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名词变复数名词变复数的规则变化1．一般名词复数是在名词后面加上“s”，如map→maps，bag→bags等；2．以s，sh，ch，x等结尾的词加“es”，如bus→buses，watch→watches等；3．以辅音字母＋y结尾的词，变y为“i”加“es”，如baby→babies等；以元音字母＋y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加“s”变复数，如monkey→monkeys，holiday→holidays；4．以o 结尾的名词变复数时：a）无生命的加“s”，名词有：photo→photos，piano→pianos，radio→radios，zoo→zoos b）有生命的加“es”，名词有：potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes；5．以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时：a）加“s”的名词有：belief→beliefs，roof→roofs，safe→safes，gulf→gulfsb）去掉f，fe加“ves”的名词有：half→halves knife→knives，leaf→leaves，wolf→wolves，wife→wives，life→lives，thief→thieves；名词变复数的不规则变化1）child→children，foot→feet，tooth→teeth，mouse→mice，man→men，woman→women （注意：由一个词加man 或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。
但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
）.2）单复同形，如:deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese.3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。
例如：people，police，cattle等本身就是复数，不能说a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a herd of cattle. 4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：A. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。
一名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加s或es. 现将构成规则与读一名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加s或es. 现将构成规则与读音规则音规则:二英语里有一些名词的复数形式不是以词尾-s或-es构成，它们的构成方法主要如下表：名词复数发音规则以元音音素结尾的加了“s”后发/z/音如：windows \ doors\ computers \centers以清辅音结尾的加了“S"后发/s/音如：chicks \ maps\ cups以字母t结尾的发/ts/音如：mats \ cats\ aunts以字母d结尾的发/dz/音如：birds \ words\ hands其他辅音音素结尾的都发/z/音。
特殊变化的词根据变化后结尾音变化同上如：butterfly-butterflies变化后结尾音/ai/为元音，所以发/z/音。
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A．“单数→复数”的规则变化（1）名词词尾发音为[s, z, , , , ]时，加“-es”（如词尾有“-e”只加“-s”）并发[-iz]音，形成一个音节，也就是本项名词为单音节时，加了“-es”便成为双音节的单词。
class[kla:s]→classes[kla:siz]班级phrase[freiz]→phrases[freiziz]短语dish[di]→dishes[diiz]盘，碟garage[ 'gærɑ: ]→garages['gærɑ:iz]车库watch[ w ]→watches[ w iz]手表bridge[bri]→bridges[ br iiz]桥梁（2）名词词尾发音为[p, t, k, f, θ]等清辅音时，加“-s”并发[-s]音。
例如：cup[kp]→cups[kps]茶杯cat[kt]→cats[kts]猫book0[buk]→books[buks]书roof[ru:f]→roofs[ru:fs]屋顶month[mnθ]→months[mnθs]月注：“stomach”（胃），“monarch”（君主）等的复数是词尾加“-s”而不是加“-es”，因为这些词的词尾“-ch”的发音是[-k]。
一、英语动词动词有五种基本形式，即动词原形、第三人称单数(现在式)、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
1. 第三人称单数的构成方法与名词的单数变复数规则大致一样，即：(1) 一般情况下由动词后加-s构成：work / works，read / reads等。
(2) 以s, x, z, sh, ch 以及字母o结构的动词，后加-es：guess / guesses, mix / mixes, go / goes, buzz / buzzes, finish / finishes, catch / catches等。
(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，应将y改为i 再加-es：fly / flies, study / studies等。
【注】①有个别的变化不规则，如have / has, be / is等。
②词尾-s和-es 读音规则是：在s, x, z, sh, ch 后的es读作[iz]，其余的读作[z]。
2. 过去式和过去分词的构成方法分规则变化和不规则变化两种。
不规则变化需逐个记忆，规则变化遵循以下原则：(1) 一般情况下，在动词后加ed构成：work / worked, stay / stayed, shout / shouted等。
(2) 在以-e结尾动词后只加d：close / closed, like / liked, live / lived, smile / smiled 等。
(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，应将y改为i 再加-ed：study / studied, carry / carried等。
(4) 以重读闭音节或r音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母动词，要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ed：stop / stopped, admit / admitted, refer / referred, prefer / preferred等。
【注】(1) 以字母l结尾的动词，若末尾一个音节为重读音节，则必须双写l再加-ed，如control / controlled，但若末尾一个音节为非重读音节，则可双写l(英国英语)或不双写l(美国英语)，如travel / travel(l)ed。
重要语法知识回顾名词单数变复数规则：1) 一般情况加s2) 以s, x, sh, ch结尾加es，读/iz/。
buses, boxes, dishes, peaches等。
3) 以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i再加es，读/iz/。
families, factories, stories。
4) 以y结尾的专有名词或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s，读/z/。
boys,toys等。
5）以辅音字母+o结尾的，有生命加es，读/iz/；无生命加s，读/z/。
negroes, heroes, vocanoes, potatoes,tomatoes, pianos, photos 等。
6）以f，fe结尾，去f，fe变ves，读/vz/。
wives, knives, lives, leaves，wolves, shelves,halves,thieves,themselves, ourselves等。
但是，roofs, gulfs, proofs,cliffs,beliefs, safes等。
动词第三人称单数变化规则：1) 一般情况下，动词后面直接加-s. 例如：works gets says reads2) 以s, x, sh, ch或o 结尾的动词,在后面加-es。
go-goes teach-,teaches,wash-washesbrush-brushes ,catch-catches ,do-does ,fix -fixes3) 以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词，把y变为i 再加-es. study- studies try-triescarry-carries ,fly-flies cry-cries但是destroys, plays, says, buys等。
现在分词的变化规则：1)一般在词尾加-ing（一般-ing）。
例如：going，playing，knowing2)以不发音的字母e结尾，先去e再加-ing（去哑e）。
英语变形规律总结英语单词的变形规律可以总结为以下几个方面：1. 名词的复数形式英语中大部分名词的复数形式是在词尾加上-s，例如：book-books, cat-cats, dog-dogs等。
但也有一些名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：child-children, mouse-mice, foot-feet等。
2. 动词的时态变化英语中的动词有三种基本时态：现在时、过去时和将来时。
在现在时，动词原形和第三人称单数形式是一样的，例如：I walk to school. He walks to school. 在过去时，大部分动词的过去式是在原形后加-ed，例如：I walked to school yesterday. He watched TV last night. 但也有一些动词的过去式是不规则的，例如：go-went, eat-ate等。
在将来时，动词前要加will或shall，例如：I will go to school tomorrow. They shall come to visit us next week.3. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形式形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形式都是通过在词尾加上-er和-est来表示的。
例如：big-bigger-biggest, fast-faster-fastest。
但也有一些形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形式是不规则的，例如：good-better-best, well-better-best等。
4. 不规则动词的变化规律在英语中，有一些动词的变化规律是不规则的，例如：go-went-gone, eat-ate-eaten等。
这些动词的过去式和过去分词形式都不是在原形后加-ed，而是需要记忆。
总之，英语单词的变形规律需要仔细学习和记忆，只有通过大量的练习才能掌握得更加熟练。
词尾变化规则总表：名复单三现形过词尾情况名(词)复（数) 单三现(分) 形(副等级) 过(式，分) 一般+s +s +ing +er, est +eds,x,sh,ch +es +es 同上同上同上e +s +s 哑e 去,+ing +r, st +d单元音+1个辅音ⅹⅹ双写词尾+ing 双写词尾+er, est 双写词尾+ed 辅+y y—i,+es y---i,+es ⅹy---i,+er(est) y---i,+edmore, most +…..名复单三不双写现分没有y变i 形过变化样样有词尾变化规则总表：名复单三现形过词尾情况名(词)复（数) 单三现(分) 形(副等级) 过(式，分)1、一般+scat month ticket KoreanAmerican Australian IndianRussian Canadian ItalianGerman JewEuropean human boymonkey day way keyphoto piano radio zookilo mango(少用)+sopenlistencleanplaystaysay+inggo study seeopen fix openlisten cleansneeze (打喷嚏)see+er, esthard quick cold clever new narrow sourround smart loud mean stupid wild dullquiet black warm sick bright cool nearweak bald young straight tall short longcalm deep cheap strong high slow darkgreat blind dumb deaf full poor real fewgray polite(少用) often(2)+edplay help open stay fix cleanlisten finish borrow join returnpour perform rain work checkwait pick laugh mix end fear callhappen fail fold answer returnlook talk plant annoy knockreview hang(绞死)2、 e e +s e +shopecome哑e 去,+inglive come writetake havee +r, stfine free close nice able white blondesore true large safe handsome lame truesure cute(2种)e +dskate love like dance changepractice close die live receiveretire advice argue hate smileexchange smoke agree lie (说谎)sneeze打喷嚏3、单元音+ 1个辅音名复单三不双写双写词尾+ingsit begin shoprun forget planhit put set clapstar主演hiccup打嗝双写词尾+er, estred big hot thin fat sad slim flat mad双写词尾+edstop plan fit drop shop chat（聊天）trip（绊倒）kid （欺骗）star 主演hiccup打嗝4、辅+y,y—i y—i,+escity factory country babyfamily library dictionaryy---i,+escarrystudy现分没有y变i y---i,+er(est)easy happy healthy early busy ugly curlyfunny scary pretty angry cloudy sunnyrainy windy lovely friendly unfriendlyunhappy unlucky furry tiny guilty greedyheavy moody lively thirsty lazy hungrysorry empty crazy silly pushy luckyshy(2种)y---i,+edstudy cry marry carry worry5、s,x,sh,ch,o+esglass box watch dishwish busnegro hero potatotomato mango+escatchwatchfixbrushgo do名词变复数不规则变化f,fe---v+es thief—thieves （小偷）self—selves（自己）leaf—leaves(叶子) life---lives （命）half---halves；（一半）wife---wives （妻子）shelf—shelves（架）knife---knives（刀）wolf—wolves（狼）roof—roofs（屋顶）chef—chefs(厨师) scarf—scarfs,scarves( 围巾) 词形不变Chinese Japanese sheep deer Swiss 中日羊鹿瑞士人变成e man---men Englishman---Englishmen Frenchman---Frenchmen foot---feet tooth---teeth只有复数clothes pants trousers shorts scissors (剪刀)compasses (圆规) glasses(眼镜)形复实单news maths politics physics形单实复cattle people police 谓语用复数特殊变化child---children mouse--mice合成名词只变一词boy student---boy students night school---night schools pencil sharpener-- sharpeners 两词都变woman doctor---women doctors man singer---men singers动词的现在分词形式不规则变化词尾情况规则例词ie ie----y,+ing die tie lie 形容词、副词的比较级、最高级形式不规则变化不规则变化多数多音节词more,most+原级useful famous quickly beautiful creative serious outgoing amazing awful exciting excited interested famous intelligentexpensive inexpensive tired honest wonderful interesting fantastic sadly beautifully delicious slowly open difficult carefullybeautifully deeply careless active athletic original foolish wrong right casual casually nervous unusual usual modest naturalpleased realistic popular loving inexpensive comfortable convenient crowded truly exhausted embarrassed convincing carelesscareful carefully enormous completely particularly quickly quietly aggressive specifically disappointed disgusted successfulsuitable educational gradually unpleasant pleasant polite(2种) common(2种)原级比较级最高级词义good/well better bestbad/ill worse worstmany/much more mostlittle less leastfar farther farthest 距离further furthest 程度late later latest 时间latter last 顺序old older oldest 年龄关系elder eldest 兄弟姐妹关系GO FOR IT PT PPmeaning root form pt pp meaning root form pt pp让允许let let let 喂feed fed fed阅读read read read 遇见meet met met放置put put put 感觉feel felt felt花费cost cost cost 嗅，发出smell smelt smelt打hit hit hit 拼写spell spelt spelt砍切割cut cut cut 损坏，宠坏spoil spoilt spoilt伤害弄伤hurt hurt hurt 发现，找到 find found found撒抛投cast cast cast 举着，握着hold held held关闭 shut shut shut 听见hear heard heard沉入安置set set set 有，吃have/has had had传播展开spread spread spread 丢失，失去lose lost lost使阴暗overcast overcast overcast 离开，留下leave left left广播broadcast broadcast broadcast 制造，使得make made made预测forecast forecast forecast 射击射伤shoot shot shot爆炸burst burst burst 照耀发光shine shone shone捕捉赶上catch caught caught 坐sit sat sat教书教学teach taught taught 临时照顾babysit babysat babysat 想认为think thought thought 吐，吐唾液spit spat spat买buy bought bought 打赢，获胜win won won搜寻追求seek sought sought 出血bleed bled bled打架打仗fight fought fought 逃跑flee fled fled带来bring brought brought 改建rebuild rebuilt rebuilt 扫sweep swept swept 睡过头oversleep overslept overslept 哭泣流泪weep wept wept 挖dig dug dug保持keep kept kept 撒谎lie lied lied睡觉sleep slept slept 放置下蛋lay laid laid梦到，做梦dream dreamt dreamt 躺lie lay lain学习，学会learn learnt learnt 敲打，振翅beat beat beaten 燃烧burn burnt burnt 编织weave wove woven 建设build built built 上升，升起rise rose risen弯曲,弯腰bend bent bent 发生，呈现arise arose arisen花费,度过spend spent spent 驱使驱赶drive drove driven 发送,派遣send sent sent 拿走，带走take took taken付钱pay paid paid 误认为mistake mistook mistaken 说say said said 摇动挥动shake shook shaken 站立stand stood stood 刮风，吹blow blew blown明白understand understood understood 生长，种植grow grew grown 误解misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood 知道，了解know knew known 卖sell sold sold 画，拖，拉draw drew drawn给give gave given 投掷抛throw threw thrown 原谅forgive forgave forgiven 飞行fly flew flown告诉tell told told 展示show showed shown 处置，对付deal dealt dealt 看见，看望see saw seen意味着mean meant meant 是be was/were been粘坚持stick stuck stuck 落下降落fall fell fallen说讲话speak spoke spoken 吃喝eat ate eaten醒wake woke woken 打破，折断break broke broken唤醒awake awoke awoken 开始begin began begun选择choose chose chosen 做do did done结冰，冰冻freeze froze frozen 走，去go went gone偷steal stole stolen 悬挂hang hung hung撕开撕破tear tore torn 绞死hang hanged hanged穿着带着wear wore worn 蜿蜒，曲折wind wound wound骑ride rode ridden 点燃，照亮light lighted lighted写write wrote written light lit lit禁止forbid forbade forbidden 能，能够be able to was able to been able to 躲藏hide hid hidden were able to咬，叮bite bit bitten 不得不have to had to had to来come came come 必要(实) need needed needed成为become became become 必要(情) need ---------- -----------击败overcome overcame overcome 敢(实) dare dared dared跑run ran run 敢(情) dare ----------- -----------游泳swim swam swum 能，可能can could ----------唱歌sing sang sung 可能，可以may might -----------下沉sink sank sunk 必须，一定must must -----------响铃ring rang rung 应该，理应ought to ----------- -----------喝酒drink drank drunk 即将，将会shall should -----------饲养keep kept kept 即将，将会will would -----------领导lead led led 过去常常--------- used -----------喂feed fed fed 展示show showed shown临时照顾babysit babysat babysat 拼写spell spelt spelt7下不规则动词的过去式汉语1 A-A 必让放读花打砍伤2 –ew 画长知扔示飞3-ought 想来买4-aught 教抓5 –o- 断忘说动词原形1 A--Amustletputreadcosthitcuthurt2 –ewdrawgrowknowthrowshowfly3 –oughtthinkbringbuy4 –-aughtteachcatch5 -o--breakforgetspeak过去式1 A—Amustletputread[♏]costhitcuthurt2 –ew[◆:]drewgrewknewthrewshowedflew3 –ought[ :]thoughtbroughtbought4-aught[[ :]taughtcaught5 –o—[☯☺]brokeforgotspoke写拿卖诉弄骑开站懂6 –e—留见意睡离握扫感落喂7 –-a--始喝跑唱游给坐writetakeselltellgetridedrivestandunderstand6–e—keepmeetmeansleepleaveholdsweepfeelfallfeed7 –-a--begindrinkrunsingswimgivesitwrotetooksoldtoldgotrodedrovestoodunderstood6 –e—[♏]keptmetmeantsleptleftheldsweptfeltfellfed7 –-a--[✌]begandrankransangswamgave[♏✋]sat8 be动词是是是9 助动词可能将将做做10----t花建丢11其他来去生有有看听说吃找花躺8 be动词amisare9 助动词maycanwillshalldodoes10----tspendbuildlose11其他comegobearhavehasseehearsayeatfindpaylie8 be动词waswaswere9 助动词mightcouldwouldshoulddiddid10----tspentbuiltlost[ ]11其他camewentbore [ :]hadhadsawheardsaidatefound[ ☺]paidlay GO FOR IT PT PP （八下常用）meaning root form pt pp meaning root form pt pp让允许let let let 到达get got got阅读read read read 绞死hang hanged hanged 放置put put put 悬挂hang hung hung 花费cost cost cost 照亮light lit lit打hit hit hit 撒谎lie lied lied砍切割cut cut cut 躺lie lay lain伤害弄伤hurt hurt hurt 下蛋lay laid laid沉入安置set set set 敲打beat beat beaten 关闭 shut shut shut 来come came come 抓catch caught caught 成为become became become 教teach taught taught 跑run ran run认为think thought thought 给give gave given 买buy bought bought 驾驶drive drove driven 打架fight fought fought 拿走take took taken带来bring brought brought 误认为mistake mistook mistaken 扫sweep swept swept 摇动shake shook shaken 保持keep kept kept 吹blow blew blown睡觉sleep slept slept 生长grow grew grown梦dream dreamt dreamt 知道know knew known学会learn learnt learnt 画draw drew drawn燃烧burn burnt burnt 投，抛throw threw thrown 建设build built built 展示show showed shown度过spend spent spent 飞fly flew flown发送,派遣send sent sent 看见see saw seen付钱pay paid paid 是be was/were been说say said said 落下fall fell fallen站立stand stood stood 吃eat ate eaten明白understand understood understood 打破break broke broken 卖sell sold sold 讲话speak spoke spoken 告诉tell told told 醒wake woke woken意味着mean meant meant 选择choose chose chosen 遇见meet met met 偷steal stole stolen喂feed fed fed 穿着wear wore worn感觉feel felt felt 生bear bore born闻smell smelt smelt 骑ride rode ridden拼写spell spelt spelt 写write wrote written 发现find found found 禁止forbid forbade forbidden 握着hold held held 躲藏hide hid hidden听见hear heard heard 游泳swim swam swum有have/has had had 唱歌sing sang sung丢失lose lost lost 响铃ring rang rung离开leave left left 喝drink drank drunk制造make made made 开始begin began begun坐sit sat sat 做do did done临时照顾babysit babysat babysat 去go went gone获胜win won won 结冰freeze froze frozen规则与不规则的动词过去式、过去分词（八下常用）leave lie(说谎) likemake lie mistakesit lay shakebecome beat berun come letgive swim readhurt put loveset blow costshut drive hitgrow take cutknow catch fallthink teach eatbuy die getfight stay tripbring marry study sweep draw crykeep throw play mean fly dance meet see sleepfeel stop dream send have/has learnpay light opensay win bless stand speak borrow understand wake finishsell choose chatplan steal dropshop wear dobreak bear gotell ride hang(绞死) hang write help forbid burn closehide build practice listen spend smell clean sing findfix ring hold change drink carry worry begin losehear live receive join return mixlook answer agree feed retire kidshow check argue freeze pour agree babysit spell exchange perform fold advice rain happen hatecall fear smileend work failpick wait laugh annoy collect review knock。
英语动词有五种基本形式：英语动词有五种基本形式，即动词原形、第三人称单数(现在式)、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
第三人称单数的构成方法与名词的单数变复数规则大致一样，即：一般情况下由动词后加-s构成：work / works，read / reads等。
英语动词有五种基本形式，即动词原形、第三人称单数(现在式)、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
1. 第三人称单数的构成方法与名词的单数变复数规则大致一样，即：(1) 一般情况下由动词后加-s构成：work / works，read / reads等。
(2) 以s, x, z, sh, ch 以及字母o结构的动词，后加-es：guess / guesses, mix / mixes, go / goes, buzz / buzzes, finish / finishes, catch / catches等。
(3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，应将y改为i 再加-es：fly / flies, study / studies等。
【注】①有个别的变化不规则，如have / has, be / is等。
②词尾-s和-es 读音规则是：在s, x, z, sh, ch 后的es读作[iz]，其余的读作[z]。
2. 过去式和过去分词的构成方法分规则变化和不规则变化两种。
不规则变化需逐个记忆，规则变化遵循以下原则：(1) 一般情况下，在动词后加ed构成：work / worked, stay / stayed, shout / shouted等。
(2) 在以-e结尾动词后只加d：close / closed, like / liked, live / lived, smile / smiled等。
(3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，应将y改为i 再加-ed：study / studied, carry / carried等。
(4) 以重读闭音节或r音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母动词，要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ed：stop / stopped, admit / admitted, refer / referred, prefer / preferred等。
