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西南交通大学2013级研究生录V 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机械专业英文词典Mechanical Engineering English DictionaryAdhesion: The tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another. Adhesion is an important property in the field of mechanical engineering as it affects the performance and durability of various materials and components.Airfoil: A structure designed to produce lift when air flows around it. Airfoils are commonly used in aircraft wings, propeller blades, and turbine blades.Bearings: Mechanical components that support and guide moving parts. Bearings reduce friction and enable smooth rotation or linear motion in machines and equipment.Casting: A manufacturing process in which a liquid material is poured into a mold and allowed to solidify into a desired shape. Castings are commonly used to produce complex metal components.Damping: The process of reducing or controlling the oscillations, vibrations, or noise in mechanical systems.Damping is achieved through the use of various materials and devices such as dampers and isolators.Elasticity: The ability of a material to deform under stress and return to its original shape when the stress is removed. Elasticity is an important property in the design and analysis of mechanical components.Fatigue: The weakening and eventual failure of a material subjected to repeated or fluctuating loads over time. Fatigue is a common cause of failure in mechanical components and structures.Gears: Mechanical components with toothed surfaces that transmit motion and power between rotating shafts. Gears are widely used in machinery, vehicles, and various mechanical systems.Heat exchanger: A device used to transfer heat between two or more fluids at different temperatures. Heat exchangers are commonly found in refrigeration, air conditioning, and power generation systems.Ignition: The process of initiating combustion in an internal combustion engine. Ignition systems are used toignite the fuel-air mixture in spark-ignition engines and diesel engines.Joule: A unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI). One joule is equal to the work done by a force of one newton acting over a distance of one meter.Kinematics: The branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of objects without considering the forces that cause the motion. Kinematics is concerned with the position, velocity, and acceleration of objects.Lubrication: The process of reducing friction and wear between moving surfaces by introducing a lubricant such as oil or grease. Lubrication is essential for the proper functioning and longevity of mechanical systems.Machining: The process of shaping or finishing a workpiece by removing material using various cutting tools. Machining operations include milling, turning, drilling, and grinding.Newton's laws of motion: Three fundamental principles that describe the behavior of objects under the influenceof forces. Newton's laws of motion are widely used in the analysis and design of mechanical systems.Optimization: The process of finding the best solutionto a problem within given constraints. Optimization is an important aspect of mechanical engineering, especially in the design and operation of systems and components.Pressure: The force per unit area exerted by a fluid or gas. Pressure plays a crucial role in the design and analysis of fluid systems, hydraulic systems, and pneumatic systems.Quality control: The process of ensuring that products and processes meet the desired standards and requirements. Quality control is essential in mechanical engineering to ensure the reliability and performance of manufactured components.Resilience: The ability of a material to absorb energy without undergoing permanent deformation. Resilience is an important property in the design of impact-resistant materials and structures.Stress analysis: The process of evaluating the internal forces and stresses in a mechanical component or structure. Stress analysis is used to ensure the safety andreliability of engineering designs.Thermodynamics: The branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat, work, and energy. Thermodynamics is essential for understanding and analyzing the behavior of various mechanical and thermal systems.Ultrasonic testing: A non-destructive testing technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to detect flaws or defects in materials. Ultrasonic testing is widely used in the inspection of welds, castings, and other critical components.Vibration: The oscillation of mechanical systems or components around a reference point. Vibration analysis is important for predicting and controlling the dynamic behavior of machines and structures.Welding: The process of joining two or more metal pieces by heating them to a high temperature and applying pressure or filler material. Welding is a common method for fabricating metal structures and components.中文翻译：粘附：不同颗粒或表面相互粘附的倾向。
Single gate optimization for plastic injection moldAbstract:Abstract: This paper deals with a methodology for single gate location optimization for plastic injection mold. The objective of the gate optimization is to minimize the warpage of injection molded parts, because warpage is a crucial quality issue for most injection molded parts while it is influenced greatly by the gate location. Feature warpage is defined as the ratio of maximum displacement on the feature surface to the projected length of the feature surface to describe part warpage. The optimization is combined with the numerical simulation technology to find the optimal gate location, in which the simulated annealing algorithm is used to search for the optimum. Finally, an example is discussed in the paper and it can be concluded that the proposed method is effective.Key words: Injection mold, Gate location, Optimization, Feature warpage.INTRODUCTIONPlastic injection molding is a widely used, com- plex but highly efficient technique for producing a large variety of plastic products, particularly those with high production requirement, tight tolerance, and complex shapes. The quality of injection molded parts is a function of plastic material, part geometry, mold structure and process conditions. The most important part of an injection mold basically is the following three sets of components: cavities, gates and runners, and cooling system.Lam and Seow (2000) and Jin and Lam (2002) achieved cavity balancing by varying the wall thick- ness of the part. A balance filling process within the cavity gives an evenly distributed pressure and tem- perature which can drastically reduce the warpage of the part. But the cavity balancing is only one of the important influencing factors of part qualities. Espe- cially, the part has its functional requirements, and its thicknesses should not be varied usually.From the pointview of the injection mold design, a gate is characterized by its size and location, and the runner system by the size and layout. The gate size and runner layout are usually determined as constants. Relatively, gate locations and runner sizes are more flexible, which can be varied to influence the quality of the part. As a result, they are often the design pa- rameters for optimization.Lee and Kim (1996a) optimized the sizes of runners and gates to balance runner system for mul- tiple injection cavities. The runner balancing was described as the differences of entrance pressures for a multi-cavity mold with identical cavities, and as differences of pressures at theend of the melt flow path in each cavity for a family mold with different cavity volumes and geometries. The methodology has shown uniform pressure distributions among the cavities during the entire molding cycle of multiple cavities mold.Zhai et al.(2005a) presented the two gate loca- tion optimization of one molding cavity by an effi- cient search method based on pressure gradient (PGSS), and subsequently positioned weld lines to the desired locations by varying runner sizes for multi-gate parts (Zhai et al., 2006). As large-volume part, multiple gates are needed to shorten the maxi- mum flow path, with a corresponding decrease in injection pressure. The method is promising for de- sign of gates and runners for a single cavity with multiple gates.Many of injection molded parts are produced with one gate, whether in single cavity mold or in multiple cavities mold. Therefore, the gate location of a single gate is the most common design parameter for optimization. A shape analysis approach was pre- sented by Courbebaisse and Garcia (2002), by which the best gate location of injection molding was esti- mated. Subsequently, they developed this methodol- ogy further and applied it to single gate location op- timization of an L shape example (Courbebaisse,2005). It is easy to use and not time-consuming, while it only serves the turning of simple flat parts with uniform thickness.Pandelidis and Zou (1990) presented the opti- mization of gate location, by indirect quality measures relevant to warpage and material degradation, which is represented as weighted sum of a temperature dif- ferential term, an over-pack term, and a frictional overheating term. Warpage is influenced by the above factors, but the relationship between them is not clear. Therefore, the optimization effect is restricted by the determination of the weighting factors.Lee and Kim (1996b) developed an automated selection method of gate location, in which a set of initial gate locations were proposed by a designer and then the optimal gate was located by the adjacent node evaluation method. The conclusion to a great extent depends much on the human design er’s in tuition, because the first step of the method is based on the desi gner’s proposition. So the result is to a large ex- tent limited to the designer’s experience.Lam and Jin (2001) developed a gate location optimization method based on the minimization of the Standard Deviation of Flow Path Length (SD[L]) and Standard Deviation of Filling Time (SD[T]) during the molding filling process. Subsequently, Shen et al.(2004a; 2004b) optimized the gate location design by minimizing the weighted sum of filling pressure, filling time difference between different flow paths, temperature difference, and over-pack percentage. Zhai et al.(2005b) investigated optimal gate location with evaluation criteria of injection pressure at the end of filling. These researchers presented the objec- tive functions asperformances of injection molding filling operation, which are correlated with product qualities. But the correlation between the perform- ances and qualities is very complicated and no clear relationship has been observed between them yet. It is also difficult to select appropriate weighting factors for each term.A new objective function is presented here to evaluate the warpage of injection molded parts to optimize gate location. To measure part quality di- rectly, this investigation defines feature warpage to evaluate part warpage, which is evaluated from the “flow plus warpage” simulation outputs of Moldflow Plastics Insight (MPI) software. The objective func- tion is minimized to achieve minimum deformation in gate location optimization. Simulated annealing al- gorithm is employed to search for the optimal gate location. An example is given to illustrate the effec- tivity of the proposed optimization procedure.QUALITY MEASURES: FEATURE WARPGEDefinition of feature warp ageTo apply optimization theory to the gate design, quality measures of the part must be specified in the first instance. The term “quality” may be referred to many product properties, such as mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, ergonomical or geometrical prop- erties. There are two types of part quality measures: direct and indirect. A model that predicts the proper- ties from numerical simulation results would be characterized as a direct quality measure. In contrast, an indirect measure of part quality is correlated with target quality, but it cannot provide a direct estimate of that quality.For warpage, the indirect quality measures in related works are one of performances of injection molding flowing behavior or weighted sum of those. The performances are presented as filling time dif- ferential along different flow paths, temperature dif- ferential, over-pack percentage, and so on. It is ob- vious that warpage is influenced by these perform- ances, but the relationship between warpage and these performances is not clear and the determination of these weighting factors is rather difficult. Therefore, the optimization with the above objective function probably will not minimize part warpage even with perfect optimization technique. Sometimes, improper weighting factors will result in absolutely wrong re- sults.Some statistical quantities calculated from the nodal displacements were characterized as direct quality measures to achieve minimum deformation in related optimization studies. The statistical quantities are usually a maximum nodal displacement, an av- erage of top 10 percentile nodal displacements, and an overall average nodal displacement (Lee and Kim,1995; 1996b). These nodal displacements are easy to obtain from the simulation results, the statistical val- ues, to some extents, representing the deformation. But the statistical displacement cannot effectively describe the deformation of the injection molded parts.In industry, designers and manufacturers usually pay more attention to the degree of part warpage on some specific features than the whole deformation of the injection molded parts. In this study, feature warpage is defined to describe the deformation of the injection parts. The feature warpage is the ratio of the maximum displacement of the feature surface to the projected length of the feature surface (Fig.1):where γ is the feature warpage, h is the maximum displacement on the feature surface deviating from the reference platform, and L is the projected length of the feature surface on a reference direction paralleling the reference platform.For complicated features (only plane feature discussed here), the feature warpage is usually sepa- rated into two constituents on the reference plane, which are represented on a 2D coordinate system:where γx, γy are the constituent feature warpages in the X, Y direction, and L x, L y are the projected lengths of the feature surface on X, Y component.Evaluation of feature wa rpageAfter the determination of target feature com- bined with corresponding reference plane and pro- jection direction, the value of L can be calculated immediately from the part with the calculating method of analytic geometry (Fig.2). L is a constant for any part on the specified feature surface and pro- jected direction. But the evaluation of h is more com- plicated than that of L.Simulation of injection molding process is a common technique to forecast the quality of part de- sign, mold design and process settings. The results of warpage simulation are expressed as the nodal de- flections on X, Y, Z component (W x, W y, W z), and the nodal displacement W. W is the vector length of vector sum of W x·i, W y·j, and W z·k, where i, j, k are the unit vectors on X, Y, Z component. The h is the maximum displacement of the nodes on the feature surface, which is correlated with the normal orientation of the reference plane, and can be derived from the results of warpage simulation.To calculate h, the deflection of ith node is evaluated firstly as follows:where W i is the deflection in the normal direction of the reference plane of ith node; W ix, W iy, W iz are the deflections on X, Y, Z component of ith node; α,β,γ are the angles of normal vector of the reference; A and B are the terminal nodes of the feature to projectingdirection (Fig.2); WA and WB are the deflections of nodes A and B:where W Ax, W Ay, W Az are the deflections on X, Y, Zcomponent of node A; W Bx, W By and W Bz are the de- flections on X, Y, Z component of node B; ωiA and ωiB are the weighting factors of the terminal node deflections calculated as follows:where L iA is the projector distance between ith node and node A. Ultimately, h is the maximum of the absolute value of W i:In industry, the inspection of the warpage is carried out with the help of a feeler gauge, while the measured part should be placed on a reference plat- form. The value of h is the maximum numerical reading of the space between the measured part sur- face and the reference platform.GATE LOCATION OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM FORMATIONThe quality term “warpag e”means the perma- nent deformation of the part, which is not caused by an applied load. It is caused by differential shrinkage throughout the part, due to the imbalance of polymer flow, packing, cooling, and crystallization.The placement of a gate in an injection mold is one of the most important variables of the total mold design. The quality of the molded part is greatly af- fected by the gate location, because it influences the manner that the plastic flows into the mold cavity. Therefore, different gate locations introduce inho- mogeneity in orientation, density, pressure, and temperature distribution, accordingly introducing different value and distribution of warpage. Therefore, gate location is a valuable design variable to minimize the injection molded part warpage. Because the cor- relation between gate location and warpage distribu- tion is to a large extent independent of the melt and mold temperature, it is assumed that the moldingconditions are kept constant in this investigation. The injection molded part warpage is quantified by the feature warpage which was discussed in the previous section.The single gate location optimization can thus be formulated as follows:Minimize:Subject to:where γ is the feature warpage; p is the injection pressure at the gate position; p0 is the allowable in- jection pressure of injection molding machine or the allowable injection pressure specified by the designer or manufacturer; X is the coordinate vector of the candidate gate locations; X i is the node on the finite element mesh model of the part for injection molding process simulation; N is the total number of nodes.In the finite element mesh model of the part, every node is a possible candidate for a gate. There- fore, the total number of the possible gate location N p is a function of the total number of nodes N and the total number of gate locations to be optimized n:In this study, only the single-gate location problem is investigated.SIMULATED ANNEALING ALGORITHMThe simulated annealing algorithm is one of the most powerful and popular meta-heuristics to solve optimization problems because of the provision of good global solutions to real-world problems. The algorithm is based upon that of Metropolis et al. (1953), which was originally proposed as a means to find an equilibrium configuration of a collection of atoms at a given temperature. The connection be- tween this algorithm and mathematical minimization was first noted by Pincus (1970), but it was Kirkpatrick et al.(1983) who proposed that it formed the basis of an optimization technique for combina- tional (and other) problems.To apply the simulated annealing method to op timization problems, the objective function f is used as an energy function E. Instead of finding a low energy configuration, the problem becomes to seek an approximate global optimal solution. The configura- tions of the values of design variables are substituted for the energy configurations of the body, and the control parameter for the process is substituted for temperature. A random number generator is used as a way of generating new values for the design variables. It is obvious that this algorithm just takes the mini- mization problems into account. Hence, while per- forming a maximization problem the objective func- tion is multiplied by (−1) to obtain a capable form.The major advantage of simulated annealing algorithm over other methods is the ability to avoid being trapped at local minima. This algorithm em- ploys a random search, which not only accepts changes that decrease objective function f, but also accepts some changes that increase it. The latter are accepted with a probability pwhere ∆f is the increase of f, k is Boltzm an’s constant, and T is a control parameter which by analogy with the original application is known as the system “tem perature”irrespective of the objective function involved.In the case of gate location optimization, the implementation of this algorithm is illustrated in Fig.3, and this algorithm is detailed as follows:(1) SA algorithm starts from an initial gate loca- tion X old with an assigned value T k of the “tempera- ture”parameter T (the “temperature” counter k is initially set to zero). Proper control parameter c (0<c<1) in annealing process and Markov chain N generateare given.(2) SA algorithm generates a new gate location X new in the neighborhood of X old and the value of the objective function f(X) is calculated.(3) The new gate location will be accepted with probability determined by the acceptance functionFig.3 The flow chart of the simulated annealing algorithmAPPLICATION AND DISCUSSIONThe application to a complex industrial part is presented in this section to illustrate the proposed quality measure and optimization methodology. The part is provided by a manufacturer, as shown in Fig.4. In this part, the flatness of basal surface is the most important profileprecision requirement. Therefore, the feature warpage is discussed on basal surface, in which reference platform is specified as a horizontal plane attached to the basal surface, and the longitu- dinal direction is specified as projected reference direction. The parameter h is the maximum basal surface deflection on the normal direction, namely the vertical direction, and the parameter L is the projected length of the basal surface to the longitudinal direc- tion.Fig.4 Industrial part provided by the manufac tur e rThe material of the part is Nylon Zytel 101L (30% EGF, DuPont Engineering Polymer). The molding conditions in the simulation are listed in T able 1. Fig.5 shows the finite element mesh model ofthe part employed in the numerical simulation. It has1469 nodes and 2492 elements. The objective func- tion, namely feature warpage, is evaluated by Eqs.(1), (3)~(6). The h is evaluated from the results of “Flow+Warp” Analysis Sequence in MPI by Eq.(1), and the L is measured on the industrial part immediately, L=20.50 mm.MPI is the most extensive software for the in- jection molding simulation, which can recommend the best gate location based on balanced flow. Gate location analysis is an effective tool for gate location design besides empirical method. For this part, the gate location analysis of MPI recommends that the best gate location is near node N7459, as shown in Fig.5. The part warpage is simulated based on this recommended gate and thus the feature warpage is evaluated: γ=5.15%, which is a great value. In trial manufacturing, part warpage is visible on the sample work piece. This is unacceptable for the manufacturer.The great warpage on basal surface is caused bythe uneven orientation distribution of the glass fiber, as shown in Fig.6a. Fig.6a shows that the glass fiber orientation changes from negative direction to posi- tive direction because of the location of the gate, par- ticularly thegreatest change of the fiber orientation appears near the gate. The great diversification of fiber orientation caused by gate location introduces serious differential shrinkage. Accordingly, the fea- ture warpage is notable and the gate location must be optimized to reduce part warpageT o optimize the gate location, the simulated an- nealing searching discussed in the section “Simulated annealing algorithm” is applied to this part. The maximum number of iterations is chosen as 30 to ensure the precision of the optimization, and the maximum number of random trials allowed for each iteration is chosen as 10 to decrease the probability of null iteration without an iterative solution. Node N7379 (Fig.5) is found to be the optimum gate loca- tion.The feature warpage is evaluated from the war- page simulation results f(X)=γ=0.97%, which is less than that of the recommended gate by MPI. And the part warpage meets the manufacturer’s requirements in trial manufacturing. Fig.6b shows the fiber orien- tation in the simulation. It is seen that the optimal gate location results in the even glass fiber orientation, and thus introduces great reduction of shrinkage differ- ence on the vertical direction along the longitudinal direction. Accordingly, the feature warpage is re- duced.CONCLUSIONFeature warpage is defined to describe the war- page of injection molded parts and is evaluated based on the numerical simulation software MPI in this investigation. The feature warpage evaluation based on numerical simulation is combined with simulated annealing algorithm to optimize the single gate loca- tion for plastic injection mold. An industrial part is taken as an example to illustrate the proposed method. The method results in an optimal gate location, by which the part is satisfactory for the manufacturer. This method is also suitable to other optimization problems for warpage minimization, such as location optimization for multiple gates, runner system bal- ancing, and option of anisotropic materials.注塑模的单浇口优化摘要：本文论述了一种单浇口位置优化注塑模具的方法。
Injection molding die design is a crucial aspect of the manufacturing process to produce high-quality plastic products. Various technical references have been published over the years, providing valuable insights into the design principles, strategies, and best practices related to injection molding die design. Here are some key references that can be used as a starting point for further exploration:1.Injection Mold Design Engineering (David O. Kazmer, 2011) This bookprovides a comprehensive overview of injection mold design, covering topics such as mold geometry, gating systems, cooling and heating, ejector systems, and mold materials. It also discusses the analysis and optimization of molddesigns using computer-aided engineering tools.2.Injection Molds and Molding: A Practical Manual (Jiri Karasek, 2006)This practical manual offers a step-by-step guide to injection mold design and production. It covers various aspects of mold design, including cavity and core geometry, runner systems, venting, cooling, ejection, and mold materials. The book also addresses common design challenges and troubleshootingtechniques.3.Plastic Injection Molding: Manufacturing Process Fundamentals(Douglas M. Bryce and Charles A. Daniels, 2014) This reference provides an in-depth understanding of the injection molding process and its fundamentals. It discusses the principles of mold design, material selection, process parameters, molding defects, and mold maintenance. The book emphasizes the importance of considering the design-for-manufacturability aspect in mold design.4.Mold Design Using SolidWorks (Edward J. Bordin, 2010) Focused onmold design using SolidWorks software, this book provides practical insights into mold design methodology, including parting line creation, runner system design, cooling strategies, and mold analysis. It also covers advanced topicssuch as hot runner systems and side actions.5.Designing Injection Molds for Thermoplastics (H.T. Rowe, 2010) Thiscomprehensive reference addresses the design considerations specific tothermoplastic injection molds. It covers mold configuration, gating design,cooling strategies, shrinkage and warpage control, and mold materials. Thebook also includes case studies and practical tips for mold design optimization.6.Mold-Making Handbook (Kurtz Ersa Corporation, 2009) Thishandbook offers practical advice on mold design, construction, andmaintenance. It covers topics like mold steel selection, surface finishing, cavity design, cooling channels, ejection systems, and high-precision molding. Thereference provides insights into the latest developments in mold-makingtechnology.These references provide a solid foundation for understanding injection mold design principles, methodologies, and considerations. Additionally, industrypublications, research papers, and case studies can offer further insights into specific design aspects, material selection, and advanced techniques. It is important to consult multiple sources and stay updated with the latest trends and advancements in injection mold design to ensure efficient and robust manufacturing processes.。
第九章C-MOLD軟體與模型網格C-MOLD起源於1974年康乃爾大學Prof. K. K. Wang(王國欽)之Cornell Injection Molding Program (CIMP)計劃，最初之軟體是由Prof. K. K. Wang和他的學生Dr. V. W. Wang(王文偉)開發，並於1986年成立Advanced CAE Technology Inc.銷售C-MOLD軟體，於1988年成立C-MOLD Polymer Laboratory建立塑膠材料性質的測試。
Advanced CAE Technology Inc.於2000年被澳洲的Moldflow Corp.併購，並於2001年底發布將C-MOLD整合到Moldflow Plastics Insight 3.0 (MPI 3.0)，號稱為Synergy。
C-MOLD的主要產品包括：(1)7個process solution packages，(2)2個productivity solution packages，(3)2個performance solution packages。
C-MOLD之Process Solution整合模組以提供元件和模具設計的基礎，提供功能包括：✁防止短射✁平衡流動✁評估縫合線位置✁評估設置澆口位置✁流道尺寸最佳化✁設定排氣孔位置✁設計導流器與限流器✁射出壓力最小化✁評估需求之鎖模力✁螺桿速度曲線最佳化C-MOLD之Productivity Solution整合Process Solution之功能和冷卻模擬，提供：✁冷卻系統對於元件和模具的影響之視覺效果。
✁改變參數以獲得最佳的冷卻條件。
C-MOLD之Performance Solution擴充Productivity Solution的功能，進一步提供：✁纖維配向性(fiber orientation)。
✁凝固應力(Frozen-in stresses)。
C H A P T E R1AAF RotterdamCase synopsisThis case deals with a theatrical services company based just outside Rotterdam in The Nether-lands. Small when it was founded back in 1999, the company has now grown to employ 16 full-time and 20 freelance employees and has a revenue of slightly over €3 million. Two types of services have emerged. The first concerns the sale and hiring of stage equipment (mainly light-ing, sound and staging equipment). The other involves production services, including designing, constructing and installing entire sets for shows and conferences. The case describes the various departments within the company and the nature of both types of services. The company seems to be reaching the point where the requirements and objectives of both types of services, to some extent, conflict with each other. Yet both types of services are still mutually dependent. The underlying issue in the case is how to reconcile the needs of the two services.Using the caseThis is a general introduction case to operations and process management. It is not a case where there is a ‘correct answer’, or even a clear and well-defined decision to be made. Rather it is a case that can be used to illustrate both the general approach to understanding operations as em-bedded in the diagnostic logic chain used in Chapter 1, and the nature of some general operations management issues such as focus. Because of this, the case is best used at the begin-ning of a course in order to set the agenda for the topics that will be covered in the course. The case is sufficiently general for tutors to draw out from the case, whichever topic they are going to cover in the course. For example, although inventory management is not explicitly empha-sized within the case, it is clear that the inventory of lighting and other equipment is a key decision for the hire and sales part of the company. Students can be encouraged to discuss this issue generally during the case debrief so that its inclusion in the course can be justified. While the case can be set as a group assignment prior to presentation and discussion, it is also suitable for individual reading by students who then can contribute to the discussion in class. So, at the first session, one could simply ask the students to read through the case and then use it to promote a general discussion on operations and process management during the session. Notes on questionsQuestions 1 – Do you think Marco Van Hopen understands the importance of operations to his business?This question can be used to discuss the issue of what a full understanding of operations and process management means in any business. During this discussion it is useful to point out the difference between the technical knowledge that is embedded in any operation or process on one hand, and the tasks that are necessary to run the operation or process on the other. Marco VanHopen is clearly knowledgeable and certainly enthusiastic because of his knowledge of the task. He regards production services in particular, as being an exciting and high adrenalin business to be in. This is why he started the company. As the company has grown he has become aware of how important it is to organize the company’s operations internally. This has been forced on him because of the growth of the company. What was acceptable for a relatively small group is no longer viable for a large business. Individual processes and the needs of the customers they service (internal or external) must be identified, and they must be designed and organized to meet these needs. From the various statements attributed to Marco, he is now coming to see this. He is also beginning to understand the nature of the relationships between the various processes within his business. In particular, the sometimes-conflicting needs of sales and hiring on one hand and production services on the other are becoming evident.So the answer to the question, “Does he understand the importance of operations?” most like-lyis, “Yes, but not as yet fully.”Question 2 – What contribution does he seem to expect from his opera-tions?Chapter 1 of the text identifies four contributions of operations management.1. It should attempt to control (or minimize) the cost base of the business.2. It should attempt to increase the revenue of the business through its ability to serve customers.3. It should do these two things without needing to invest an excessive amount of capital in thebusiness, and4. It should be able to develop the capabilities that will bring it more business in the future. Although these points are not addressed explicitly (they rarely are in any organization) there is enough evidence from Marco’s statements to make some judgement. See the table below.Contribution ofoperationsAny evidence?Operations’ contribution to reducing costs Yes, there is some evidence. For example, ‘ “…..by working to-gether more we could increase our ability to take on more work without increasing our cost base.”Increased revenue through serving customers Again, yes. “…… we have succeeded in differentiating ourselves through offering a complete design, build and install service that is creative, dependable, and sufficiently flexible to incorporate last minute changes”.Table continuedContribution ofoperationsAny evidence?Minimize the investment needed This is less clear. However, Marco is clearly aware of the amount he has invested. “…. We have over €1 million invested in the equipment….”. Also, he sees maintaining investment in new equipment as being vital to the company’s future success. “….we need access to the latest equipment in order to win production services contracts”. This is used as a justification for retaining the sales and hire part of the company but there is no explicit discus-sion of the trade-off between the benefits this investment brings and the costs (including opportunity costs) in a period when the company is growing quickly.Develop the capabilities to secure future business There is very little evidence that Marco is yet thinking about the future in terms of operations capabilities. He sees the company as growing and that changes will have to be made, but it is growth that is central to his thinking rather than developing unique capa-bilities that will protect him from competition in the future. Of course, he may just wish to develop the business to a certain size and then sell it.Question 3 – Sketch out how you see the supply network for AAF and AAF’s position within itThis question can be used to explore the issue of “Who exactly is the customer?”, and to estab-lish the idea of the three levels of operations and process management analysis.• The level of the supply network• The level of the operation or business• The level of the individual process.There are many ways of drawing the supply network for any type of business and this is also true for AAF. However, the diagram below is one way of illustrating the various relationships between some of the significant players in the supply network, where the double-headed arrow means that either the flow of service is both ways or the nature of the relationship is one of col-laboration rather than a straightforward supply of service.The first point to make is that within AAF Rotterdam there are two important collections of op-erations processes, one for each of the service groups that AAF supplies. There is also a relationship between them insomuch as production services rely on equipment hire and sales having the very latest in sophisticated technology, while Marco sees production services as be-ing the major customer for the equipment hire and sales part of his company.There are several suppliers to AAF, but the ones mentioned explicitly in the case are other equipment hire and sales companies. These are important because maintaining relationships with similar hire and sales companies allows AAF to supply its own customers even when it has run out of its own equipment. And, although the other equipment hire and sales companies are competitors, it is in their interests and AAF’s interest to cooperate because it allows all of them to maintain supply without over investment in equipment.There is a similar ambiguity on the demand side of the network. Much of AAF’s work comes from production companies who are in turn taking responsibility for supplying services to the final clients. Yet AAF themselves will also take on this role for some clients. In other words, at times, AAF finds itself a competitor to its own customers. Of course, this is not unusual, but it is worth exploring the implications of this with students. Similarly, AAF will act as a supplier to other production companies, so its customers will also be in competition with each other. Ideas of partnership, supply, dual sourcing, 100% supply agreements and so on can be brought in at this point, if considered relevant.There may also be other suppliers to the final clients and/or the production company, such as the companies that own the venue for the conference or performance, the performers or compère, and so on. These organizations may be serving the final client or the production company, but it is almost always important for AAF to develop some kind of relationship with them because they will be (or should be) collaborating to provide the final service.Question 4 – What are the major processes within AAF and how do they relate to each other?There are four processes mentioned explicitly in the case. They are:• The production services process• The equipment hire and sales process• The design studio process• The administration processIn fact each of these processes is probably composed of other, smaller processes, but we will treat them at this level. There are a number of ways of distinguishing between these processes, but the important point to bring out in the discussion is that the processes do differ. Therefore, because they differ, they would need managing in different ways. Perhaps the most important way of distinguishing between the processes is to use the four Vs explained in the text. The fig-ure below summarizes each of these processes on the four V dimensions.Production services are of low volume but each job is different and so the variety is high. Varia-tion is high (more lumpy as it says in the case) and because much of the value is added with the eventual customer , visibility is high.Design will be very similar to production services because it is an essential part of production services. Volume may be lower because not all clients require design services. Variety may even be higher than design services because not all designs will be accepted by the clients. Variation is likely to be similar to production services, as is visibility, although much of the de-sign will take place without the client being present.At the other end of the scale, equipment hire and sales is of far higher volume, and although in one sense variety is also high, the real effective variety is lower because every transaction is very similar, even if what is actually being hired or sold is different. Variation is more predict-able and, although some clients require installation, the degree of visibility or value-added with the client present is relatively low.Administration is surprisingly similar to equipment hire and sales. The volume of transactions is likely to be very high (possibly several transactions for each client), and although every transac-tion will be different, the broad type of transaction is essentially the same. Sending an invoice is sending an invoice even if each invoice is different, sending an invoice is very essential. Varia-tion is difficult to assess for the administration process. A fair assumption is that peaks and troughs could coincide for both the services offered by the company, and therefore variation could be relatively high. Visibility is likely to be similar to equipment hire and sales. The ad-ministration process is very much a back-office process.An alternative analysis is to use a polar diagram such as the one below.You can make the axes of the polar diagram anything you like. The main point is to demonstrate that the two main processes are different.As a follow-up to this discussion it is useful to ask the questions, “How will the various man-agement decisions for these processes differ?” For example, to what extent can each of these processes be strictly defined? (Less so with production services and design where creativity is important, or more so with administration and equipment hire and sales where outputs are more standardized). What kind of job designs do the staff involved in each of these processes require? (Low volume, high variety, variation and visibility processes generally require flexible multi-skilled staff with good customer-facing skills; processes at the other end of the dimensions re-quire staff who understand the importance of dependability, adhering to the process and promoting efficiency). Other aspects of operations management can also be raised such as plan-ning and control, capacity management, quality management and so on. In each case, theapproach for the two main processes will be slightly different. This is a very important point to discuss at this stage in a course.Question 5 – Evaluate Van Hopen’s idea of increasing the flexibility with which the different parts of the company work with each otherTry and guide the class towards two alternative approaches to organizing the business.(a) Promote flexibility between the two main processes.(b) Separate the two main processes so that each can focus on its own requirements.This is a fundamental decision for Marco Van Hopen. The idea of treating the organization as one large flexible process that can perform any of the business’s services is fine when the com-pany is small (indeed it is the characteristic of most small companies). Yet, when the company grows there is increasingly a need to segment the organization to match the segmentation of the markets being served. In other words, move towards option (b) by focusing each process on what it should be good at.Try to guide the class towards identifying the advantages and disadvantages of each of the two approaches. Ask them how small operations are usually organized (one big flexible process) then ask them how large operations are organized (separated processes).Ask them to identify the dangers of moving towards a more segmented and focused set of proc-esses. Any student of the class who has worked in large organizations will point out the lack of flexibility and the communications problems that arise with very separate processes. Although the term "silo mentality” has become very much a cliché, it is probably the term that most stu-dents will recognize as summarizing some of the dangers with approach (b).。
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分子链间分子链内英文Molecular Chain Interactions and Intramolecular Chain Dynamics.The study of polymers and macromolecules involves a deep understanding of the interactions and dynamics within and between molecular chains. These chains, composed of repeating units, exhibit unique behaviors that depend on the nature of the chemical bonds, the flexibility of the chain, and the presence of external factors such as temperature and pressure.Molecular Chain Interactions.Molecular chain interactions refer to the forces that exist between different polymer chains. These interactions are primarily of two types: covalent and non-covalent. Covalent interactions, such as cross-linking, are permanent and result in a chemical bond formation between chains. Non-covalent interactions, on the other hand, are weakerand include forces like Van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic interactions.Van der Waals forces, which are the weakest type of intermolecular force, arise due to temporary dipole-dipole interactions or the attraction between induced dipoles. Hydrophobic interactions occur when water-hating (hydrophobic) parts of different chains seek to avoid contact with water by associating with each other. Electrostatic interactions result from the attraction or repulsion between oppositely charged regions of different chains.The strength of these interactions determines the physical properties of the polymer, such as its viscosity, elasticity, and tendency to form aggregates. For example, polymers with strong intermolecular interactions tend to be more viscous and less elastic, while those with weak interactions may exhibit the opposite behavior.Molecular Chain Dynamics.Molecular chain dynamics refer to the movements and conformational changes that occur within a single polymer chain. These dynamics are governed by the thermal energy of the system and the flexibility of the chain.At high temperatures, thermal energy promotes more frequent and larger-scale conformational changes within the chain, leading to increased chain mobility. Conversely, at low temperatures, the chain becomes more rigid, and conformational changes occur less frequently.The flexibility of the chain, determined by the length of the bonds, the angle between bonds, and the presence of any steric hindrance, also plays a crucial role. Chains with shorter bonds and wider angles between them are generally more flexible and exhibit greater conformational freedom.Interactions and Dynamics in Polymer Processing.In polymer processing, such as extrusion, molding, and spinning, the understanding of chain interactions anddynamics is crucial. During processing, external forces are applied to the polymer, causing changes in its conformation and structure. The interactions between chains affect how the polymer flows, its viscoelastic behavior, and its final mechanical properties.For example, in extrusion, the polymer is forced through a die under high pressure and temperature. The strength of the intermolecular interactions determines the ease with which the polymer can be extruded. Strong interactions lead to higher viscosity and require higher processing temperatures and pressures.Similarly, in molding, the polymer is heated and pressed into a mold cavity. The chain dynamics determine how the polymer fills the cavity, its ability to form intricate shapes, and its final surface finish.Conclusion.The interactions and dynamics within and between molecular chains play a pivotal role in determining thephysical and mechanical properties of polymers. A fundamental understanding of these phenomena is essential for effective polymer processing, optimization of product properties, and the development of novel polymer materials. As polymer science continues to evolve, so does our understanding of the intricate dance performed by these molecular chains.。
Plastics made perfect.Autodesk®Simulation Moldflow®Plastic injection moldingsimulation of a concept consumer printer. Designed in Autodesk ® Inventor ® software. Simulated in Autodesk ® Simulation Moldflow ® software. Rendered in Autodesk ® 3ds Max ® software.11Autodesk ® Simulation Moldflow ® plastic injection molding software, part of the Autodesk Simulation solution for Digital Prototyping, provides tools that help manufacturers predict, optimize, and validate the design of plastic parts, injection molds, and e xtrusion dies. Companies worldwide use Autodesk ® Simulation Moldflow ® Adviser and Autodesk ® Simulation Moldflow ® Insight software to help reduce the need for costly physical proto-types, reduce potential manufacturing defects, and get innovative products to market faster.Autodesk Simulation Moldflow Product Line Autodesk is dedicated to providing a wide range of injection molding simulation tools to help CAE analysts, designers, engineers, mold makers, and molding professionals create more accurate digital prototypes and bring better products to market at less cost.Validation and Optimization of Plastic PartsInnovative plastic resins and functional plastic part designs are on the rise in almost every industry. Plastics and fiber-filled composites answer growing pressures to reduce costs and cut time to market. The need for simulation tools that provide deep insight into the plastic injection molding process hasnever been greater.2Hot Runner SystemsModel hot runner system components and set up sequential valve gates to help eliminate weld lines and control the packing phase.Plastic Flow SimulationSimulate the flow of melted plastic to help optimize plastic part and injection mold designs, reduce potential part defects, and improve the molding process.Part DefectsDetermine potential part defects such as weld lines, air traps, and sink marks, then rework designs to help avoid these problems.Thermoplastic FillingSimulate the filling phase of the thermoplasticinjection molding process to help predict the flow of melted plastic and fill mold cavities uniformly; avoid short shots; and eliminate, minimize, or reposition weld lines and air traps.Thermoplastic PackingOptimize packing profiles and visualize magnitude and distribution of volumetric shrinkage to help minimize plastic part warpage and reduce defectssuch as sink marks.Part Layout SimulationValidate and optimize plastic parts, injection molds, resinselection, and the injection molding process.Feed System SimulationModel and optimize hot and cold runner systems and gating configurations. Improve part surfaces, minimize part warpage, and reduce cycle times.Gate LocationIdentify up to 10 gate locations simultaneously. Minimize injection pressure and exclude specific areas when determining gate location.Runner Design WizardCreate feed systems based on inputs for layout, size, and type of components, such as sprues, runners, and gates.Balancing RunnersBalance runner systems of single-cavity, multicavity, and family mold layouts so parts fill simultaneously,reducing stress levels and volume of material.3Mold Cooling SimulationImprove cooling system efficiency, minimize part warpage, achieve smooth surfaces, and reduce cycle times.Cooling Component ModelingAnalyze a mold’s cooling system efficiency.Model cooling circuits, baffles, bubblers, and mold inserts and bases.Cooling System AnalysisOptimize mold and cooling circuit designs to help achieve uniform part cooling, minimize cycle times, reduce part warpage, and decrease manufacturing costs.WarpagePredict warpage resulting from process-induced stresses. Identify where warpage might occur and optimize part and mold design, materialchoice, and processing parameters to help control part deformation.Core Shift ControlMinimize the movement of mold cores by deter-mining ideal processing conditions for injection pressure, packing profile, and gate locations.Fiber Orientation and BreakageControl fiber orientation within plastics to help reduce part shrinkage and warpage across the molded part.CAE Data ExchangeValidate and optimize plastic part designs using tools to exchange data with mechanical simulation software. CAE data exchange is available with Autodesk ® Simulation, ANSYS ®, and Abaqus ®software to predict the real-life behavior of plasticparts by using as-manufactured material properties.Rapid Heat Cycle MoldingSet up variable mold surface temperature profiles to maintain warmer temperatures during filling to achieve smooth surfaces; reduce temperatures in the packing and cooling phases to help freeze parts and decrease cycle times.Shrinkage and Warpage SimulationEvaluate plastic part and injection mold designs to help control shrinkage and warpage.ShrinkageMeet part tolerances by predicting part shrinkage based on processing parameters and grade-specificmaterial data.4Thermoset Flow SimulationSimulate thermoset injection molding, RIM/SRIM, resin transfer molding, and rubber compound injection molding.Reactive Injection MoldingPredict how molds will fill with or without fiber-reinforced preforms. Help avoid short shots due to pregelation of resin, and identify air traps and problematic weld lines. Balance runner systems, select molding machine size, and evaluate thermoset materials.Microchip EncapsulationSimulate encapsulation of semiconductor chips with reactive resins and the interconnectivity of electrical chips. Predict bonding wire deformation within the cavity and shifting of the lead frame due to pressure imbalances.Underfill EncapsulationSimulate flip-chip encapsulation to predictmaterial flow in the cavity between the chip andthe substrate.Specialized Simulation ToolsSolve design challenges with simulation.Insert OvermoldingRun an insert overmolding simulation to helpdetermine the impact of mold inserts on melt flow, cooling rate, and part warpage.Two-Shot Sequential OvermoldingSimulate the two-shot sequential overmolding process: one part is filled; the tool opens and indexes to a new position; and a second part is molded over the first.BirefringencePredict optical performance of an injection-molded plastic part by evaluating refractive index changes that result from process-induced stresses. Evaluate multiple materials, processing conditions, and gate and runner designs to help control birefringence in the part.MuCell ®MuCell ® (from Trexel, Inc.) simulation results include filling pattern, injection pressure, and cell size. These are all critical factors in optimizing a given part for the process, as well as theprocess itself.Specialized Molding ProcessesSimulate a wide range of plastic injection molding processes and specialized process applications.Gas-Assisted Injection MoldingDetermine where to position polymer and gas entrances, how much plastic to inject prior to gas injection, and how to optimize size and placement of gas channels.Co-Injection MoldingVisualize the advancement of skin and core materials in the cavity and view the dynamic relationship between the two materials as filling progresses. Optimize material combinations while maximizing the product's cost-performance ratio.Injection-Compression MoldingSimulate simultaneous or sequential polymer injection and mold compression. Evaluate material candidates, part and mold design,and processing conditions.5CAD Interoperability and MeshingUse tools for native CAD model translation and optimization. Autodesk Simulation Moldflow provides geometry support for thin-walled parts and thick and solid applications. Select meshtype based on desired simulation accuracy and solution time.CAD Solid ModelsImport and mesh solid geometry from Parasolid ®-based CAD systems, Autodesk ® Inventor ® software, CATIA ® V%, Pro/ENGINEER ®, Creo ® Elements/Pro, Autodesk ® Alias ®, Siemens ® NX ®, Rhino ®, and SolidWorks ®, as well as ACIS®, IGES, and STEP universal files.Error Checking and RepairScan imported geometry and automatically fix defects that can occur when translating a model from CAD software.Centerline Import/ExportImport and export feed system and coolingchannel centerlines from and to CAD software, to help decrease modeling time and avoid runner and cooling channel modeling errors.Autodesk Simulation Moldflow CAD Doctor Check, correct, heal, and simplify solid models imported from 3D CAD systems to prepare for simulation.3D SimulationsPerform 3D simulations on complex geometry using a solid, tetrahedral, finite element mesh technique. This approach is ideal for electrical connectors, thick structural components, and geometries with thickness variations.Dual Domain TechnologySimulate solid models of thin-walled parts using Dual Domain™ technology. Work directly from 3D solid CAD models, leading to easier simulation of design iterations.Midplane MeshesGenerate 2D planar surface meshes with assignedthicknesses for thin-walled parts.6Results Interpretation and PresentationUse a wide range of tools for model visualization, results evaluation, and presentation.Results AdviserQuery regions of a model to identify primary causes of short shots and poor part or cooling quality. Get suggestions on how to correct the part, mold, or process.Photorealistic Defect VisualizationIntegration with Autodesk ® Showcase ® software enhances quality assessments of plastic parts by examining near-photorealistic renderings of digital prototypes.Automatic Reporting ToolsUse the Report Generation wizard to create web-based reports. Prepare and share simulation results more quickly and easily with customers, vendors, and team members.Microsoft Office Export CapabilityExport results and images for use in Microsoft ® Word reports and PowerPoint ® presentations.Autodesk Simulation Moldflow Communicator Collaborate with manufacturing personnel, procurement engineers, suppliers, and external customers using Autodesk ® Simulation Moldflow ® Communicator software. Use the Autodesk Simulation Moldflow Communicator resultsviewer to export results from Autodesk Simulation Moldflow software so stakeholders can more easily visualize, quantify, and compare simulation results.Material DataImprove simulation accuracy with precise material data.Material DatabaseUse the built-in material database of grade- specific information on more than 8,500 plastic materials characterized for use in plastic injection molding simulation.Autodesk Simulation Moldflow Plastics Labs Get plastic material testing services, expert data-fitting services, and extensive material databases with the Autodesk ® Simulation Moldflow ® Plastics Labs.Productivity ToolsUse advisers and extensive help to boost productivity.Cost AdviserLearn what drives part costs to help minimize those costs. Estimate product costs based on material choice, cycle time, post-molding operations, and fixed costs.Design AdviserQuickly identify areas of plastic parts that violate design guidelines related to the injection molding process.HelpGet help on a results plot, including information on what to look for and how to correct typical problems. Learn more about solver theory, interpreting simulation results, and designing better plastic parts and injection molds.Results Evaluation and Productivity ToolsVisualize and evaluate simulation results, and use automatic reporting tools to share the results with stakeholders. Take advantage of features such as a material database and advisersto further boost productivity.Automation and CustomizationAutomate common tasks and customize Autodesk Simulation Moldflow software for your organization.API ToolsApplication programming interface (API) tools enable you to automate common tasks, customize the user interface, work with third-party applications, and help implement corporatestandards and best practices.Feature ComparisonCompare the features of Autodesk Simulation Moldflow products to learn how Autodesk Simulation Moldflow Adviser and Autodesk Simulation Moldflow Insight software can help meet the needs of your organization.78。
