公共管理硕士复习辅导：英语精读60篇(六)

公共管理硕士复习辅导：英语精读60篇(十)UNIT 10 TEXT I first heard this story a few years ago from a girl I had met in New York‘s Greenwich Village. Probably the story is one of those mysterious bits of folklore that reappear every few year, to be told anew in one form or another. However, I still like to think that it really did happen, somewhere, sometime. Going Home They were going to Fort Lauderdalethree boys and three girlsand when they boarded the bus, they were carrying sandwiches and wine in paper bags, dreaming of golden beaches and sea tides as the gray, cold spring of Now York vanished behind them. As the bus passed through New Jersey, they began to notice Vingo. He sat in front of them, dressed in a plain, ill-fitting suit, never moving, his dusty face masking his age. He kept chewing the inside of his lip a lot, frozen into complete silence. Deep into the night, outside Washington, the bus pulled into Howard Johnson‘s, and everybody got off except Vingo. He sat rooted in his seat, and the young people began to wonder about him, trying to imagine his life: perhaps he was a sea captain, a runaway from his wife, an old soldier going home. When they went back to the bus, one of the girls sat beside him and introduced herself. “We‘re going to Florida,” she said brightly. “I hear it‘s really beautiful.” “It is,” he said quietly, as if remembering something he had tried to forget. “Want some wine?” she said. He smiled and took a swig from the bottle. He thanked her and retreated again into his silence. After a while, she went back to the others, and Vingo nodded in sleep. In the morning, they awoke outside another Howard Johnson‘s, and this time Vingo went in. The girl insisted that he join them. He seemed very shy, and ordered black coffee and smoked nervously as the young。

公共管理硕士辅导：英语精读60篇（二）UNIT 2TEXTAt sixty-five Francis Chichester set out to sail single-handed round the world. This is the story of that adventure.Sailing Round the WorldBefore he sailed round the world single-handed, Francis Chichester had already surprised his friends several times. He had tried to fly round the world but failed. That was in 1931.The years passed. He gave up flying and began sailing. He enjoyed it greatly. Chichester was already 58 years old when he won the first solo transatlantic sailing race. His old dream of going round the world came back, but this time he would sail. His friends and doctors did not think he could do it, as he had lung cancer. But Chichester was determined to carry out his plan. In August, 1963, at the age of nearly sixty-five, an age when many men retire, he began the greatest voyage of his life. Soon, he was away in this new 16-metre boat, Gipsy Moth.Chichester followed the route of the great nineteenth century clipper ships. But the clippers had had plenty of crew. Chicheater did it all by himself, even after the main steering device had been damaged by gales. Chichester covered 14, 100 miles before stopping in Sydney, Australia. This was more than twice the distance anyone had previously sailed alone. He arrived in Australia on 12 December, just 107 days out from England. He received a warm welcome from the Australians and from his family who had flown there to meet him. On shore, Chichester could not walk without help. Everybody said the same thing: he had done enough; he must not go any further. But he did not listen.After resting in Sydney for a few weeks, Chichester set off once more in spite of his friends‘ attempts to dissuade him. The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part, during which he。

公共管理硕士复习辅导：英语精读60篇(二十九)Unit 29 Text In the last days of World War 11, Adolf Hitler and his closest associates had sought shelter in a command bunker before the fall of Berlin. He knew that defeat was close at hand and that he must prepare for his own death. Here is a detailed description of how he ended his life. The Death of Hitler William L. Shirer During the afternoon of April 29, news arrived at the bunker where Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun were separated from the outside world. Mussolini, Hitler‘s fellow fascist dictator and partner in aggression, had met his end, and it had been shared by his mistress, Clara Petacci. They had been caught by Italian guerrillas on April 27 while trying to escape to Switzerland and executed after a brief trial. On the Saturday night of April 28 the bodies were brought to Milan in a truck and dumped on the town square. The next day they were strung up by the heels from lampposts and later cut down so that throughout the rest of Sunday, they lay in the gutter. On May Day Benito Mussolini was buried beside his mistress in the paupers‘plot of a Milan cemetery. In such a horrible climax of degradation Mussolini and Fascism passed into history. It is not know how many of the details of Mussolini‘s shabby end were communicated to the Fuehrer. One can only guess that if he heard many of them he was only strengthened in his resolve not to allow himself or his bride to be made a spectaclenot their live selves or their bodies. Shortly after receiving the news of Mussolini‘s death, Hitler began to make the final preparations for his. He had his favorite Alsatian dog poisoned and two other dogs in the household shot. Then he called in his two remaining women secretaries and handed them capsules of poison to use if they wished to when the。

Unit3What Is News?Neil Postman and Steve PowersStructure of the TextPart I (Para. 1)In this beginning paragraph, the authors state the purpose of the essay.Part II (Para. 2)Some people might define the news as what television directors and journalists say it is. The authors, however, think that this definition is too simplistic.Part III (Paras. 3–5)In these para graphs, the authors explain why the news cannot be simply defined as “what happened that day” or “what happened that day that was important and interesting”.Part IV (Paras. 6–11)In these paragraphs, the authors tell readers that the news is more often made rather than gathered, and it is made on the basis of what the journalist thinks important or what the journalist thinks the audience thinks is important. Therefore, every news story is a reflection of the reporter who tells the story.Part V (Paras. 12–15)In these paragraphs, the authors point out that to make sense of the news, the viewer has to know somet hing about the journalist’s political beliefs as well as his prejudices, interests, and quirks which are, in turn, influenced by his financial status, the companies he has worked for, the schools he went to, the books he has read, etc.Part VI (Paras. 16–17)In these paragraphs, the authors point out that the journalist cannot always impose his/her views on the general public because the television channel or newspaper cannot survive unless the news they provide satisfies the needs of the general public. On the other hand, the viewer/reader must also take into account his or her relationship to a larger audience because television and newspapers are mass media and their news is not intended for an audience of one.Part VII (Paras. 18–20)In these paragraphs, the authors discuss some other possible definitions of news: news as something to give people pleasure; news as something instructive that reveals the mores, values, and ideals of a society; news as living history; news as a source of literature; news as a reflection of human pain, suffering, tragedies and confusion; news as something to inspire people and make them optimistic; news as something to frighten people and make them aware of the seamy side ofthe reality; last but not least, news as a filler between commercials.Part VIII (Para. 21)In this paragraph, the authors conclude the essay by reiterating their purpose in raising the issue “What is n ews?” It is to arouse our interest and help us understand the problems, limitations, traditions, motivations, and even the delusions of the television news industry.Detailed Study of the Text1. We turn to this question because unless a television viewer has considered it, he or she is in danger of too easily accepting someone else’s definition—for example, a definition supplied by the news director of a television station; or even worse, a definition imposed by important advertisers.(Para. 1)news director: (电视台) 新闻节目负责人advertisers: In many countries in the West, television stations largely depend on selling air time to advertisers for their revenue. Therefore, important advertisers can often impose their views and interests on the news supplied by television stations.viewer：Someone who is watching a movie, a television program, or an exhibitionCompare:audience: a group of people who watch, read, or listen to somethingspectator: a person who watches an event, show, game, or activity2. A simplistic definition of news can be drawn by paraphrasing Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes’ famous definition of the law. The law, Holmes said, is what the courts say it is… we might say that the news is what television directors and journalists say it is.(Para. 2) Americ ans generally accept Holmes’ famous definition of the law because they agree that laws must allow for the new interpretations necessary to meet the challenges of a changing nation and a changing world. But to propose a definition of the news by paraphrasin g Holmes’ definition of the law probably commits the logical error of false analogy. For example, it would not make much sense if we were to say politics is what politicians say it is, or education is what teachers say it is. simplistic: disapproving too simple; not complete or sufficiently thoroughNothing more. Nothing less. : As simple as that; no more, no less.in similar fashion: in the similar way; likewise; by the similar token3. But if we were to take that approach, on what basis would we say tha t we haven’t been told enough? Or that a story that should have been covered wasn’t? Or that too many stories of a certain type were included? Or that a reporter gave a flagrantly biased account? (Para. 2)The fact that people are often unsatisfied with news reporting implies that people have different ideas about what news should be.flagrantly biased: obviously and unquestionably biased4. In modifying their answer, most will add that the news is “important and interestingthings that happened that day.” This helps a little but leaves open the question of what is “important and interesting” and how that is decided.(Para. 3)It is all right to say that news consists of the important things that happened that day. But important to whom? In what sense? For what reason?but leaves open the question: but does not give an answer to the question5.Of course, some people will say that the question of what is important and interesting is not in the least problematic. What the President says or does is important; wars are important, rebellions, employment figures, elections, appointments to the Supreme Court. (Para. 4)This is an interesting example of hasty generalization. It is true that what important people say or do is often important, but we can’t jump to t he conclusion that everything they say or do is always important. On the other hand, sometimes even what happens to someone completely unknown can escalate to a serious crisis. People call that “the Butterfly Effect.”problematic: causing a problem; questionable; uncertain6. Now, there is a great deal to be said for Saran Wrap. (Para. 4)Now, it’s true that Saran Wrap is very useful.7.Saran Wrap is not news. The color of Liz Taylor’s wrap is. Or so some people believe. (Para. 4)Note that the author s are making a word play on the word “wrap,” which has different meanings.8. We shall never learn about these people either, however instructive or interesting their stories may have been.(Para. 5)We will never hear anything about these people either, no matter how instructive or interesting their stories may have been.instructive: providing knowledge or information; educational9.Of course, there are some events—the assassination of a president, an earthquake, etc.—that have near universal interest and consequences. But most news does not inhere in the event.(Para. 6)to inhere in sth.: formal to be a natural part of sth.; to be inherent in sth.10. In fact, the news is more often made rather than gathered. (Para. 6)In fact, often the news is not something out there for you to pick up; you have to decide what information is newsworthy and make it into news.11．I s a story about a killing in Northern Ireland more important than one about a killing in Morocco?(Para. 6)For Americans of Irish background, the answer will most likely be yes. It is said that the relative importance of an event is often determined by the relative distance of its occurrence to the person involved.12．…every news story is a reflection of the reporter who tells the stor y. The reporter’s previous assumptions about what is “out there” edit what he or she thinks is there. (Para. 6) If news stories were just facts, and facts speak for themselves, then all news stories, though written by different people, would be the same. But news stories are actually all different because every news story is a reflection of the reporter who tells the story, and every reporter has previous assumptions (beliefs, points of view, and biases) which affect what he/she thinks is there.to edit: to decide what will be included or left out, as editors do in preparing, printing, broadcasting, etc.13．The answers to all of these questions, as well as to other questions about the event, depend entirely on the point of view of the journalist. You might think this is an exaggeration, that reporters, irrespective of their assumptions, can at least get the facts straight. (Para. 7) irrespective of: regardless of; without thinking about or consideringAll government officials, irrespective of their rank, must disclose their property.We pursue the diplomatic policy of the five principles of peaceful coexistence in our relationship with all countries irrespective of their size or political s ystem.to get the facts straight: to find out what the facts are without making mistakesnow-defunct: now-dead; now no longer existing or functioningto feature a story: to give a story a prominent place in a newspaper or television news show14．…who thus earn their 35 rubles a month in lieu of “relief”… (Para. 8)Instead of receiving government relief, they are given jobs by the government so that they can earn their money. (这是以工代赈的政策)in lieu of: instead of(government) relief：money that is given to poor people by the government (政府)救济15．…it was the policy of the Journal to highlight the contrast between the primitive Russian economy and the sophisticated American economy. (Para. 11)the Journal: This refers to the newspaper The Wall Street Journal, mentioned above.to highlight: to make people notice or be aware of somethingsophisticated: (the opposite of primitive) highly developed and complex 高级的，复杂的16．Each of our senses is a remarkably astute censor. We see what we expect to see; often, we focus on what we are paid to see. And those who pay us to see usually expect us to accept their notions not only of what is important but of what are important details. (Para. 11)We have five sense organs, and they are all extremely sharp censors.censor: a person who examines books, movies, newspapers, etc. and removes things considered by the authorities to be offensive, immoral, or harmful to society (Note the personification of the word) .We do not see or hear everything. We only see or hear what we expect to see or hear because we have been trained that way. We have been paid by our bosses to see or hear what they expect us to see or hear. We have be en made to accept our bosses’ notion of what is interesting and important.17．“We’d have complete dossiers on the interests, policies, and idiosyncrasies of the owners.Then we’d have a dossier on every journalist in the world. The interests, prejudices,and quirks of the owner would equal Z. The prejudices, quirks, and private interests of the journalist Y. Z times Y would give you X, the probable amount of truth in the story.” (Para.12)Here the French writer Albert Camus, quoted by A. J. Liebling, is using a mathematic formula to express the relationship between the interests, prejudices and quirks of a newspaper owner, and those of the journalists, and the probable amount of truth in a news story.Z x Y = XHere, Z = the interests, prejudices, and quirks of the ownerY = the interests, prejudices, and quirks of the journalistsX = the truth probability of the newsDossiers (on): files (of); records (of)18．The host might say something like this: “To begin with, this station is owned by Gary Farnsworth, who is also the president of Bontel Limited, the principal stockholder of which is the Sultan of Bahrain. Bontel Limited owns three Japanese electronic companies, two oil companies, the entire country of Upper Volta, and the western part of Romani a. …” (Para.13)The implied suggestion is that this television station is quite likely to be biased in its news reporting, reflecting the interests of those who control its finances.19．“The anchorman on the television show earns $800,000 a year; his portfolio includes holdings in a major computer firm. He has a bachelor’s degree in journalism from the University of Arkansas but was a C+ student, has never taken a course in political science, and speaks no language other than English. Last year, he read only two books—a biography of Cary Grant and a book of popular psychology called Why Am I So Wonderful? … (Para.13)The implication here is that the opinions of the anchorman on a television show are strongly influenced by his financial status, his source of income, the education he has received, and the books he has read.anchorman (anchorwoman): (chiefly in the US) a man or woman who presents and coordinates a television news program (电视和广播电台)新闻节目主持人Compare:broadcaster:播音员host：（游戏，访谈节目）主持人portfolio：a range of investments held by a person or organization 全部投资；投资组合holdings：financial assets; land, property, or shares in a company 拥有的财产20. “The reporter who covered the story on Y ugoslavia speaks Serbo-Croatian, has a degree in international relations, and has had a Neiman Fellowship at Harvard University.”(Para.13)A reporter who speaks the language, has a degree in a related field, and has done research on journalism at a distinguished university can naturally be expected to be more competent to cover the story on Yugoslavia than one without these qualifications.21. What we are saying is that to answer the question “What is news?” a viewer must know something about the political beliefs and economic situation of those who provide the news. (Para. 15)The point we are trying to make is that a viewer must know something about the political beliefs and economic situation of those who supply the news if he/she wants to answer the question “What is news?”Note here that the news reporter’s economic situation refers to his/her financial status as well as the way his/her living is made, because a person’s vested interest (his/her personal stake in an undertaking, especially with an expectation of financial or other gain) often affects his/her point of view.22. There is, in fact, a point of view that argues against journalists imposing their own sense of significance on an audience.…What’s our point? A viewer must not only know what he or she thinks is significant but others believe is significant as well. (Para. 16)to keep their own opinions to themselves: To keep their own opinions secret; not to announce their own opinionsto advise them of what is important: to instruct them in what is important; to teach them what is importantNote that with the verb “advise”, the preposition “of” is used, and “to advise somebody of something” is not to be confused with “to advise somebody to do something”.Liz Taylor’s adventures in marriage: T his refers to the actress’s unusually numerous marriages, which were a favorite subject of social gossip at the time.A viewer must not only know what he or she thinks is significant but others believe is significant as well: This may be clearer if we repe at the word “what” after “but”.23. Television is a mass medium, which means that a television news show is not intended for you alone. It is public communication, and the viewer needs to have some knowledge and opinions about “the public.”(Para. 17)In defining news it is important for us to remember that a mass medium is not for any single individual alone. It is for the general public, and in a pluralistic society, people’s interests and needs differ. Therefore, viewers must take this fact into consideration and respect the right of other people to be different.24. And this leads to another difficulty in answering the question “What is news?” Some might agree with us that Liz Taylor’s adventures in marriage do not constitute significant events but that they ought to be included in a news show precisely for that reason. Her experiences, they may say, are amusing or diverting, certainly engrossing. In other words, the purpose of news should be to give people pleasure, at least to the extent that it takes their minds off their own troubles.… (Para. 18)This is looking at news from a different perspective. It says that many people read the news not for being educated or enlightened, but simply for entertainment. This may not be the most important purpose of the mass media, but we can’t say it is illegitimate. The question “What is news?” is now becoming increasingly complicated.they want relief, not aggravation: People want the news to give them some relief–meaning here the removal of something painful or unpleasant rather than its opposite, aggravation, which makes the painful or unpleasant situation even worse.to take their minds off their own troubles: to make them forget their own troubles25. It is also said that whether entertaining or not, stories about the lives of celebrities should be included because they are instructive; they reveal a great deal about our society—its mores, values, ideals. (Para. 18)Even if stories about the lives of celebrities do not amuse or divert us, we still need to read them because these stories tell us a lot about the society we live in.26. Mark Twain once remarked that news is history in its first and best form. (Para. 18) People now more or less agree that today’s news is tomorrow’s history, and today’s history was yesterday’s news. So news can be defined as history to this extent.27. The American poet Ezra Pound… defined literature as news that stays news. Among other things, Pound meant that the stuff of literature originates not in stories about the World Bank or an armistice agreement but in those simple, repeatable tales that reflect the pain, confusion, or exaltations that are constant in human experience, and touch us at the deepest levels. (Para. 18)Ezra Pound relates news to literature. Such things as the World Bank and an armistice agreement, regarded as important today, will sooner or later become history, things of the past. However, we remember and retell stories about people’s pain, confusion, or exaltations because they are part of human experience and touch our emotions. This kind of news is the source of literature.28. What are we to make of it? Why him? It is like some Old Testament parable; these questions were raised five thousand years ago and we still raise them today. It is the kind of story that stays news, and that is why it must be given prominence. (Para. 18)to make of it: to understand itto be given prominence: to be treated as important; to be stressed29. What about… the fires, rapes, and murders that are daily featured on local television news? Who has decided that they are important, and why? One cynical answer is that they are there because viewers take comfort in the realization that they have escaped disaster. At least for that day.(Para. 19)… viewers take comfort in the r ealization that…: viewers feel relieved or less worried because they know that these terrible things have not happened to them.30. …It is the task of the news story to provide a daily accounting of the progress of society. … These reports, especially those of a concrete nature, are the daily facts from which the audience is expected to draw appropriate conclusions about the question “What kind of society am I a member of?”(Para. 19)Another task of the news story is to give a daily accounting of the progress of society so that viewers will understand their society better.31.… heavy television viewers… believe their communities are much more dangerous than do light television viewers. Television news, in other words, tends to frighten people. (Para.19)This paragraph suggests that television news tends to frighten rather than to enlighten people. Heavy television viewers believe their communities are much more dangerous than light viewers do. This leads to the question that whether news stories should concentrate on the brighter side of social reality.heavy (light) television viewers:people who watch many (only a few) hours of television programs in a day.32. The question is, “Ought they to be frightened?” which is to ask, “Is the news an accurate p ortrayal of where we are as a society?” Which leads to another question, “Is it possible for daily news to give such a picture?” Many journalists believe it is possible. Some are skeptical. The early twentieth-century journalist Lincoln Steffens proved that he could create a “crime wave” any time he wanted by simply writing about all the crimes that normally occur in a large city during the course of a month. He could also end the crime wave by not writing about them. If crime waves can be “manufactured” by journalists, then how accurate are news shows in depicting the condition of a society? (Para. 19)Is it true that journalists can create events and make them disappear? If it were true, wouldn’t that make it very easy to run a country? Moreover, if it were true, how could we ever trust news provided by the mass media? And wouldn’t that also mean that a country could get along just fine without reliable news?portrayal: depiction; description33. Besides, murders, rapes, and fires (even unemployment figures) are not the only way to assess the progress (or regress) of a society. Why are there so few television stories about symphonies that have been composed, novels written, scientific problems solved, and a thousand other creative acts that occur during the course of a month? Were television news to be filled with these events, we would not be frightened. We would, in fact, be inspired, optimistic, cheerful. (Para. 19)This paragraph raises a very interesting question: Why are many events that actually have great impact on human life not given any prominence - new philosophical theories and academic achievements for example? Possible answers are given in the following paragraph.to assess the progress: to measure; to estimate; to evaluate; to appraiseregress: moving back to an earlier, less developed and usually worse state or condition. It is usually used as a verb. The noun form is “regression”.Compare: digress v. digression n.moving away from the main subject under discussion in speaking and writing34. One answer is as follows. These events make poor television news because there is so little to show about them. In the judgment of most editors, people watch television. And what they are interested in watching are exciting, intriguing, even exotic pictures. Suppose a scientist has developed a new theory about how to measure with more exactitude the speedwith which heavenly objects are moving away from the earth. It is difficult to televise a theory, especially if it involved complex mathematics.(Para. 20)This paragraph tries to answer the question raised above. According to the authors, one answer may be that television as a means of communication has its limitations. It is good at showing exciting, intriguing, and exotic pictures and events, but not at dealing with ideas, theories, and other abstract things. In other words, it is a visual medium; it is less effective at engaging viewers’ minds. The second, implied answer is that people watch television mainly to be entertained. They have no time or patience for profound subjects. Lastly, most editors and news directors are incapable of immediately realizing the significance of scientific and theoretical discoveries. The conclusion seems to be: The news media are extremely important, but they are incapable of answering all our needs where news is concerned.35. Television sells time, and time cannot be expanded. This means that whatever else is neglected, commercials cannot b, which leads to another possible answer to the question “What is news?” News, …in its worst form,… can also be mainly a “filler,” a “come-on” to keep the viewer’s attention until the commercials come. Certain producers have learned that by pandering to the audience, by eschewing solid news and replacing it with leering sensationalis m, they can subvert the news by presenting a “television commercial show” that is interrupted by news. (Para. 20)In the United States, television stations are privately owned. These privately owned stations sell air time to business companies to promote their products. Therefore, presenting the news show is not the television station’s main purpose: “news” serves merely as “filler” to keep the viewer’s attention until the commercials appear, not vice versa. And there is nothing more effective for this purpose than leering sensationalism. This may be an extreme case, but there is certainly some truth in it.36. The purpose of this chapter is to arouse your interest in thinking about the question. Your answers are to be found by knowing what you feel is significant and how your sense of the significant conforms with or departs from that of others, including broadcasters, their bosses, and their audiences. Answers are to be found in your ideas about the purpose of public communication, and in your judgment of the kind of society you live in and wish to live in. We cannot provide answers to these questions. But you also need to know something about the problems, limitations, traditions, motivations, and, yes, even the delusions of the television news industry.(Para. 21)This paragraph concludes the purpose of the essay. The authors do not intend to give us the answer to the question: “What is news?”, because they can’t. The problem is complicated, and each of us has to find his/her own answer. The purpose of the essay is to arouse our interest in answering the question by ourselves, and also to inform us of the important factors we must take into consideration to understand the nature of news.Key to ExercisesI1. a set sequence in a theatrical or comic performance 保留节目（喜剧\歌舞等）2.to correct, condense, or modify material when preparing it for publication or presentation3.in Paragraph 8, financial or practical assistance given to those in need 救济(in Paragraph 18,the removal of something painful or unpleasant 减轻痛苦)4. a man or woman who presents and coordinates a television program （电视新闻）男节目主持人5.financial assets; land, property, or shares in a company 拥有的土地或股票6.the extent to which something is probable 几率7.to consider8.to watch a television show or listen to radio broadcast9.time during which a television show or radio broadcast is being transmitted 播放时间10. a news item, public-service announcement, or music, used to fill time on a radio or televisionprogram11.something intended to allure or attract12.to undermine the power and authority of a system or institutionV1 How one defines “the news” depends on what he/she considers interesting and important.2 Now it’s true that Saran Wrap is very useful in many ways, and we guess that in the end factswill show that it is more useful for the happiness of most of us… (But…)3 But most news is not an essential part of an event. It becomes news only because, in themidst of the noise and disorder of everything happening around us, a journalist has selected it for our attention.4 … it was the policy of the newspaper to focus on the sharp difference between the backwardRussian economy and the advanced American economy. Each of our five senses acts as a censor, screening information. It makes us see what we want to see, hear what we want to hear, etc.; and we do so because that is what we have been educated or are paid to do.5 According to Camus, we would have complete records or files on the (newspaper) owners'interests, biases, and peculiar traits. Then we would have similarly complete files on every journalist in the world.Camus then proposes: Z×Y= X, where:Z stands for the prejudices, eccentric habits and private interests of the owner.Y stands for the prejudices, eccentric habits and private interests of the journalist.X is the probable amount of truth in the story.6 Certain producers of television programs have discovered that, by catering to the low tastesand desires of their audience, by avoiding real news and deliberately replacing it with sensational stories, they can transform television news from programs interrupted by short commercials into one long commercial interrupted by snippets of news.VIPhrases1.一种过于简单化的定义2.一种公然带有偏见的报道/陈述3.就业数字统计4.喜剧保留剧目。

现代大学英语精读6n o t e s o ne n g l i s h c h a r a c t e r(总8页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--First note. I had better let the cat out of the bag at once and record my opinion that the character of the English is essentially middle class. There is a sound historical reason for this， for，since the end of the eighteenth century， the middle classes have been the dominant force in our community. They gained wealth by the Industrial Revolution， political power by the Reform Bill of 1832； they are connected with the rise and organization of the British Empire； they are responsible for the literature of the nineteenth century.Solidity， caution， integrity， efficiency. Lack of imagination， hypocrisy. These qualities characterize the middle classes in every country， but in England they are national characteristics also， because only in England have the middle classes been in power for one hundred and fifty years. Napoleon， in his rude way， called us "a nation of shopkeepers." We prefer to call ourselves "a great commercial nation" -- it sounds more dignified -- but the two phrases amount to the same. Of course there are other classes： there is an aristocracy， there are the poor. But it is on the middle classes that the eye of the critic rests -- just as it rests on the poor in Russia and on the aristocracy in Japan. Russia is symbolized by the peasant or by the factory worker； Japan by the samurai； the national figure of England is Mr. Bull with his top hat， his comfortable clothes， his substantial stomach， and his substantial balance at the bank. Saint George may caper on banners and in the speeches of politicians， but it is John Bull who delivers the goods. And even Saint George-- if Gibbon is correct-- wore a top hat once； he was an army contractor and supplied indifferent bacon. It all amounts to the same in the end.Second Note. Just as the heart of England is the middle classes， so the heart of the middle classes is the public school system. This extraordinary institution is local. It does not even exist all over the British Isles. It is unknown inIreland， almost unknown in Scotland （countries excluded from mysurvey）， and though it may inspire other great institutions--Aligarh， for example， and some of the schools in the United States--it remainsunique， because it was created by the Anglo-Saxon middle classes， and can flourish only where they flourish. How perfectly it expresses their character -- far better for instance， than does the university， into which social and spiritual complexities have already entered. With its boarding-houses， its compulsory games， its system of prefects and fagging， its insistence on good form and on esprit de corps， it produces a type whose weight is out of all proportion to its numbers. On leaving his school， the boy either sets to work at once -- goes into the army or into business， or emigrates -- or else proceeds to the university， and after three or four years there enters some other profession --becomes a barrister， doctor， civil servant， schoolmaster， or journalist. （If through some mishap he does not become a manual worker or an artist.） In all these careers his education， or the absence of it，influences him. Its memories influence him also. Many men look back on their school days as the happiest of their lives. They remember with regret that golden time when life， though hard， was not yet complex， when they all worked together and played together and thought together， so far as they thought at all； when they were taught that school is the world in miniature and believed that no one can love his country who does not love his school. And they prolong that time as best they can by joining their Old Boys' society： indeed， some of them remain Old Boys and nothing else for the rest of their lives. They attribute all good to the school. They worship it. They quote the remark that "The battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton." It is nothing to them that the remark is inapplicable historically and was never made by the Duke of Wellington， and that the Duke of Wellington was an Irishman. They go on quoting it because it expresses their sentiments； they feel that if the Duke of Wellington didn't make it he ought to have， and if he wasn't an Englishman he ought to have been. And they go forth into a world that is not entirely composed of public-school men or even of Anglo-Saxons， but of men who are as various as the sands of the sea； into a world of whose richness and subtlety they have no conception. They go forth into it with well-developed bodies， fairly developed minds， and undeveloped hearts. And it is this undeveloped heart that is largely responsible for the difficulties of Englishmen abroad. An undeveloped heart--not a cold one. The difference is important， and on it my next note will be based.For it is not that the Englishman can't feel -- it is that he is afraid to feel. He has been taught at his public school that feeling is bad form. He must not express great joy or sorrow， or even open his mouth too wide when he talks--his pipe might fall out if he did. He must bottle up his emotions，or let them out only on a very special occasion.Once upon a time （this is an anecdote） I went for a week's holiday on the Continent with an Indian friend. We both enjoyed ourselves and were sorry when the week was over， but on parting our behaviour was absolutely different. He was plunged in despair.He felt that because the holiday was over all happiness was over until the world ended. He could not express his sorrow too much. But in me the Englishman came out strong. I reflected that we should meet again in a month or two， and could write in the interval if we had anything to say； and under these circumstances I could not see what there was to make a fuss about. It wasn't as if wewere parting forever or dying. "Buck up，" I said， "do buck up." He refused to buck up， and I left him plunged in gloom.The conclusion of the anecdote is even more instructive. For when we met the next month our conversation threw a good deal of light on the English character. I began by scolding my friend. I told him that he had been wrong to feel and display so much emotion upon so slight an occasion； that it was inappropriate. The word "inappropriate" roused him to fury. "What" he cried. "Do you measure out your emotions as if they were potatoes" I did not like the simile of the potatoes， but after a moment's reflection I said： "Yes， I do； and what's more， I think I ought to. A small occasion demands a little emotion just as a large occasion demands a great one. I would like my emotions to be appropriate. This may be measuring them like potatoes， but it is better than slopping them about like water from apail， which is what you did." He did not like the simile of the pail. "If those are your opinions， they part us forever，" he cried， and left the room. Returning immediately， he added： "No--but your whole attitude toward emotion is wrong. Emotion has nothing to do with appropriateness. It matters only that it shall be sincere. I happened to feel deeply. I showed it. It doesn't matter whether I ought to have felt deeply or not."This remark impressed me very much. Yet I could not agree with it， and said that I valued emotion as much as he did， but used it differently； if I poured it out on small occasions I was afraid of having none left for the great ones， and of being bankrupt at the crises of life. Note the word "bankrupt." I spoke as a member of a prudent middle-class nation， always anxious to meet my liabilities， but my friend spoke as an Oriental， and the Oriental has behind him a tradition， not of middle-class prudence but of kingly munificence and splendour. He feels his resources are endless，just as John Bull feels his are finite. As regards material resources， the Oriental is clearly unwise. Money isn't endless. If we spend or give away all the money we have， we haven't any more， and must take the consequences， which are frequently unpleasant. But， as regards the resources of the spirit， he may be right. The emotions may be endless. The more we express them， the more we may have to express. True love in this differs from gold and clay， That to divide is not to take away.Says Shelley. Shelley， at all events， believes that the wealth of the spirit is endless； that we may express it copiously， passionately， and always； that we can never feel sorrow or joy too acutely.In the above anecdote， I have figured as a typical Englishman. I will now descend from that dizzy and somewhat unfamiliar height， and return to mybusiness of notetaking. A note on the slowness of the English character. The Englishman appears to be cold and unemotional because he is really slow. When an event happens， he may understand it quickly enough with his mind， but he takes quite a while to feel it. Once upon a time a coach， containing some Englishmen and some Frenchmen， was driving over the Alps. The horses ran away， and as they were dashing across a bridge the coach caught on the stonework， tottered， and nearly fell into the ravine below. The Frenchmen were frantic with terror： they screamed and gesticulated and flung themselves about，as Frenchmen would. The Englishmen sat quite calm. An hour later， the coach drew up at an inn to change horses， and by that time the situations were exactly reversed. The Frenchmen had forgotten all about the danger， and were chattering gaily； the Englishmen had just begun to feel it， and one had a nervous breakdown and was obliged to go to bed. We have here a clear physical difference between the two races--a difference that goes deep into character. The Frenchmen responded at once； the Englishmen responded in time. They were slow and they were also practical. Their instinct forbade them to throw themselves about in the coach， because it was more likely to tip over if they did. They had this extraordinary appreciation of fact that we shall notice again and again. When a disaster comes， the English instinct is to do what can be done first， and to postpone the feeling as long as possible. Hence they are splendid at emergencies. No doubt they are brave--no one will deny that--bravery is partly an affair of the nerves， and the English nervous system is well equipped for meeting physical emergency.It acts promptly and feels slowly. Such a combination is fruitful， and anyone who possesses it has gone a long way toward being brave. And when the action is over， then the Englishman can feel.There is one more consideration -- a most important one. If the English nature is cold， how is it that it has produced a great literature and a literature that is particularly great in poetry Judged by its prose， English literature would not stand in the first rank. It is its poetry that raises it to the level of Greek， Persian， or French. And yet the English are supposed to be so unpoetical. How is this The nation that produced the Elizabethan drama and the Lake Poets cannot be a could，unpoetical nation. We can't get fire out of ice. Since literature always rests upon national character，there must be in the English nature hidden springs of fire to produce the fire we see. The warm sympathy， the romance， the imagination， that we look for in Englishmen whom we meet， and too often vainly look for， must exist in the nation as a whole， or we could not have this outburst of national song. An undeveloped heart--not a cold one.The trouble is that the English nature is not at all easy to understand. It has a great air of simplicity， it advertises itself as simple， but the more we considerit， the greater the problems we shall encounter. People talk of the mysterious East， but the West also is mysterious. It has depths that do not reveal themselves at the first gaze. We know what the sea looks like from a distance： it is of one color， and level， and obviously cannot contain such creatures as fish. But if we look into the sea over the edge of a boat， we see a dozen colors， and depth below depth， and fish swimming in them. That sea is the English character--apparently imperturbable and even. These depths and the colors are the English romanticism and the English sensitiveness--we do not expect to find suchthings， but they exist. And -- to continue my metaphor--the fish are the English emotions， which are always trying to get up to the surface， but don't quite know how. For the most part we see them moving far below， distorted and obscure. Now and then they succeed and we exclaim， "Why， the Englishman has emotions！ He actually can feel！" And occasionally we see that beautiful creature the flying fish， which rises out of the water altogether into the air and the sunlight. English literature is a flying fish. It is a sample of the life that goes on day after day beneath the surface； it is a proof that beauty and emotion exist in thesalt， inhospitable sea.And now let's get back to terra firma. The Englishman's attitude toward criticism will give us another starting point. He is not annoyed by criticism. He listens or not as the case may be smiles and passes on， saying， "Oh， the fellow's jealous"； "Oh， I'm used to Bernard Shaw； monkey tricks don't hurt me." It never occurs to him that the fellow may be accurate as well as jealous， and that he might do well to take the criticism to heart and profit by it. It never strikes him--except as a form of words -- that he is capable of improvement； his self-complacency is abysmal. Other nations， both Oriental and European， have an uneasy feeling that they are not quite perfect. In consequence they resent criticism. It hurts them； and their snappy answers often mask a determination to improve themselves. Not so the Englishman. He has no uneasy feeling. Let the critics bark. And the "tolerant humorous attitude" with which he confronts them is not really humorous， because it is bounded by the titter and the guffaw.Turn over the pages of Punch. There is neither wit， laughter， nor satire in our national jester--only the snigger of a suburban householder who can understand nothing that does not resemble himself. Week after week， under Mr Punch's supervision， a man falls off his horse， or a colonel misses a golfball， or a little girl makes a mistake in her prayers. Week after week ladies show not too much oftheir legs， foreigners are deprecated， originality condemned. Week after week a bricklayer does not do as much work as he ought and a futurist does more than he need. It is all supposed to be so good-tempered and clean； it is also supposed to be funny. It is actually an outstanding example of our attitude toward criticism： the middle-class Englishman， with a smile on his clean-shaven lips， is engaged in admiring himself and ignoring the rest of mankind. If， in those colorless pages， he came across anything that really was funny -- a drawing by Max Beerbohm， for instance -- his smile would disappear， and he would say to himself， "The fellow's a bit of a crank，" and pass on.This particular attitude reveals such insensitiveness as to suggest a more serious charge： is the Englishman altogether indifferent to the things of thespirit Let us glance for a moment at his religion -- not， indeed， at his theology， which would not merit inspection， but at the action on his daily life of his belief in the unseen. Here again his attitude is practical. But an innate decency comes out： he is thinking of others rather than of himself. Right conduct is his aim. He asks of his religion that it shall make him a better man in daily life： that he shall be more kind， more just，more merciful， more desirous to fight what is evil and to protect what is good. No one could call this a low conception. It is， as far as it goes， a spiritual one. Yet -- and this seems to be typical of the race -- it is only half the religious idea. Religion is more than an ethical code with a divine sanction. It is also a means through which man may get into direct connection with thedivine， and， judging by history， few Englishmen have succeeded in doing this. We have produced no series of prophets，as has Judaism or Islam. We have not even produced a Joan of Arc， or a Savonarola. We have produced few saints. In Germany the Reformation was due to the passionate conviction of Luther. In England it was due to palace intrigue. We can show a steady level of piety， a fixed determination to live decently according to our lights -- little more.Well， it is something. It clears us of the charge of being an unspiritual nation. That facile contrast between the spiritual East and the materialistic West can be pushed too far. The West also is spiritual. Only it expresses its belief， not in fasting and visions， not in prophetic rapture， but in the daily round， the common task. An incomplete expression， if you like. I agree. But the argument underlying these scattered notes is that the Englishman is an incomplete person. Not a cold or an unspiritual one. But undeveloped， incomplete.I have suggested earlier that the English are sometimes hypocrites， and it is not my duty to develop this rather painful subject. Hypocrisy is the prime charge that is always brought against us. The Germans are called brutal， the Spanishcruel， the Americans superficial， and so on； but we are perfide Albion， the island of hypocrites， the people who have built up an Empire with a Bible in one hand， a pistol in the other and financial concessions in both pockets. Is the charge true I think it is； but what we mean by hypocrisy Do we mean consciousdeceit Well， the English are comparatively guiltless of this； they have little of the Renaissance villain about them. Do we mean unconscious deceit Muddle-headedness Of this I believe them to be guilty. When an Englishman has been led into a course of wrong action， he has nearly always begun by muddling himself. A public-school education does not make for mental clearness， and he possesses to a very high degree the power of confusing his own mind. How does it work in the domain of conductJane Austen may seem an odd authority to cite， but Jane Austen has， within her limits， a marvelous insight into the English mind. Her range is limited， her characters never attempt any of the more scarlet sins. But she has a merciless eyefor questions of conduct， and the classical example of two English people muddling themselves before they embark upon a wrong course of action is to be found in the opening chapters of Sense and Sensibility. Old Mr. Dashwood has just died. He has been twice married. By his first marriage he has a son， John； by his second marriage three daughters. The son is well off； the young ladies and their mother -- for Mr. Dashwood's second wife survives him -- are badly off. He has called his son to his death-bed and has solemnly adjured him to provide for the second family. Much moved， the young man promises， and mentally decides to give each of his sisters a thousand pounds： and then the comedy begins. For he announces his generous intention to his wife， and Mrs. John Dashwood by no means approves of depriving their own little boy of so large a sum. The thousand pounds are accordingly reduced to five hundred. But even this seems rather much. Might not an annuity to the stepmother be less of a wrench Yes -- but though less of a wrench it might be more of a drain， for "she is very stout and healthy， and scarcely forty." An occasional present of fifty pounds will be better， "and will， I think， be amply discharging my promise to my father." Or， better still， an occasional present of fish. And in the end nothing is done， nothing； the four impecunious ladies are not even helped in the moving of their furniture.Well， are the John Dashwoods hypocrites It depends upon our definition of hypocrisy. The young man could not see his evil impulses as they gathered force and gained on him. And even his wife， though a worse character， is also self-deceived. She reflects that old Mr. Dashwood may have been out of his mind at his death. She thinks of her own little boy -- and surely a mother ought to think of her own child.She has muddled herself so completely that in one sentence she can refuse the ladies the income that would enable them to keep a carriage and in the next can say that they will not be keeping a carriage and so will have no expenses. No doubt men and women in other lands can muddle themselves， too， yet the state of mind of Mr. and Mrs. John Dashwood seems to me typical of England. They are slow -- they take time even to do wrong； whereas people in other lands do wrong quickly.There are national faults as there are national diseases， and perhaps one can draw a parallel between them. It has always impressed me that the national diseases of England should be cancer and consumption -- slow， insidious， pretending to be something else； while the diseases proper to the South should be cholera and plague， which strike at a man when he is perfectly well and may leave him a corpse by evening. Mr. and Mrs. John Dashwood are moral consumptives. They collapse gradually without realizing what the disease is. There is nothing dramatic or violent about their sin. You cannot call them villains.Here is the place to glance at some of the other charges that have been brought against the English as a nation. They have， for instance， been accused of treachery， cruelty， and fanaticism， In these charges I have never been able to see the least point， because treachery and cruelty are conscious sins. The man knows he is doing wrong， and does it deliberately， like Tartuffe or Iago. He betrays his friend because he wishes to. He tortures his prisoners because he enjoys seeing the blood flow. He worships the Devil because he prefers evil to good. From villainies such as these the average Englishman is free. His character， which prevents his rising to certain heights，also prevents him from sinking to these depths. Because he doesn't produce mystics he doesn't produce villains either； he gives the world no prophets， but no anarchists， no fanatics--religious or political.Of course there are cruel and treacherous people in England -- one has only to look at the police courts -- and examples of public infamy can be found， such as the Amritsar massacre. But one does not look at the police courts or the military mind to find the soul of any nation； and the more English people one meets the more convinced one becomes that the charges as a whole are untrue. Yet foreign critics often make them. Why Partly because they are annoyed with certain genuine defects in the English character， and in their irritation throw in cruelty in order to make the problem simpler. Moral indignation is always agreeable， but nearly always misplaced. It is indulged in both by the English and by the critics of the English. They all find it great fun. The drawback is that while they are amusing themselves the world becomes neither wiser nor better.The main point of these notes is that the English character is incomplete. No national character is complete. We have to look for some qualities in one part of the world and others in another. But the English character is incomplete in a way that is particularly annoying to the foreign observer. It has a bad surface -- self complacent， unsympathetic， and reserved. There is plenty of emotion further down， but it never gets used. There is plenty of brain power， but it is more often used to confirm prejudices than to dispel them. With such an equipment the Englishman cannot be popular. Only I would repeat： there is little vice in him and no real coldness. It is the machinery that is wrong.I hope and believe myself that in the next twenty years we shall see a great change， and that the national character will alter into something that is less unique but more lovable. The supremacy of the middle classes is probably ending. What new element the working classes will introduce one cannot say， but at all events they will not have been educated at public schools. And whether these notes praise or blame the English character -- that is only incidental. They are the notes of a student who is trying to get at the truth and would value the assistance of others. I believe myself that the truth is great and that it shall prevail. I have no faith in official caution and reticence. The cats are all out of their bags， and diplomacy cannot recall them. The nations must understand one another and quickly； and without the interposition of their governments， for the shrinkage of the globe is throwing them into one another's arms. To that understanding these notes are a feeble contribution -- notes on the English character as it has struck a novelist.。

Unit Six Culture ShockKalvero ObergCulture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms and cure.Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life; when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed. He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be, a series of props have been knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort. "The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad." When foreigners in a strange land get together to grouse about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock. Another phase of culture shock is regression. The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance. To the foreigner everything becomes irrationally glorified. All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.Some of the symptoms of culture shock are excessive washing of the hands, excessive concern over drinking water, food dishes, and bedding; fear of physical contact with attendants, the absent-minded stare; a feeling of helplessness and a desire for dependence on long-term residents of one's own nationality; fits of anger over minor frustrations; great concern over minor pains and eruptions of the skin; and finally, that terrible longing to be back home.Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them. Although not common, there are individuals who cannot live in foreign countries. However, those who have seen people go through culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can discern steps in the process.During the first few weeks most individuals are fascinated by the new. They stay in hotels and associate with nationals who speak their language and are polite and gracious to foreigners.This honeymoon stage may last from a few days or weeks to six months, depending on circumstances. If one is very important, he or she will be shown the show places, will be pampered and petted, and in a press interview will speak glowingly about goodwill and international friendship.But this mentality does not normally last if the foreign visitor remains abroad and has seriously to cope with real conditions of life. It is then that the second stage begins, characterized by a hostile and aggressive attitude toward the host country. This hostility evidently grows out of the genuine difficulty which the visitor experiences in the process of adjustment. There are house troubles, transportation troubles, shopping troubles, and the fact that people in the host country are largely indifferent to all these troubles. They help, but they don't understand your great concern over these difficulties. Therefore, they must be insensitive and unsympathetic to you and your worries. The result, “I just don't like them.” You become aggressive, you band together with others from your country and criticize the host country, its ways, and its people. But this criticism is not an objective appraisal. Instead of trying to account for the conditions and the historical circumstances which have created them, you talk as if the difficulties you experience are more or less created by the people of the host country for your special discomfort.You take refuge in the colony of others from your country which often becomes the fountainhead of emotionally charged labels known as stereotypes. This is a peculiar kind of offensive shorthand which caricatures the host country and its people in a negative manner. The "dollar grasping American" and the "indolent Latin Americans“are samples of mild forms of stereotypes. The second stage of culture shock is in a sense a crisis in the disease. If you come out of it, you stay; if not, you leave before you reach the stage of a nervous breakdown.If visitors succeed in getting some knowledge of the language and begin to get around by themselves, they are beginning to open the way into the new cultural environment. Visitors still have difficulties but they take a "this is my problem and I have to bear it" attitude. Usually in this stage visitors take a superior attitude to people of the host country. Their sense of humor begins to exert itself. Instead of criticizing, they joke about the people and even crack jokes about their own difficulties. They are now on the way to recovery.In the fourth stage, your adjustment is about as complete as it can be. The visitor now accepts the customs of the country as just another way of living. You operate within the new surroundings without a feeling of anxiety, although there are moments of social strain. Only with a complete grasp of all the cues of social intercourse will this strain disappear. For a long time the individual will understand what the national is saying but is not always sure what the national means. With a complete adjustment you not only accept the food, drinks, habits, and customs, but actually begin to enjoy them. When you go home on leave, you may even take things back with you; and if you leave for good, you generally miss the country and the people to whom you became accustomed.。

Unit SixTwo Truths to Live ByHold fast, and let go:understand this paradox*, and you standat thevery gate of wisdomAlexander M. Schindler[ 1 ] The art of living is to know when to hold fast and when to let go. For life is a paradox: it enjoins* us to cling to* its many gifts even while it ordains* their eventual relinquishment*The rabbis* of old put it this way: "A man comes to this world with his fist clenched*, but when he dies, his hand is open."[1] 生活的秘诀在于懂得何时抓紧，何时放松。

因为人生就是一对矛盾：它既令我们抓紧人生的多种赐与，同时它又要我们到头来把这些赐与放弃。

老一辈犹太学者是这样说的：“ 一个人握紧拳头来到这个世界，但他却是松开手掌离开这世界的。

”[ 2 ] Surely we ought to hold fast to life, for it is wondrous*, and full of a beauty that breaks through* every pore* of God's own earth. We know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember what it was and then suddenly realize that it is no more.[2] 毫无疑问，我们应该牢牢抓住生命，因为它奇妙，它有一种在上帝创造的世界里无孔不入、无处不在的美。

UNIT SEVENTEXT ONEOnce upon a time—when the U.S. dollar was king—American students blithely flocked overseas to nibbl e on affordable scones and croissants between classes. How times have changed.As the dollar dips to all-time lows, college students are feeling the pinch. Especially in the United Kingdom and countries that use the euro—which currently is at 68 cents to the dollar—the cost of living has skyrocketed. "Years ago we could say studying abroad was the same price as staying on campus," says Daeya Malboeuf, an associate director at Syracuse University. "There's no way we can say that anymore."Yet this unfavorable economic environment hasn't stopped students from scrambling overseas. According to the Institute of International Education,study-abroad programs have grown 144 percent in the past decade and continue to increase around 8 percent each year. Considering the rising costs, "it's surprising how little the students haven't been deterred," says Natalie Bartush, who handles thestudy-abroad program at the University of Texas.Where the real change appears to be happening as a result of rising prices is in the length and location of students' foreign study choices. The number of participants in short-term summer programs has swelled, as has the interest in courses at more exotic locales. For Middlebury College students, for example, a year in Florence costs around $37,000; at Santiago, Chile, it's $27,000. Such price differences have contributed to modest or flat growth at traditionally popular programs in western Europe and Australia, whereas schools in Chile, Argentina, South Africa, and China (particularly Hong Kong) are aggressively expanding to meet rising demand.Program directors are quick to point out that the shift is not just about money. "You can't understand the United States today without understanding what's going on outside our borders, and that's not just Europe anymore," says Rebecca Hovey, dean of the study-abroad program at the School for International Training. Interest in nontraditional locales spiked even before the dollar began dropping, and foreign countries are marketing themselves to American students. A surge of support from education nonprofits and the State Department also has fueled the trend.Study-abroad costs also vary wildly based on the way colleges structure their programs. Schools that effectively swap students with a foreign college are less affected by the falling dollar, but American schools that operate their own student centers often end up paying more for rent, utilities, and faculty salaries as the U.S. currency falters. The dollar's slide also means that trying to set student fees in advanceis a tiresome guessing game for college officials. Most of these educators' energy, however, is spent scrounging up extra financial aid for needy travelers. Students already getting help can usually transfer their aid to tuition and fees abroad, but basics like housing and food are often at the mercy of the fluctuating dollar. Airfare, which can exceed $1,000 round trip, is not generally included in school fees, and whirlwind trips across continents are rarely cheap.The emphasis on student financial responsibility is especially evident at private schools like Syracuse, which charges the same pricey tuition abroad as at home. Even at more affordable public universities and private colleges like Middlebury—which charges U.S. students the often cheaper tuition of the international host schools—counselors are quick to peddle the virtue of thrift, a lesson no longer lost between those on safety and culture shock.参考译文：当美元还是老大的时候，美国学生都高高兴兴地成群跑到海外上学，课间可以品尝价格合适的烤饼和羊角面包。

mpa英语复习资料MPA英语复习资料MPA（Master of Public Administration）是公共管理硕士的缩写，是一种专业学位。

它旨在培养学生在公共部门和非营利组织中担任领导职务所需的技能和知识。

MPA英语考试是申请MBA学位或从事公共管理相关工作的必备条件之一。

为了帮助考生顺利通过MPA英语考试，以下是一些复习资料的建议。

一、词汇与语法词汇和语法是英语考试中的基础部分。

考生需要掌握常见的单词和短语，并了解它们的用法。

可以通过背单词卡片、阅读英文文章和参加词汇训练班来提高词汇量。

此外，还需要熟悉英语语法规则，如时态、语态、句型转换等。

可以通过参考语法书籍、做练习题和请教老师来加强语法知识。

二、阅读理解阅读理解是MPA英语考试的重要部分。

考生需要快速准确地理解英文文章，并回答相关问题。

为了提高阅读理解能力，可以多读英文报纸、杂志和学术论文，培养阅读英文文章的习惯。

同时，可以做一些阅读理解练习题，提高阅读速度和理解能力。

还可以请教老师，学习一些阅读技巧和策略，如扫读、略读和精读等。

三、写作能力写作是MPA英语考试的另一个重要方面。

考生需要能够清晰、准确地表达自己的观点和想法。

为了提高写作能力，可以多写英文作文，并请教老师或其他同学进行修改和指导。

还可以阅读一些英文范文，学习其中的写作技巧和表达方式。

此外，可以参加写作培训班，学习一些写作的基本规则和方法。

四、口语表达口语表达是MPA英语考试的另一个重要组成部分。

考生需要能够流利地用英语进行交流和表达。

为了提高口语表达能力，可以多参与英语口语练习，与其他同学或外教进行对话。

还可以听一些英文广播、电视节目和纪录片，提高听力和口语能力。

此外，可以参加口语培训班，学习一些口语表达的技巧和方法。

五、模拟考试模拟考试是MPA英语复习的重要环节。

通过模拟考试，考生可以了解自己的考试水平和薄弱环节，并及时进行调整和改进。

可以找一些MPA英语模拟试题进行练习，模拟真实的考试环境，提高应试能力。

英文背诵经典５０篇（带翻译）珍贵值得收藏>01 The Language of MusicA painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student student of of of music music music needs needs needs as as as long long long and and and as as as arduous arduous arduous a a a training training training to to to become become become a a a performer performer performer as as as a a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique. For musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice practice breathing breathing breathing every every every day, day, as as their their their vocal vocal vocal chords chords chords would would would be be be inadequate inadequate inadequate without without without controlled controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing drawing the the the bow bow bow to to to and and and fro with fro with the the right right right arm: arm: arm: two two two entirely entirely entirely different different different movements. movements. movements. Singers Singers Singers and and instrumentalists instrumentalists have have have to to to be be be able able able to to to get get get every every every note note note perfectly perfectly perfectly in in in tune. tune. tune. Pianists Pianists Pianists are are are spared spared spared this this particular particular anxiety, anxiety, anxiety, for for for the the the notes notes notes are are are already already already there, waiting there, waiting for for them, them, them, and and and it it it is is is the the the piano piano piano tuner's tuner's responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties: the hammers that hit the strings have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear. This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling controlling these these these sounds with sounds with fanatical fanatical but but but selfless selfless selfless authority. Technique authority. Technique is is of of of no no no use use use unless unless unless it it it is is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century. 01 音乐的语言画家将已完成的作品挂在墙上，每个人都可以观赏到。

1.take on(a)(infml 口) become fashionable or popular 流行; 时髦; 受欢迎:The idea never really took on. 这一观念一向不太得人心.(b) (used with an adv 与副词连用) become upset or agitated 烦乱; 不安; 烦恼; 激动: Don't take on so!别这麽激动!take on sth (no passive 不用於被动语态) begin to have (a particular quality, appearance, etc); assume sth 呈现（某种性质﹑样子等）; 装成某事物:He's taken on some irritating mannerisms. 他新添了些讨人嫌的怪毛病.The chameleon can take on the colours of its background. 避役可将身体颜色变得与周围环境相同.Her eyes took on a hurt expression. 她的眼里流露出受委屈的神情.take sb on(a)employ sb; engage sb 雇用某人; 聘用某人:take on new staff 雇用新员工She was taken on as a graduate trainee. 她应聘为新毕业的实习生.(b) accept sb as one's opponent in a game, etc; tackle sb 同意与某人比赛; 对付某人: take sb on at snooker, squash, tennis, etc 与某人比赛彩色台球﹑壁球﹑网球等Ajax will take on Juventus in this year's European Cup Final. 在今年的欧洲杯足球决赛中阿贾克斯队将与尤文图斯队比赛.take sb/sth on (of a bus, plane, ship, etc) allow sb/sth to enter; take sb/sth on board （指公共汽车﹑飞机﹑轮船等）许可某人搭乘, 许可装载某物:The bus stopped to take on more passengers. 公共汽车停下让乘客上车.The ship took on more fuel at Freetown. 轮船在弗里敦加燃料.take sth on decide to do sth; undertake sth 决定做某事; 承担某事:take on extra work 承担额外工作She took on greater responsibilities when she was promoted.她得到提升, 担负了更大的责任.Don't take on more than you can cope with. 要量力而行.2. contemporaryn.person who lives or lived at the same time as another 同期的人; 同辈*She and I were contemporaries at college. 她和我在学院里是同学.adj. ~ (with sb/sth) of the time or period being referred to; belonging to the same time 属於该时代或该时期的; 属於同一时代的*Many contemporary writers condemned the emperor's actions.当时的许多作家都谴责该皇帝的行径.* a contemporary record of events同时代的大事记* Dickens was contemporary with Thackeray. 狄更斯与萨克莱属於同一时代.adj. of the present time; modern 当代的; 现代的contemporary events, fashions当代事件、款式furniture of contemporary style现代风格的家具3. excessiveadj. greater than what is normal or necessary; extreme 过分的; 过度的; 极度的*excessive prices 过高的价格*an excessive amount of alcohol 过量的酒精* an excessive enthusiasm for sport 对运动的狂热excessively adv.4. fecundity n.繁殖力；多产；肥沃fertility n. 多产；肥沃；生产力；丰饶*soil fertility 土壤肥力；地力*fertility rate 生育率；人口出生率*planned fertility 计划生育fruitfulness n.丰收，丰硕；多产；肥沃；果实累累pregnancy n. 怀孕；丰富，多产；意义深长5. grievousadj.causing grief or suffering 令人伤心或痛苦的*grievous news 令人伤心的消息adj.(of sth bad) severe; serious （指坏事）剧烈的, 严重的*grievous pain, wounds, etc 剧痛﹑重伤等* a grievous error, fault, sin, crime, etc 严重的错误、过失、罪过、罪行等grievously adv.If you think that, you are grievously in error. 你要是那样想，你可就大错特错了。

Unit 6l. Comprehension Checki l.B 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.B l0.A Fii (略) iii (略)lI. Vocabulary Studyi 1. As a matter of fact 2. are plagued 3. versus 4. have been reflecting on5. positive6. is implementing7. will enroll8. has been enriched9. aspiration 10. academic ll. wel1-informed 12. commitment toiil. relevance to 2. voiced 3. plague 4. enhance 5. ref1ected6. otherwise7. aspirations8. rated9. strengthened l0. has been decliningiii1.d2.c3.f4.h5.g6.c7.a8.blII. Clozel.B 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.A l0.Dll.C 12.B l3.A l4.B l5.D l6.B l7.B 18.C l9.C 20.BlV. Translationl. Passing the English examination should enhance your chances of getting the post.2. The discovery of gold in the va1leys will enrich the poor mountain area.3. Only when the police confronted her with evidence did she admited that she had sto1en the money.4. The meeting wi1l afford you an opportunity of hearing good pub1ic speakers.5. An official statement laid to rest the remaining fears about possible redundancies in the industry.6. Mary is pretty bright. As a matter of fact, her teacher told me that she is certain to get a university place this year.V. Writing Practicel. l) Computers are advanced machines that can store and recall information at very high speed. Computers are easy and interesting to use; however, some people are afraid of computers. I used to be afraid of computers, too, because of the fear of failure and because I knew nothing about Programming. But actually I have learned that the procedures of working on computers are very easy.2) When we were very young, we believed that parents could do no wrong. Indeed, they seemed to us to be perfect human beings who knew all the answers to our problems and who cou1d solve any problems that we had. However, as we grow older, we find that parents can make mistakes, too.3) Today's children are our future men and women. They will become the dominant force one day. If they receive proper guidance and have a nice childhood, they will contribute immeasurably to our society after they have grown up. In other words, today's children are going tohave a significant impact on our society in the future; therefore, parents should not neglect the proper conditions that children need during their childhood.2.(略)Key to supplementary readingA l.D 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.B 7.A 8.DB l.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.F 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.T l0.T参考译文社会服务经历时大学生的影响琳达J 萨克斯大学期间，参加社会服务的学生比不参加社会服务的学生更能提高自己的领导能力和社交方面的自信。

阅读理解精选100篇---经济类考研英语阅读理解精读100篇unit1unit1Some of the concerns surrounding Turkey’s application to join the European Union, to be voted on by the EU’s Council of Minis ters on December 17th, are economic-in particular, the country’s relative poverty. Its G DP per head is less than a third of the average for the 15 pre-2004 members of the EU. But it is not far off that of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004 (Latvia), and it is much the same as those of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007.Furthermore, the country’s recent economic progress has been, according to Donald Johnston, the secretary-general of the OECD, "stunning". GDP in the second quarter of the year was 13.4% higher than a year earlier, a rate of growth that no EU country comes close to matching. Turkey’s inflation rate has just fallen into single figures for the first time since 1972, and this week the countr y reached agreement with the IMF on a new three-year, $10 billion economic programme that will, according to the IMF’s managing director, Rodrigo Rato, "help Turkey... reduce inflation toward European levels, and enhance the economy’s resilience".Resilience has not historically been the country’s economic strong point. As recently as 2001, GDP fell by over 7%. It fell by more than 5% in 1994, and by just under 5% in 1999. Indeed, throughout the 1990s growth oscillated like an electrocardiogram recording a violent heart attack. This irregularity has been one of the main reasons (along with red tape and corruption) why the country has failed dismally to attract much-needed foreign direct investment. Its stock of such investment (as a percentage of GDP) is lower now than it was in the 1980s, and annual inflows have scarcely ever reached $1 billion (whereas Ireland attracted over $25 billion in 2003, as did Brazil in every year from 1998 to 2000).One deterrent to foreign investors is due to disappear on January 1st 2005. On that day, Turkey will take away the right of virtually every one of its citizens to call themselves a millionaire. Six noughts will be removed from the face value of the lira; one unit of the local currency will henceforth be worth what 1m are now-ie, about €0.53 ($0.70). Goods will have to be priced in both the new and old lira for the whole of the year, but foreign bankers and investors can begin to look forward to a time in Turkey when they will no longer have to juggle mentally with indeterminate strings of zeros.注（1）：本文选自Economist；12/18/2004, p115-115, 2/5p；注（2）：本文习题命题模仿2004年真题text 1第1题和第3题（1，3），2001年真题text 1第2题（2），1999年真题text 2第2题（4）和2002年真题text 3第4题（5）；1. What is Turkey’s economic situation now?[A] Its GDP per head is far lagging behind that of the EU members.[B] Its inflation rate is still rising.[C] Its economy grows faster than any EU member.[D] Its economic resilience is very strong.2. We can infer from the second paragraph that__________.[A] Turkey will soon catch the average GDP level of the 15 pre-2004 EU members[B] inflation rate in Turkey used to be very high[C] Turkey’s economy will keep growing at present rate[D] IMF’s economic program will help Turkey join the EU3. The word “oscillated” (Line 3, Para graph 3) most probably means_________.[A] fell[B] climbed[C] developed[D] swang4. Speaking of Turkey’s foreign direct investment, the author implies that_________.[A] it’s stock is far less than that of other countries[B] it does not have much influence on Turkey’s economic progress[C] steady GDP growth will help Turkey attract more foreign direct investment[D] Turkey’s economic resilience relies on foreign direct investment5.We can draw a conclusion from the text that__________.[A] foreign investment environment in Turkey will become better[B] Turkey’s citizens will suffer heavy loss due to the change of the face value of the lira[C] the local currency will depreciate with the removal of six noughts from the face value[D] prices of goods will go up答案：C B D C A篇章剖析本篇文章是一篇说明文，介绍了土耳其的经济状况。

公共管理硕士复习辅导：英语精读60篇(十六)UNIT 16 TEXT A famous surgeon tells about the importance of self-confidence from his own experience. The Making of a Surgeon How does a doctor recognize the point in time when he is finally a “surgeon”? As my year as chief resident drew to a close I asked myself this question on more than one occasion. The answer, I concluded, was self-confidence. When you can say to yourself, “There is no surgical patient I cannot treat competently, treat just as well as or better than any other surgeon” - then, and not until then, you are indeed a surgeon. I was nearing that point. Take, for example, the emergency situations that we encountered almost every night. The first few months of the year I had dreaded the ringing of the telephone. I knew it meant another critical decision to be made. Often, after I had told Walt or Larry what to do in a particular situation, I‘d have trouble getting back to sleep. I‘d review all the facts of the case and, not infrequently, wonder if I hadn‘t made a poor decision. More than once at two or three in the morning, after lying awake for an hour, I‘d get out of bed, dress and drive to the hospital to see the patient myself. It was the only way I could find the peace of mind I needed to relax. Now, in the last month of my residency, sleeping was no longer a problem. There were still situations in which I couldn‘t be certain my decision had been the right one, but I had learned to accept this as a constant problem for a surgeon, one that could never be completely resolved - and I could live with it. So, once I had made a considered decision, I no longer dwelt on it. Reviewing it wasn‘t going to help and I knew that with my knowledge and experience, any decision I‘d made was bound to be a sound one. It was a nice。

大学英语精读第 6 册全文课文翻译第六册RESEARCH REPORTS FOR BUSINESS ANDTHECNICAL WRITINGA surprising amount of one's time as a student and professional is spent reporting the results of one's research projects for presentation to teachers, managers,and clients. Indeed, without basic research skills and theability to present research results clearly and completely,an individual will encounter many obstacles in school andon the job. The need for some research-writing ability isfelt nearly equally by college students in all fields, engineering and science as well as business and the humanities. Graduate study often makes great demandson the student's research-writing skills,and most professions continue the demand; education, advertisingand marketing,economics and accounting,science and engineering,psychology,anthropology,the arts,and agriculture may all require regular reporting of researchdata.ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH PAPERThe standard research report, regardless of the field or theintended reader,contains four major sections.These sections may be broken down into a variety of subsections,and they may be arranged in a variety of ways, but they regularly make up the core of the report.Problem Section. The first required section of a researchreport is the statement of the problem with which the research project is concerned.This section requires a precise statement of the underlying question which the researcher has set out to answer .In this same section there should be an explanation of the significance -- social,economic, medical, psychological, educational, etc.-- of the question; in other words, why the investigation wasworth conducting.Thus,if we set out,for example,to answer the question"What is the effect of regular consumption of fast foods on the health of the American teenager?" we must explain that the question is thought tohave significant relevance to the health of this segment ofthe population and might lead to some sort of regulationson such foods.A frequent subsection of this problem section is a review ofpast research on the topic being investigated. This wouldconsist of summaries of the contributions of previous researcher to the question under consideration with some商务、技术研究报告的写作作为学生和专业人员，他们花了大量时间将自己的研究项目的结果报告给老师，经理和委托人。

Unit 7一、词汇短语perilously [ˈperələsli] adv. 危机四伏地；充满危险地【例句】We came perilously close to disaster. 我们险些出了大乱子。

ailment [] n. 轻微的病痛【例句】I don’t have even the slightest ailment. 我什么毛病也没有。

【词组】economic ailment经济失调trifling ailments轻症，微症augment [] vi. 增大；增加【例句】He augmented his income by teaching in the evenings. 他晚上教书来增加收入。

【派生】augmentation n. 增加，增大；增加物divine []adj.神的，上帝的，神圣的；非凡的，极好的【例句】①That play we saw last night was just simply divine! 我们昨晚看的那出戏实在是太好了！②At last I divined the truth. 最后我发现了事情的真相。

【词组】divine comedy神曲（意大利诗人但丁作的叙事诗）【助记】div（联想dive）＋（v）ine（葡萄藤）→能在葡萄藤中潜水是非凡的、超人的stockbroker [ˈstɑːkbroʊkər] n. [金融]股票经纪人【例句】My stockbroker manages my portfolio for me. 我的证券经纪人替我管理投资组合。

fecundity [] n. 多产；富饶；丰富【例句】The boy’s fecundity of imagination amazed his teacher. 男孩丰富的想象力让教师感到惊异。

amelioration [əˌmiːliəˈreɪʃn] n. 改进，改善【例句】Progress brings with it the amelioration of the human condition.进步改善了人类生存状况。

Lesson one1.Virtue is, indeed must be, self-centered.(para4)正确的行动是，确实也必须是以自我为中心的。

By right action, we mean it must help promote personal interest.2.The essentials are familiar: the poverty of the poor was the fault of the poor. And it was because it was product of their excessive fecundity…..(para5)他的基本观点为人熟知：穷人的贫穷是他们咎由自取，贫穷是热门过度生育的结果The poverty of the poor was caused by their having too many children.3.Poverty being caused in the bed meant that the rich were not responsible for either its creation or its amelioration. (para6)贫穷源于过度生育意味着富人不应该为产生贫穷和解决贫穷承担责任The rich were not to blame for the existence of poverty so they should not be asked to undertake the task of solving the problem.4.It is merely the working out of a law of nature and a law of God(para8)这是自然规律和上帝的意志在起作用。

It is only the result or effect of the law of the survival of the fittest applied to nature or to human society.5.It declined in popularity, and reference to it acquired a condemnatory tone.(para9)然而在20世纪，人们认为社会学中的达尔文进化论有点过于残酷，遭到了普遍的质疑，人们提及它都带有谴责的口吻。