wide range of air temperatures and humidities. An example: light clothing and an elevated air velocity or cooled ceiling, an air temperature of 28ºC and a relative humidity of 60% may givePMV=0, but the air quality would be perceived as stale and stuffy. A simultaneous request for high perceived air quality would require an air temperature of 20-22oC and a modest air humidity. Moderate air temperature and humidity decrease also SBS symptoms (Krogstad et al. 1991, Andersson et al. 1975) and the ventilation requirement, thus saving energy during the heating season. And even with air-conditioning it may be beneficial and save energy during the cooling season.PMV model and the adaptive modelThe PMV model is based on extensive American and European experiments involving over a thousand subjects exposed to well-controlled environments (Fanger 1970). The studies showed that the thermal sensation is closely related to the thermal load on the effector mechanisms of the human thermoregulatory system. The PMV model predicts the thermal sensation as a function of activity, clothing and the four classical thermal environmental parameters. The advantage of this is that it is a flexible tool that includes all the major variables influencing thermal sensation. It quantifies the absolute and relative impact of these six factors and can therefore be used in indoor environments with widely differing HVAC systems as well as for different activities and different clothing habits. The PMV model has been validated in climate chamber studies in Asia (de Dear et al. 1991; Tanabe et al. 1987) as well as in the field, most recently in ASHRAE’s worldwide research in buildings with HVAC systems that were situated in cold, temperate and warm climates and were studied during both summer and winter (Cena et al. 1998; Donini et al. 1996; de Dear et al. 1993a; Schiller et al. 1988). The PMV is developed for steady-state conditions but it has been shown to apply with good approximation at the relatively slow fluctuations of the environmental parameters typically occurring indoors. Immediately after an upward step-wise change of temperature, the PMV model predicts well the thermal sensation, while it takes around 20 min at temperature down-steps (de Dear et al. 1993b).Field studies in warm climates in buildings without air-conditioning have shown, however, that the PMV model predicts a warmer thermal sensation than the occupants actually feel (Brager and de Dear 1998). For such non-air-conditioned buildings an adaptive model has been proposed (de Dear and Brager 1998). This model is a regression equation that relates the neutral temperature indoors to the monthly average temperature outdoors. The only variable is thus the average outdoor temperature, which at its highest may have an indirect impact on the human heat balance. An obvious weakness of the adaptive model is that it does not include human clothing or activity or the four classical thermal parameters that have a well-known impact on the human heat balance and therefore on the thermal sensation. Although the adaptive model predicts the thermal sensation quite well for non-air-conditioned buildings of the 1900’s located in warm parts of the world, the question remains as to how well it would suit buildings of new types in the future where the occupants have a different clothing behaviour and a different activity pattern.Why then does the PMV model seem to overestimate the sensation of warmth in nonair-conditioned buildings in warm climates? There is general agreement thatphysiological acclimatization does not play a role. One suggested explanation is that openable windows in naturally ventilated buildings should provide a higher level of personal control than in air-conditioned buildings. We do not believe that this is true in warm climates. Although an openable window sometimes may provide some control of air temperature and air movement, this applies only to the persons who work close to a window. What happens to persons in the office who work far away from the window? And in warm climates, the normal strategy in naturally ventilated buildings is to cool the building during the night and then close the windows some time during the morning when the outdoor temperature exceeds the indoor temperature. Another obstacle is of course traffic noise, which makes open windows in many areas impossible. We believe that in warm climates air-conditioning with proper thermostatic control in each space provides a better perceived control than openable windows.Another factor suggested as an explanation to the difference is the expectations of the occupants. We think this is the right factor to explain why the PMV overestimates the thermal sensation of occupants in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates. These occupants are typically people who have been living in warm environments indoors and outdoors, maybe even through generations. They may believe that it is their “destiny” to live in environments where they feel warmer than neutral. If given a chance they may not on average prefer an environment that is different from that chosen by people who are used to air-conditioned buildings. But it is likely that they would judge a given warm environment as less severe and less unacceptable than would people who are used toair-conditioning. This may be expressed by an expectancy factor, e, to be multiplied with PMV to reach the mean thermal sensation vote of the occupants of the actualnon-air-conditioned building in a warm climate. The factor e may vary between 1 and 0.5. It is 1 for air-conditioned buildings. For non-air-conditioned buildings, the expectancy factor is assumed to depend on the duration of the warm weather over the year and whether such buildings can be compared with many others in the region that are air-conditioned. If the weather is warm all year or most of the year and there are no or few otherair-conditioned buildings, e may be 0.5, while it may be 0.7 if there are many other buildings with air-conditioning. For non-air-conditioned buildings in regions where the weather is warm only during the summer and no or few buildings have air-conditioning, the expectancy factor may be 0.7 to 0.8, while it may be 0.8 to 0.9 where there are many air-conditioned buildings. In regions with only brief periods of warm weather during the summer, the expectancy factor may be 0.9 to 1. Table 1 proposes a first rough estimationof ranges for the expectancy factor corresponding to high, moderate and low degrees of expectation.A second factor that contributes erroneously to the difference between the PMV and actual thermal sensation votes in non-air-conditioned buildings is the estimated activity. In many field studies in offices, the metabolic rate is estimated on the basis of a questionnaire identifying the percentage of time the person was sedentary, standing, or walking. This mechanistic approach does not acknowledge the fact that people, when feeling warm, unconsciously tend to slow down their activity. They adapt to the warm environment by decreasing their metabolic rate. The lower pace in warm environments should be acknowledged by inserting a reduced metabolic rate when calculating the PMV.To examine these hypotheses further, data were downloaded from the database of thermal comfort field experiments (de Dear 1998). Only quality class II data obtained in non-air-conditioned buildings during the summer period in warm climates were used in the analysis. Data from four cities (Bangkok, Brisbane, Athens, and Singapore) were included, representing a total of more than 3200 sets of observations (Busch 1992, de Dear 1985, Baker 1995, de Dear et al. 1991). The data from these four cities with warm climates were also used for the development of the adaptive model (de Dear and Brager 1998).For each set of observations, recorded metabolic rates were reduced by 6.7% for every scale unit of PMV above neutral, i.e. a PMV of 1.5 corresponded to a reduction in the metabolic rate of 10%. Next, the PMV was recalculated with reduced metabolic rates using ASHRAE’s thermal comfort tool (Fountain and Huizenga 1997). The resulting PMV values were then adjusted for expectation by multiplication with expectancy factors estimated to be 0.9 for Brisbane, 0.7 for Athens and Singapore and 0.6 for Bangkok. As an average for each building included in the field studies, Figure 1 and Table 2 compare the observed thermal sensation with predictions using the new extended PMV model for warm climates.Figure 1. Thermal sensation in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates.Comparison of observed mean thermal sensation with predictions made using the new extension of the PMV model for non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates. The linesare based on linear regression analysis weighted according to the number of responsesTable 2. Non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates.Comparison of observed thermal sensation votes and predictions made using the newextension of the PMV model.The new extension of the PMV model for non-air-conditioned buildings in warmclimates predicts the actual votes well. The extension combines the best of the PMV andthe adaptive model. It acknowledges the importance of expectations already accounted forby the adaptive model, while maintaining the PMV model’s classical thermal parametersthat have direct impact on the human heat balance. It should also be noted that the newPMV extension predicts a higher upper temperature limit when the expectancy factor islow. People with low expectations are ready to accept a warmer indoor environment. Thisagrees well with the observations behind the adaptive model.Further analysis would be useful to refine the extension of the PMV model, and additional studies in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates in different parts of the world would be useful to further clarify expectation and acceptability among occupants. It would also be useful to study the impact of warm office environments on work pace and metabolic rate.ConclusionsThe PMV model has been validated in the field in buildings with HVAC systems, situated in cold, temperate and warm climates and studied during both summer and winter. In non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates, occupants may perceive the warmth as being less severe than the PMV predicts, due to low expectations.An extension of the PMV model that includes an expectancy factor is proposed for use in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates.The extended PMV model agrees well with field studies in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates of three continents.A future search for excellence will demand that all persons in a space be thermally comfortable. This requires individual thermal control.Thermal comfort and air quality in a building should be considered simultaneously. A high perceived air quality requires moderate air temperature and humidity. AcknowledgementFinancial support for this study from the Danish Technical research Council is gratefully acknowledged.ReferencesAndersson, L.O., Frisk, P., Löfstedt, B., Wyon, D.P., (1975), Human responses to dry, humidified and intermittently humidified air in large office buildings. 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Cena, K. and de Dear, R.). Final report, ASHRAE 921-RP, ASHRAE Inc., Atlanta.de Dear, R., Fountain, M., Popovic, S., Watkins, S., Brager, G., Arens, E., Benton, C., (1993a), A field study of occupant comfort and office thermal environments in a hot humid climate. Final report, ASHRAE 702 RP, ASHRAE Inc., Atlanta.de Dear, R., Ring, J.W., Fanger, P.O. (1993b), Thermal sensations resulting from sudden ambient temperature changes. Indoor Air, 3, pp 181-192.de Dear, R. J., Leow, K. G. and Foo, S.C. (1991), Thermal comfort in the humid tropics: Field experiments in air-conditioned and naturally ventilated buildings in Singapore. International Journal of Biometeorology, vol. 34, pp 259-265.de Dear, R.J. (1998), A global database of thermal comfort field experiments. ASHRAE Transactions, 104(1b), pp 1141-1152.de Dear, R.J. and Auliciems, A. (1985), Validation of the Predicted Mean Vote model of thermal comfort in six Australian field studies. 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Energy and Buildings, 28(3), pp 15-23.Wyon, D.P. (1996) Individual microclimate control: required range, probable benefits and current feasibility. Proceedings of Indoor Air ’96, vol. 1, pp 1067-1072未来的热舒适性——优越性和期望值P. Ole Fanger 和Jørn Toftum国际中心室内环境与能源丹麦科技大学摘要本文预期一些可在新世纪所预见的关于热舒适的室内环境的趋势。

土木工程专业英语智能建筑Intelligent Buildings: A New Era in Civil EngineeringThe realm of civil engineering has witnessed a remarkable transformation in recent years, with the emergence of intelligent buildings as a revolutionary concept that has captivated the industry. These structures, designed and constructed with advanced technologies, represent a paradigm shift in the way we approach the built environment, offering unparalleled efficiency, sustainability, and user-centric experiences.At the heart of this revolution lies the integration of cutting-edge technologies, including artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), and advanced building automation systems. These innovative solutions have enabled civil engineers to create structures that can adapt to the ever-changing needs of their occupants, while also optimizing energy consumption, reducing environmental impact, and enhancing overall building performance.One of the key features of intelligent buildings is their ability to gather and analyze vast amounts of data in real-time. Sensors embedded throughout the structure continuously monitor variousparameters, such as temperature, humidity, lighting, and occupancy levels. This data is then fed into sophisticated algorithms that can identify patterns, detect anomalies, and make informed decisions to optimize the building's operations.For example, an intelligent building may automatically adjust the HVAC system to maintain optimal thermal comfort based on the number of occupants and their activities. Similarly, the lighting system can be programmed to automatically dim or brighten based on the natural light levels, reducing energy consumption while maintaining a comfortable and productive environment.Beyond energy efficiency, intelligent buildings also prioritize the well-being and productivity of their occupants. Advanced access control systems, combined with biometric identification, can create personalized experiences for each individual, tailoring the environment to their preferences and needs. This level of customization extends to features such as indoor air quality, acoustic comfort, and even ergonomic workspaces.The impact of intelligent buildings extends far beyond the confines of the structure itself. These innovative structures are redefining the way we approach urban planning and infrastructure development. By integrating with larger smart city initiatives, intelligent buildings can contribute to the efficient management of resources, transportation,and overall city operations.Moreover, the integration of intelligent building technologies has significant implications for the field of civil engineering. Civil engineers are now required to possess a deeper understanding of emerging technologies, as well as the ability to seamlessly integrate them into the design and construction process. This shift has led to the development of specialized curricula and research programs within civil engineering programs, ensuring that the next generation of professionals is equipped to tackle the challenges of the future.As the world continues to grapple with pressing issues such as climate change, population growth, and the need for more sustainable and livable environments, the role of intelligent buildings becomes increasingly crucial. Civil engineers, as the architects of the built environment, are at the forefront of this transformation, leveraging their expertise to design and construct structures that not only meet the functional requirements but also contribute to the overall well-being of the individuals and communities they serve.In conclusion, the emergence of intelligent buildings represents a transformative shift in the field of civil engineering. By seamlessly integrating advanced technologies into the built environment, civil engineers are paving the way for a future where buildings are not merely static structures, but dynamic, adaptive entities that respondto the ever-evolving needs of their occupants and the larger community. As we continue to explore the boundaries of what is possible, the promise of intelligent buildings stands as a testament to the ingenuity and forward-thinking of the civil engineering profession.。

基于一个第三方基金会创造性提供的整体教育程序，室内设计（BAA）的教育程序是由一个专业的学历认证委员会认证Council for Interior Design Accreditation（CIDA）室内设计评审委员会(加拿大国际发展署)。

The BAA program is an upper-division course of study for students who have completed a two year foundation in interior design-related studies.The degree offers a combination of core courses,general education and electives that helps students achieve their particular career goals.BAA计划是一个高年级学生学习的进程已经完成了一个两年基金会在室内设计相关的研究。

这个学位提供了一个组合的核心课程,普通教育和选修课,帮助学生实现他们的特定的职业目标。

The Bachelor of Applied Arts in Interior Design is a self-support program and therefore does not follow the upper division tuition schedule published in the catalog and schedule.Tuition is$198per credit plus applicable college and course fees.These courses are not eligible for tuition waivers.应用艺术学士的室内设计是一个自立项目,因此并不遵循上面的部门学费计划发表在目录和进度。

随着现代社会建筑业和经济的发展，空调已成为人们生活中不可缺少的部分，已遍布社会的各个领域，对空调质量的要求也越来越高。

暖通空调技术发展迅速，取得了较好的社会反响，下面是搜索整理的暖通空调英文参考文献，欢迎借鉴参考。

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Journal of Thermal Biology 26(2001)415–418Activity rates andthermal comfort ofoffice occupants in SydneyDavidMalcolm Rowe*Department of Architectural and Desi g n Science,Wilkinson Buildin g (G04),The Uni v ersity of Sydney,NSW 2006,AustraliaAbstractDesigns for air conditioning systems are based on steady-state equilibrium theories of heat exchange and rely on the estimation of an average activity rate for building occupants.This is,however,an uncertain procedure.In a longitudinal field study of thermal comfort in an office building in Sydney,weightings were applied to self-reported activity rates to account for decay over the hour preceding the report.The average rate was nearly constant at 1.2met,in good agreement with other recent studies.However random individual variability may be a cause of some of the frequent complaints about thermal comfort in offices.r 2001Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Thermal comfort;Metabolic rate;Air conditioning;Field studies;Dissipation of metabolic heat1.IntroductionHuman thermal comfort depends on a balance between the rate of production of metabolic heat and losses due to exchange with the surrounding environ-ment.It is well established that the balance depends on four physical variables (air temperature,mean radiant temperature,air velocity andhumid ity)andthree personal variables (insulation provided by clothing,rate of production of metabolic heat and mechanical work performedby the subject).Mechanical work performed by sedentary office workers is negligible and is ignored.Modern office interiors are usually characterised by large open plannedareas.Design of air cond itioning systems for them is basedon the assumption of stead y state equilibrium conditions including clothing insula-tion andmetabolic rate as recommend edby the recognised standards ISO Document 7730ISO (1994)andASHRAE Stand ard55ASHRAE (1992).Designers aim to provide comfort for the largest possible propor-tion of occupants by maintenance of uniform steady state conditions as nearly as possible throughout theoccupiedspace.The physical variables can be controlled by design procedures but the designers have no such control over the personal variables.For the activity rate they rely on steady state averages for various types of activity that have been identified by strictly controlled laboratory experiments.The ISO andASHRAE stan-dards both suggest an average steady state value of 1.2met for the metabolic rate for typical office workers.Despite the best efforts of system designers,thermal comfort still remains problematic.From his analysis of unsolicitedcomplaints from 23,500occupants in 690buildings,Federspiel (1998)found that ‘‘thermal sensa-tion complaints (hot and cold)are the sin g le most common kind of unsolicited complaint in buildin g s and the o v erwhelmin g majority of unsolicited en v ironmental complaints (77%)’’Over the last decade or so a number of high quality field experiments have been conducted to study thermal comfort in office environments.Examples include investigations reportedby Schiller et al.(1988)and de Dear et al.(1993).Laboratory grade instruments have been usedto take accurate measurements of the physical variables while participants preparedreports of their current thermal sensations,together with details of current items of clothing andactivities in several time intervals over the preceding hour.Values for insulation*Corresponding author.Tel.:+61-2-9351-2490;fax:+61-2-9351-3031.E-mail address:***************.edu.au (D.M.Rowe).0306-4565/01/$-see front matter r 2001Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.PII:S 0306-4565(01)00053-5provided by clothing and activity rates have been estimatedfrom the information provid edin the sensa-tion reports with reference to tables of rates for individual garments and particular activities as tabu-lated in the ISO and ASHRAE standards.The aim of these studies was to determine optimal thermal conditions in a variety of climates.Activity rate is typically reportedas an average value for the whole group of subjects.Brager et al.(1994)have analyseda number of these studies and have concluded that a good average value for the metabolic rate of typical office workers is1.2met as stated in the standards.This paper reports some results from a longitudinal field study conducted over a period of two years in a typical office building in an inner suburb of Sydney, Australia.During the study1627thermal sensation reports with concurrent physical measurements were collected.Activity rates were estimated by a similar methodto those usedin thefieldstud ies referredto above with adhoc weighting factors d evisedby the author to account for the passage of time andintake of foodandbeverages.It was foundthat while the average for the whole study period was in good agreement with the standards,there was a discrepancy between the actual mean comfort vote andthe pred ictedmean vote (PMV)as calculatedfrom the averages of the variables. This discrepancy suggests that the estimated activity rate could be about10%low.Considerable diurnal and between-subject variation was observedwhich could account for some reports of occasional unacceptability of thermal conditions.2.Materials and methodsParticipants in the study were selected by invitation from occupants of two typicalfloors of the building with approximately equal numbers from each.The study extended from July1996to June1998with visits for measurement at approximately monthly intervals.Visits were suspended forfive months between February and August1997.Subject to availability,each participant was visitedtwice on each visit d ay(morning and afternoon)in an attempt to capture transient effects experienced during the day.Reports of their current activities were collectedfrom participants on separate visits to each of the selected levels at approximately monthly intervals.The report protocol was approvedby the human ethics committee of the university of Sydney.Activities were reported by checking boxes under the headings‘‘sitting quietly’’(55WmÀ2);‘‘sitting typing’’(65WmÀ2);‘‘standing still’’(70WmÀ2);‘‘on your feet working’’(80WmÀ2);‘‘driving a car’’(90WmÀ2)and‘‘walking around’’(100WmÀ2). Ratings were convertedto met values at the rate of 58WmÀ2=1.0met.The boxes were labelled‘‘last ten minutes’’,‘‘10minutes preceding’’,‘‘ten before that’’and ‘‘the half an hour before that’’.This methodof estimating activity rates was ad opted so that results couldbe comparedwith those of others working in thefield.It seems reasonable to expect that more recent activities wouldbe more influential than earlier ones on the current rate but,as far as it is known, no indication of appropriate weightings is given by other investigators.In the absence of such information adhoc factors were appliedas50%of the rating for activity during the last ten minutes,25%for the next,15%for the last ten minutes and10%for the half an hour before that.The resulting ratings for each periodwere totalled to produce an estimate of the rate for a whole hour. Boxes were also checked to indicate intake of food,hot or coldbeverages andsmoking cigarettes andfurther weighting was appliedas plus10%for a snack or meal andplus5%for a beverage or cigarette.Other information collectedon each visit includ ed current thermal sensation on the ASHRAE seven point scale fromÀ3(cold)to+3(hot);thermal preference (want warmer,want no change,want cooler)anda binary indication of acceptability.Respondents also tickedboxes to ind icate garments worn at the time and the data were used to estimate insulative values of clothing.Whilst the sensation report was being completedat each workstation,concurrent measurements of thermal conditions within one metre were made.Instruments were mountedon a trolley at1100mm above thefloor with a secondair temperature point at100mm above the floor.They included a shielded platinum resistance element for air temperature;an omnidirectional tem-perature compensatedconstant temperature anem-ometer for air velocity;a chilledmirror d ew-point sensor for relative humidity;and1801opposedsmall black andgoldplatedplane elements for plane rad iant temperature.Mean radiant temperature was calculated from the six orthogonal readings of radiant temperature andoperative temperature was calculatedas the arithmetic mean of air andmean rad iant temperatures. The instruments met ASHRAE andISO specifications. Values for PMV for the whole group andsubgroups were calculatedfrom averages of temperature,mean radiant temperature,air velocity,relative humidity,clo andmet.3.ResultsA total of1627activity reports with concurrent reports of clothing worn andmeasurements of physical variables were collectedfrom144persons who took part in the study.Approximately two-thirds of the partici-pants were males.Ages rangedfrom20to more than60 with50%in the bandfrom40to49years.About halfD.M.Rowe/Journal of Thermal Biology26(2001)415–418 416were professional or sub-professional scientists engaged in typical office work such as reading,writing,data entry or administrative tasks when sampled.The remainder were occupiedin management or ad ministrative assis-tance.Due to work commitments not all participants were present during all visits.During the study operative temperatures were observedin the occupiedspace ranging from201C to271C depending on season and time of day.The activity rate for each participant was calculated by the methodoutlinedabove andround edto thefirst decimal place.The whole sample mean was1.21met with standard deviation of0.22.Rates ranged from1.0 met to1.9met with distribution as shown in Table1 below.532morning/afternoon pairs of reports were collected and78%of respondents reported a different activity or activities resulting in rate estimates being different for the afternoon than that from the morning.For13 percent the difference was0.4met or more.A diurnal change in clothing insulation value was notedfor38% of respondents.Logarithmic regression was appliedto test for relationship between activity rate andoutd oor and indoor thermal conditions and a weak relationship was foundwith ind oor operative temperature(R2¼0:3).No relationship was found with outdoor conditions.During the course of the study71subjects submitted ten or more andup to34sensation reports.Analysis reveals that most of them couldreport thermal acceptability within a personal range of4–61C.On some occasions,however,they reportedcond itions as unac-ceptable within as well as outside the personal range. Space limitations preclude a full presentation of the results but some otherfindings of interest are shown in Table2below.4.DiscussionThe methodof estimating activity rates by analysing the range of activities performedby each subject andhis/ her intake of foodor beverages over the past hour was adopted to correspond with the method used by otherTable1Distribution of estimatedactivity rate observations in an office build ing,1met=58WmÀ2Activity rate(met) 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Number of subjects36345230022216510146481810 %of the sample212617131063310.5Table2Summary of main results.Standard deviations are shown in brackets.S indicates the difference is significant at the95%confidence levelWhole sample Female Male Morning Afternoon Operative temperature(1C)23.623.423.623.823.4(1.3)(1.3)(1.3)(1.4)S(1.2)SAir velocity(m/s)0.140.130.140.140.14(0.07)(0.08)S(0.08)S(0.08)(0.07) Relative humidity(%)4242434242(10)(10)(10)(10)(10) Estimatedactivity rate(met) 1.25 1.20 1.21 1.21(0.22)S(0.21)S(0.21)(0.22) Clothing insulation(clo)0.690.720.680.690.69(0.17)(0.21)S(0.14)S(0.17)(0.16) Actual thermal sensation vote0.170.0960.1990.270.09(1.06)(1.045)(1.05)(1.06)S(1.06)S PMVÀ0.13+0.08À0.14À0.07À0.18 Standard effective temperature SET*(1C)24.224.424.124.424.1(1.6)(1.7)S(1.5)S(1.5)S(1.5)SD.M.Rowe/Journal of Thermal Biology26(2001)415–418417recent thermal comfort researchers so that results could be comparedd irectly with theirs.Measurement of heart rate might have provided a useful check on the method but was considered too intrusive for application in a long term study involving a large number of subjects. The estimatedaverage activity rate of1.2met is in goodagreement with the results of a number of stud ies reviewedby Brager et al.(1994)andwith levels suggested in the ISO and ASHRAE standards.How-ever,when usedwith average values of other variables to calculate PMV a discrepancy was found between the actual mean comfort vote of+0.17andthe PMV of À0.13.This suggests an error in the estimation of the activity rate,the insulative value of clothing or both as the most likely cause.If the cause of the error was limitedto the activity rate estimate it wouldamount to an underestimation of about10%and an underestima-tion of the neutral temperature of about0.51C.This order of error is considered acceptable having in mind the intrusive nature of alternative methods of measure-ment.Of possibly greater significance is the considerable between-subject andd iurnal variance of activity rates.A negative relationship between indoor temperature and activity rate suggests that some of the subjects may be deliberately reducing activity levels as conditions be-come warmer.Humphreys andNicol(1998)have proposedthat alteration of activity rate is one among a number of behavioural adaptive actions that people may take to accommodate less than optimal conditions. The weakness of the relationship suggests,however,that many of the observedvariations are the result of task or recreational activities.Between-subject andd iurnal variations in the insulative value of clothing were also observedandsome of them may compensate ad apta-tions.Application of the PMV relationship as set out in ISO Document7730shows that a difference of0.1met can be expected to produce a thermal sensation difference equivalent to that brought about by a difference in temperature of11C,sufficient to be noticedby a thermally sensitive person.A difference of0.4met will produce a sensation difference equivalent to a2.5–31C temperature difference,sufficient to induce some subjects to complain.As an example in a fairly typical situation where air andmean rad iant temperatures are equal at241C,air velocity is0.14m/s,relative humidity is43%and clothing insulation is0.7clo a person with an activity rate of1.2met wouldbe pred ictedby the PMV analysis to feel a neutral thermal sensation i.e.neither cool nor warm andwell within ISO comfort limits.With an activity rate of1.6,the PMV wouldbe0.58andoutsid e the comfort limit recommended in ISO Document7730. The scale of variation notedis such that thermally sensitive persons may be ledto complain.Diagnosis of the cause of such complaint wouldbe d ifficult if not impossible by the normal diagnostic techniques avail-able to service technicians.This suggests that when physical measurements fail to identify the cause of complaint,inquiry about recent activity levels may provide an explanation.Corrective action in a typical open plannedoffice environment may be d ifficult but at least a rational explanation,with assurance that the comfort sensation will improve with a return to more usual patterns of activity,may serve to relieve the anxiety of the complainant.AcknowledgementsThis work was supportedby fund s from the Aus-tralian Department of Education,Employment,Train-ing andYouth Affairs grantedthrough the Australian Research Council.The author is grateful to participants who provided sensation reports over a long time with patience andgoodhumour.ReferencesAmerican Society of Heating Refrigeration andAircond ition-ing Engineers,1992.Standard55F Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy.ASHRAE,Atlanta. Brager,G.S.,Fountain,M.,Benton, C.C.,Arens, E.A., Bauman,F.S.,1994.A comparison of methods for assessing thermal sensation and acceptability in thefield.In:Oseland, N.A.,Humphreys M.A.(Eds.),Thermal Comfort:Past Present andFuture.BRE,Lond on,pp.17–38.de Dear,R.J.,Fountain,M.E.,Popovic,S.,Watkins,S., Brager,G.S.,Arens,E.A.,Benton,C.C.,1993.Afieldstud y of occupant comfort andoffice thermal environments in a hot humid climate.Macquarie Park Research Ltd.,Sydney. Federspiel, C.C.,1998.Statistical analysis of unsolicited thermal sensation complaints in commercial buildings.ASHRAE Tech.Data Bull.14(1),143–154. Humphreys,M.A.,Nicol,F.,1998.Understanding the adaptive approach to thermal comfort.ASHRAE Tech.Data Bull.14(1),1–14.ISO,1994.International Standard7730:moderate thermal environments F determination of the PMV and PPD Indices andspecification of the cond itions for thermal comfort.International Standards Organisation,Geneva.Schiller,G.E.,Arens, E.A.,Benton, C.C.,Bauman, F.S., Fountain,M.E.,Doherty,T.J.A.,1988.Afieldstud y of thermal environments andcomfort in office build ings.ASHRAE Trans.94(2).D.M.Rowe/Journal of Thermal Biology26(2001)415–418 418。

文章编号:1000-2375(2001)02-0139-04室内热舒适性的评价方法袁旭东,　甘文霞,　黄素逸(华中科技大学新能源研究中心,湖北武汉430074)摘　要:室内热舒适性是空调设计成功与否的一项重要指标.针对几种不同的建筑微气候指标组合,讨论了有关人体热感觉的评价方法和可供工程应用的热舒适图.关键词:热舒适性;微气候指标;人体热感觉;热舒适图中图分类号:T U111.3 文献标识码:A收稿日期:2001-03-19基金项目:国家重点基础研究发展规划项目(合同号G 2000026303)作者简介:袁旭东(1945-　),男,副教授1　引　言人的健康、自身感觉及工作能力在很大程度上取决于室内的舒适状况.人的热感觉和舒适感不能视为同一概念,舒适感具有更广泛的含义,除了与空气温度、湿度相关外,还与气流速度、室内空气品质密切相关,而热感觉在舒适感中无疑起着举足轻重的作用.最初室内微气候主要是利用供暖系统来保持的,在一些情况下采用了通风手段.只有对少数条件要求高的房间才安装空调系统.供暖系统的选择按房间所需保证的空气温度来决定,通风系统和空气调节系统则考虑了保证人们活动地区所必须的气流速度.对空气温度和气流速度的要求,是在对生理学进行深入研究后提出的.在大多数情况下,这些要求.密实型的围护结构和保温窗不大的建筑物,即使在室外空气温度急剧波动和太阳辐射强烈时,也能使房间保持稳定的热状态,因此在大多数房间中微气候的唯一控制参数是空气温度.这一时期的突出特点是:保证适当的微气候的任务是依靠设备工程师来完成,实际上不依赖结构工程师和建筑师.然而,随着轻型结构在建筑上的应用,建筑物窗户面积增大以及新的建筑方案的应用,出现了人的热感觉与房间微气候的传统要求不相适应的情况.因此研究人员在密闭室内的舒适感包括热感觉就显得特别重要.人体热感觉是一个复杂的问题.应该由生理学家、心理学家、设备专家和建筑师共同协作解决,才能取得良好的效果.2　影响热舒适性的微气候指标对人体热感觉起重要作用的是建筑物的微气候指标,它包含周围环境的热工参数及其组合.其中受直接调节和间接调节的有下列最重要的5个参数:空气温度、气流速度、空气相对湿度、周围表面温度和热辐射.最后两个参数具有同样的物理本质,但在计算热感觉时,可以把它们分开考虑.例如在供暖系统中,顶棚的温度既可看做是周围表面的温度,又可看做是辐射的温度.因此,我们只研究4个参数对热感觉的影响.把微气候参数以及对热感觉有显著影响的微气候参数的各种组合的综合指标,称之为微气候指标.其中重要的组合有:空气温度和周围表面温度;空气温度、周围表面温度和气流速度;空气温度、周围表面温度、气流速度和相对湿度;空气温度、气流速度和相对湿度;空气温度和相对湿度.第23卷第2期2001年6月湖北大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Hubei University (Natural Science Edition )　V ol.23　N o.2　Jun.,2001使微气候参数的计算复杂化,在很大程度上是由于它们的参数数目过多,在参数中间难以显示出确定的数值所致.因此对热感觉研究,或者根据房间的用途(民用建筑、公共建筑、工业厂房等),或者根据微气候调节系统类型(热风供暖、辐射供暖等)来制定.3　几种微气候参数的人体热感觉微气候参数组合情况很多,作为示例,下面就3种主要的组合情况加以讨论.3.1　空气温度和周围表面温度　属于这一组的指标,广泛地应用于工程实践中.按照生理学家的意见,热感觉绝不能只用两个参数来表征.对其它参数的限制,在很大程度上缩小了微气候指标的应用范围,所以对某些指标常常要作修改和补充.例如折算温度和变通折算温度,有效温度和当量有效温度等.所谓折算温度就是周围环境的温度.在该环境中,当最大流速为0.07～0.08m/s 时,人体以辐射和对流方式把热量传递给环境中的空气和墙壁.而所谓最终温度是指人的感觉温度.无着装的人体在静止状态下,折算温度的数学表达式为[1]:t 0=0.48t 0.n +0.52t B(1)式中　t 0———折算温度(℃),t B ———空气温度(℃),t 0.n ———周围表面的平均温度(℃).对身着普通衣服的人,其折算温度为: t 0=0.55t 0.n +0.45t B(2) 最终温度表达式为:t p.c =0.557t 0+0.443t 0.n (3)式中　t p.c ———最终温度(℃).根据文献[2]的研究,舒适指标为:t B +t 0.n =42.2℃.图1　热感觉图1—热;2—舒适;3—冷 空气温度、周围表面温度与人的热感觉之间的关系如图1所示.图1最初为空气流速在0.15m/s 内的工业建筑物中计算微气候时用的,后来发现它可以推广应用到空气温度和表面温度的变化范围为10～30℃的其它建筑物中.人体的感觉温度(最终温度)也可以用如下计算式[3]:t p.c =(αc t B +αR t 0.n )/(αc +αR )(4)式中　αc ———对流换热系数(W/(m 2・℃)),αR ———辐射换热系数(W/(m 2・℃)).当气流速度较小时,αc ≈αR ,可得:t p.c =(t B +t 0.n )/2(5) 上式的适用范围为空气流速很小,温度为15～25℃,相对湿度为30%～70%.3.2　空气温度、周围表面温度和气流速度　为了测定最终温度,采用球形温度计.它是在直径为15.7cm 的铜制球形表面涂上黑颜色,球内有一支水银温度计.球体的温度由热平衡方程式确定:αR F (t 0.n -t m )=αc F (t m -t B )(6)式中　F ———球体表面积(m 2),t m ———球体表面温度(℃).当αR ≈αc 时,t m =(t B +t 0.n )/2=t p.c (7)黑球温度计不适合于测定最终温度的准确值.若t B <t 0.n ,则当气流速度增大时,其读数就接近于t 0;若当t B ≈t 0.n 时,该仪器对空气流动没有反应.针对黑球温度与平均辐射温度的关系,文献[2]给出了如下关系式:T 4R ・10-9=T 4m ・10-9+0.128U (t m -t B )(8)41湖北大学学报(自然科学版)第23卷图3　有效温度与热舒适图表U —空气流速　t B —空气温度　t e.H —湿球温度A —寒冷季节舒适区B —炎热季节舒适区a —炎热季节舒适线　b —寒冷季节舒适线式中　T R ———平均辐射温度(K ),T m ———球体温度(K ),U ———气流温度(m/s ).用黑体温度计测定的是显热最终温度.折算温度是空气温度和周围表面温度的函数,变通折算温度则考虑了空气的流动速度.变通折算温图2　热舒适图①舒适线　②舒适上限　③冷适下限度对于穿普通衣服的人可按下式计算:t 0′=0.55t 0.n +0.163[U 0.5(t B -t n )+2.76t n ](9)式中　t 0′———变通折算温度(℃),t n ———物体表面平均温度(℃).t n 的值按下式计算: t n =0.716t B +11.24(10)将t n 的值代入(9)式得:t 0′=0.55t 0,n +0.32t n +0.46U0.5t n -18.35U 0.5+5.0(11) 有了变通折算温度t 0′,用以代替折算温度t 0,可按前述的空气温度和周围表面温度的组合计算出相应的热感觉图表或热舒适图表[4](图2).3.3　空气温度、周围表面温度、气流速度和空气相对湿度　有效温度的定义是指在所研究的温度条件下,与未饱和空气产生同样热感觉的饱和空气的这个温度.经验表明,当冬季的温度为18～22℃、夏季的温度为24～28℃时,就感受到舒适的热感觉,空气的相对湿度不应超过30%～70%的范围[5].这样一来,热感觉图上的夏季舒适性和冬季舒适值可部份地重合在一起.换句话说,如果知道生理学参数的实际范围,有效温度图可用于计算热感觉.有效温度的标尺与热感觉之间的关系如图3所示.利用该图可以直接查出给定的有效温度下的热感觉.当量有效温度要考虑到气流速度的影响,其数值可以通过计算或线算图查出来.例如,当干球温度为24℃,湿球温度为16℃时,有效温度为21℃,而此时如考虑气流速度为1m/s 后,当量有效温度相应减小到20℃.根据有效温度评价人的热状态情况见表1,表中给出了生理学的研究结果.也可用卡他温度计测量法来确定热感觉以及进行房间微热气候的热工计算[6].卡他温度计是特殊构造的椭圆形温度计,温包里充满水银或酒精.测量时,将卡他温度计浸入温度为50～70℃的水中,浸到弯曲液面不超过温度计扩大部份的上方为止,然后把卡他温度计从水中取出擦干,并测定酒精从刻度《2》弯液面下降到刻度《1》弯液面所需的这141第2期袁旭东等:室内热舒适性的评价方法表1　有效温度对人体热感觉的影响有效温度值/℃热感觉生理学作用机体反应42～40很热强烈的热应力影响出汗和血液循环受到极大的热打击危险,妨碍心脏血管的血液循环35热30暖和以出汗方式进行正常的温度调节25舒适靠肌肉的血液循环来调节正常20凉快利用衣服加强显热散热和调节作用正常15冷鼻子和手的血管收缩粘膜、皮肤干燥10很冷肌肉疼痛,妨碍表皮的血液循环表2　表征热感觉的卡他值热感觉卡他值干式湿式很热310热3～410～12令人愉快4～612～18凉爽8～9.518～20冷>9.5>20一段时间.温度计在冷却这段时间内散发出的全部热量可由下式求出:Q =α[(t 1+t 2)/2-t B )]τ(12)式中,α为换热系数,取决于气流速度的大小;t 1、t 2分别为卡他温度计刻度《1》和《2》处相对应的温度值;τ为冷却时间.这个热量与测量时间的比值就是“卡他”值,记为A .A =Q/τ(13) 表2列出了人体热感觉与卡他值的定量关系.4　结　论人体热舒适问题已发展成为热工学、建筑物理学、生理学和心理学的交叉学科.这个新方向的研究任务是确定微气候参数组合的允许范围和最佳范围;依据人的热感觉来评价新的建筑和建筑设计方案;查明微气候调节系统的最佳工况;确定在热微气候影响下提高脑力劳动和体力劳动能力的可能性;深入研究室内热微气候控制仪表及设备等.以分析各种热微气候参数指标组合和人体热平衡为根据,建立系统和人体换热的数学模型,最后以热感觉图或舒适图的形成达到工程上的应用,是研究人体热舒适问题的一种行之有效的方法.参考文献:[1]Fanger P O.Calculation of thermal con front :introduction of a basic com fort equation[J ].ASHRAE T rans ,1967,73:76～82.[2]Fanger P O.Thermal com fort[M].New Y ork :Mcgrow Hill ,1970.[3]Newins R G,Miller P C.Air distribution and thermal com fort[J ].Build International ,1973(6):111～126.[4]S prangue C H ,Mcnall P E.The effects of fluctuating temperature and relative humidity on the thermal sensation (thermal com fort )of sedentary subjects[J ].ASHRAE T rans ,1970,76:146～156.[5]巴赫基L.房间的热微气候[M].傅忠诚.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1985.[6]巴格期罗夫斯基B H.建筑热物理学[M].单寄平.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1985.Assessment of indoor thermal com fortY uan Xudong ,　G an Wenxia ,　Huang Suyi(The Research Center of New Energy S ource ,Huazhong University of Science and T echnology ,Wuhan 430074,China )Abstract :Indoor thermal com fort is one of the im portant parameters in air condition design.Discusses the as 2sessment method of human thermal feeling and engineering thermal com fort charts for several combinations of build 2ing micro -climate parameters.K ey w ords :thermal com fort ;building micro -climate ;human thermal feeling ;thermal com fort chart(责任编辑　严家利)241湖北大学学报(自然科学版)第23卷。

关于皮肤温度在不同条件下的热舒适度的研究L.J. Wang*, L. Yin, Y.D. Shao, J.W. Li, C. Liu武汉大学理科学院，武汉430073 ，中国内容摘要：近些年有很多研究集中在热舒适度领域。

在对热舒适度情况的研究中问卷调查和皮肤温度是最常用的评估方法。

一个在人工气候室里进行的关于热舒适性和不同公式下的平均皮肤温度的实验，其结果表明通过在23°C下四种独立的方法计算出的平均皮肤温度是31.5±0.5°C, 31.9±1.2°C, 31.8±0.9°C and 31.8±0.8°C。

通过ISO 8-point 计算出的皮肤温度和通过ISO 14-point 计算出的结果非常接近。

大多数的被试者喜欢温暖一点的环境当他们的温度安全阀值为-2（冷）时，然而大多数被试者喜欢呆在适中的环境中当他们的温度安全阀值高于-1（稍冷）时。

关键词热舒适、皮肤温度、空气的温度介绍在社会高速发展的今天越来越多的关注集中在了室内环境质量上。

有许多关于热舒适性和室内空气质量的研究在中国进行(夏，1999年。

霁，2004年。

朱，2004年。

杨，2006年。

李，2007年。

叶，2010年)。

还有一些其他的因素影响热舒适性和室内空气质量,包括空气温度、相对湿度和风速(马，2003年。

叶2005年)。

大部分的热舒适研究集中在住宅或办公大楼。

对热舒适性的研究表明了热舒适性和室内温度的关系，其结果可以用于如何控制室内温度。

如果舒适温度可以随着当地气候或是室外温度变化的话，实验结果也可以作为一种减少动力负荷的方法。

在对热舒适度情况的研究中问卷调查和皮肤温度是最常用的评估方法。

皮肤温度是热舒适研究的重要指标(叶，2007年。

李，2010年)。

这是因为皮肤温度是一个生理参数,它可能是一个用来评价室内热舒适性现状的主观指标。

然而有很多的公式可以用来计算平均皮肤温度。

宏观环境（大尺度环境）Macro-environment区域环境（中尺度环境）Meso-environment太阳辐射Solar radiation直射direct散射（总辐射）scattering(global radiation)反射reflected太阳高度角Solar altitude太阳方位角Azimuth地理经度纬度Geography longitude/latitude海拔高度altitude云量cloud coverage大气透明度atmospheric transparency风Wind速度velocity方向direction季候风monsoon大气环流atmospheric circulation地势Terrain表面覆盖物surface cover热岛heat island风玫瑰图Breeze rose diagram室外环境（小尺度环境）Outdoor environment(micro-environment)温度（干球温度，湿球温度，露点温度）Temperature(dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature)湿度（含湿量，相对湿度）humidity(absolute, relative)结露dew降水 precipitation焓Enthalpy熵entropy火用exergy火无anergy室内热环境Indoor thermal environment围护结构Envelop保温隔热insulation代谢Metabolism蒸发evaporation辐射radiation对流convection活动量Movement衣着情况clothes年龄age热舒适Thermal comfort有效温度effective temperature预测平均评价predicted mean vote预期不满意百分率predicted percentage dissatisfaction热感觉尺度（冷，凉，微凉，适中，微暖，暖，热）Thermal sensation scale(cold, cool, slight cool, neutral, slight warm, warm, hot)室内声环境Indoor acoustic environment噪声Noise声功率sound power隔声sound insulation室内光环境Indoor visual environment视觉Visual电磁波谱electromagnetic spectrum光通量（流明）luminous flux发光强度（坎德拉）luminous intensity照度illuminance亮度luminance天然光源Daylight人工光源artificial lighting室内空气品质Indoor air qualitySARS Severe acute respiratory syndromes H1N1，微生物，真菌，病毒，悬浮颗粒，甲醛，挥发性有机化合物, swine flu, micro-organism, fungus, virus, suspended particles, formaldehyde, volatile organic compoundsß供暖系统：热源+热媒输配+散热设备Heating system: heat source+distribution(piping system)+heat abstractor ß集中供暖系统，区域供暖系统，局部供暖系统Centralized, district, localß锅炉——散热设备——供水管——回水管——水泵，膨胀水箱Boiler——heating appliance——supply——return——pump, expansion tankß立管，主管，支管Riser, main, branchß自然循环系统，机械循环系统Natural circulation system, mechanic circulationß单管，双管Single pipe, dual pipeß低温水，高温水Low temperature hot water, high temperature hot waterß上供下回，下供下回Up-feed down-return, down-feed down-returnß串联式，跨越式，水平式，垂直式Series, leaping, horizontal, verticalß垂直失调，异程式，同程式Vertical imbalance, direct return system, reverse return systemß蒸汽供暖系统Steam heating systemß重力回水低压蒸汽供暖系统Gravity circulation systemß高压蒸汽供暖系统High pressure steam heating systemß传热系数，热阻率，导热系数，换热器，热对流，热传导，热辐射，对流传热Heat-transfer coefficient, heat resistivity, heat conductivity, heat exchanger, heating convection, heat conduction, heat radiation, heat convection exchangeß疏水器，排气阀，补偿器，泄水口，温控阀，热计量，集水器，分水器，集气罐，卧式，立式，明装，暗装Steam trap, exhaust valve, compensator, drain hole, temperature control valve, heat metering, return header, supply header, air collector, horizontal, vertical, exposed, concealedß供热负荷，设计负荷Heating load, design loadß平面图，剖面图，立面图，大样，比例尺，侧面，正面，背面ßPlan, section, elevation, detail, scale, side, front, rearß层流，紊流（湍流），涡旋，旋涡，粘度ßLaminar, turbulent, eddy, vortex, viscosityß风压，迎风面，背风面，上风，静压，动压，全压，热压ßWind pressure, against the wind, leeward, windward, static pressure, dynamic pressure, overall pressure, thermal pressureß主导风，进风口，排风口，风口，工作区，倒灌，风帽，挡风板ßPrevailing wind, inlet, outlet, vent, operating zone, backward flowing, cap, wind boardß天窗，通风窗，老虎窗，百叶窗，软百叶窗ßSkylight, clearstory, dormant window, louver, venetian blindsß自然通风，机械通风，混合通风ßNatural ventilation, mechanic ventilation, hybrid ventilationß全面通风，局部通风，岗位送风，气流组织，送风，排风ßGeneral ventilation, local ventilation, task air supply, air distribution, air supply, exhaustß风机，轴流式，离心式，贯流式ßFan, axial fan, centrifugal fan, cross flow/tangential fanß空气净化，排风罩，密闭罩，外部吸气罩，接受式排风罩，伞形罩，侧吸罩ßAir purification, exhaust hood, enclosed hood, capturing hood, receiving hood, canopy hood, side hoodß叶轮，叶片，机轴，扩压器ßRotor, blade, shaft, diffuserAir conditioning/cooling空调/供冷空调区，非空调区，输配系统，处理设备，冷热源，自动控制系统ßConditioned zone, unconditioned zone, distribution system, air handling equipment, heat/cold source, auto-control systemß显热，潜热ßSensible heat, latent heatß风机，水泵，风道，水管，风口ßFan, pump, air duct, water pipe, ventß加热，冷却，加湿，除湿，净化ßHeating, cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying, purifyingß锅炉，冷水机组ßBoiler, chillerß阀门，截止阀，闸阀，旋塞阀，球阀，蝶阀，止回阀，弯头，软管，三通，旁通ßValve, stop valve, gate valve, cock valve, ball valve, butterfly valve, check valve, elbow/bend, hose, tee, by-passß工艺性空调，舒适性空调，集中式空调，半集中式空调，分散式空调ßTechnological air-conditioning, comfort air-conditioning, central air-conditioning, semi-central air-conditioning, decentralized air-conditioning ß制冷机房，蒸发器，冷凝器，压缩机，节流阀，制冷剂，载冷剂ßRefrigerating station, evaporator, condenser, compressor, throttle, refrigerant, coolantß冷冻水泵，冷却水泵，热水泵，冷水管，热水管，换热器，锅炉，锅炉房，送风管，排风，回风，新风，冷却塔，烟囱，烟气，冷凝水ßCold water pump, cooling water pump, hot water pump, cold water pipe, hot water pipe, heat exchanger, boiler, boiler plant, air supply duct, exhaust, return air, fresh air, cooling tower, chimney, fume, condensing waterß全空气系统，空气——水系统，一次回风，二次回风，风机盘管ßAll-air system, air-to-water system, primary return air, secondary return air, fan coilß水冷式，风冷式，热泵式，窗式，壁挂式，立柜式ßWater-cooled, air-cooled, heat pump, window conditioner, wall mounted, verticalß开式，封闭式，半封闭式ßOpen, hermetic, semi-hermeticß格栅，散流器，孔板送风口，喷射式送风口ßGrille, diffuser, orifice vent, jet ventß消声器ßMuffler综合分析判断comprehensive analysis and judgement 变压器transformer 抽芯loose core 过道aisle 三相电容three phase capacitance 芯棒core rod 都市规划与土地开发Urban g and Land Development 社区开发及工业区开发Community Development and Industry Park Development 开发许可申请Development Permit 土地使用变更计划Land Use Rezoning Plan 主要计划及细部计划Master Plan and Detail Plan 都市计划更新计划Urban Renewal Plan 都市设施Urban Design 建筑设施Architecture Design大地工程Geotechnical Engineering 工址调查Site Investigation 现地试验与室内试验In-Situ and Laboratory Test 基础工程Foundation Design 深开挖工程及建物保护Deep Excavation and Building Protection 新生地及软弱地层改良Reclamation and Soft Ground Improvement 山坡地开发与水土保持Slope land Development, Soil and Water Conservation 潜盾隧道与岩石隧道Shield Tunnel and Rock Tunnel 大地工程施工顾问Geotechnical Construction Consultant 土壤材料试验Soil and Material 结构工程Structural Engineering 各类钢筋混凝土、预力混凝土、钢结构及钢骨钢筋混凝土结构 Structures of R.C., Prestressed Concrete, Steel, and SRC 桥梁、高层建筑、地下结构物、隧道、深开挖挡土结构 Bridges, High-Rise Buildings, Underground Structures, Tunnels, Retaining Structures for Deep Excavations 桥梁安全检测、评估及维修补强 Bridge Inspection, Assessment, and Rehabilitation 钢结构细部设计及制造图Steel Structural Detail Design and Shop Drawings 厂房工程Industrial Plant 工业厂房-石化工厂、钢厂、电厂、气体厂、科技工业厂房、一般性厂房 Industrial Plants--Petroleum and Chemical, Steel, Power, Gas, High-Technical and General Plants环保设施工厂-垃圾焚化厂、垃圾掩埋场、污水处理厂及相关管线 Environment Protecting Plants--Incineration Plants, Garbage Disposal Plants, Waste Water Treatment Plants and Piping System 设备支撑结构、管架、操作平台 Equipment Supporting Structures, Pipe Racks, Operating Platforms设备基础Equipment Foundations 厂区一般土木及公共设施General Civil Works and Utilities of Plants 运输工程Transportation Engineering 运输规划Transportation Planning 停车场设施工程规划、设计 Engineering Planning & Design for Parking Facilities 建筑交通维持计划Traffic Control & Management during Construction 水利及港湾工程Hydraulic and Harbor Engineering 营建管理Construction Management 估价及工程预算制作Estimates and Engineering Budget Works 营建管理Construction Management 工程监造Construction Supervision 施工计划Construction Plan 工程进度控管Schedule Control during Construction 施工规划Construction Specifications 环境工程Environmental Engineering 环境影响评估Environment Impact Assessment 环境监测Environmental Monitoring 地下水监测系统Groundwater Monitoring污水处理厂Wastewater Treatment Plant 污水下水道Sewage System 噪音振动防治Noise and Vibration 垃圾焚化厂兴建工程Waste Incinerator 废弃物处理系统工程Waste Treatment & Disposal 共同管道Common Ducts 管道及附属设施之规划设计 Planning and Design of Common Ducts Structures and Subsidiary Facilities 经济效益分析Economic and Efficiency Analysis 财务评估Financial Evaluation 管理维护办法及组织订定 Regulation for the Management, Maintenance and Organization 送气air supply 电流衰减装置current attenuation 气体延时保护装置time delay 熄弧quenching of arc 成型molding 钢印代号steel seal 质量分析quality analysis 负责人principal 审批examine and approve 补焊工艺repair welding 压缩机compression pump 平焊法兰welded flange 测试流程图test flow chart 加固措施reinforcement measure 校验verify 升压boost pressure 读数off scale reading 满刻度值full-scale value 盲板blind plate 压力表pressure meter 强度intensity 目测eye survey, visiual inspection 半径radius 公式formula 管路pipeline 严密性leakproofness 导电膏conductive paste 压接compression joint 地上连接overground 埋深buried depth 接地线earth wire 说明description 分线盒junction box接地装置earthing deivce 交叉across 塑料保护管protection tube 塑料带plastic tape 防腐处理preservative treatment 接地极earthing pole 接地电阻测试earth resistance 防雷接地lightning protection 遵守comply with 避雷网lightning conduction 引下线down lead 搭接焊overlap welding 避雷针lightning rod 镀锌制品zinc coating 断接卡breaking of contact 电阻resistance 配电装置power distribution equipment 集中接地装置centralized 串联cascade connection 干线联接main line 并列paratactic 单独solely 机组machine set 电力复合脂electric force compounded grease 电缆敷设cable laying 电缆槽架cable channel 主干线trunk line 弯头angle fitting 剥落处exfoliation 银粉aluminum powder 支持点support point 拆装disassembly and assembly 畅通smooth 电压等级electric pressure 通断实验onoff 终端头terminals 余度remaining 标记牌notice plate 表册statistical forms 电缆桥架cable testing bridge 电机electric machine 相对湿度relative humidity 杂物sundries 耐压试验withstand voltage test照明器具ligthing paraphernalia 铭牌nameplate 验收规范acceptance specification 接线wire splice 试运test run 进线口incoming line 带电electrified 盘车转子jigger rotor 二次回路secondary circuit 中心线center line 触头contactor 配电power distribution 成套whole set 楼板floor slab 备件duplicate part, spare part 包装packing 器材equipment 导线conducting wire 脱落fall off 规范specification 电器electrical appliance 断路器line breaker 机械联锁mechanical interlocking 碰撞collision 轻便 portable充水试验filling water test 错边量unfitness of butt joint 底圈foundation ring 真空度检漏vacuum degree leak test 丁字焊缝tee welding 渗透探伤oil whiting test 充水试验filling water test 内侧角焊缝接头interior angle welding line joint 基础沉降foundation settlement 测量基准点datum mark 稳定性试验stability test 排气阀outlet valve 角钢angle steel 构件component part 机械损伤mechanical damage 缩孔shrinkage cavity 折迭enfoldment 碳钢管carbon steel tube 公称直径nominal diameter预埋件embedded part 轴测图axonometric drawing 布置图arrangement diagram 氧乙炔气割oxyacetylene gas cutting 低合金钢管low alloy steel 热影响区heat affected area 修磨polish 砂轮片grinding wheel 等离子plasma panel 重皮coldlap 凹凸unevenness 缩口necking down 端面head face 倾斜偏差dip deviation 外径external diameter 砂轮grinding wheel 管件pipe casting 单线图single line drawing 平齐parallel and level 两端two terminals 满扣buckle 螺栓紧固bolton 周边periphery 附加应力additional stress 同轴度axiality 平行度parallelism 随机stochastic 允许偏差allowable variation 重直度verticality 水平度levelness 隔离盲板blind plate 氩弧焊argon arc welding 压盖螺栓gland bolt 间距spacing 有效期period of validity 担任take charge of undertake 焊条welding rod 碳钢焊条carbon steel 焊丝welding wire 熔化焊melting 钢丝steel wire 气体保护焊gas shielded arc welding 烘干drying 清洗ablution制度s ystem 焊接工艺welding procedure 相应corresponding 手工电弧焊manual electric arc welding 手工钨极manual tungsten electrode 打底render 电源power source 交流alternating current 焊件weldment 管壁厚度pipe thickness 对接焊缝butt weld 工件壁厚workpiece 飞溅物splash 沾污smirch 油污oil stain 细锉smooth file 铣刀milling cutter 氧化膜oxide film 脱脂处理ungrease treatment] 棉质纤维cotton fibre 丙酮acetone 硫sulfur 焊剂welding flux 钢板steel plate 纵向焊缝longitudinal weld longitudinal seam 筒节shell ring 封头end socket 卷管reelpipe 强度试验strength test 起弧arc starting 穿堂风draught 熔合fusion 反面reverse side 整体integral 封堵block up 焊口weld bond 医用胶布medical proof fabric 高频high frequency 焊炬welding torch。

空调英语作文初中生Air Conditioning。

Air conditioning, also known as AC, is a system that cools and dehumidifies indoor air for thermal comfort. It can also be used for heating and ventilation purposes. Air conditioning is widely used in homes, offices, public buildings, vehicles, and other indoor environments.The history of air conditioning can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt and Rome, where people used water to cool indoor spaces. The modern air conditioning system was invented in 1902 by Willis Carrier, an American engineer. Since then, air conditioning has become an essential part of modern life, especially in hot and humid regions.There are two main types of air conditioning systems: central air conditioning and room air conditioning. Central air conditioning is a system that cools and dehumidifiesair for an entire building or house. It uses ducts to distribute the cooled air throughout the building. Room air conditioning, on the other hand, is a system that cools and dehumidifies air for a single room or small area. It is portable and can be easily moved from one room to another.Air conditioning has many benefits. It can improve indoor air quality by removing pollutants and allergens from the air. It can also reduce the risk of heat-related illnesses such as heat stroke and dehydration. Air conditioning can also improve sleep quality by providing a comfortable temperature and humidity level.However, air conditioning also has some drawbacks. It can be expensive to install and operate, especially for central air conditioning systems. It can also contribute to global warming by emitting greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. In addition, air conditioning can cause health problems such as dry skin, eyes, and throat if the humidity level is too low.In conclusion, air conditioning is a modern technologythat provides thermal comfort and improves indoor air quality. It has many benefits, but also some drawbacks. It is important to use air conditioning wisely and responsibly to minimize its negative impact on the environment and human health.。

基于Airpak 软件的工作室室内热环境数值模拟山东建筑大学热能工程学院 戎传亮*摘 要 以济南市某研究生工作室为研究对象，为探究研究生是否处在舒适性达标的环境中工作，运用Airpak 软件进行物理模型的构建、网格划分、边界条件参数的设置以及求解器进行数值求解，最后再对其模拟的结果进行后处理。

通过得到的温度场、速度场、压力场、空气龄及PMV-PPD 分析知其满足热舒适性的要求。

结果有望为类似办公建筑室内热舒适性探究提供理论方法及对比分析。

关键词 工作室；Airpak 软件；数值模拟；热舒适性Numerical Simulation of Indoor Thermal Environment Based on Airpak SoftwareRong ChuanliangAbstract Taking a graduate studio in Jinan city as the research object, Airpak software was used to construct the physical model, grid generation, setting of boundary condition parameters and numerical solution of the solver to explore whether the graduate students were working in a comfortable environment. Finally, the simulation results were post-processed. Through the obtained temperature field, velocity field, pressure field, air age and PMV-PPD analysis, it can meet the requirements of comfort. The results of this study are expected to provide theoretical methods and comparative analysis for the study of indoor thermal comfort of similar office buildings.Keywords The studio; Airpak software; Numerical simulation; Thermal comfort0 引言近些年，随着人们生活水平的提高，人们对室内建筑的舒适性、健康化的要求也随之提高。