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外文资料一、Solor1.1 Solar ProfileSolar energy is energy from the Earth's external celestial bodies(Mainly solar),The release of enormous energy of the fusion of hydrogen nuclei at extremely high temperatures in the sun, the vast majority of human energy required, directly or indirectly from the sun. Needs coal, oil, natural gas and other fossil fuels are a variety of plants through photosynthesis, solar energy into chemical energy stored in plants down, formed by plants and animals buried in the ground after a long geological ages. They are essentially fixed solar energy from ancient organisms. In addition, hydro, wind, wave, ocean current energy and so on are converted from solar energy .1.2 Solar power typeThe use of solar power has two types, one kind is the solar power generation ( also known as solar power ), another kind is the solar thermal power generation( also known as solar thermal power ).Solar power generation is a power generation mode that to convert solar energy directly into electrical energy. It includes four form, like a photovoltaic power generation,.photochemicalgeneration,light sensor power generation and light biological generation. the photochemical generation includes of electrochemical photovoltaic cell, Photoelectrolytic cell and Photocatalytic battery.Solar thermal power generation is let convert solar energy into heat energy first, then let the heat energy into electrical energy, it has two types of transformation. One is the solar energy directly into electrical energy, such as a semiconductor or metal material of thermoelectric generator, vacuum devices in the hot electron and ion generating , alkali metal thermoelectric conversion, and magnetic fluid power generation and so on. Another way is let the sun heat energy through the heat engine ( such as a turbine) to drive the generator to generate power,it is similar with conventional thermal power generation, but the heat is not from the fuel, but solar energy.二、LED2.1 LED Summary：LED (Light Emitting Diode), light-emitting diode, is a solid state semiconductor devices, which can be directly converted into electricity to light. LED is the heart of a semiconductor chip, the chip is attached to one end of a stent, is the negative side, the other end of the power of the cathode, the entire chip package to be epoxy resin. Semiconductor chip is composed of two parts, part of the P-type semiconductor, it inside the hole-dominated, the other side is the N-type semiconductor, here is mainly electronic. But linking the two semiconductors, among them the formation ofa "PN junction." When the current through the wires role in this chip, will be pushing e-P, P zone in the hole with electronic composite, and then to be issued in the form of photon energy, and this is the principle of LED luminescence. The wavelength of light that is the color of light, is formed by the PN junction of the decisions of the material.2.2 LED history50 years ago, people have to understand semiconductor materials can produce light of the basic knowledge, the first commercial diodes in 1960. English is the LED light emitting diode (LED) acronym, and its basic structure is an electroluminescent semiconductor materials, placed in a wire rack, then sealed with epoxy resin around, that is, solid package, Therefore, the protection of the internal batteries can play the role of line, so the seismic performance LED good.Instruments used for the first LED light source instructions, but all kinds of light colored LED lights in traffic and large screen has been widely applied, have a very good economic and social benefits. The 12-inch red traffic lights as an example, is used in the United States have long life, low-efficiency 140 watt incandescent lamp as a light source, it produced 2,000 lumens of white light. The red filter, the loss-90 percent, only 200 lumens of red light. In the light of the new design, Lumileds companies have 18 red LED light source, including the loss of circuit, a total power consumption of 14 watts to generate the same optical effect. Automotive LED lights is also the source of important areas.For general lighting, people need more white light sources. The 1998 white LED successful development. This is the GaN LED chip and Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) package together cause. GaN chip of the Blu-ray (λ p = 465nm, Wd = 30nm), made of high-temperature sintering of the Ce3 + YAG phosphors excited by this Blu-ray after irradiating a yellow, the peak 550 nm. Blue-chip installed in the LED-based Wanxing reflection in the cavity, covered with a resin mixed with YAG thin layer, about 200-500 nm. LED-based tablets issued by the Blu-ray absorption part of the phosphor, the phosphor another part of the Blu-ray and a yellow light mixed, can be a white. Now, the InGaN / YAG white LED, YAG phosphor by changing the chemical composition of the phosphor layer and adjust the thickness of the 3500-10000 K color temperature can be colored white. This blue LED through the method by white, constructed simple, low-cost, high technology is mature, so use the most.2.3 LED advantngesLED have several advantages over conventional incandescent lamps. For one thing,they don't have a filament that will burn out, so they last much longer. Additionally, their small plastic bulb makes them a lot more durable. They also fit more easily into modern electronic circuits. But the main advantage is efficiency. In conventional incandescent bulbs, the light-production process involves generating a lot of heat. This is completely wasted energy, unless you're using the lamp as a heater. LEDs generate very little heat, relatively speaking. A much higher percentage of the electrical power is going directly to generating light, which cuts down on the electricity demands considerably. Up until recently, LEDs were too expensive to use for most lighting applications. The price of semiconductor devices has plummeted over the past decade, however, making LEDs a more cost-effective lighting option for a wide range of situations. While they may be more expensive than incandescent lights up front, their lower cost in the long run can make them a better buy. In the future, they will play an even bigger role in the world of technology.译文一、太阳能1.1太阳能简介太阳能的能源是来自地球外部天体的能源（主要是太阳能），是太阳中的氢原子核在超高温时聚变释放的巨大能量，人类所需能量的绝大部分都直接或间接地来自太阳。
太阳能英语知识点总结History of Solar EnergyThe use of solar energy dates back to ancient times when people used magnifying glasses to concentrate sunlight to light fires. The first recorded use of solar power was in the 7th century BC when mirrors were used to concentrate sunlight to light torches. In the 3rd century BC, the Greeks and Romans used passive solar design to heat their homes and bathhouses.The modern era of solar energy began in the 19th century with the development of solar cells by French physicist Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel. In 1954, Bell Laboratories invented the first silicon solar cell, which was the precursor to today's photovoltaic cells. Since then, solar energy technology has advanced significantly, making it an increasingly viable and accessible energy source.Technology of Solar EnergyThere are two main technologies for harnessing solar energy: photovoltaic (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP).Photovoltaic Technology: Photovoltaic cells, commonly known as solar cells, convert sunlight directly into electricity. When sunlight strikes the semiconductor material in the solar cell, it creates an electrical current. Solar panels consist of multiple solar cells connected together to form an array. The electricity generated by the solar panels can be used directly or stored in batteries for later use.Concentrated Solar Power Technology: Concentrated solar power uses mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight onto a small area, which generates heat that can be used to produce electricity. The concentrated sunlight heats a fluid, such as water or molten salt, which then produces steam to drive a turbine and generate electricity.Benefits of Solar Energy1. Renewable and Sustainable: Solar energy is an abundant and inexhaustible source of energy. The sun has been shining for billions of years and is expected to continue shining for billions more, making solar energy a sustainable and reliable source of power.2. Environmentally Friendly: Solar energy produces no greenhouse gas emissions or air pollutants and has minimal impact on the environment. By using solar energy, we can reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate the effects of climate change.3. Energy Independence: Solar energy provides a decentralized source of power, allowing individuals, businesses, and communities to generate their own electricity and reduce their dependence on the grid.4. Cost-Effective: The cost of solar panels and related technologies has decreased significantly in recent years, making solar energy more affordable and accessible. In many regions, solar energy is now cost-competitive with traditional sources of energy.Challenges of Solar EnergyDespite its numerous benefits, solar energy also faces several challenges that hinder its widespread adoption and use.1. Intermittency: Solar energy is dependent on sunlight, which is not constant and varies with weather and time of day. As a result, solar energy production can be intermittent and unreliable, requiring energy storage or backup power sources.2. Land Use: Large-scale solar farms require a significant amount of land, which can be a challenge in densely populated areas or environments with competing land uses.3. Energy Storage: Energy storage technologies, such as batteries, are necessary to store excess solar energy for use during periods of low sunlight. However, current energy storage solutions are expensive and limited in capacity.4. Resource Limitations: The production of solar panels and related technologies requires raw materials, such as silicon, silver, and cadmium, which are limited in availability and can have environmental impacts.Future Prospects of Solar EnergyDespite its challenges, the future of solar energy looks promising. The ongoing advancements in solar technology, such as the development of more efficient solar cells and energy storage systems, will continue to drive down the cost of solar energy and increase its accessibility.In addition, the increasing awareness of climate change and the need for sustainable energy solutions has catalyzed a global shift towards renewable energy, with solar energy playing a leading role in this transition.Furthermore, government incentives, policies, and regulations aimed at promoting renewable energy and reducing carbon emissions are driving investment in solar energy and spurring the development of large-scale solar projects.ConclusionSolar energy is a clean, renewable, and sustainable source of power that has the potential to revolutionize the way we produce and consume electricity. With ongoing technological advancements, decreasing costs, and increasing environmental concerns, solar energy is poised to play a key role in our transition to a more sustainable and low-carbon future. As we continue to harness the power of the sun, it is important to address the challenges andlimitations of solar energy to realize its full potential and maximize its benefits for generations to come.。
1 主题内容与适用范围本标准规定了太阳能热利用中一部分关于天文与辐射的术语。
本标准适用于太阳能热利用中对太阳辐射的研究与测量。
2 引用标准GB 3102.6 光及有关电磁辐射的量和单位GB 4270 热工图形符号与文字代号3 天文3.1 天球celestial sphere为研究天体的位置和运动而辅设的一个半径为无限长的假想球体。
其中心按需要可设在观测点、地心、日心或银心等。
天体的位置即指沿天球中心至该天体方向在球面上的投影。
3.2 天轴celestial axis天球的自转轴。
它通过天球中心并平行于地球自转轴。
3.3 天极celestial pole天轴与天球相交的两个交点的统称。
3.4 北天极celestial north pole北半天球上的天极。
3.5 南天极celestial south pole南半天球上的天极。
3.6 天顶zenith观测点铅垂线向上延长与天球相交的交点。
3.7 天底nadir观测点铅垂线向下延长与天球相交的交点。
3.8 天赤道celestial equator通过天球中心并垂直于天轴的平面与天球相交的大圆。
3.9 天球子午圈celestial meridian天球上通过天顶和天极的大圆。
同义词天球子午线3.10 时圈hour circle天球上通过两天极的任一大圆。
同义词赤经圈right ascension circle3.11 地平面horizontal plane地球表面观测点以铅垂线为法线的切平面。
3.12 地平圈horizontal circle通过天球中心并垂直于天顶-天底连线的平面与天球相交的大圆。
同义词地平线horizon3.13 地平经圈vertical circle天球上通过天顶和天底的任一大圆。
3.14 角距离angular distance天球大圆上任意两点所对应的圆心角。
3.15 天球坐标系celestial coordinate system为确定天体在天球上的投影位置和运动而引入的球面坐标系。
