专八语言学试题【答案版本】

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1. F. de. Saussure is a (n) __________linguist.

A. American B. British C. Swiss D. Russian

Swiss linguist. The founder of structural linguistics, he declared that there is only an arbitrary

relationship between a linguistic sign and that which it signifies. The posthumously published

collection of his lectures,Course in General Linguistics (1916), is a seminal work of modern

linguistics.

索绪尔，费迪南德·德：(1857-1913) 瑞士语言学家，结构主义语言的创始人，他声称在语言符号和其所指含义之间仅有一种模糊的关系。他死后，他的讲演集出版为《普通语言学教程》

（1916年），是现代语言学的开山之作

2. N. Chomsky is a(n) ______linguist.

Canadian B. American C. French D. Swiss

American linguist who revolutionized the study of language with his theory of generative

grammar, set forth inSyntactic Structures (1957).

乔姆斯基，诺阿姆：(生于 1928) 美国语言学家，他在《句法结构》 （1957年）一书中所阐述的关于生成语法的理论曾使语言学研究发生突破性进展

3. ___________is the study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to

their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.

A. Phonology B. Lexicography 词典编纂 C. lexicology词典学 D.

Morphology词态 词态学

音位学研究的是一种语言的整个语音系统及其分布，包括某一特定语言里的语音和音位分部和结合的规律。

4. Which of the linguistic items below is best described as the smallest unit of meaning?

A. The word B. The morpheme 词素C. The phoneme 音素 D. The clause

词素是语言中最小的有意义的单位。Word是单独出现在口语或者文字中的最小语言单位。音素是最小的语音单位，可以表达意义上的区别。

5. The morpheme “cast” in the common word “telecast” is a(n)______.

A. Bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free

morpheme自由语素，可单独作为词使用的词素。

B 粘着语素，不能单独使用，只能与另一个语素连用。

C屈折语素，表示数、人称、格等的变化。

6. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret

sentences is called_________.

A. Semantics 语义学 B. pragmatics 语用学，研究语言在交际中的运用，尤其是句子在使用时与上下文和情景之间的关系。 C. sociolinguistics D.

psycholinguistics

7. According to Krashen, __________refers to the gradual and subconscious development

of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.

A. Learning B. competence C. performance D. acquisition

习得是指通过接触语言来学习语言，无意识的逐渐张掌握语言规律。美国语言学家可拉申在二十世纪七十年代提出了“语言习得”理论，认为人们掌握语言有两种主要方式：一是习得，另一中是学习learning。一般指母语之外的第二种语言。

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8. Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called ______.

A. Dialectal synonyms 方言同义词 B. stylistic synonyms文体风格上不同的同义词

C. collocational synonyms 在搭配上不同的同义词 D. complete synonyms 在所有情况下都可以互相替换的完全同义词。

9. In general, the _____stage begins roughly in the second half of the child’s second year.

A. Babbling 咿呀学语 3-6个月 B. one-word 12个月 C. two-word 两词阶段

大概在18个月左右。 D. multiword

10. The distinction between langue and parole is similar to the distinction between _____.

A. Prescriptive and descriptive B. competence and performance 语言和言语是索绪尔提出的，前者指的是一个社会所有的成员所共享的抽象的语言体系，后者指的是语言的实际运用。它们之间的区别类似于乔姆斯基提出的语言能力和语言行为（performance）的区别。 C. speech and writing D. synchronic and

diachronic

11. The feature that distinguishes “hotdog” and “hot dog” is ___________.

A. Tone B. stress C. intonation D. aspiration

重音。Hotdog是合成词，重音在第一个音节，意为热狗。Hot dog是名词词组，重音在其中心词dog上。

12. The pair of words “borrow/lend” are called ______________.

A. Synonyms B. relational opposites 关系反义词，不仅表示相反，而且表示有一种语义的互相依存，多半设计社会关系和空间关系。 C. complementaries D.

gradable opposites

13. Speech Act Theory was proposed by ______in 1962.

A. Saussure B. Chomsky C. Jane Austin D. John Austin

言语行为理论是由英国哲学家奥斯汀提出的，认为人们在说话时同时实施的三种不同的行为：言内行为， 言外行为，和言后行为。

14. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and used by people speak

different language for restricted purpose is _____________.

A. Pidgin B. creole 指以法语或西班牙语为基础语的混杂语言 C. dialect 方言

D. blend 紧缩词

混杂语；混杂行话：由两种或多种语言混合而成的一种简化的说话方式，语法和词汇较初等，被用于不同语言者进行交流，不作为第一语言或母语。

混合语 接触语

15. The major new development in linguistics in the 20th century was _________grammar.

A. Speculative B. traditional C. structural D. transformational-generative

转换生成语法 以乔姆斯基为代表。

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16. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to

some future course of action are called___________.

A. Expressive B. directives C. commisives D. declaratives

语用学中， J R searle将言语行为分成五类：受约行为，宣布行为，表情行为，表达行为，指令行为。

17. The relationship between words and things in the world is established by means of _____.

A. Reference 所指或参照，是指词和它们所代表的客观事物或现象的关系，即词与词所表示的事物、行为、及属性之间的关系。 B. sense C. concept D.

meaning

18. English consonants 辅音can be classified into stops, fricatives, nasals, etc., in terms of

___.

A. Manner of articulation 发音方式，英语中的辅音按照发音方式分为八大类型，即爆破音，鼻音，边音等 B. openness of mouth C. place of articulation D.

voicing

19. _________is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a