网络攻击导致零售商业绩下滑(Cyber attacks have led to a decline in retail business.

网络攻击的识别与防范作者：傅颖来源：《英语世界》2021年第01期Cyber-attacks may sound like something that happens only in Hollywood movies. You picture a team of talented hackers gathered around computer monitors trying to break into a secure bank or government server. In reality， cyber-attacks are much less exciting but no less dangerous.A typical attack involves a cybercriminal sending out thousands or even millions of links and files. They assume that someone will eventually fall for their trap and open an infected file or page. Somebody always does. The best way to protect yourself is to learn how to recognize cyber-attacks as well as how to prevent them from happening in the first place.Cyber-attacks can happen to anybodyIt doesn’t matter wh o you are; cybercriminals can target you. While many often think of hacking victims as clueless about digital security best practices，this isn’t always the case. Hackers are smart. True，there are plenty of apparent scams like the “Nigerian Prince” emails1. But there are as many attacks that can fool even the savviest computer users.Nowadays，cybercriminals create fake websites and email addresses. You may think you’re clicking a link to Dropbox2 only to download malware onto your computer. And you may never know when you have visited the wrong site and downloaded an infected file. So，it’s up to you to be vigilant and protect yourself.How to recognize the signs of cyber-attackYou need to recognize suspicious activity on your accounts or devices. While some things may be obvious such as account password changes，others aren’t so easy to spot. Usually， hackers insert pieces of code into legitimate files and programs. And then， you might receive a file from a trusted sender whose email has been compromised. Sometimes， the data are even real， but the hacker may have inserted a few lines of code that can also infect your computer.You should take the time to check your “Task Manager” to get a sense of what programs are runnin g. Check anything suspicious that’s running in the background. That’s often the sign of malware.Other things to watch out for include：Random device or internet slowdown.The software you don’t recognize.Browser extensions.Additional pop-ups.Inability to access your account.Unscheduled shutdowns and restarts.What should I do if my computer is infected？You need to act right away. The longer hackers can access your device and accounts， the more damage they can do. Start an antivirus scan to see if it can identify and isolate the problem. Do not delete any files as hackers may have wrapped them up with your core system. Only use antivirus software to remove infected files.For your online accounts，the first step is to change your passwords. Don’t think only about the account in question. The hack may have compromised the connected accounts. For example， many people use social logins through Google or Facebook to link a variety of accounts. Or they reuse the same password. You’ll need to go through each of these accounts and secure them with a new password. Did hacker lock you out of your accounts？ Then try to restore access using your primary or secondary email， phone number， or by contacting the webmasters.Finally， warn all your contacts about the hack. It will prevent them from downloading the same files that infected your device. Also， they will be aware that someone may try to impersonate you.How to prevent cyber-attacksAs with everything， prevention is the best medicine. So， instead of waiting for cyber-attacks to hit you， take the following steps to protect yourself：Secure your online accounts with strong passwords. You can do this by using a password generator. Password generators will create long and complicated passwords （such as“QyV4nXu^wB1SM*[op&D”）. Even the best hackers would struggle to crack them. Of course，remembering a password like this may be complicated. So， consider using an application or a browser extension to encrypt and store passwords.Enable antivirus tools and scans to run in the background. They will keep an eye out for viruses and malware. Also， comprehensive antivirus software can remove any threats before they create problems for you.Be careful with hyperlinks and file downloads. Scan all files before downloading to make sure they are malware-free. Double-check the links to make sure senders are who they claim to be. URLs will give away if the link goes to a fake website instead of a real one.The bottom lineThousands of cyberattacks happen each day. Hackers take control of 90K of websites every single day. They all have the potential to steal your data， damage your computer， and cost you hundreds or even thousands of dollars. Therefore， you must learn how to recognize cyber-attacks. Keep an eye out for suspicious activity in your accounts and systems. Secure your online presence by using robust passwords. Infected files and links can come your way from a variety of sources， so use anti-malware tools to detect them ASAP. And， most importantly， always be alert not to get infected in the first place.聽起来，网络攻击也许只会出现在好莱坞电影里。

网络安全威胁常见的网络攻击类型网络安全在当今数字化时代变得愈发重要。

随着互联网的快速发展，网络攻击威胁也变得越来越严重。

本文将介绍一些常见的网络攻击类型，以帮助读者更好地了解并预防这些潜在的危险。

一、网络钓鱼（Phishing）网络钓鱼是一种常见的网络攻击形式，它通过伪装成可靠来源的电子邮件、短信或网站来骗取用户的敏感信息，如用户名、密码、信用卡号码等。

攻击者通常会冒充银行、社交媒体平台或其他网站的身份，引诱受害者点击恶意链接或下载恶意附件。

一旦用户提供了个人信息，攻击者将利用这些信息进行身份盗窃或其他非法活动。

二、拒绝服务攻击（DDoS）拒绝服务攻击是一种旨在使目标系统或网络资源无法正常运行的攻击方式。

攻击者通过向目标服务器发送大量网络请求，超出其处理能力的范围，从而导致服务崩溃或变得无法访问。

这种攻击通常需要大量的机器和带宽来实施，因此攻击者会控制一组被感染的计算机，形成一个称为“僵尸网络”的网络，然后一起向目标发起攻击。

三、恶意软件（Malware）恶意软件是指旨在损害计算机系统、网络或数据的恶意软件程序。

常见类型的恶意软件包括计算机病毒、僵尸网络、木马和间谍软件等。

这些恶意软件通常需要用户的不慎行为（如点击恶意链接或下载不明附件）来进行传播。

一旦感染，恶意软件可以窃取用户的个人信息、破坏系统功能，甚至控制整个计算机。

四、身份盗窃（Identity Theft）身份盗窃指的是攻击者以受害者的身份进行欺诈或非法活动的行为。

网络身份盗窃通常通过获取用户的个人信息进行操作。

攻击者可以使用社交工程或黑客技术来获取用户的个人信息，如姓名、地址、社会保险号码等。

一旦攻击者获得这些信息，他们可以冒充受害者来进行各种欺诈行为，如银行盗窃、信用卡欺诈等。

五、网络间谍活动（Cyber Espionage）网络间谍活动是指一国或组织利用计算机技术手段获取他国政府、军事、经济或商业机密的行为。

这种类型的网络攻击通常由国家支持，以获取重要的信息或进行间谍活动。

网络购物是否对传统零售业造成冲击辩论辩题正方，网络购物对传统零售业造成冲击。

首先，网络购物的兴起使得消费者更加便利地购买商品，不再需要亲自前往实体店铺。

这导致了传统零售业的销售额下降，因为消费者更倾向于在网上购物，而不是在实体店购物。

据统计，全球电子商务市场规模已经超过了数万亿美元，而且这个数字还在不断增长。

其次，网络购物提供了更多的选择和更低的价格，这使得消费者更愿意在网上购物而不是在实体店购物。

例如，亚马逊等网络购物平台提供了丰富的商品选择和竞争性的价格，这吸引了大量消费者。

相比之下，传统零售业往往面临着租金高昂和人力成本等问题，导致商品价格偏高，吸引力下降。

最后，随着技术的不断发展，网络购物的便利性和体验也在不断提升，这进一步加剧了网络购物对传统零售业的冲击。

例如，虚拟现实技术的应用使得消费者可以在家中就能够体验商品，而无需亲自前往实体店。

反方，网络购物不会对传统零售业造成冲击。

首先，虽然网络购物的兴起确实对传统零售业造成了一定程度的影响，但传统零售业仍然具有其独特的优势。

例如，实体店铺可以提供消费者更加直观的商品体验和更加个性化的服务，这是网络购物无法替代的。

其次，实体店铺也在不断地进行转型和升级，以适应市场的变化。

例如，一些零售商开始将线上线下相结合，提供线上下单、线下取货的服务，从而吸引更多消费者。

同时，一些实体店铺也开始注重打造品牌形象和提升服务质量，以区别于网络购物的低价竞争。

最后，一些经典案例也表明，实体店铺并不会被网络购物完全取代。

例如，苹果公司的零售店在全球范围内拥有众多忠实的消费者，这表明实体店铺仍然具有其独特的吸引力和优势。

综上所述，网络购物的兴起确实对传统零售业造成了一定程度的冲击，但传统零售业仍然具有其独特的优势和生存空间。

因此，我们认为网络购物不会对传统零售业造成严重的冲击。

网络攻击英语作文Title: The Peril of Cyber Attacks。

In today's interconnected world, the threat of cyber attacks looms large, casting a shadow over individuals, businesses, and even nations. Cyber attacks, facilitated by the ever-expanding reach of the internet, have become a pervasive menace, capable of wreaking havoc on a global scale. This essay delves into the nuances of cyber attacks, their implications, and the imperative need for robust cybersecurity measures.First and foremost, it's essential to understand what constitutes a cyber attack. Broadly defined, a cyber attack refers to any malicious attempt to breach digital systems, networks, or devices with the intent of stealing sensitive information, causing disruption, or inflicting damage. These attacks can take various forms, including but not limited to malware infections, phishing scams, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, and ransomware assaults.One of the most pressing concerns regarding cyberattacks is their potential to inflict significant economic damage. For businesses, especially small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), a successful cyber attack can spell financial ruin. The theft of intellectual property,financial data breaches, or disruptions to essential services can result in substantial financial losses, tarnished reputations, and even bankruptcy.Furthermore, cyber attacks pose a severe threat to national security. State-sponsored hacking activities, espionage campaigns, and cyber warfare tactics have the potential to destabilize governments, undermine democratic processes, and compromise critical infrastructure. The recent surge in ransomware attacks targeting vital sectors such as healthcare, energy, and transportation underscores the vulnerability of essential services to malicious actors.In addition to the economic and security implications, cyber attacks also have far-reaching societal consequences. The proliferation of fake news, online propaganda, andsocial engineering tactics can erode trust in institutions, sow discord among communities, and manipulate public opinion. Moreover, the rise of cyberbullying, online harassment, and digital identity theft has fueled concerns about the psychological well-being and privacy of individuals in the digital age.Addressing the scourge of cyber attacks requires amulti-faceted approach encompassing technological innovation, regulatory frameworks, and public awareness campaigns. Firstly, organizations must prioritize cybersecurity as a fundamental aspect of their operations, investing in state-of-the-art security solutions, conducting regular risk assessments, and implementing robust incident response protocols.Secondly, governments play a crucial role in combating cyber threats by enacting legislation to deter cybercriminals, fostering international cooperation to address cross-border cybercrime, and investing in cybersecurity research and development. Collaborative efforts such as information sharing initiatives and jointcybersecurity exercises can enhance the collective resilience of nations against cyber attacks.Furthermore, fostering a culture of cybersecurity awareness is paramount in empowering individuals to protect themselves against online threats. Education and training programs aimed at promoting digital literacy, teaching cybersecurity best practices, and raising awareness about common cyber risks can empower users to navigate thedigital landscape safely.In conclusion, cyber attacks represent a pervasive and evolving threat that demands concerted action from all stakeholders. By embracing a proactive approach to cybersecurity, leveraging technological innovations, and fostering international collaboration, we can mitigate the risks posed by cyber attacks and safeguard the integrity of our digital ecosystem. Only through collective vigilance and resilience can we effectively thwart the adversaries lurking in the shadows of cyberspace.。

通过网络非法入侵的英语作文Cyber intrusion has become a rampant issue in today's digital age. Individuals and organizations alike are falling victim to malicious cyber attacks, resulting in stolen personal information, financial losses, and damaged reputations. 网络入侵已经成为当今数字时代的猖獗问题。

个人和组织都成为恶意网络攻击的受害者，导致个人信息被盗，财务损失，以及声誉受损。

One of the main challenges of combating cyber intrusion is the difficulty in tracing the perpetrators. With the anonymity provided by the internet, hackers can easily cover their tracks and evade detection by law enforcement agencies. This lack of accountability makes it easier for hackers to carry out their attacks without fear of consequences. 打击网络入侵的主要挑战之一是在追踪肇事者时的困难。

在互联网提供的匿名性下，黑客可以轻松地掩盖自己的踪迹，逃避执法机构的检测。

这种缺乏责任感使得黑客更容易在没有后果的情况下进行攻击。

Moreover, the rapid advancements in technology have made it easier for cyber criminals to exploit vulnerabilities in systems and networks. With the increasing connectivity of devices and the rise of theInternet of Things (IoT), there are more entry points for hackers to infiltrate and wreak havoc. This constant evolution of technology poses a significant challenge for cybersecurity professionals in staying ahead of cyber threats. 此外，技术的快速发展使得网络犯罪分子更容易利用系统和网络中的漏洞。

常见的网络攻击方式有哪些网络攻击（cyber attacks，也称赛博攻击）是指针对计算机信息系统、基础设施、计算机网络或个人计算机设备的，任何类型的进攻动作。

对于计算机和计算机网络来说，破坏、揭露、修改、使软件或服务失去功能、在没有得到授权的情况下偷取或访问任何一计算机的数据，都会被视为于计算机和计算机网络中的攻击。

网络攻击是利用网络信息系统存在的漏洞和安全缺陷对系统和资源进行攻击。

网络信息系统所面临的威胁来自很多方面，而且会随着时间的变化而变化。

从宏观上看，这些威胁可分为人为威胁和自然威胁。

自然威胁来自与各种自然灾害、恶劣的场地环境、电磁干扰、网络设备的自然老化等。

这些威胁是无目的的，但会对网络通信系统造成损害，危及通信安全。

而人为威胁是对网络信息系统的人为攻击，通过寻找系统的弱点，以非授权方式达到破坏、欺骗和窃取数据信息等目的。

两者相比，精心设计的人为攻击威胁难防备、种类多、数量大。

从对信息的破坏性上看，攻击类型可以分为被动攻击和主动攻击。

攻击分类主动攻击主动攻击会导致一些数据流和虚假数据流被篡改。

这类攻击可分为篡改、伪造消息数据和终端(拒绝服务)。

（1）篡改消息篡改消息是指一个合法消息的某些部分被改变、删除，消息被延迟或改变顺序，通常用以产生一个未授权的效果。

如修改传输消息中的数据，将“允许甲执行操作”改为“允许乙执行操作”。

（2）伪造伪造指的是某个实体（人或系统）发出含有其他实体身份信息的数据信息，假扮成其他实体，从而以欺骗方式获取一些合法用户的权利和特权。

（3）拒绝服务拒绝服务即常说的dos（deny of service），会导致对通讯设备正常使用或管理被无条件地中断。

通常是对整个网络实施破坏，以达到降低性能、终端服务的目的。

这种攻击也可能有一个特定的目标，如到某一特定目的地（如安全审计服务）的所有数据包都被阻止。

被动攻击被动攻击中攻击者不对数据信息做任何修改，截取/窃听是指在未经用户同意和认可的情况下攻击者获得了信息或相关数据。

网络安全高一英语作文Cybersecurity is a pressing issue in today's interconnected world. 网络安全是当今互联世界中一个紫要的问题。

With the increasing reliance on digital technology, the risks of cyber attacks have also escalated. 随着人们对数字技术的依赖日益增加，网络攻击的风险也在上升。

One major concern is the threat of data breaches, where sensitive information is stolen by hackers. 一个主要的担忧是数据泄露的威胁，即敏感信息被黑客窃取。

Not only can data breaches have financial implications, but they can also lead to privacy violations and identity theft. 数据泄露不仅会造成财务影响，还可能导致隐私侵犯和身份盗窃。

It is crucial for individuals and organizations to prioritize cybersecurity measures to safeguard their digital assets. 个人和组织有必要优先考虑网络安全措施，以保护他们的数字资产。

One aspect of enhancing cybersecurity is through regular software updates and patches to address vulnerabilities. 一个增强网络安全的方面是定期更新软件和修补程序以解决漏洞。

Another crucial step is to implement strong passwords and multi-factor authentication to prevent unauthorized access. 另一个关键的步骤是实施强密码和多因素验证以防止未经授权的访问。

2023高考热点话题语法填空The Side Hustle副业A side hustle is simply a second job or source of income, taken on by workers to support their income from their main role. As the cost of living crisis bites, many 1.___________ (employ) will be looking to take on extra work, away from their main employment. A side hustle often takes the form of freelance work, whether through using professional skills 2.___________ monetizing hobbies.While the side hustle as a concept is 3.___________ (essential) nothing new, it has gained popularity among workers thanks to the fast pace of technological advancement. Accessibility to sources of work and sales platforms 4.___________ (improve) dramatically in recent years, 5.___________ (enable) people to seek additional income sources with much less difficulty.Side hustles can take many shapes and forms, from casual work with a second organization 6.___________ home businesses and beyond. Some seek 7.___________ (grow) their income as part-time traders. Others seek to monetize their hobbies, through creating online stores for selling homemade 8.___________ (item). There are others 9.___________ have successfully built a freelance job. There is no doubt that social media has had a significant impact. On every social media platform it would seem the message is clear: you should do more if you want to be successful. Become an 10.___________ (influence), sell handmade goods, post funny videos, become a freelancer, or run nutritional courses: the opportunities are seemingly endless.What Is Cyberbullying什么是网络暴力Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place online. Cyberbullying can occur through message, apps, or online in social media 1.___________ people can view, participate in, and share content. Cyberbullying includes sending, posting, or sharing harmful, false, or mean content about someone else. It can include sharing 2.___________ (person) information about someone else causing 3.___________ (embarrass) or humiliation.There are many reasons why people become cyber bullies. Usually however, cyber bullies may feel 4.___________ (secure). To protect their egos and feel superior, they make others feel bad about 5.___________ (they). Some cyber bullies see it as a method to gain popularity and others do it to feel powerful or escape their own problems.Cyberbullying happens for many of 6.___________ same reasons as any other type of bullying, but it may be even worse because it can 7.___________ (do) anonymously. Victims of cyberbullying often don’t know 8.___________ are behind the accounts that are abusing them.If you are being bullied online, it is very important to open communication with someone about it. You may ask your friends or families 9.___________ support and advice. Depending on the situation, you may choose to consult with mental health professionals, or others in authority positions who may be able to provide 10.___________ (assist).What Is the Pink Tax?何为粉红税？“Pink tax” is a term for the extra amount of money charged for certain products or services, 1.___________ are specifically marketed toward women. These products and services may include soaps, lotions, and haircuts.These general products can 2.___________ (use) by both men and women, but the items marketed toward women are more expensive. The pink tax causes women 3.___________ (pay) more money for similar—and even 4.___________ same—products and services that men use.When a company sells a product, it may choose to price it a bit 5.___________ (high) because it’s for women. The pink tax makes it more expensive for women to buy 6.___________ they need to live their everyday lives. In a 2015 study by DCA, researchers 7.___________ (survey) 35 product categories that may upcharge women, only 8.___________ (find) that women's products cost more 42% of the time, while men’s products cost more 18% of the time.There are many examples of pink tax. For example, you may notice that some towels may be pink in color and have a woman on the package, yet they are 9.___________ (essential) the same as those that are blue with a man on the package. This marketing tactic is to attract certain people to buy certain products over others.Next time you go to the store, look at the prices for all items. If there is no 10.___________ (different) from the item marketed toward men, you could choose to buy that one and save a little money.答案原文：The Side Hustle副业A side hustle is simply a second job or source of income, taken on by workers to support their income from their main role. As the cost of living crisis bites, many employees will be looking to take on extra work, away from their main employment.A side hustle often takes the form of freelance work, whether through using professional skills or monetizing hobbies.While the side hustle as a concept is essentially nothing new, it has gained popularity among workers thanks to the fast pace of technological advancement. Accessibility to sources of work and sales platforms has improved dramatically in recent years, enabling people to seek additional income sources with much less difficulty.Side hustles can take many shapes and forms, from casual work with a second organization to home businesses and beyond. Some seek to grow their income as part-time traders. Others seek to monetize their hobbies, through creating online stores for selling homemade items. There are others that/who have successfully built a freelance job.There is no doubt that social media has had a significant impact. On every social media platform it would seem the message is clear: you should do more if you want to be successful. Become an influencer, sell handmade goods, post funny videos, become a freelancer, or run nutritional courses: the opportunities are seemingly endless.What Is Cyberbullying什么是网络暴力Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place online. Cyberbullying can occur through message, apps, or online in social media where people can view, participate in, and share content. Cyberbullying includes sending, posting, or sharing harmful, false, or mean content about someone else. It can include sharing personal information about someone else causing embarrassment or humiliation.There are many reasons why people become cyber bullies. Usually however, cyber bullies may feel insecure. To protect their egos and feel superior, they make others feel bad about themselves. Some cyber bullies see it as a method to gain popularity and others do it to feel powerful or escape their own problems.Cyberbullying happens for many of the same reasons as any other type of bullying, but it may be even worse because it can be done anonymously. Victims of cyberbullying often don’t know who are behind the accounts that are abusing them.If you are being bullied online, it is very important to open communication with someone about it. You may ask your friends or families for support and advice. Depending on the situation, you may choose to consult with mental health professionals, or others in authority positions who may be able to provide assistance.What Is the Pink Tax?何为粉红税？“Pink tax” is a term for the extra amount of money charged for certain products or services, which are specifically marketed toward women. These products and services may include soaps, lotions, and haircuts.These general products can be used by both men and women, but the items marketed toward women are more expensive. The pink tax causes women to pay more money for similar—and even the same—products and services that men use.When a company sells a product, it may choose to price it a bit higher because it’s for women. The pink tax makes it more expensive for women to buy what they need to live their everyday lives. In a 2015 study by DCA, researchers surveyed 35 product categories that may upcharge women, only to find that women's products cost more 42% of the time, while men’s products cost more 18% of the time.There are many examples of pink tax. For example, you may notice that some towels may be pink in color and have a woman on the package, yet they are essentially the same as those that are blue with a man on the package. This marketing tactic is to attract certain people to buy certain products over others.Next time you go to the store, look at the prices for all items. If there is no difference from the item marketed toward men, you could choose to buy that one and save a little money.。

英语四级阅读理解部分附全文翻译1. Part II 阅读理解（40分钟）Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Passage:The development of e-commerce has dramatically transformed the retail industry. Traditional brick-and-mortar stores have been supplemented, and in some cases, replaced by online platforms. This shift has brought about significant changes in the way consumers shop and businesses operate.One of the main benefits of e-commerce is the convenience it offers. Consumers can shop from the comfort of their homes at any time of day, without the need to travel to a physical store. This has particularly benefited those with busy schedules or limited mobility. Additionally, e-commerce allows for a wider selection of products than might be available in local stores, often at more competitive prices.However, the rise of e-commerce has also introduced challenges. The anonymity of online transactions can lead to issues of trust, with consumers sometimes hesitant to purchase from unfamiliar websites. Furthermore, the increased competition has forced many small businesses to either adapt to the digital marketplace or face closure.In conclusion, while e-commerce has revolutionized the retail industry and brought numerous benefits to consumers, it is not without its challenges. Businesses must continue to evolve to meet the demands of this rapidly changing landscape.Word Bank:A) convenienceB) competitionC) transactionsD) transformedE) operateF) mobilityG) adaptH) hesitantI) unfamiliarJ) widerQuestions:1) The development of e-commerce has _______ the retail industry.2) One of the main benefits of e-commerce is the _______ it offers.3) Consumers can shop from home, which is particularly beneficial for those with limited _______.4) The anonymity of online _______ can lead to issues of trust.Section BDirections:In this section, you will read several passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage One:The tourism industry has seen significant growth over the past few decades, driven by the increasing availability of affordable travel options and the rise of social media. These factorshave made it easier than ever for people to explore new destinations and share their experiences with others.One of the most notable trends in recent years is the rise of "sustainable tourism." This approach emphasizes minimizing the environmental impact of travel while supporting local communities. Sustainable tourism can include practices such as choosing eco-friendly accommodations, participating in conservation efforts, and respecting local cultures. However, the growth of tourism has also led to challenges. Popular destinations can become overcrowded, leading to damage to natural environments and cultural sites. In some cases, the influx of tourists can even disrupt local communities, causing resentment among residents. In conclusion, while tourism offers many benefits, it is important to approach travel responsibly to ensure that destinations can be enjoyed by future generations. Questions:1) What has contributed to the significant growth of the tourism industry?A) The decline in travel costs and the popularity of social media.B) The development of new transportation methods.C) The increase in luxury travel options.D) The promotion of international tourism by governments.2) What is a key aspect of sustainable tourism?A) Visiting as many destinations as possible.B) Minimizing environmental impact and supporting local communities.C) Staying in luxury hotels and resorts.D) Traveling to remote and unspoiled locations.3) What is one of the challenges caused by the growth of tourism?A) The decline in international travel.B) The negative impact on local cultures and environments.C) The rise in travel-related costs.D) The decrease in travel safety.4) How can travelers ensure that destinations remain enjoyable for future generations?A) By visiting only popular tourist spots.B) By choosing environmentally friendly travel options.C) By limiting the duration of their trips.D) By avoiding travel during peak seasons.Passage Two:The concept of work-life balance has become increasingly important in modern society. As technology continues to blur the lines between work and personal life, many people struggle to find time for relaxation and leisure. This issue is particularly prevalent in countries where long working hours are the norm.One of the main challenges of achieving work-life balance is the expectation to be constantly available. With the advent of smartphones and email, employees are often expected to respond to work-related communications outside of regular business hours. This can lead to burnout and decreased job satisfaction.Employers are beginning to recognize the importance of work-life balance for employee well-being and productivity. Some companies have implemented policies such as flexible working hours, remote work options, and mandatory vacation time to help employees achieve a healthier balance.In conclusion, work-life balance is essential for maintaining both physical and mental health. Employers and employees alike must work together to create an environment that supports a healthy balance between work and personal life.Questions:1) What has contributed to the difficulty of achieving work-life balance in modern society?A) The rise of remote work opportunities.B) The increasing demand for skilled labor.C) The expectation to be constantly available.D) The decline in job security.2) What is one of the negative effects of being constantly available for work?A) Increased job satisfaction.B) Higher productivity levels.C) Burnout and decreased job satisfaction.D) Improved work-life balance.3) How are some employers helping employees achieve work-life balance?A) By increasing work hours and reducing vacation time.B) By offering flexible working hours and remote work options.C) By eliminating work-from-home opportunities.D) By requiring employees to work on weekends.4) Why is work-life balance important?A) It helps employees earn more money.B) It allows employees to focus solely on their careers.C) It is essential for maintaining physical and mental health.D) It improves job security.Passage Three:The importance of cybersecurity has grown exponentially as the world becomes more connected through the internet. Cyberattacks are becoming more frequent and sophisticated, targeting everything from personal information to critical infrastructure.One of the most common forms of cyberattacks is phishing, where attackers trick individuals into providing sensitive information by pretending to be a trustworthy source. This can lead to identity theft, financial loss, and damage to an organization's reputation.To combat these threats, both individuals and organizations must take proactive measures. This includes using strong passwords, keeping software up to date, and being cautious of suspicious emails and links. Additionally, governments and businesses are investing in cybersecurity technologies and training to protect against potential threats.In conclusion, cybersecurity is an essential aspect of modern life, requiring constant vigilance and proactive measures to safeguard against the ever-evolving threats in the digital world. Questions:1) What has contributed to the growing importance of cybersecurity?A) The decline in internet usage.B) The increase in cyberattacks targeting critical infrastructure.C) The rise of traditional communication methods.D) The reduction in government regulations.2) What is one of the most common forms of cyberattacks?A) Phishing.B) Malware.C) Ransomware.D) Denial of service.3) What can individuals do to protect themselves from cyberattacks?A) Use weak passwords and share them with others.B) Keep software up to date and be cautious of suspicious emails.C) Ignore cybersecurity threats and rely on antivirus software.D) Avoid using the internet altogether.4) How are governments and businesses addressing cybersecurity threats?A) By reducing investments in cybersecurity technologies.B) By training employees and investing in cybersecurity technologies.C) By eliminating the use of the internet in the workplace.D) By ignoring cybersecurity risks.答案部分1. Part II 阅读理解（40分钟）Section APassage:电子商务的发展已经极大地改变了零售业。

网络购物是否对传统零售业造成冲击辩论辩题正方：网络购物对传统零售业造成了冲击。

首先，随着互联网的普及，消费者可以方便地在家中通过电脑或手机进行购物，省去了传统零售店铺的租金和人工成本，使得网店可以提供更低的价格吸引顾客。

其次，网络购物的便利性和丰富的选择也让消费者更愿意选择在网上购物，而不是去实体店购买商品。

再者，许多传统零售店铺也开始转型线上销售，这使得传统零售业的竞争更加激烈，一些小型零售店甚至因此倒闭。

名人名句，苹果创始人乔布斯曾说过，“如果你不喜欢某个东西，就要去改变它。

如果你不可能改变它，就要去接受它。

如果你不能接受它，就要离开它。

”这句话可以解释为，传统零售业应该积极转型，适应网络购物的潮流，而不是被动接受被淘汰的命运。

经典案例，美国知名百货公司塞尔德斯就是一个典型的例子。

由于没有及时转型线上销售，塞尔德斯在互联网购物的冲击下，经营不善，最终宣告破产。

反方：网络购物对传统零售业并没有造成冲击。

首先，虽然网络购物的便利性和价格优势吸引了一部分消费者，但是仍然有一部分消费者更喜欢在实体店购物，因为他们可以亲自看到、摸到商品，从而更加放心购买。

其次，传统零售店铺提供了更好的售后服务和消费体验，这是网络购物无法替代的。

再者，一些传统零售店铺也开始加强线上销售，通过线上线下结合，来吸引更多的消费者。

名人名句，亚马逊创始人杰夫·贝索斯曾说过，“在未来的零售业中，线上和线下将不再是对立的两个世界，而是融为一体。

”这句话说明了线上线下结合的重要性，传统零售业并不会被网络购物所淘汰。

经典案例，中国的苏宁易购就是一个成功转型的案例。

苏宁易购从传统的实体零售店发展为线上线下融合的零售企业，通过与阿里巴巴等电商平台合作，成功实现了转型升级。

综上所述，网络购物对传统零售业的冲击是客观存在的，但传统零售业并没有被淘汰的命运，只要积极转型，适应市场需求，就能够在激烈的竞争中立于不败。

NTT Ltd. and FortinetFortifying and Protecting Valuable Infrastructure and Assets from Malicious Cybersecurity AttacksChallengesAccording to FBI reports, cybercrime losses have doubled in recent years, reaching over $3.5 billion.1 Account Takeover (ATO) losses have tripled, and fraudhas doubled.2 Ponemon Institute, a leading security research firm, notes thatthe average cost of a security breach is now almost $4 million.3 Moreover, digital transformation (DX) now accounts for over 40 percent of most IT budgets andhas expanded security requirements and boundaries.4 Enforcing cybersecurity protection across physical and virtual environments has become more complicated and expensive for most global enterprises.Given these extraordinary challenges, IT departments must spend tremendous time and resources protecting their organizations from attack. In addition, governments and other regulatory agencies have implemented a variety of compliance mandates to protect valuable assets that may include Personally Identifiable Information (PII) or intellectual property. Information security professionals are stretched thin and most organizations have difficulty meeting these demands. Solving these challenges requires a modern approach, purpose-built for advanced security and networking needs.The Fortinet Security FabricFortinet’s fast, secure, and global cybersecurity solutions provide broad, high-performance protection against dynamic security threats while simplifying IT infrastructures. Fortinet’s solutions are fortified by the industry’s highest levelof threat research, intelligence, and analytics. The Fortinet Security Fabric and solutions, combined with NTT’s comprehensive portfolio of cloud and managed security services, offer organizations the advanced security controls and unified management required to protect their data from malicious attacks. Enhanced by NTT’s integration, support, and managed security services expertise, our global partnership provides you with high-quality and cost-efficient security solutions that deliver multiple layers of threat protection and management, increased deployment flexibility, and the ability to scale your business.More than 465,000 customers worldwide, including some of the largest and most complex organizations, trust Fortinet to protect their firms’ most valuable assets. The Fortinet Security Fabric enables organizations to implement DX initiatives without compromise by delivering a complete cybersecurity platform that provides: nn Broad visibility across the entire digital attack surface to better manage risksnn Integrated solutions that reduce the complexity of supporting multiple point products nn Automated workflows to increase the speed and efficiency operations and responses Global Technology Leader The NTT Group is the largest ICT company in the world by revenue.Keeping You Secure We mitigate 2 billion securitythreats every year.Global ImplementationThe NTT group invests USD3.6 billion in research anddevelopment.Global Scale40,000 people acrossfive continents.NTT Services and SolutionsNTT is a leading Global Technology Integrator that understands your need to be resilient, yet agile, and innovative for the future of your intelligent business. Therefore, knowing the security risks you face and being prepared to address them amidst constant change is crucial. We work with you to identify the technologies and services you need to create, build, deliver, and manage a cybersecurity posture that keeps you secure while you transform.NTT offers proven business and technology advisory services, delivered by experts with advanced cybersecurity knowledge. We have both vertical-specific and regional expertise that enables you to evaluate the most appropriate activities to prepare effectively. NTT security experts provide the help you need to identify the technologies required, assist in implementation, and monitor systems for ongoing security and integrity from our security operations center (SOC).The NTT and Fortinet PartnershipNTT and Fortinet can help protect your firm from cyberattacks as your organization expands from data centers to endpoints and the cloud, well beyond traditional boundaries. Our goal is to help you build a comprehensive security platform that provides multiple layers of threat protection and management, increased deployment flexibility, and the ability to scale with business requirements, while maximizing your existing IT investment. With cybersecurity at the core of our strategy and digital programs, NTT has partnered with Fortinet to help enterprise firms create a digital business infrastructure that is secure by design. With our combined threat intelligence, we help identify, predict, detect, and respond to cyberthreats while supporting business innovation and managing risk. Unlike others in the security industry, we support your team across the full cybersecurity lifecycle, including:nn Consultative advice on the emerging threats and the best practice security posture needed to enable your business goalsn Designing, architecting, and implementing the best solutions globally by aligning controls that best suit your environmentnn Managed service on a global basis to help overcome resource gaps and implement and manage best-in-class security technologies nA Comprehensive ApproachNTT’s extensive global experience, combined with our Fortinet Technical Professional Certifications, ensure our ability to help your team plan and build defensible infrastructures that incorporate solutions from Fortinet. Implementations will always exceed business requirements and create fortified foundations for a secure infrastructure. The NTT and Fortinet global partnership offers you a consistent level of service and support, as well as the latest solutions needed to remain secure. NTT’s proactive teams monitor and maintain security devices through our six Global Security Operations Centers using ITIL-aligned Global Services Operating Architecture Service capabilities, which include 24x7 technical support, product education, and professional integration services.By leveraging the ISA99/IEC 62443 standard and integrating with third-party partners, NTT Security experts and the Fortinet Security Fabric deliver a comprehensive security approach that implements a progressive strategy across three major phases: Phase I: ReconnaissanceNTT begins by passively observing and monitoring your network. We then create an updated and comprehensive inventory of every network segment, device, application version, connectivity detail, and security score. We also perform real-time behavioral analytics that identify normal and abnormal activities. This provides a visibility overview to adequately plan the best tactics and strategies and provide the appropriate security solutions and services.Phase II: RisksNTT Security experts identify your security vulnerabilities and map the risks to the operational level. We use a variety of common benchmarks including the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) framework, the EU’s Directive on Security of Network and Information Systems (NIS Directive), and IEC 62443 to identify risks and how they relate to your organization’s infrastructure, business, and operational goals. Benchmarks and identified risks are used to guide your firm and prioritize the fortifications, weapons, and armor needed reduce risks and maintain operational uptime.Phase III: ResponseResponding to threats in today’s dynamically changing environment requires a more proactive rather than reactive approach. NTT’s Security Division can help you identify potential threats and attackers before they invade. To help with this, we employ the most appropriate Fortinet solutions and Security Fabric, based on the insights and recommendations obtained from the previous two phases, to help fortify your firm against attacks. The Fortinet Security Fabric and solutions offer some of the most comprehensive and proven solutions in the industry that include:1. An Integrated Platform: Fortinet delivers a flexible platform and next-generation firewall (NGFW) technology for buildingan end-to-end, integrated security architecture. From the data center to the endpoint to multiple clouds, Fortinet offers an integrated Security Fabric. Also, an open application programming interface (API) and Fabric Connectors that can help you integrate third-party tools to leverage prior investments.2. Remote Location Security: Fortinet offers a comprehensive software-defined wide-area network (SD-WAN) and securenetworking for remote locations. This eliminates the need for expensive multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) bandwidth, provides optimal security, and improves network performance.3. Networking, Cybersecurity, and Physical Security: Fortinet delivers the ability to consolidate networking, cybersecurity,and surveillance functions into a single pane of glass—whether at a main site or remote branch.4. Insider Threat Protection: Fortinet delivers a comprehensive and multilayered solution to guard against accidental anddeliberate insider threats with identity and access management supplemented by network access control (NAC), intent-based segmentation, deception technology, and user and entity behavior analytics (UEBA)—all integrated for centralized visibility and control.5. Robust Threat Intelligence: FortiGuard Labs delivers comprehensive intelligence from a large global network of firewallsand an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered self-evolving detection system (SEDS) that has refined its algorithms using machine learning (ML) for nearly eight years. This has resulted in extremely accurate, real-time identification of zero-day, and unknown threats.6. Industry Leadership: Fortinet is recognized as a Leader in the Gartner Magic Quadrant for Network Firewalls, achieved thebest score in the NGFW Security Value Map from NSS Labs, and has achieved nine “Recommended” ratings from NSS Labs.FortiGate Firewall Use CaseA financial services company used multiple legacy vendors to meet firewall, NAC, endpoint protection, and WAN edge router requirements. They managed these devices in-house and maintained separate relationships with each vendor. When a new CISO joined the firm, he asked his team to review the entire Fortinet Fabric solution across all areas including switching and wireless infrastructure. NTT Managed Security Services offered the ability to manage all aspects of the Fortinet Fabric with a single vendor, thereby lowering efforts and costs. NTT helped improve the customer’s overall security posture and increase the performance of the WAN edge branch network through a fully-integrated solution.Secure Edge/SD-WAN Use CaseA large foods manufacturing and processing company based in the United States had invested in Fortinet FortiGates for their data centers and DMZ, which was fully managed by the NTT Managed Security Services team. When the company decidedto transform their edge branch deployments by implementing SD-WAN technology, NTT recommended a security-focused approach that leveraged the existing FortiGate infrastructure. Having the SD-WAN feature native within a security appliance allowed seamless, automated, and preemptive failover capabilities for the network and the defined applications. Continuous health monitoring is performed on the FortiGate appliances, and if connectivity becomes an issue, the FortiGate will fail overto another node before network performance is impacted. This can be enhanced by assigning roles to critical applicationsthat prioritize connectivity. The customer now benefits from consistent security policies across the core and branch network, application awareness at the edge, and lower Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). In managed Fortinet environments, NTT clients have consistently relied on NTT to manage global rule sets and security policies, and enable SD-WAN features. NTT ensures that the edge is secure while maintaining the integrity of the wider network.OT Use CaseA municipal water & wastewater systems operator in the United States had difficulty balancing limited resources against OT security needs to keep critical Water sites operational, as well as reduce operational cyber risks while meeting corporate guidelines. The company had not yet implemented an OT cybersecurity roadmap to address cybersecurity requirements or focus IT budgets on high impact OT assets. The NTT Security Consulting team helped the customer build a comprehensiveOT cybersecurity roadmap. NTT worked collaboratively with Fortinet to provide a complete solution to address all OT security requirements including perimeter protection and systems baselining. The Fortinet-NTT solution proactively limited OT network risks through dynamic network segmentation and enforced security policies across all OT devices. The solutions also analyzed traffic for ongoing threats and vulnerabilities.Teleworker Use CaseRecent research revealed that 84 percent of firms plan to continue supporting more teleworkers but less than 30 percentare ready to ensure adequate security.5 Remote work is the new norm where the current environment requires employeesto complete work-related tasks through remote internet connections. The Fortinet Security Fabric addresses remote worker scenarios with three primary levels of connectivity. NTT Managed Security Services provides deployment and managed services for all these elements of the Fortinet Security Fabric, to ensure the most cost-effective and reliable solutions available for remote workers. FortiGate with the FortiClient Fabric Agent provides a VPN tunnel back to a primary office, to ensure that communications stay private while traveling across open networks. FortiAuthenticator and FortiToken provide multi-factor authentication (MFA) to verify user identities.And for individuals handling company confidential communications, deploying a FortiGate NGFW at a remote office provides key personnel with the highest levels of security and performance available for remote locations. With secure traffic tunnels,as well as application control and traffic inspection, a low-end FortiGate NGFW provides an economical and powerful solution with several levels of protection, backed by artificial intelligence (AI) security processes. By deploying the Remote Work solution from Fortinet and NTT, firms can benefit from the agility required to support remote workers, thereby increasing employee productivity, morale, and retention.ConclusionAvoiding the serious consequences of ransomware or other malicious cybersecurity attacks, or compliance-related finesor lawsuits, now requires more advanced and effective network security technologies, expertise, and services. Rather than complex and costly point solutions or services, IT and security teams need augmentation from trained security experts combined with the latest security solutions that seamlessly integrate into networks and simplify and automate security tasks. Organizations need to identify risks and how they relate to infrastructure, business, and operational goals, and then implement a Security Fabric, solutions, and managed services to mitigate attacks while creating seamless and frictionless user experiences. To accomplish this, firms require transparent visibility and real-time security workflows underscored by global threat intelligence. In today’s dynamic, remote, and risk-filled environment, protecting valuable assets requires the right combination of security solutions and services provided by NTT and Fortinet.Figure 1: Fortinet Security Fabric diagram.The Security FabricThe Fortinet Security Fabric platform provides true integration and automation across an organization’s security infrastructure, delivering unparalleled protection and visibility to every network segment, device, and appliance, whether virtual, in the cloud, or on-premises.Contact Information, Trademarks, and CopyrightsReferences1https:///news/stories/2019-internet-crime-report-released-0211202https:///press-release/identity-fraud-hits-all-time-high-167-million-us-victims-2017-according-new-javelin3https:///posts/whats-new-in-the-2019-cost-of-a-data-breach-report/4https:///getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS456124195https:///press-releases/bitglass-report-84-of-organizations-will-continue-to-support-remote-work-but-most-arent-equipped-to-do-so-securely Copyright © 2021 Fortinet, Inc. All rights reserved. Fortinet, FortiGate, FortiCare and FortiGuard, and certain other marks are registered trademarks of Fortinet, Inc., and other Fortinet names herein may also be registered and/or common law trademarks of Fortinet. All other product or company names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Performance and other metrics contained herein were attained in internal lab tests under ideal conditions, and actual performance and other results may vary. Network variables, different network environments and other conditions may affect performance results. Nothing herein represents any binding commitment by Fortinet, and Fortinet disclaims all warranties, whether express or implied, except to the extent Fortinet enters a binding written contract, signed by Fortinet’s General Counsel, with a purchaser that expressly warrants that the identified product will perform according to certain expressly-identified performance metrics and, in such event, only the specific performance metrics expressly identified in such binding written contract shall be binding on Fortinet. For absolute clarity, any such warranty will be limited to performance in the same ideal conditions as in Fortinet’s internal lab tests. Fortinet disclaims in full any covenants, representations, and guarantees pursuant hereto, whether express or implied. Fortinet reserves the right to change, modify, transfer, or otherwise revise this publication without notice, and the most current version of the publication shall be applicable.May 2, 2021 3:09 AM。

The Global Surge in Internet Usage: ADetailed InvestigationIn the digital age, the internet has become an integral part of our lives, connecting billions of individualsacross the globe. The recent reports on internet usage numbers paint a fascinating picture of the growinginfluence of the web on our daily lives, revealing both the opportunities and challenges it presents.According to the latest reports, the number of internet users worldwide has reached an all-time high, with over 4.6 billion people now connected to the web. This staggering figure represents a significant jump from just a decade ago, when the number stood at around 2 billion. The growth has been particularly rapid in developing countries, where access to the internet has expanded rapidly, driven by factors such as falling costs, increased availability of infrastructure, and rising smartphone ownership.The rise in internet usage has been accompanied by ashift in user behavior. Social media, once considered amere platform for personal connections, has now emerged asa powerful force in news dissemination and public opinionformation. Video streaming services have also seen a meteoric rise, with users consuming more content than ever before. E-commerce has boomed, transforming the retail landscape and giving rise to new business models.However, the growth in internet usage has not been without its challenges. Privacy concerns, cybersecurity threats, and digital divides have emerged as significant issues. The influx of personal data online has led to increased instances of privacy breaches, while cyberattacks have become more frequent and sophisticated. The digital divide, which refers to the gap between those who have access to the internet and those who do not, remains a significant barrier to inclusive growth.Despite these challenges, the future of the internet looks bright. New technologies such as 5G and artificial intelligence are poised to further transform our online experiences, opening up new opportunities for innovationand connectivity. As we move into an increasingly digital world, it is crucial that we address the challenges head-on, ensuring that the internet remains a force for positive change.**全球互联网使用人数激增：详细调查**在数字时代，互联网已经成为我们生活中不可或缺的一部分，连接着全球数十亿人口。

网络攻击最常见的类型作者：胡文明来源：《英语世界》2021年第01期Increasing usage of the internet has also led to an increase in cyber-crimes/cyber-attacks. But how many types of cyber-attacks are you familiar with？ In order to tackle cyber threats， you must be well aware of its nature.What are cyber-attacks？A cyber-attack is defined as an attack originated by a digital system against another digital device， website， or any other digital system and compromises1 its privacy， reliability or the data stored in it.Not only these attacks are a threat to digital individuals but are a great threat to businesses as well.Why are cyber-attacks initiated？Before moving further to types of cyber-attacks， let us first have a look at the reasons for initiating cyber-attacks：Acquiring unauthorized2 access to a digital network， system or its data.Denial of service.Virus or malware3 installation.Hacking a website for unsolicited4 purposes.To get access to personal and secure information of people and businesses.Unauthorized use of a computer.Types of cyber-attacksCyber-attacks can be of various types. You need to be aware of all those types of cyber-attacks to guarantee your utmost safety and security.1） MalwareMalware is considered as software that is intentionally developed to disrupt computer， server，client， or computer network.Malware can be in the form of scripts， executable codes， active content， and other malicious software.These codes can be computer worms， viruses， ransomware5， Trojan horses， adware，spyware， or scare ware.The most prominent6 damages caused by malware are：As ransomware， it blocks access to key components of the network.Installs harmful software/malware.As spyware， they can steal valuable information from your system.They can damage certain hardware components of your system and make them inoperable.2） PhishingThe main aim of phishing is to steal restricted and private information such as credit card details， login ids， and passwords， etc.By impersonating7 oneself as a reliable establishment in electronic com-munication. It is usually done through email spoofing or instant messaging.They carry a link that directs users to a fake website which looks similar to the legitimate site and asks them to enter personal and secure information. It is a fraudulent activity intended to cheat users.They bait the users by claiming to be from a reliable third group such as auction sites， online payment processors， social web sites， banks， or IT administrators.3） Man-in-the-middle attackIn man-in-the-middle （MitM） the invader covertly8 modifies the chats and dialogues between two people who are communicating with each other.In a man-in-the-middle attack， the communicators are made to believe that they are directly communicating with each other without any interference from any third party.But the truth is that the whole communication is controlled by the invader while making the communicators believe that they are talking to each other. It is also known as eavesdropping.The entry points for MitMThe invaders can easily take control of private chats over an unsecured public Wi-Fi. Invaders can inset9 between the device and the network and can take control of the private chats in the network. The communicators without having any idea pass all the conversation to the invaders.It can also be done through malware. In such cases，the invader installs software on the victim’s device to process all his information.4） Denial-of-service attackIn denial-of-service attack （DoS attack） the offender tries to make digital assets inaccessible to its anticipated users.The offender provisionally10 inter-rupts services of a host who is linked to the Internet. It involves overflowing the besieged11 machine with surplus applications to burden it from fulfilling the legitimate requests.5） SQL injection attackA Structured Query Language （SQL） injection attack allows the intruders to run malicious SQL statements. These SQL statements have the power to take over the database server.Using SQL injection intruders can overcome application security measures.It allows them to pass through the validation and approval process of any web application.It also allows them to recover the entire data from their database. It also gives access to intruders to add， modify， and delete data in the database.An SQL injection allows intruders to fiddle with various databases including MySQL，Oracle， SQL Server， or others. It is widely used by attackers to get access over：Personal data.Intellectual property.Customer information.Trade secrets and more.6） Zero-day attackThe zero-day vulnerability is a defect in the software， hardware or even the firmware.They bait the users by claiming to be from a reliable third group such as auction sites， online payment processors， social web sites， banks， or IT administrators.3） Man-in-the-middle attackIn man-in-the-middle （MitM） the invader covertly8 modifies the chats and dialogues between two people who are communicating with each other.In a man-in-the-middle attack， the communicators are made to believe that they are directly communicating with each other without any interference from any third party.But the truth is that the whole communication is controlled by the invader while making the communicators believe that they are talking to each other. It is also known as eavesdropping.The entry points for MitMThe invaders can easily take control of private chats over an unsecured public Wi-Fi. Invaders can inset9 between the device and the network and can take control of the private chats in the network. The communicators without having any idea pass all the conversation to the invaders.It can also be done through malware. In such cases，the invader installs software on the victim’s device to process all his information.4） Denial-of-service attackIn denial-of-service attack （DoS attack） the offender tries to make digital assets inaccessible to its anticipated users.The offender provisionally10 inter-rupts services of a host who is linked to the Internet. It involves overflowing the besieged11 machine with surplus applications to burden it from fulfilling the legitimate requests.5） SQL injection attackA Structured Query Language （SQL） injection attack allows the intruders to run malicious SQL statements. These SQL statements have the power to take over the database server.Using SQL injection intruders can overcome application security measures.It allows them to pass through the validation and approval process of any web application.It also allows them to recover the entire data from their database. It also gives access to intruders to add， modify， and delete data in the database.An SQL injection allows intruders to fiddle with various databases including MySQL，Oracle， SQL Server， or others. It is widely used by attackers to get access over：Personal data.Intellectual property.Customer information.Trade secrets and more.6） Zero-day attackThe zero-day vulnerability is a defect in the software， hardware or even the firmware.They bait the users by claiming to be from a reliable third group such as auction sites， online payment processors， social web sites， banks， or IT administrators.3） Man-in-the-middle attackIn man-in-the-middle （MitM） the invader covertly8 modifies the chats and dialogues between two people who are communicating with each other.In a man-in-the-middle attack， the communicators are made to believe that they are directly communicating with each other without any interference from any third party.But the truth is that the whole communication is controlled by the invader while making the communicators believe that they are talking to each other. It is also known as eavesdropping.The entry points for MitMThe invaders can easily take control of private chats over an unsecured public Wi-Fi. Invaders can inset9 between the device and the network and can take control of the private chats in the network. The communicators without having any idea pass all the conversation to the invaders.It can also be done through malware. In such cases，the invader installs software on the victim’s device to process all his information.4） Denial-of-service attackIn denial-of-service attack （DoS attack） the offender tries to make digital assets inaccessible to its anticipated users.The offender provisionally10 inter-rupts services of a host who is linked to the Internet. It involves overflowing the besieged11 machine with surplus applications to burden it from fulfilling the legitimate requests.5） SQL injection attackA Structured Query Language （SQL） injection attack allows the intruders to run malicious SQL statements. These SQL statements have the power to take over the database server.Using SQL injection intruders can overcome application security measures.It allows them to pass through the validation and approval process of any web application.It also allows them to recover the entire data from their database. It also gives access to intruders to add， modify， and delete data in the database.An SQL injection allows intruders to fiddle with various databases including MySQL，Oracle， SQL Server， or others. It is widely used by attackers to get access over：Personal data.Intellectual property.Customer information.Trade secrets and more.6） Zero-day attackThe zero-day vulnerability is a defect in the software， hardware or even the firmware.。

攻博研究计划：探索新的领域，挖掘知识的深度和广度Research Project on Cyber AttacksCyber attacks have become a significant concern in today's digital age. In order to address this issue, I have formulated a research plan focused on studying and understanding various aspects of cyber attacks, which I have named the "Attack and Defense Research Project" (ADRP).The main objective of this research project is to analyze different types of cyber attacks and their potential impact on individuals, organizations, and even nations. By studying the motives, techniques, and consequences of cyber attacks, we aim to develop effective strategies for prevention, detection, and response.The research plan consists of several key components. Firstly, we will conduct a comprehensive review of existing literature and case studies to gain insights into the evolving landscape of cyber attacks. This will help us identify patterns, trends, and common vulnerabilities exploited by attackers.Secondly, we will analyze the technical aspects of cyber attacks, such as malware, phishing, ransomware, and DDoS attacks. By understanding the intricacies of these attack vectors, we can develop countermeasures and create awareness among users to mitigate the risks.Additionally, we will explore the psychological and sociological aspects of cyber attacks. This includes studying the motivations behind cybercriminals, the role of social engineering, and the impact of attacks on individuals' behavior and trust in online platforms.To ensure the practicality and relevance of our research, we will collaborate with industry experts, government agencies, and cybersecurity professionals. This will provide us with access to real-world data, insights, and guidance on emerging threats and best practices.The findings and recommendations from this research project will be disseminated through academic publications, conferences, and workshops. We aim to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on cyber attacks and provide actionable insights to stakeholdersin the field of cybersecurity.In conclusion, the Attack and Defense Research Project (ADRP) aims to enhance our understanding of cyber attacks and develop effective strategies to protect against them. By combining technical analysis, psychological insights, and collaboration with industry experts, we hope to make significant contributions to the field of cybersecurity.中文回答：攻博研究计划在当今数字时代，网络攻击已成为一个重要的问题。

电子商务安全风险与网络攻击防范考试题及答案一、选择题1. 下面哪种是电子商务安全风险的一种？a) 网络攻击b) 客户投诉c) 员工离职d) 人为错误答案: a) 网络攻击2. 哪种网络攻击主要通过发送大量请求来超负荷服务器？a) 木马攻击b) DoS攻击c) SQL注入攻击d) 钓鱼攻击答案: b) DoS攻击3. 以下哪种网络安全措施能够防止未经授权的访问？a) 防火墙b) 病毒扫描器c) 加密技术d) 信用卡支付答案: a) 防火墙4. 哪种网络攻击通过发送虚假的电子邮件或网站以获取用户敏感信息？a) 木马攻击b) DoS攻击c) SQL注入攻击d) 钓鱼攻击答案: d) 钓鱼攻击5. 以下哪种加密技术可以确保数据在传输过程中不被窃听或篡改？a) HTTPSb) FTPc) Telnetd) SNMP答案: a) HTTPS二、问答题1. 请简要介绍电子商务安全风险的类型及其对策。

答: 电子商务安全风险主要包括网络攻击、数据泄露、身份盗窃等。

为了应对这些风险，可以采取以下对策：- 部署防火墙和入侵检测系统，以防止网络攻击。

- 使用加密技术保护敏感数据，在传输和存储过程中确保数据的安全性。

- 建立合理的访问控制机制，限制对系统和数据的访问权限。

- 定期备份数据，并建立灾难恢复计划，以应对数据丢失或损坏的情况。

- 加强用户教育和培训，提高用户对网络安全的意识，避免受到钓鱼等欺诈行为的影响。

2. 请解释什么是钓鱼攻击，并提供针对这种攻击的防范方法。

答: 钓鱼攻击是指攻击者通过发送虚假的电子邮件、短信或制作虚假的网站，诱使受害者提供个人敏感信息（如账号、密码、信用卡号等），从而达到盗取信息或进行欺诈的目的。

针对钓鱼攻击，可以采取以下防范措施：- 提高用户的安全意识，教育用户谨慎对待来自不熟悉或可疑来源的电子邮件、短信或链接。

- 在浏览网站时，注意检查网站的域名是否正确，避免访问到钓鱼网站。

- 不轻易在邮件、短信或不安全的网站上输入个人敏感信息，特别是银行账号、密码等。

网站遭袭对电子商务的影响2月上旬美国几大的知名网站遭袭之后，网络安全引起了全世界范围的关注。

美国的网络应用触及每个角落，特别电子商务正处在方兴未艾的阶段，这些袭击将产生什么不良后果？美国政府对此将采取什么措施？商业网站要如何更好地保护自己？这些问题如今都已被排上重要议程表，因为这关系到美国未来的国家经济。

电子商务措手不及3月2日，美国商业部发布了第一份官方关于国内电子商务的报告。

报告显示仅99年第四季度，美国的网上零售额达到53亿美元，占第四季全部零售额的0.6%。

这是美国政府的第一份网络零售报告，显示了美国政府终于认识到并承认了电子商务的重要性，也由此可见电子商务对美国经济已经产生了不可估量的影响。

很多经济学家预测在未来几年，电子商务将成为美国经济的排头兵。

快捷方便的国际网络迅速改变了美国人的正常生活，特别在购物和投资等和商务有关的方面。

但是黑客的横行已经成为电子商务的隐患。

事实上，在2月份之前，很多网站都遭不同程度的入侵，只是因怕影响消费者的信心而不敢声张。

2月份被袭击的都是已成规模的世界知名网站，所以才引起了大规范围的重视。

网络安全专家认为很多快速成长的商业网站把过多的精力集中到如何发展上，而忽视了足够的安全保护措施，使得网站没有充分准备好对付类似的进攻，所以一旦被袭便不堪一击。

这次网站被袭的强度和密度是少见的，它已造成国际网络历史上最大规模的系统崩溃。

人们意识到，如果黑客能够把价值930亿美元的雅虎这个号称世界上最大的同时也可算是最成熟的电子商店关掉数小时，那么没有一个网站是安全的。

攻击事件使商业网站蒙受巨大损失。

这些在远程发起的攻击行动有效地瘫痪了那些原本看上去朝气蓬勃的虚拟店面。

网站持续多小时无法进入，不仅妨碍了顾客购物，影响了销售量，而且也影响了网站的广告收入，因为网站点击率大幅度降低了。

据初步统计，雅虎在关闭的三个小时中在广告和销售方面损失了50万美元。

一旦网站被袭，不管时间长短，公司少则损失数十万，多则高达百万。

高中英语真题:索尼PS网络遭黑客袭击关停Sony's PlayStation network has been shut down after cyber-a ttackers overloaded it in what's known as a distributed denial o f service attack.索尼PS网络遭黑客袭击被关停，袭击方式是用一种分布式拒绝服务使系统超载。

In a blog post Sony said that no personal information had been accessed.On Sunday an American Airlines flight carrying a senior Sony e xecutive was also diverted following a bomb scare.The group claiming responsibility for closing down the network also tweeted suggesting there was a security threat to the flight.'Fixing the issue'In a blog Sony said that "the PlayStation Network and Sony Ent ertainment Network have been impacted by an attempt to over whelm our network with artificially high traffic"."We will continue to work towards fixing this issue and hope to have our services up and running as soon as possible," the blo g said.Sony has said the FBI is investigating the security scare over th e flight carrying Sony Online Entertainment President John Sm edley, which should have landed in San Diego but was diverted to , .Mr Smedley tweeted, "Yes. My plane was diverted. Not going to discuss more than that. Justice will find these guys."Sony's 52 million strong PlayStation network has been hit by ha cking attacks before, including a security breach in 2011.Sony had already scheduled routine maintenance work to be do ne on its PlayStation network on Monday.After 1740 BST some services including PlayStation Store, PS N account management and registration, entertainment service s and online gameplay will be unavailable.索尼PS网络遭黑客袭击关停Sony's PlayStation network has been shut down after cyber-attackers overloaded it in what's known as a distributed denial of service attack.索尼PS网络遭黑客袭击被关停，袭击方式是用一种分布式拒绝服务使系统超载。