长难句翻译详解
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高考英语真题长难句100句(翻译带解析)!1.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierrede Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like aman in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.这个定理,先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出,曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难,包括一位法国女科学家,她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展,她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。
简析:夹杂过去分词短语,现在分词短语,动名词及两个定语从句。
2. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mailis introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet.由于因特网的使用,计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难的,然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人能告诉你,当引进电子邮件后,打印机就开始超时工作。
托福长难句120句解析一、句子解析1. The professor's lecture was so convoluted that it was difficult for the students to follow.解析:这个句子中,convoluted意为“复杂的”,表示教授的讲座内容非常复杂,以至于学生很难理解和跟随。
2. Despite her extensive preparation, she struggled with the difficult questions on the exam.解析:这个句子中,despite意为“尽管”,表示尽管她做了大量的准备工作,但仍然在考试中遇到了困难的问题。
3. The author uses a series of rhetorical questions to engage the reader and provoke thought.解析:这个句子中,rhetorical questions意为“修辞性问题”,表示作者使用了一系列的修辞性问题来吸引读者并引发思考。
4. The government's decision to increase taxes was met with widespread opposition from the public.解析:这个句子中,met with意为“遭遇”,表示政府增税的决定受到了公众的广泛反对。
5. The new technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we live and work.解析:这个句子中,has the potential to意为“有潜力”,表示新技术有潜力彻底改变我们的生活和工作方式。
6. The company's profits have plummeted as a result of the economic downturn.解析:这个句子中,plummeted意为“暴跌”,表示由于经济衰退,公司的利润暴跌。
考研英语长难句分析详解含翻译1、Nothing worth having comes easy.It will test if you really deserve what you want.You have to show them that you are more than worthy for it.If something comes easy, then maybe it’s not for you.Easy come, easy go.有价值的事物不会轻易得到,它会考验你是否值得拥有它。
你需要证明自己完全值得所渴望的一切,如果事情来得太容易,未见得真属于你,因为来得容易去得快。
2、The quieter you become, the more you can hear.You have to settle down and listen to the voices around you.Make use of them to improve and learn.And most importantly, don't forget to listen to your heart.你的心越安静,越能听到更多,安住身心,倾听身边所有的声音,通过倾听学习和提升自己,最重要的,记得谛听自己的心声。
3、Life is not a race, it is a battle.We have different battle to take on in our lives.Struggles and problems to solve.We just have to figure out that it is the foundation of our strength.That we will be ourselves after winning the battle.生活不是一次比赛,而是一场战役。
长难句中文翻译1 我想知道,通过一些我所熟悉但现在又无法预料的细节,在欧洲我会不会比在我所深爱的,有着绵延土地的美国更有在家一般的感觉。
2 有的时候,我希望摄影学只是那些艺术家追求艺术的领域,而不是常常用来复制(别人)艺术作品的工具。
3 复制品大大地削弱了艺术的力量,使得作品(丰满)的表象只剩下些简单的信息,并用(一种)通俗的方法呈现了出来,(这种方法)使得艺术作品容易丧失掉原有的内涵。
4 从18世纪开始,我们大多数的道德家就一度将目光转向语言,去反思这样一个观念,即:如果掌握了礼貌而又乏味的语言那便是道德上的成就。
5 显而易见的是:我们既不愿意像百多年前那样使用语言,也不愿意去勉强的改变语言。
6 然而,我觉得有一些语言的误用还是值得我们去关注的。
7 除了传统的(语言)修订项目以外,新的社会条件需要我们去关注那些早期语法学家所不关注的方面。
8 在普通的私人谈话中,我们所共有的背景信息通常足够丰富,使得我们能够填补那些没有说出的信息。
9 就好像对于写作规则的关注能使得我们更好的阅读一样,对于公共演讲中诸如“你知道”这样的语言的滥用的关注,能使得我们成为更好的听众。
(11)只有当所有美国民众在晚间新闻中能够看见诸如发生在蒙哥马利等地的游行运动的时候,这些人权运动才会成为全国人民所关注的事情,而不是一系列的孤立的“当地小事”。
(12)“现在。
这是。
”是一个经常在电视报道中出现的短语,它用来表明人们刚刚听到的、看到的和将来会听到的、看到的以及和可能曾经听到的、看到的事情没关系。
(14)赫胥黎认为政府不需要对公众隐瞒任何事情,因为他们已经对政府的言行不一麻木了,他们已经丧失了用挑剔的眼光去观察政府(的能力),并且他们已经沉浸在娱乐节目之中了。
(15)现存的印地安人在许多方面依然被现代美国人认为是神秘的,外来的,深不可测的,就好像那些美国人的祖先在350年前刚刚踏上美洲土地时对印第安人的印象一样。
(16)那些我们所熟悉的在欧洲找到的编年体历史文献(在印地安社会)并不存在,取而代之的是一些口口相传的历史片段,神话传说,名言警句,宗教仪式,这一切使得那些受过大学教育的学者觉得印第安人的历史是不确切的,不可靠的,令人生疑的。
长难句翻译技巧与实例讲解
长难句是指由多个分句组成,句法结构复杂,表达内容深刻且难以理解的句子。
在翻译过程中,遇到长难句时,我们可以使用以下几个技巧来进行翻译。
1. 分割句子:将长难句分成几个简单的短句,分别翻译,然后再将它们连在一起,
形成一句完整的句子。
这样做有助于理解句子的结构和意思,也可以减少翻译过程中的困难。
例如:
原句:The girl, who had been abandoned by her parents, grew up in an orphanage and finally became a successful lawyer.
翻译:这个女孩小时候被父母遗弃,在孤儿院长大,最终成为了一名成功的律师。
2. 解释关系:长难句中的分句之间存在着各种关系,如并列关系、因果关系、转折
关系等。
在翻译时,可以使用适当的连词或状语从句来表达这些关系。
3. 使用连接词:长难句中的分句之间通常需要使用连接词来表达句子的逻辑关系。
常见的连接词有and、but、or、so等。
例如:
原句:She is beautiful and intelligent.
翻译:她又漂亮又聪明。
4. 注意上下文语境:在翻译长难句时,要充分考虑句子所处的语境,尤其是上下文
的意思和内容。
有时候,即使一个句子很长,但是在上下文中的意思很明确,翻译时可以忽略其中的一些细节。
在翻译长难句时,我们应该灵活运用各种翻译技巧,同时要充分理解句子的结构和意义。
通过对上下文的分析和对句子之间逻辑关系的把握,可以更准确地翻译出长难句的含义。
长难句分析句子翻译
1,把两个机器人同时发送到火星不同地区,而两个机器人可以观察到火星山两边的情况,这个想法真激动人心。
2,当Peter进来时,坐在桌边的女士向他爽朗笑了笑。
在Peter告诉她他在找什么房子后,她让Peter交了6磅买了一份大约有6个要出租房子的女房东的名单。
3,人们在做决定时的思维和打牌时的思维完全一样--- 做决定时,我们不仅仅要考虑到我们的想法,而且还要考虑到别人会如何想你的想法;还有你会如何考虑别人是会怎样想你的想法的。
4,我被告知这个机器有许多用处。
5, 研究表明,用人单位最希望他们雇员能够有与人交际的能力。
这种能力被92%的公司认为是最重要的。
6,最终尽管有些社会学的学生在找第一份工作时比学工科的同学要
困难些,但是一些刚刚大学毕业的社会学学生并不后悔他们专业选择。
7,不久他的家人特别是小查理都很清楚,他是不适合做医生的。
8,Birdie 整天在房子和花园忙活,所以晚上他总能把他的住所(巢穴)弄得很好。
英语翻译70长难句分析研究生英语长难句分析70句1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.结构分析:句子的主干是This will be particularly true…。
since引导原因状语从句。
此从句中又套嵌一个由关系代词that引导的定语从句,修饰the high-energy American fashion。
在定语从句中,that 做主语,makes做谓语,it做形式宾语,不定式短语to combine few farmers with high yields则是真正的宾语(不定式短语内部to combine是主干,few farmers是宾语,with high yields是状语),possible做宾语补足语。
this指代前句中提到的这种困境。
energy pinch译为“能源的匮乏”;in…fashion译为“用…方法、方式”。
译文:这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏,高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在农业中继续下去,而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter,we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.结构分析:句子的主干是we must be sure…。
考研英语长难句分析详解含翻译1、Don't blame people for disappointing you. Blame yourself for expecting too much.不要埋怨别人让你失望,怪你自己期望太多。
2、No matter how much you think you hated school, you’ll always miss it when you leave.无论你觉得你曾有多讨厌上学,离开后你还是会一直怀念在那里的时光。
3、When I'm with you, hours feel like seconds.When we're apart, days feel like years.和你在一起的时候,时间飞逝。
和你分开的时候,度日如年。
4、Learning English is just like swimming.In order to be a swimmer,you’ve got to conquer your fear, you’ve got to survive and suck in water, yell for help, you’ve got to lose face many times before you can make it.学英语就像游泳一样,为了成为一名游泳运动员。
你必须生存和吸取水分,大声呼救,你必须丢很多次脸才能成功。
5、The two most important days in your life are:the day you were born, and the day when you find out why.两个生命中最重要的日子:你出生的那一天,你懂得你生存的意义的那一天。
6、If you left me without a reason,don’t come back to me with an excuse!如果你没有任何原因地离开了我,请别企图带着一个借口回来找我。
长难句翻译一1. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.2. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.3. For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.4. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human languages, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exits no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.5. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.6. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to , then spread to other cultures.7. More, recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.8. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.9. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religion hope—all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the bible, told his father that the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "Come out from among them, touch no unclean thing." and I will be your God and you shall be my people.10. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1926, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston.还有一些商业模式为以上三种主要模式的综合体,如延迟开放模式,即这些期刊前六个月只允许付费者阅读论文,之后才免费提供给所有想阅读的人;这些年来,参加主要职业棒球赛运动员的身材发生了显著变化,俱乐部的经理们更乐意修改队服来满足日益增多的更高、更壮的运动员的需要;比如,经济方面的变化使得青年的就业机会更少,加之失业率的普遍上升,这越发使得赚钱的工作日益难找;作为一名语言学家,他承认所有种类的人类语言,包括不规范的语言,如黑人英语,都具有强大的表达能力——世界上没有一种语言或方言不能表达复杂的意思;对动物和人类的研究表明:性激素会以某种方式影响对压力的反应,使处于压力下的雄性比处于相同条件下的雄性产生更多的触发不良反应的化学物质;有些人类学家认为,几乎每项重要的文化成就都是少数特别有天赋的民族所发明创造的;根据传播论者的看法,这些发明后来传播到了其他的文化中;最近,研究者在调查房屋建筑业时发现,尽管建筑行业的工作非常复杂,但是德克萨斯州休斯顿市的那些不识字、不会说英语的墨西哥工人却总能达到劳动生产率的最高标准;举例来说,只要上溯三代,一个人就会有八个曾父母,或者上溯四代,就会有十六位曾曾祖父母,即便如此,这种DNA 只能揭示一到两位祖先的基因信息;他打开圣经,告诉父亲他读到的第一行字将决定他的命运,接着读到了以下神奇的文字:“从他们中间走出来,不要沾不干净的物,我将成为你们的神,你将是我的子民;”在决定性的时刻,他的性困惑、经济困难以及宗教期待——所有的一切都交织在一起;除了大约九十位左右在1692 年之后的十年间来到马塞诸塞教堂的博学的牧师之外,还有像约翰·温斯洛普这样的政治领袖;在来波士顿之前,他是一位受过高等教育的绅士、律师,同时还是皇室的官员;。
英语长难句子及解析10例以下是10个英语长难句及其解析:1. "Having been informed of the situation, the president immediately convened a meeting to discuss possible solutions."解析:这是一个复杂的过去分词短语作为时间状语的句子。
句子的主语是"the president",动词是"convened",而过去分词短语"having been informed of the situation"修饰整个动作。
2. "Despite the heavy rain and strong winds, the athletes persevered and successfully completed the marathon."解析:这是一个含有并列连词"despite"的复合句。
主句是"the athletes persevered and successfully completed the marathon",连词"despite"表示对比关系,引导一个状语从句"the heavy rain and strong winds",描述了困难条件。
3. "Not only did she win the award, but she also set a new world record in the process."解析:这是一个包含倒装结构的并列句。
主句是"she won the award",后面使用了倒装结构,形式为"not only + auxiliary verb + subject",另一个并列成分是"she set a new worldrecord"。
(01) (10-R-1)【译文】我们甚至感到陌生的是:从20世纪初期到第二次世界大战之前,这一期间的英国报纸评论内容不拘一格。
那时候报纸非常便宜,而且人们认为发表时尚的人文批评可以给刊登评论的出版物增加色彩。
分解】句子的主干为:“We are … removed from … reviews (句子主干部分)… at a time (时间状语)… ”。
细化分析:“published”过去分词短语修饰“reviews”,其后紧接“in England”与“between …”地点和时间状语。
之后,“at a time”与“between”之间相互解释,“time”之后的“when”引导修饰其的时间定语从句。
(02) (10-R-1)【译文】纽曼说,“具有才智或文学天赋让自己在新闻从业中面对困难坚持不懈的作家如此之少,以至于我总想把新闻业定义成一个“受贬低的术语”,即“不受读者喜爱作家对受读者喜爱作者的称呼”。
【分解】句子的主干为:“So few … have … (主句主干部分)… that (引导结果状语从句)I am tempted to (从句部分的主谓)… ”。
细化分析:整个句子只要理顺了“so … that”的倒装结构(前半部分是倒装的)就不难理解了。
主句中,“to keep … journalism”不定式修饰“brains or gift”部分。
从句中有“define … as”介词短语。
最后,“of contempt”修饰“a term”,“applied …(to)…”也修饰“a term”。
(03) (10-R-3)【译文】然而,如果要发生社会流行现象,每个人在受到影响之后定会去影响自己的熟人,熟人再去影响他们的熟人,如此循环往复。
有多少其他人关注这些处于传播网络的人群,与最初那个有影响力的源头关系不大【分解】句子的主干为:“… each person … must … influence … acquaintances …(第1个分句的主干部分);(分号引出另一个分句) how many others pay attention … has …”。
考研英语长难句译文及分析考研英语长难句译文及分析But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless,连词时间状语主语谓语宾语phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.宾语方式状语从句。
译文:但从19世纪的某个时期以来,越来越多的艺术家们开始认为快乐是无意义的、虚伪的,甚至让人生厌的,就像我们从华兹华斯笔下的“水仙花”到波德莱尔笔下的“恶之花”所经历的.转变那样。
分析:本句的主干是…more artists began seeing happiness as…。
开头的连词but表转折,短语somewhere from the 19th century onward为时间状语。
主句中,第一个as构成see…as…结构,表示“把……视为……”;第二个as为连词,引导方式状语从句,表示“正如……”。
In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize,插入语让步状语从句those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the in formation.主语谓语状语宾语从句译文:换句话说,不管两个人在记忆力方面表现出多大的先天差异,但和每个人对信息进行“编码”的能力相比,这些差异就显得没那么重要了。
分析:本句包含一个由whatever引导的让步状语从句。
主句是一个被动句those differences are swamped by…,其中主语是those differences ,谓语是are swamped , 介词by之后的成份是施动者,和介词by一起构成了介宾短语,做句子的状语。
Translation from English to Chinese1.Halfway across the room, a small pistol in his hand, stood a man. (倒装)一个男人站在屋当中,手里拿着一把小手枪。
2.Splendid is the architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its one hundred and moreskyscrapers. (倒装)市中心曼哈顿的建筑有着百余座摩天大厦,甚为壮观。
3.On the job, Chinese women seem more confident, despite their traditional pretty manners, thando American women in their work places. (倒装)在工作单位里,尽管中国妇女有着她们传统的温文尔雅的举止,但她们在工作中所表现的自信心似乎比美国妇女更强。
4.Along with this disparagement(轻视、蔑视)of a compliment is the American tendency to laughat one’s own mistakes and admit one’s weaknesses. (倒装结构)美国人在自贬别人对自己称赞的同时,还有一种倾向,那就是嘲笑自己的错误并承认自己的弱点。
5.But unpopular as red has been in the past, at the moment it is a favorite hair style. (倒装)但是,尽管在过去红色不受欢迎,眼下红色染发剂却是最招人喜爱的颜色。
6.No less costly to Third World nations is the steady migration of well-trained professionals insearch of a life, any life, in America. (倒装)使第三世界国家付出同样高昂代价的是,受过良好训练的专业人士不断涌向美国去谋生,无论什么样的生活。
考研英语长难句经典200 句解析1.Tight-lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”结构分析:本句的主干是elders used to say…。
直接引语中是主系表结构, 注意not…but 结构。
参考译文:出言谨慎的长辈们过去常说,“问题不是你在这个世界上想要什么,而是你能得到什么。
”2.You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living.结构分析:这句话是and 连接的两个并列句。
在第一个分句中,as 是连词,引导比较状语从句,把a mental blueprint of a desire 和a blueprint of a house 相比较。
第二个分句中的主干结构是:each of us is…making blueprints…。
第二个分句中用一般进行时表示经常发生的事情。
这样的结构常常用来表达经常发生的令人不快的、令人讨厌的事情。
参考译文:你可以在脑子里为你的愿望画一幅蓝图,就象给房子画蓝图那样。
实际上,在日常生活中,我们每一个人都在不断地描绘着这些蓝图。
3 .While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.结构分析:and 连接两个并列句。
高中英语长难句及翻译1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.[参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的,在这种经济中,消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。
2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.[参考译文] 因此,在美国的经济体系中,个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合,一起决定了什么应该被制造,以及资源如何被用来制造它们。
3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.[参考译文] 另一方面,如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降,那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给,而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。
考研英语必考长难句详解含译文1.Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research —a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.press for:paralysis:analysis:2. To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, wemust press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate.serve as:steward:press forward on:inadequate:往下翻,对对答案~~~1. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to pressfor more research —a classic case of“paralysis by analysis”.press for:不断要求…paralysis:n. 瘫痪analysis: n. 分析译文:他们没有出台行动计划,相反,只是继续敦促进行更多研究——典型的“分析导致瘫痪”的案例。
2. To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate.serve as:用作,充当;成为(身份)steward:n. 保护者press forward on: 推进inadequate:adj不充分的,不足够的译文:为了担负好地球保护者的责任,我们必须加紧推进对于大气和海洋的深入研究。
考研英语长难句分析详解含翻译1、Courage is the discovery that you may not win, and trying when you know you can lose.勇气,就是明知自己可能会输,却还是一往无前。
2、We can complete it step by step however long the road is and it can't be completed however short the road is if you don't even mark your footprint.再长的路,一步步也能走完,再短的路,不迈开双脚也无法到达。
3、An unacceptable love needs no sorrow but time- sometime for forgetting. A badly-hurt heart needs no sympathy but understanding.一段不被接受的爱情,需要的不是伤心,而是时间,一段可以用来遗忘的时间。
一颗被深深伤了的心,需要的不是同情,而是明白。
4、Life is often playing jokes on us. What you’re expect will far away from you and the one you held tightly will finally hurt you most.生活时常和我们开着玩笑,你期待什么,什么就会离你越远;你执着谁,就会被谁伤害得最深。
5、Some questions are better left unanswered.有些问题的答案,还是不听为好。
6、I thought I don't deserve you but actually..you don't deserve me.曾以为我配不上你…事实上,是你不值得拥有我。
● 1.As a linguist,he acknowledges that (all varieties oflanguage,including non-standard ones like Black English,can bepowerfully expressive)—there exists no language or dialect in theworld that cannot convey complex ideas.✓Expressive adj. 有表现力的,富于表情的翻译:作为一名语言学家,他承认所有的人类语言,包括一些非标准的语言,如黑人英语,都是可以明确的表情达意的——世界上没有不能表达复杂情感的语言或者是方言。
●Mr.Smith’s academic speciality is language history and change,and hesees the gradual disappearance of “whom”,for example,to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of OldEnglish.✓Speciality n. 专业,专长;特性✓Case-ending [语法]变格词尾✓No more than 仅仅,只是,不多于,至多翻译:Mr.Smith 的学术研究领域是语言学史及其变迁,例如,他认为在语言中一些词语的渐渐消失,例如“whom”这个词,属于自然现象,这不会比古英语词尾格的消失更令人感到惋惜。
●An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism( by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.)✓Machanism n. 机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧翻译:在一个以市场为导向的经济中,一个重要的因素就是一种用来表现消费者需求并能使制造商做出反应的机制。
Plastics is made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere, coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost and lime which can be obtained from the calcinations of limestone widelypresent in nature.【分析】原文是一个典型的英语复杂长句,由42个单词组成,全靠一个逗号和几个连词结合成一个多层次的、内容丰富的句子。
主句的主干是:Plastics is made from water, coal and lime; water, coal和lime之后各有一个定语从句,其中的后两个定语从句还是被动语态。
所以,按照汉语的表达习惯,翻译时要化整为零,可以把主句和各个定语从句分开译成短句,其中的一些状语比如at less cost也可以单独处理成短句。
【译文】塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。
水是到处可以获得的、取之不尽的一种自然资源;煤可以通过自动化和机械化来开采,成本较低;石灰可由煅烧自然界广泛存在的石灰石而得到。
Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.【要点】此句为一个多层次的并列结构,”by”以前的部分为句子的主体部分,由“and”连接的两个并列的分句组成。
第二个分句的主语和一部分谓语省略了以避免重复。
In doing so可以理解为in the process of distinguished themselves from other animals。
第二个分局的完整句子应为and in doing so (they have) ensured their survival。
By 所引导的短语里ability带了多个动词不定式做修饰,这些不定式又存在着一个并列的结构,to observe and (to) understand与either……or引导的to adapt to……,to control and (to) adapt it……得并列,and连接。
【译文】人类已把自己和其他动物区别开了。
人类具有观察和了解周围环境的能力,能适应环境,控制环境和根据自己的需要改造环境。
人类就是这样生存了下来。
The medical waste that has fouled beaches in the New York region at the peak of the summer season has taken its toll on business all along the shore, driving vacationers away both from beaches that have been closed and from those that have remained open.【要点】本句主要结构是the medical waste...has taken its toll...。
that...season引导定语从句,修饰medical waste。
at the peak of the summer season作状语,表时间。
driving...是现在分词作状语,表结果。
that have been closed和that have remained open是定语从句,分别修饰beaches和those。
those代替beaches。
【译文】医疗用品生产厂家的废弃物污染了纽约地区的海滨。
时值盛夏,一些海滨浴场关闭,而仍然开放的一些海滨浴场也门可罗雀,大批度假者离此而去,这使得海滨地区的商业蒙受严重损失。
逆序法英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。
例如:例1. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is itfound free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: A. 铝直到19世纪才被人发现; B. 由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝; C. 由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起; D. 最普遍的是跟氧结合; E. 铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。
按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后, 这样, 我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句翻译成:铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。
所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。
例2. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste theiropportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.分析: 该句由一个主句, 一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成, “……变得越来越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有三个谓语结构, 包含三层含义: A. ……变的越来越重要; B. 如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会; C. 得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。
为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯, 我们也采用逆序法, 翻译成:因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。
这个问题显得越来越重要了。
下面我们再举几个实例:例3. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learningEnglish seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the languagehave been understood.一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师比学生更容易理解。
例4. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroysthe old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动, 因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。
例5.A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象, 穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人, 正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。
例6. Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人之常情。
例7. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们, 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼, 害死我们的牛羊家畜, 使我们不能生存于世。