现在完成时与现在完成进行时讲解
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现在完成时
一.基本结构:助动词have/has+过去分词(done) 。表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响,或过去发生的动作还未结束,一直持续到现在或将来,重点在于对现在的影响。
二.句型:
否定句:主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他.
一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他.
简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定)
No, 主语 +
haven't/hasn't.(否定)
三.用法
1.表示一个过去发生并结束的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
这一类情况可以细致分为下述两种情况。
1)表示开始于过去的动作刚刚结束。常和just,now,already,yet,not…yet等不确定的时间状语连用。
Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明刚刚把灯关上。(说明现在灯关上了)
I've finished my homework now. 现在我已经做完作业了。(说明可以交作业或做别的了)
2)表示过去动作的结果,一直延续到现在。一般不用时间状语。
I have lost my pen. 我把笔丢了。 (说明过去某时丢的,现在我还没找到这支笔)
She has become a teacher. 她已经当了老师。(说明她现在仍是老师)
2. 表示动作或状态从过去某时开始,持续到现在的动作(用行为动词表示)或状态(be动词表示),常与for(+段时间)、since(+时间点或过去时的句子)连用。
①for+时段(for a long time,for a month)
②since+过去一个时间点(译为:自从……以来,如since 1991 、since yesterday)
③since+时段+ago (since 2 days ago)
④since+从句(过去时)
●⑤It is+时段+since+从句(过去时)
⑥其它常见:today,this week(month),lately,recently,these days,in the past few days,
during the last two weeks,,so far,up to now,till(until) now等。
He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在这儿三十年了。(现在还住在这儿)
They've known each other since childhood. 他们从小彼此相识。(现在还在往来)
How long have you studied English? 你学英语多久了?(现在仍在学)
3. 经验性用法:表示从过去开始到目前为止这段时间中反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态。常与频度副词如often, always, every week,
twice等连用。
I have been to the Summer Palace
twice.
我曾经去过颐和园两次。
He has always said so.他总是这么说.
四.现在完成时的时间状语
1.现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下时间状语表示这种含义。
a. 不确定的过去时间状语:already, yet, before,
recently, lately等
I've seen the film before.
我以前看过这部电影。
Have you been there lately?
近来你去过那里吗?
b. 频度时间状语:often, ever, never, once,
rarely, sometimes
等
We have never heard of that.
我们从未听说过这事。
He has sometimes played tennis.
他有时打网球。
Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.
大本钟很少出差错。
c. 包含现在时间在内的时间状语:now, just,
today, this morning, this week, this year等
I have just finished the letter now.
我现在刚写完信。You have just missed the bus.
你刚好错过公共汽车。
Has he done much work today?
他今天做了很多工作吗?
比较:already和yet用法上的区别
already常用于肯定句,置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句,置于句末。但already有时也可用在疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。
She has already gone.
她早就走了。
Have you eaten your dinner already?
你已经吃过饭了?
He has not come yet.
他还没有来。
②与现在完成时“未完成”用法连用的时间状语
与“已完成”用法一样,表示具体的过去的时间状语不能与“未完成”用法连用。与其连用的往往是指一段时间的状语以具体表示某一动作或状态持续了多久。
a. since + 具体时间,表示动作或状态从何时开始
Since then, he has developed another bad habit.
自那以后他养成了另一个坏习惯。
He hasn't been home since he graduated.
他毕业后就没回过家。
b. for + 一段时间,表示动作或状态持续了多久
We have worked here for ages.
我们在这里工作很久了。
There has been no rain here for nearly two
months.
这里已经近两个月没有下雨了。
c. until now, up till now, so far, up to the
moment
到目前为止
I have not seen him so far.
到目前为止我没见过他。
Up to the present, everything has been OK.
到目前为止一切正常。
d. in/during the past/last five years
在刚刚过去的5年里
He has been away from school during the last
few weeks.
过去的几个星期里他没在学校。
In the past few years they have dealt with quite a
few international corporations successfully. 在过去的几年中他们已经和好几家跨国公司做成了生意。
e. all the while, all day 一直,一整天
She has been busy all day.
她忙了一整天。
2. 短暂性动词不能和表一段时间的时间状语连用。如:come, go, arrive, reach, hear, close, leave,
begin, start, lose, buy, fall, join, die, get up等。但如果要保留表一段时间的时间状语,必须将动词改为延续性动词,常与for+时段、since+过去一个时间点(过去 从句)的时间状语连用。
现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换
a) 瞬间动词的变化
buy----have
borrow -----keep/have become -----be
catch a cold -----have a cold put on -----wear
b) 用“be+形容词”代替短暂性动词 marry-----be married fall(get) ill-----be ill die-----be dead fall(get) asleep-----be asleep wake/wake up-----be awake lose-----be missing/gone/lost open-----be open close-----be close finish( end )→be over go out----be out c) 用“be+副词”代替短暂性动词 start/begin-----be on
get up→ be up return/come back/go back→be back leave/move →be away come/arrive/reach/get here(there)-----be here/there come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in d) 用“be+介词短语”代替短暂性动词 go to/come to-----be in/at +地点 join the army-----be in the army move to-----be in/at +地点
如:He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。
His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。
The film has been on for 5 minutes.电影已开始五分钟了。
We have studied English for three years. 我们(开始)学英语已三年了。
五.几点注意事项
1. have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别: have been(to)表示“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”,可用于各人称;可与once ,never,several
times等连用。 have gone(to)表示“去某地了(说话时某人不在当地)”,常用于第三人称,
如: They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。 2. 不可延续性动词现在完成时的否定式,已变成一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段