Chapter 4 Political and Legal Environment

黑格尔法哲学批判英文版Hegel's critique of philosophical law (or philosophy of law) can be found in his major work, "Elements of the Philosophy of Right" (1821). In this book, Hegel critically examines the modern legal and political systems and offers his own philosophical analysis and critique.Hegel argues that the traditional understanding of law as a set of abstract and universal principles is insufficient. He believes that the law should be grounded in the concrete realities of society and historical development. According to him, the law is an expression of the collective spirit or Geist of a particular community or society.One of Hegel's main criticisms is directed towards formal legalism. He argues that focusing solely on the formal aspects of the law, such as abstract principles andindividual rights, neglects the social and historical contextin which the law operates. He believes that the law should embody the ethical values and norms of a particular society, rather than being detached from its social and historical realities.Hegel also critiques the idea of abstract natural rights, which he sees as overly individualistic. He argues thatrights are not inherent or natural, but rather emerge through social relations and obligations. According to him, rights should be understood in the context of the community and its shared ethical framework.Furthermore, Hegel critiques the modern legal system for its separation of the legislative, executive, and judicial powers. He argues that this separation leads to an alienation of power and undermines the unity and rationality of thelegal system. Hegel proposes that a more integrated and organic legal system is necessary for the realization of true justice.Overall, Hegel's critique of philosophical law in "Elements of the Philosophy of Right" centers around the need to ground the law in the concrete realities of society,rather than abstract principles or natural rights. He emphasizes the importance of the social and historical context in which the law operates and argues for a more integrated and ethical legal system.。

PEST 分析模型(PEST Analysis) PEST模型简介PEST分析就是战略咨询顾问用来帮助企业检阅其外部宏观环境得一种方法：，就是指宏观环境得分析，宏观环境又称一般环境，就是指影响一切行业与企业得各种宏观力量。

对宏观环境因素作分析，不同行业与企业根据自身特点与经营需要，分析得具体内容会有差异，但一般都应对政治(Political)、经济(Economic)、技术(Technological)与社会(Social)这四大类影响企业得主要外部环境因素进行分析：：简单而言,称之为PEST分析法：：如图所示：Economic 经济人□环境行业、企业社会文化环境social玄观经济政策经济某础结构I『家经济形势政治I预经济发展水平方针政策城市化程度政治扃势储釦j信贷I I体与政体消费结构收入水平人口变化Political政治环境国际关系典型得PEST分析下表就是一个典型得PEST分析PEST分析得内容(-)政治法律环境(Political Factors)政治环境包括一个国家得社会制度，执政党得性质:政府得方针、政策、法令等。

不同得国家有着不同得社会性质，不同得社会制度对组织活动有着不同得限制与要求。

即使社会制度不变得同一国家，在不同时期，由于执政党得不同，其政府得方针特点、政策倾向对组织活动得态度与影响也就是不断变化得：，重要得政治法律变量：•执政党性质•政治体制•经济体制•政府得管制•税法得改变•各种政治行动委员会•专利数量•专程法得修改•环境保护法•产业政策•投资政策•国防开支水平•政府补贴水平•反垄断法规•与重要大国关系•地区关系•对政府进行抗议活动得数量、严重性及地点•民众参与政治行为(―)经济环境(Economic Factors)经济环境主要包括宏观与微观两个方面得内容n宏观经济环境主要指一个国家得人口数量及其增长趋势，国民收入、国民生产总值及其变化情况以及通过这些指标能够反映得国民经济发展水平与发展速度。

《环境政治学译丛》第一辑（2005年）1）安德鲁•多伯森：《绿色政治思想》，郇庆治（译）2）戴维•佩珀：《生态社会主义：从深生态学到社会正义》，刘颖（译）3）斐迪南•穆勒—罗密尔和托马斯·波格特克：《欧洲执政绿党》，郇庆治（译）4）克里斯托弗·卢茨：《环境运动：地方、国家和全球向度》，徐凯（译）第二辑（2007年）5）默里•布克金：《自由生态学：等级制的出现与消解》，郇庆治（译）6）约翰•德赖泽克：《地球政治学：环境话语》，蔺雪春、郭晨星（译）7）萨拉•萨卡：《生态社会主义抑或生态资本主义》，张淑兰（译）8）塔基斯•福托鲍洛斯：《多重危机与包容性民主》，李宏（译）第一辑1）安德鲁•多伯森：《绿色政治思想》，主译：郇庆治Andrew Dobson, Green Political Thought(London: Routledge,2000)作者简介：作者为英国开放大学教授、环境政治学专业最著名杂志《环境政治学》主编，被公认是西方生态政治学理论研究领域的最权威学者之一和生态自治主义学派的主要代表。

本书是他的主要代表性著作，它的1990年初版后不久就成为环境政治研究者的必读之作，并先后在1991年、1992年和1994年重印发行。

1995年，它又出版了第2个修订版本。

现翻译的是作者2000年最新修订后的第3版，现已成为欧美国家许多高校和研究机构的环境政治学理论教科书。

内容提要：本书提供了对生态政治观念和绿色运动目标与战略的、清晰而富有启发的思考。

在经过两次修订后的该书第3版中，通过对生态主义与其它政治意识形态的关系、激进与改革主义的绿色传统之间的差异和如何实现绿色社会变革等的系统分析，作者明确地主张，生态主义应该被视为一种独立的政治意识形态。

该书包括反思生态主义、生态主义的哲学基础、可持续社会、绿色变化的战略、生态主义和其它意识形态等部分。

2）戴维•佩珀：《生态社会主义：从深生态学到社会正义》，主译：刘颖David Pepper,Eco-Socialism: From Deep Ecology to Social Justice(London: Routledge,1993)作者简介：作者为牛津布鲁克斯大学教授，是西方生态政治理论中生态社会主义学派的主要代表之一。

In recent decades,the influence of Western culture has become increasingly evident around the globe.This cultural diffusion has touched various aspects of society,from language and education to fashion and entertainment.Here are some key areas where Western culture has made a significant impact:nguage and Communication:English,as the most widely spoken second language, has become a global lingua franca.It is the primary mode of communication in international business,academia,and diplomacy.The spread of English has facilitated the exchange of ideas and information across borders.cation Systems:Western educational models,particularly the American and British systems,have been adopted or adapted by many countries.The emphasis on critical thinking,research,and problemsolving skills is now common in educational institutions worldwide.3.Fashion and Beauty Standards:Western fashion trends often set the global standard, influencing what is considered stylish and attractive.Brands from the West have become household names,and their seasonal collections are eagerly anticipated by fashion enthusiasts.4.Cuisine:Fast food chains originating from the West,such as McDonalds and Starbucks, have spread to almost every corner of the world.These chains have not only introduced Western fast food but also a fastpaced dining culture.5.Entertainment and Media:Hollywood films and American television series dominate global entertainment markets.Western music,particularly pop and rock genres,has a significant following,and Western artists often top global music charts.6.Technology and Innovation:Western countries,especially the United States,are at the forefront of technological advancements.Innovations in areas such as information technology,telecommunications,and artificial intelligence have transformed the way people live and work.7.Political and Legal Systems:The principles of democracy,human rights,and the rule of law,which are deeply rooted in Western societies,have inspired political reforms and legal systems in many countries.8.Sports:Sports such as football soccer,basketball,and tennis,which have Western origins or are heavily influenced by Western countries,have become popular worldwide. Major sporting events like the Olympics and the FIFA World Cup draw global audiences.9.Art and Literature:Western art movements and literary works have had a profound influence on global artistic expression.The themes,styles,and techniques of Western artists and writers have inspired and shaped creative works in other cultures.10.Philosophical and Religious Ideas:Western philosophical thought and religious beliefs have spread beyond their regions of origin,influencing worldviews and ethical systems in various societies.While the influence of Western culture has brought about many positive changes,it has also sparked debates about cultural imperialism and the loss of local cultural identities.It is essential to balance the benefits of cultural exchange with the preservation of cultural diversity and autonomy.。

Bill ClintonHillary Rodham Clinton[1] Bill Clinton was hard to miss in the autumn of 1970. He arrived at Y ale Law School looking more like a Viking than a Rhodes Scholar returning from two years at Oxford. He was tall and handsome somewhere beneath that reddish brown beard and curly mane of hair. He also had a vitality that seemed to shoot out of his pores. When I first saw him in the law school’s student lounge, he was holding forth before a rapt audience of fellows tudents. As I walked by, I heard him say: “. . . and not only that, we grow the biggest watermelons in the world!” I asked a friend, “Who is that?” [2]“Oh, that’s Bill Clinton,” he said. “He’s from Arkansas, and that’s all he ever talks about.”[3]We would run into each other around campus, but we never actually met until one night at the Y ale law library the following spring. I was studying in the library, and Bill was standing out in the hall talking to another student, Jeff Gleckel, who was trying to persuade Bill to write for the Y ale Law Journal. I noticed that he kept looking over at me. He had been doing a lot of that. So I stood up from the desk, walked over to him and said, “If you’re going to keep looking at me, and I’m going to keep lookin g back, we might as well be introduced. I’m Hillary Rodham.” That was it. The way Bill tells the story, he couldn’t remember his own name.[4]We didn’t talk to each other again until the last day of classes in the spring of 1971. We happened to walk out of Professor Thomas Emerson’s Political and Civil Rights course at the same time. Bill asked me where I was going. I was on the way to the registrar’s office to sign up for the next semester’s classes. He told me he was heading there too. As we walked, he complimented my long flower-patterned skirt. When I told him that my mother had made it, he asked about my family and where I had grown up. We waited in line until we got to the registrar. She looked up and said, “Bill, what are you doing here? You’ve already registered.” I laughed when he confessed that he just wanted to spend time with me, and we went for a long walk that turned into our first date.[5]We both had wanted to see a Mark Rothko exhibit at the Y ale Art Gallery but, because of a labor disp ute, some of the university’s buildings, including the museum, were closed. As Bill and I walked by, he decided he could get us in if we offered to pick up the litter that had accumulated in the gallery’s courtyard. Watching him talk our way in was the fir st time I saw his persuasiveness in action. We had the entire museum to ourselves. We wandered through the galleries talking about Rothko and twentieth-century art. I admit to being surprised at his interest in and knowledge of subjects that seemed, at first, unusual for a Viking from Arkansas. We ended up in the museum’s courtyard, where I sat in the large lap of Henry Moore’s sculpture Draped Seated Woman while we talked until dark. I invited Bill tothe party my roommate, Kwan Kwan Tan, and I were throwing in our dorm room that nigh t to celebrate the end of classes. Kwan Kwan, an ethnic Chinese who had come from Burma to Yale to pursue graduate legal studies, was a delightful living companion and a graceful performer of Burmese dance. She and her husband, Bill Wang, another student, remain friends.[6]Bill came to our party but hardly said a word. Since I didn’t know him that well, I thought he must be shy, perhaps not very socially adept or just uncomfortable. I didn’t have much hope for us as a coupl e. Besides, I had a boyfriend at the time, and we had weekend plans out of town. When I came back to Yale late Sunday, Bill called and heard me coughing and hacking from the bad cold I had picked up.[7]“You sound terrible,” he said. About thirty minutes later, he knocked on my door, bearing chicken soup and orange juice. He came in, and he started talking. He could converse about anything―from African politics to countr y and western music. I asked him why he had been so quiet at my party. [8]“Because I was interested in learning more about you and your friends,”he replied.[9]I was starting to realize that this young man from Arkansas was much m ore complex than first impressions might suggest. To this day, he can astoni sh me with the connections he weaves between ideas and words and how he makes it all sound like music. I still love the way he thinks and the way helooks. One of the firs tthings I noticed about Bill was the shape of his hands . His wrists are narrow and his fingers tapered and deft, like those of a piani st or a surgeon. When we first met as students, I loved watching him turn th e pages of a book. Now his hands are showing signs of age after thousands of handshakes and golf swings and miles of signatures. They are, like their owner, weathered but still expressive, attractive and resilient.[10]Soon after Bill came to my rescue with chicken soup and orange juice, we became inseparable. In between cramming for finals and finishing up m y first year of concentration on children, we spent long hours driving aroun d in his 1970 burnt-orange Opel station wagon―truly one of the ugliest car s ever manufactured―or hanging out at the beach house on Long Island So und near Milford, Connecticut, where he lived with his roommates, Doug E akeley, Don Pogue and Bill Coleman. At a party there one night, Bill and I ended up in the kitchen talking about what each of us wanted to do after gra duation. I still didn’t know where I would live and what I would do because my interests in child advocacy and civil rights d idn’t dictate a particular pat h. Bill was absolutely certain: He would go home to Arkansas and run for p ublic office. A lot of my classmates said they intended to pursue public serv ice, but Bill was the only one who you knew for certain would actually do it .11]I told Bill about my summer plans to clerk at Treuhaft, Walker and Burnstein, a small law firm in Oakland, California, and he announced thathe would like to go to California with me. I was astonished. I knew he had signed on to work in Senator Georg e McGovern’s presidential campaign and that the campaign manager, Gary Hart, had asked Bill to organize the South for McGovern. The prospect of driving from one Southern state to another convincing Democrats both to support McGovern and to oppose Nixon’s p olicy in Vietnam excited him.[12]Although Bill had worked in Arkansas on campaigns for Senator J. William Fulbright and others, and in Connecticut for Joe Duffey and Joe Lieberman, he’d never had the chance to be in on the ground floor of a presidential campaign.[13]I tried to let the news sink in. I was thrilled.[14]“Why,” I asked, “do you want to give up the opportunity to do something you love to follow me to California?”[15]“For someone I love, that’s why,” he said.[16]He had decided, he told me, that we were destined for each other, and he didn’t want to let me go just after he’d found me.[17]Bill and I shared a small apartment near a big park not far from the University of California at Berkeley campus where the Free Speech Movement started in 1964. I spent most of my time working for Mal Burnstein researching, writing legal motions and briefs for a child custody case. Meanwhile, Bill explored Berkeley, Oakland and San Francisco. On weekends, he took me to the places he had scouted, like a restaurant inNorth Beach or a vintage clothing storeon Telegraph Avenue. I tried teaching him tennis, and we both experimented with cooking. I baked him a peach pie, something I associated with Arkansas, although I had yet to visit the state, and together we produced a palatable chicken curry for any and all occasions we hosted. Bill spent most of his time reading and then sharing with me his thoughts about books like To the Finland Station by Edmund Wilson. During our long walks, he often broke into song, frequently crooning one of his Elvis Presley favorites. [18]People have said that I knew Bill would be President one day and went around telling anyone who would listen. I don’t remember thinking that until years later, but I had one strange encounter at a small restaurant in Berkeley. I was supposed to meet Bill, but I was held up at work and arrived late. There was no sign of him, and I asked the waiter if he had seen a man of his description. A customer sitting nearby spoke up, saying, “He was here for a long time reading, and I started talking to him about books. I don’t know his name, but he’s going to be President someday.” “Yeah, right,” I said, “but do you know where he went?” [19]At the end of the summer, we returned to New Haven and rented the ground floor of 21 Edgewood Avenue for seventy-five dollars a month. That bought us a living room with a fireplace, one small bed room, a third room that served as both study and dining area, a tiny bathroom and a primitive kitchen. The floors were so uneven that plates would slide off thedining table if we didn’t keep little wooden blocks under the table legs to level them. The wind howled through cracks in the walls that we stuffed with newspapers. But despite it all, I loved our first house. We shopped for furniture at the Goodwill and Salvation Army stores and were quite proud of our student decor.[20]Our apartment was a block away from the Elm Street Diner, which we frequented because it was open all night. The local Y down the street had a yoga class that I joined, and Bill agreed to take with me―as long as I didn’t tell anybody else. He also came along to the Cathedral of Sweat, Y ale’s gothic sports center, to run mindlessly around the mezzanine track. Once he started running, he kept going. I didn’t. [21]We ate often at Basel’s, a favorite Greek restaurant, and loved going to the movies at the Lincoln, a small theater set back on a residential street. One evening after a blizzard finally stopped, we decided to go to the movies. The roads were not yet cleared, so we walked there and back through the foot-high snowdrifts, feeling very much alive and in love.[22]We both had to work to pay our way through law school, on top of the student loans we had taken out. But we still found time for politics. Bill decided to open a McGovern for President headquarters in New Haven, using his own money to rent a storefront. Most of the volunteers were Yale students and faculty because the boss of the local Democratic Party, Arthur Barbieri, was not supporting McGovern. Bill arranged for us to meet Mr.Barbieri at an Italian restaurant. At a long lunch, Bill claimed he had eight hundred volunteers ready to hit the streets to out-organize the regular party apparatus. Barbieri eventually decided to endorse McGovern. He invited us to attend the party meeting at a local Italian club, Melebus Club, where he would announce his endorsement.[23]The next week, we drove to a nondescript building and entered a door leading to a set of stairs that went down to a series of underground rooms. When Barbieri stood up to speak in the big dining room, he commanded the attention of the local county committee members―mostly men―who were there. He started by talking about the war in Vietnam and naming the boys from the New Haven area who were serving in the military and those who had died. Then he said, “Thiswar isn’t worth losing one more boy for. That’s why we should support George McGovern, who wants to bring our boys home.” This was not an immediately popular position, but as the night wore on, he pressed his case until he got a unanimous vote of support. And he delivered on his commitment, first at the state convention and then in the election when New Haven was one of the few places in America that voted for McGovern over Nixon. [24] After Christmas, Bill drove up from Hot Springs to Park Ridge to spend a few days with my family. Both my parents had met him the previous summer, but I was nervous because my dad was so uninhibited in his criticism of my boyfriends. I wondered what he would say to aSouthern Democrat with Elvis sideburns. My mother had told me that in my father’s eyes, no man would be good enough for me. She appreciated Bill’s good manners and willingness to help with the dishes. But Bill really won her over when he found her reading a philosophy book from one of her college courses and spent the next hour or so discussing it with her. It was slow going at first with my father, but he warmed up over games of cards, and in front of the television watching football bowl games. My brothers basked in Bill’s attention. My friends liked him too. After I introduced him to Betsy Johnson, her mother, Roslyn, cornered me on the way out of their house and said, “I don’t care what you do, but don’t let this one go. He’s the only one I’ve ever seen make you laugh！”。