数学建模第五次作业

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1. 区间估计

解:R程序:

X <- c(1067, 919, 1196, 785, 1126, 936, 918, 1156, 920, 948);

n <- length(X);

xb <- mean(X);

S2 <- var(X);

S <- sqrt(S2);

T = (xb-1000)/(S/sqrt(n));

结果:

mean df a b

1 997.1 9 902.9965 1091.203

p-value=0.5270268

由此可知:置信区间为902.996到1096.203,该批灯泡能使用1000小时以上的概率为52.70268%。

2. 假设检测I

解:假设H0<=225,H1>225

此问题是单边检验输入数据,调用函数t.test()

R程序:

X<-c(220, 188, 162, 230, 145, 160, 238, 188,247,113,

126, 245, 164, 231, 256, 183, 190, 158,224,175)

t.test(X, alternative = "greater", mu = 225)

结果:

data: X

t = -3.4783, df = 19, p-value = 0.9987

alternative hypothesis: true mean is greater than 225

95 percent confidence interval:

175.8194 Inf

sample estimates:

mean of x

192.15

由此可知:P值为0.9987,不能拒绝原假设,接受H0,即认为油漆工人的血小板计数与正常成年男子有差异,油漆作业对人体血小板计数有影响。

3. 假设检测II

解:(1)两总体方差相同模型选择t检验法

R程序:

X<-c(113,120,138,120,100,118,138,123)

Y<-c(138,116,125,136,110,132,130,110)

t.test(X, Y, alternative = "less", var.equal=TRUE)

t.test(X, Y, alternative = "less")

结果:

Two Sample t-test

data: X and Y t = -0.566, df = 14, p-value = 0.2902

alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is less than 0

95 percent confidence interval:

-Inf 7.12812

sample estimates:

mean of x mean of y

121.250 124.625

(2)两总体方差不同模型

R程序:

X<-c(113,120,138,120,100,118,138,123)

Y<-c(138,116,125,136,110,132,130,110)

var.test(X, Y)

结果:

F test to compare two variances

data: X and Y

F = 1.2278, num df = 7, denom df = 7, p-value = 0.7935

alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is not equal to 1

95 percent confidence interval:

0.2458103 6.1327511

sample estimates:

ratio of variances

1.227800

(3)成对数据模型

R程序:

X<-c(113,120,138,120,100,118,138,123)

Y<-c(138,116,125,136,110,132,130,110)

var.test(X, Y, alternative = "less", exact=F)

结果:

F test to compare two variances

data: X and Y

F = 1.2278, num df = 7, denom df = 7, p-value = 0.6033

alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is less than 1

95 percent confidence interval:

0.000000 4.649733

sample estimates:

ratio of variances

1.227800

由此可知:(1)p=0.29(2)p=0.79(3)p=0.60,置信区间(1)>(2)>(3)。

4. 假设检测III

解:由题可知所检验的问题为H0: p=p0=0.147, H1: p≠p0。调用binom.test()

函数 :binom.test(57,400,p=0.147)

结果 :

data: 57 and 400 number of successes = 57, number of trials = 400, p-value = 0.8876

alternative hypothesis: true probability of success is not equal to

0.147

95 percent confidence interval: 0.1097477 0.1806511

sample estimates: probability of success 0.1425

由此可知:P-值为0.8876>0.05,接受假设,所以该结果支持该城市老年人口的比重为14.7%的说法。

5. 分布检测I

解:

调用chisq.test()函数 chisq.test(c(315,101,108,32),p=c(9,3,3,1)/16)

结果:

> chisq.test(c(315,101,108,32),p=c(9,3,3,1)/16)

Chi-squared test for given probabilities

data: c(315, 101, 108, 32)

X-squared = 0.47, df = 3, p-value = 0.9254

由此可知:p-value = 0.9254>0.05 接受原假设,即豌豆两对性状的分离符合自由组合规律。

6. 分布检测II

解:R程序:

输入数据

X<-0:5; Y<-c(92, 68, 28, 11, 1, 0)

计算理论分布, 其中mean(rep(X,Y))为样本均值

q<-ppois(X, mean(rep(X,Y))); n<-length(Y)

p<-q[1]; p[n] <- 1-q[n-1]

for (i in 2:(n-1))

p[i] <- q[i]-q[i-1]

作检验

chisq.test(Y, p=p)

结果:

Chi-squared test for given probabilities

data: Y

X-squared = 2.1596, df = 5, p-value = 0.8267

Warning message:

In chisq.test(Y, p = p) : Chi-squared近似算法有可能不准

重新分组

Z<-c(92, 68, 28, 12)

重新计算理论分布

n<-length(Z); p<-p[1:n-1]; p[n]<-1-q[n-1]

作检验

chisq.test(Z, p=p)

结果:

Chi-squared test for given probabilities

data: Z

X-squared = 0.9113, df = 3, p-value = 0.8227 由此可知:第一个p-value = 0.8267>0.1但是出现了警告,所以需要重新分组。Pearson x2要求分组后,每组中的频数至少要大于等于5,而后两组中的频数均小于5,并且它们的和仍然小于5,而后三组中的频数相加后大于5。因此需求将后三组合成一组,此时的频数为12。分组后得到的p-value = 0.8227>0.1 因此,可以认为每分钟顾客数X服从Poisson分布。

7. 列链表检测I

解:假设:使用电子婴儿监测仪与剖腹产率无关

R程序:> x <- c(358, 2492, 229, 2745)

> x <- matrix(x, nc=2)

> chisq.test(x, correct = FALSE)

结果:

Pearson's Chi-squared test

data: x

X-squared = 37.9488, df = 1, p-value = 7.263e-10

> chisq.test(x)

Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction

data: x

X-squared = 37.4143, df = 1, p-value = 9.552e-10

由此可知:p-value值小于0.05 经Yate修正,结果一致,避免2×2的列联表P-值偏小,所以拒绝假设,证明使用婴儿电子监测仪和剖腹产率相关。

8. 列链表检测II

解:R程序:

x<-matrix(c(3,6,4,4),nc=2)

fisher.test(x)

结果:

Fisher's Exact Test for Count Data

data: x

p-value = 0.6372

alternative hypothesis: true odds ratio is not equal to 1

95 percent confidence interval:

0.04624382 5.13272210

sample estimates:

odds ratio 0.521271

由此可知:p-value = 0.6372>0.05 并且区间估计得到的区间包含有1,因此两变量是独立的,所以两种工艺对产品的质量无影响。

9. Wilcoxon秩和检测I

解:(1)R程序:

x<-c(3, 5, 7, 9, 10); y<-c(1, 2, 4, 6, 8)

wilcox.test(x, y, alternative="greater")

结果:

Wilcoxon rank sum test

data: x and y