GUIDANCE_NOTE_15

《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》(International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2010), 缩写Incoterms 2010 是国际商会根据国际货物贸易的发展，对《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》的修订，2010年9月27日公布，于2011年1月1日实施。

一、相对于Incoterms 2000与Incoterms 2010的主要变化1、贸易术语分类的调整:由2原来的E、F、C、D 四组分为适用于两类：适用于各种运输方式和水运；2、贸易术语的数量由原来的13种变为11种；3、《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》删去了《2000通则》中的4个术语：DAF (Delivered at Frontier)边境交货DES (Delivered Ex Ship) 目的港船上交货DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay)目的港码头交货DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid)未完税交货4、《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》中新增了2个术语：DAT（Delivered at terminal）在指定目的地或目的港的集散站交货DAP（Delivered at place）在指定目的地交货即用 DAP 取代了DAF、DES、DDU三个术语，DAT取代了DEQ，且扩展至适用于一切运输方式；DAT（DeliveredatTerminal）“Terminal”可以是任何地点，如码头，仓库，集装箱堆场或者铁路、公路或航空货运站等。

DAP（DeliveredatPlace）是指在指定目的地交货。

两者的主要差异是DAT下卖方需要承担把货物由目的地（港）运输工具上卸下的费用，DAP下卖方只需在指定目的地把货物处于买方控制之下，而无须承担卸货费。

5、修订后的《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》取消了“船舷”的概念，卖方承担货物装上船为止的一切风险，买方承担货物自装运港装上船后的一切风险。

青浦区2020学年第一学期高三年级期终学业质量调研测试英语学科试卷(时间120分钟，满分140分)考生注意：1. 本试卷共13页。

满分140分。

考试时间120分钟。

2. 答题前，考生务必在答题卡（纸）上用钢笔或水笔清楚填写姓名、准考证号，并用铅笔正确涂写准考证号。

3. 答案必须全部涂写在答题卡（纸）上。

如用铅笔答题，或写在试卷上也一律不给分。

I.Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. Restaurant waitress and customer. B. Travel agent and customer.C. Shop assistant and manager.D. Hotel cashier and guest.2. A. Job hunting. B. Newspaper columns.C. Work load.D. Ad publishing.3. A. She doesn't need to read the menu. B. She will take the trouble to copy.C. She is grateful for the man's help.D. She doesn't know how to make a copy.4. A. The man is tired of reading messages.B. The man's boss doesn't like to hear bad news.C. The man's boss is asking him to do extra work.D. The man doesn't like his boss.5. A. They should borrow a guidebook from others.B. They should cut down on the price on books.C. They should put off their visit to Sydney.D. They should pay for a good guidebook.6. A. Wait for another invitation. B. Enjoy the night with the man.C. Stop doing housework.D. Work on her assignment.7. A. They should care more about details.B. She forgot where the meeting took place.C. They ought to stick to the packaging issue.D. She agreed to discuss the client lunch right now.8. A. She doesn't want the man to give her money.B. She doesn't remember the cost of the taxi.C. The sandwich doesn't cost her too much.D. The man doesn't even own anything.9. A. The man has been to Paris before.B. It is not a good time to go to Paris.C. A trip to Paris is too costly for the man.D. Making budgets in Paris usually takes 2 weeks.10. A. She will be busy the whole afternoon.B. She doesn't enjoy working with the man.C. She wants to work on the report once again.D. She doesn't find it necessary to polish the report.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the short passages and the longer conversation. The short passages and the longer conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. They will be absent-minded. B. They will make electric devices.C. They will use physical textbooks.D. They will be more communicative.12. A. Printing out assignments for the students. B. Using traditional in-class work to assess.C. Getting familiar with the use of platform.D. Leaving the answers open instead of fixed.13. A. The pros and cons of posting lessons online.B. The tips on giving online assignments to avoid cheating.C. The negative effects of online learning and its solutions.D. The guidance for proper application of electronic devices.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. It could stay in the air longer than a helicopter.B. It could reach a speed of around 98 miles per hour.C. It was manufactured for the local newspaper contest.D. It measured 45 feet in width when its wings spread out.15. A. He started flying paper planes earlier than any of his classmates.B. He is the one who organized the Great Paper Airplane Launch.C. He is the first schoolboy to fly the world biggest paper plane.D. He worked together with the project team to build the plane.16. A. The birth of the world's largest paper plane.B. Children's passion for flying paper planes.C. A boy's great dream of designing a plane.D. The growth of paper plane engineering.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. Her parents want to have a word with the headmaster at school.B. Her parents don't agree with her decision to be an artist.C. Her parents don't want her to transfer to an Art School.D. Her parents are worried about her schoolwork.18. A. Entry qualifications are the same for both types.B. It takes more time and efforts to be a traditional artist.C. A cartoon painter has to take a year's foundation course first.D. Going to an Art School is essential to be a commercial artist.19. A. Go to a Technical College and get a good job after that.B. Change her mind before she breaks her parents' heart.C. Be a teacher after getting trained at an Art School.D. Have her parents meet and talk to the art master.20. A. Julia is both hesitant and stubborn in decision-making.B. Julia's parents think highly of her artwork at school.C. The headmaster is an expert in teacher-student talk.D. Mr. Smith will recommend Julia to an Art School.II.Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Eating jellyfish could save endangered fishAccording to the IUCN Red List 32,000 species are threatened with extinction — everything from birds and mammals. Despite national and international efforts being gathered to protect threatened species, we actively fish for many of them. For those of us who enjoy the odd fish and chips, this isn't great news, (21)_____________ the researchers have come up with an unusual way we can help while still enjoying seafood — and it involves eating jellyfish.Between 2006 and 2014, 92 vulnerable or endangered species of seafood were being caught, recorded, and sold. When they are sold, it is rare that fish and invertebrate (无脊椎的) species (22)____________ (require) to be labelled according to species, so consumers have no way of knowing (23)____________ they're eating.The research team stresses the fact (24) )____________ this is only a brief view of the real problem. "A lot of the seafood catch and import records are listed in groups like ‘marine fish'. Here we didn't look at those vague records, we only looked at records (25)_____________ the actual species was listed — so we've made a huge underestimate of the actual catch of endangered species."There are some ways to untie the mess we're creating in the world's oceans, including (26)____________ (expand) our idea of seafood to include jellyfish. That might sound a little off the theme, but it's not the first time scientists have suggested (27)_____________ as a food source. It makes a lot of sense because Jellyfish is considered a minor species of wild animals and scientists might think its number is increasing worldwide.Of course, there are other ways to help keep endangered species (28)_____________ the menu. "We need to improve the labelling of seafood (29)______ _______ the consumers can have all of the information to make an informed choice," UQ conservation scientist Carissa Klein told ScienceAlert.And the informed choice, at least in some places, is (30)_____________ (easy) than you might imagine. In Australia, where the researchers are based, there's the Sustainable Seafood Guide to providethe best choices for seafood. There's also Seafood Watch in the US, which is run by the Monterey Bay Aquarium.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.NASA says there are water molecules (分子) on our neighbor's sunny surface. NASA has confirmed the presence of water on the moon's sunlit surface, a breakthrough that suggests the chemical __31__ that is vital to life on Earth could be distributed across more parts of the lunar surface than the ice that has __32__ been found in dark and cold areas."We don't know yet if we can use it as a resource," NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine said, but he added that learning more about the water is __33__ to U.S. plans to explore the moon.The discovery comes from the space agency's Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, or SOFIA — a(n) __34__ Boeing 747 that can take its large telescope high into Earth's atmosphere, at altitudes up to 45,000 feet. Those heights allow researchers to peer at objects in space with __35__ any visual disturbance from water vapor. To detect the molecules, SOFIA used a special camera that can distinguish between water's specific wavelength of 6.1 microns and that of its close chemical relative hydroxyl, or OH.The data confirm what experts have __36__, that water might exist on the moon's sunny surface. But in recent years, researchers had been able to document only water ice at the moon's poles and other darker and colder areas.Experts will now try to figure out exactly how the water came to form and why it __37__. NASA scientists published their findings in the latest issue of Nature Astronomy."Data from this location reveal water in __38__ of 100 to 412 parts per million — roughly __39__ to a 12-ounce bottle of water — trapped in a cubic meter of soil spread across the lunar surface," NASA said in a release about the discovery."Without a thick atmosphere, water on the sunlit lunar surface should just be lost to space," said Casey Honniball, the lead author of a study about the discovery. "Yet somehow we're seeing it. Something is producing the water, and something must be trapping it there."There are several possible explanations for the water's presence, including the possibility that it was delivered to the surface by stony microobjects __40__ the moon. Small balls of glass from that process could trap water, according to the researchers' paper.III.Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.For students chasing lasting wealth, the best choice of a college major is less obvious than you might think.The conventional wisdom is that computer science and engineering majors have better employment__41__ and higher earnings than their peers who choose liberal arts.This is true for the first job, but the long-term story is more __42__. The advantage for STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) majors __43__ steadily after their first jobs, and by age 40, the earnings of people who majored in fields like social science or history have reached the same level.This happens for two reasons. First, many of the latest technical skills that are in high __44__ today become out-dated when technology progresses. Older workers must learn these new skills on the fly, __45__ younger workers may have learned them in school. Skill undesirability and the increased __46__ from younger graduates work together to lower the earnings advantage for STEM degree-holders as they age.Second, although liberal arts majors start low, they __47__ catch up to their peers in STEM fields. This is by design. A liberal arts education __48__ valuable "soft skills" like problem-solving, critical thinking and adaptability. Such skills are hard to quantify, and they don't create clear __49__ to high-paying first jobs. But they have __50__ in a wide variety of careers in the long run.According to the Census Bureau's American Community Survey, computer science and engineering majors between the ages of 23 and 25 earned 37% higher than the average starting salary of those majoring in history or social sciences. __51__, the average salary of those majoring in computer science or engineering by age 40 was $111,870, and social science and history majors earned $131,154, an average that is __52__ in part, by high-paying jobs in management, business and law.Why did that happen? According to a 2018 survey, the three __53__ of college graduates that employers considered most important were written communication, problem-solving and the ability to work in a team. In the liberal arts tradition, these skills are built through the __54__ between instructors and students, and through close reading and analysis of a broad range of subjects and texts.I'm not suggesting that students should avoid majoring in STEM fields, but I do think we should be careful of the urge to make college curricula ever more __55__ and career-focused. A four-year college degree should prepare students for the next 40 years of working life, and for a future that none of us can imagine.41. A. perspectives B. processes C. performances D. prospects42. A. complicated B. unique C. interesting D. believable43. A. sharpens B. dominates C. fades D. worsens44. A. spirit B. favour C. esteem D. demand45. A. otherwise B. while C. since D. therefore46. A. concern B. caution C. competition D. cooperation47. A. dramatically B. gradually C. rapidly D. obviously48. A. fosters B. admires C. describes D. weakens49. A. exits B. shortcuts C. alternatives D. pathways50. A. shortage B. hardship C. value D. wisdom51. A. Still B. However C. Besides D. Instead52. A. calculated B. stressed C. compared D. lifted53. A. qualities B. elements C. characters D. majors54. A. argument B. relationship C. dialogue D. gap55. A. technical B. liberal C. intellectual D. classicalSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Alex Elman runs a big business — something hard to imagine after she lost her sight in her twenties. But Elman says that losing her sight helped her focus on finding success.Elman's father planted a hillside vineyard in western Massachusetts in 1981. It's where Elman fled during the darkest period of her life. When she was 27 years old, she went blind due to complications from Juvenile diabetes (青少年糖尿病)17 years ago. She recalled, "I hid in my home. I hid in the place, to me, that was the safest place in the world."Elman is now the founder of Alex Elman Wines, a growing collection of organic wines from all around the world: Chianti from Italy, Torrontes from Argentina. Elman doesn't work alone. Her assistant, a guide dog named Hanley, is something of a wine taster, and quite a beggar. Hanley travels to all of the wineries that Elman does, from South America to Europe.At first, Elman resisted the idea of a seeing-eye dog. Now it's hard to imagine her life, or her business, without him. She said, "When someone tells me something is organic and I don't really believe it because I taste something funny on it, I'll put it in front of his face and if he likes the wine, he'll actually go in and sniff it. If it's not right, he'll turn his head away ... He gets in the dirt with me. He scratches around. He makes sure that we see earthworms and butterflies. That's how we know that the soil is actually organic, that there are no chemicals."Elman told CBS News she believes the loss of her vision was a gift. She said, "It allowed me to pay attention to what I thought was important and also to be able to teach people that the broken hang nail is not a big deal, you know what I mean? Don't sweat the small stuff. Don't sweat the big stuff either."56.From Para.2, we know that Elman _____.A. got through her hard days in the vineyardB. liked playing hide-and-seek during her childhoodC. suffered from juvenile diabetes from 27 years oldD. lost her sight while helping with farm work in 198157.Hanley is described as "quite a beggar" because _____.A. it is a guide dogB. it is capable of drinkingC. it wins permission to be with ElmanD. it travels all over the world58.Whenever Elman couldn't judge the wine exactly, she would _____.A. make Hanley drink itB. turn to Hanley for adviceC. order Hanley to head awayD. have another taste herself59.According to the passage, which of the following will Elman most probably agree with?A. There is no royal road to success.B. A single tree does not make a forest.C. The eye is blind if the mind is absent.D. When life gives you lemons, make lemonade.(B)Serena Williams Biography (1981- )Who Is Serena Williams?Serena Williams is an American professional tennis player who has held the top spot in the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) rankings numerous times over her career. She won her first major championship in 1999 and completed the career Grand Slam in 2003. Along with her individual success, Serena has teamed with sister Venus Williams to win a series of doubles titles.Early Life and FamilySerena Williams was born on September 26, 1981, in Saginaw, Michigan. The youngest of Richard's five daughters, Serena and her sister Venus would grow up to become great tennis champions. Serena's father — a former sharecropper from Louisiana determined to see his two youngest girls succeed — used what he'd collected from tennis books and videos to instruct Serena and Venus on how to play the game. At the age of three, practicing on a court not far from the family's new Compton, California, home, Serena endured the hardship of daily two-hour demanding practices from her father.The Williams SistersWith their signature style and play, Venus and Serena changed the look of their sport. Their sheer power and athletic ability overwhelmed opponents, and their sense of style and presence made them standout celebrities on the court. The close-knit sisters lived together for more than a dozen years in a gated Palm Beach Gardens region in Florida, but they went their separate ways after Serena bought a mansion in nearby Jupiter in December 2013. In 1999, Serena beat out her sister Venus in their race to the family's first Grand Slam win when she captured the U.S. Open title. It set the stage for a run of high-powered, high-profile victories for both Williams sisters.'The Serena Slam'In 1995 Serena turned pro. In 2002, Serena won the French Open, the U.S. Open, and Wimbledon, defeating sister Venus in the finals of each tournament. She captured her first Australian Open in 2003, making her one of only six women in the Open era to complete a career Grand Slam. The win also fulfilled her desire to hold all four major titles at the same time to make up what she'd called "The Serena Slam."60.What can we learn about the Williams sisters from the passage?A. Serena lives together with Venus.B. Serena and Venus are twin sisters.C. The Williams sisters outstood beyond their talents.D. Serena defeated Venus winning her first championship.61.According to the 2nd and 3rd parts of the passage, which statement is true?A. Serena used to receive very strict training when she was a child.B. The Williams sisters managed to copy their opponents styles.C. Serena bought herself a house at the age of 30 in Michigan.D. Serena and Venus are hostile to each other.62.What does "The Serena Slam" mean according to the passage?A. Serena won her first Australian Open in 2003.B. Serena won the championships in the four Open in a row.C. Serena defeated her sister Venus in the finals of each tournament.D. Serena became the first in the Open era to complete a career Grand Slam.(C)One way to divide up the world is between people who like to explore new possibilities and those who stick to the tried and true. In fact, the tension between betting on a sure thing and taking a chance that something unexpected and wonderful might happen troubles human and nonhuman animals alike.Take songbirds, for example. The half-dozen finches (雀) resting at my desk feeder all summer know exactly what they'll find there: black sunflower seed, and lots of it. Meanwhile, the warblers (莺) exploring the woods nearby don't depend on this predictable food source in fine weather. As food hunters, they enjoy less exposure to predators and, as a bonus, the chance to meet the perfect mate flying from tree to tree.This "explore-exploit"trade-off (权衡) has prompted scores of lab studies, computer simulations and algorithms (算法) trying to determine which strategy brings in the greatest reward. Now a new study of human behavior in the real world, published last month in the journal Nature Communications, shows that in good times, there isn't much of a difference between pursuing novelty and sticking to the status quo (原状) When the going gets tough, however, explorers are the winners.The new study, led by Shay O'Farrell and James Sanchirico, both of the University of California, Davis, along with Orr Spiegel of Tel Aviv University, examined the routes and results of nearly 2,500 commercial fishing trips in the Gulf of Mexico over a period of 2.5 years. The study focused on "bottom longline" fishing, a system where hundreds of lines are attached to a horizontal bar that is then lowered to reach the sea bed. Dr. O'Farrell explained the procedure this way: Go to a location and put the line down. Stay for a few hours. The lines are a mile long and have a buoy (浮标) at either end. When they pull that up, they assess the catch, and then decide if they will stay or move on to a different spot.Over two years of collecting data under various climate conditions, the researchers discovered that the fishermen were fairly consistent. "The exploiters would go to a smaller set of locations over and over, and go with what they know," Dr. O'Farrell said. The explorers would constantly try a wider range; they'd sample new places.In the long run, there wasn't a huge difference in payoffs between the two groups, perhaps due to the sharing information between fishing crews, said Dr. O'Farrell. But in challenging times, the study's message was clear: "You can try new things in the face of uncertainty."63.The author takes the songbird as an example to indicate that _____.A. like birds, humans tend to be satisfied with the predictableB. some birds are used to looking for food instead of being fedC. there exist the conservative and the adventurous like humansD. birds choose different ways to look for food in different weather64.According to the third paragraph, people who mastered "explore-exploit" trade-off _____.A. will choose either to pursue novelty or keep the status quoB. are ready to risk in time of difficultyC. will be tough in good times and bad timesD. will grow to be experts in lab studies65.Which can be inferred from the new study led by Shay O'Farrell and James Sanchirico?A. The two groups react to the unexpected differently.B. The "explore-exploit" trade-off helps scientific research a lot.C. The exploiters are used to fishing based solely on their experience.D. The explorers tend to achieve more than the exploiters in the long run.66.Which of the following can be the best title for passage?A. How the Exploiter differs from the ExplorerB. How to Become a Productive FishermanC. What is "Explore-Exploit" Trade-offD. When to take risks mattersSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A.The timing of influenza vaccine production and distribution is unpredictable.B.However, it's a different story when it comes to influenza, commonly known as "the flu".C.People should get a flu vaccine before flu viruses spread in the community.D.The virus essentially "changes its coat" — H1N1, H2N3, and so on, as he told the website Healthline.E.He said it takes about two weeks after vaccination for antibodies to develop in the body and provideprotection against the flu infection.F.So the vaccines are likely to be updated from one season to the next to protect against the viruses.Guard against FluVaccination(接种疫苗) is among the most effective ways to help us prevent diseases. For viruses that don't change too much — the measles virus(麻疹) forexample — getting vaccinated is a once-and-for-all method to prevent you frombecoming infected with the virus. If you had two measles vaccines when you were a child, you will be protected for life._____67_____ It generally peaks between December and February. Flu vaccines cannot protect us in the long run. There is no permanent immunity, according to Theodore Strange, associate medical director at Staten Island University Hospital in New York. _____68_____Apart from a person's immune protection from flu vaccination declining over time, flu viruses are also constantly changing. _____69_____ To develop effective flu vaccines, over 100 national influenza (流感) centers around the world conduct year-round observation for influenza. Researchers will test thousands of influenza virus samples from patients, according to US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The World Health Organization also suggests three or four influenza viruses that are most likely to spread among people during the upcoming flu season.But even when a vaccine is developed, getting it can prove to be difficult, as demand tends to exceed supply. _____70_____ The availability of the flu vaccine supply does not always coincide with peak demand.So .scientists prioritize access to the vaccination. The CDC recommends key populations, such as medical staff, teachers, students, children and those aged 60 and above, receive flu vaccines.IV.Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Changing Times Bring New StandardsThe Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, have long been one of the film industry's most famous awards. However, despite its 92-year history, the awards show has come under fire in recent yearsfor not recognizing enough multicultural performers and directors.In response to this lack of representation, the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the group that oversees the Oscars, has announced new diversity (多样性) requirements for future films to be submitted to the Best Picture category in 2024.They require nominees (提名者) to meet at least two out of four sets of standards, aiming to increase inclusion for underrepresented groups — people of color, women and people with disabilities — both on and off-screen. These standards include a minimum requirement for underrepresented groups at the executive level.Four years ago, OscarsSoWhite quickly drew attention, highlighting the absence of minority representation among previous nominees. It also pointed out that the voting committee has been largely white and male for decades, noted The New York Times.Ever since, the Academy has looked to increase its diversity by promising to double female and minority members in 2016. For example, the South-Korean film Parasite (《寄生虫》), which features an all-Asian cast, won four Oscars at the 2020 Academy Awards.However, the latest move has its doubters. Some have said that the awards body should be focusing on awarding what they consider to be the best film, rather than limiting what can be nominated, noted Forbes. Richard Grenell, the current US ambassador to Germany, also criticized the move, saying that "It's no longer the Best Picture, it's the Most Politically Correct Picture."Others, though, have praised the initiative. Culture critic Sonny Bunch wrote that, "The academy is finally — finally! — doing something to ensure that underrepresented groups have a shot."Arguably, The New York Times said it best. While it noted that the requirements were "easy for most studios to satisfy''，the initiative will show voters the extent to which diversity standards were met.V.TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.国家领导人出席了典礼，为人民教育家颁发荣誉奖章。

国际贸易术语解释通则2010之CIF（中英对照版）COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT 成本、保险费加运费CIF (insert named port of destination) Incoterms 2010 成本、保险费加运费（…指定⽬的港）GUIDANCE NOTE 序⾔This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport. “Cost, Insurance and Freight”means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel or procures the goods already so delivered. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel. The seller must contract for and pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. The seller also contracts for insurance cover against the buyer?s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The buyer should note that under CIF the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover. Should the buyer wish to have more insurance protection, it will need either to agree as much expressly with the seller or to make its own extra insurance arrangements. When CPT, CIP, CFR, or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier in the manner specified in the chosen rule and not when the goods reach the place of destination. This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places. While the contract will always specify a destination port, it might not specify the port of shipment, which is where risk passes to the buyer. If the shipment port is of particular interest to the buyer, the parties are well advised to identify it as precisely as possible in the contract. The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point at the agreed port of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller. The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely. If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the specified point at the port of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties. The seller is required either to deliver the goods on board the vessel or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment to the destination.In addition the seller is required either to make a contract of carriage or to procure such a contract. The reference to “procure”here caters for multiple sales down a chain (…string sales?), particularly common in the commodity trades. CIF may not be appropriate where goods are handed over to the carrier before they are on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal. In such circumstances, the CIP rule should be used. CIF requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable. However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.该术语仅适⽤于海运或内河运输。

SECTION 8 制造、工艺和试验PT.4 CH.7 SEC.8A. 制造A 100 General 总则101I、II级压力容器应由船级社认可的工厂制造。

102焊接应由认可的工人，见PT.2 CH.3 SEC.3,根据认可的图纸和说明书进行。

对于I、II级压力容器的焊接工艺合格要求按PT.2 CH.3 SEC.3,或者按照公认标准。

B. 工艺B 100 板材切割101 板材一般采用火焰切割而不采用剪切加工，除非机加工去除的割边量为1/4的板厚，但最小为3mm.B 200 焊缝201对于纵缝和环缝主要对接焊缝仅认可全焊透形式.壳体与平封头、管板的连接可以用非对接焊的圆周焊缝，见SEC.5.202除另经认可外，焊缝应为双面焊。

联箱、管路和管子的环形焊缝可采用有衬板或无衬板的单面焊，接缝的设计和焊接方法应保证完全焊透并须向验船师论证所用的焊接方法可以给出无缺陷的焊缝且取得验船师满意。

如采用衬板，则除另经认可外，应在焊接后和非破坏性试验之前移去。

然而，当环缝的第二侧不可能施焊，必须采用永久型垫衬时，应满足以下条件：——III级压力容器或者II级无缝筒体。

——带垫衬的焊接工艺被认可。

——介质是无腐蚀的。

203只要可行，在紧靠焊缝处不准焊接附件。

如果不能避免，焊接应是完全互相交叉。

204由焊接板制成的管板，焊接缝应尽可能位于最小应力处，通过弯边曲面的焊缝应与其成直角。

205除非压力容器在焊接后热处理消除应力，否则不能超过两条焊缝交于一个点。

注：只要有可能，应避免在焊缝处或附近开孔。

206在焊接开始前，确定板边是否符合以下限制条件：——对于纵向焊缝：为板厚的10%，最大为3mm。

——对于环向焊缝：为板厚的10%+1，最大为4mm。

207如果板不等厚，并且厚板表面超出206中绘出的薄则范围，则厚板应削锥钉，角度不超过15°，具体见Fig 1.Guidance note指引摘要:要求完全射线探伤检验的压力容器而言，建议厚板制成有一段与薄板等厚的平行部分。

Reviewer’s GuideThe new Alienware 15 is for consumers looking for a gaming notebook that offers a UHD 4K experience and the performance required to play the latest PC games at high frame rates at home or on the go. While on the road, users will experience up to 7.3 hours of battery life (as shown in Mobile Mark 2012) and still have the performance to drive the optional UHD 4K LCD panel. The Alienware 15 is also the lightest 15-inch notebook ever offered from Alienware. It’s lightness is made possible through the use of advanced carbon-fiber filled materials and anodized aluminum.The Alienware 15 has a 15.6-inch LCD (withoptional UHD 4K resolution) and supportsthe latest NVIDIA and AMD mobilegraphics.In addition, users will be able to connectthe optional Alienware Graphics Amplifierwhich allows for the latest AMD andNVIDIA desktop graphics cards and whenconnected, Intel Core i7 CPU overclocking.This new Alienware 15 is designed with an aerospace-inspired carbon-fiber filled base that is rigid and stiff. It isalso thinner than any previous 14 or 15.6-inch notebookAlienware has ever made.This top cover incorporates anodized aluminum andfeatures the iconic Alien head. The Alienware 15 includesten programmable AlienFX lighting zones which can alsobe used by supported game titles.The internal design also includes a copper heat sink tohandle thermals without sacrificing graphicsperformance, it is designed to enable the maximum ratedwattage to internal graphics cards; that’s Full-Throttlegaming graphics.»Introduces a premium material using aerospace-inspired carbon-fiber filled parts as well as anodized aluminum and copper to ensure a stiffness, rigidity, and in a thinner design without sacrificing graphics performance»Support for desktop graphics cards from NVIDIA or AMD with the optional Alienware Graphics Amplifier»The highest performance available Internal AMD or NVIDIA based graphics cards using GDDR5 video memory»All LCD screens use IPS-panel technology»The standard FHD LCD features an Anti-Glare finish and delivers 300-nits»The optional UHD LCD features Touch Technology and delivers 350-nits»Multiple storage options combining the performance of M.2 SSD drives with up to a 1TB HDD for additional storage of games, media, or other archives and files»Powered by a 92 Watt-hour 8-cell Lithium Ion battery»Over 10 trillion lighting combinations via 10 unique programmable lighting zones with up to 20 distinct colors»Audio is delivered through Klipsch certified and tuned speakers using Creative Labs Sound Core3D-EX hardware audio DSP and SoundBlaster Pro Studio Software»All configurations include Killer Networks Gigabit Ethernet, Killer Networks 1525 802.11ac 2x2 Wireless and Bluetooth 4.1 as standard features»Includes 4 USB 3.0 ports, one of which includes PowerShare technology»Support for Windows 7 Professional as well as 8.1 and 8.1 Pro»New Alienware Command Center 4.0 software suite includes updated –AlienFX, AlienAdrenaline, AlienFusion, Alienware TactX™ modules as well as a new Graphics Amplifier section with a tutorial on how to connect and use your Alienware Graphics Amplifier»LCD: 15.6 inch UHD (3840 x 2160) IPS-Panel TrueLife350-nits Display with Touch Technology»CPU: Intel® Core™ i7-4710HQ (Quad-Core, 6MB Cache, up to 3.5GHz w/ Turbo Boost)»Graphics: AMD Radeon™ HD R9 M295X with 4GB GDDR5 or NVIDIA® GeForce® GTX 980M with 4GB GDDR5»Memory: Up to 16GB Dual-Channel DDR3L11600MHz RAM»Hard Drive: 512GB M.2 SSD (Boot) + 1TB 5400RPM (Storage)Audio, Networking and Wireless Audio Details Creative Sound Core3D-EX Audio with Creative Soundblaster Pro Studio Software (Standard)2.0 Speaker configuration Audio Powered by Klipsch®7.1 Digtial Audio out using HDMI out connection Networking and Wi-Fi Options Killer Networks Gigabit Ethernet NIC (Standard)Killer 1525 802.11ac 2x2 WiFi and Bluetooth 4.1(Standard)External Chassis Connections (1x) Power/DC-in Jack (1x) RJ-45 Gigabit Ethernet IPv6(3x) SuperSpeed USB 3.0 Port (1x) SuperSpeed USB 3.0 Port with PowerShare Technology (1x) Alienware Graphics Amplifier Port (1x) Mini-Display Port (1x) HDMI 1.4 Output (1x) 9-in-1 Media Card Reader (1x) Audio Out 1/8" Ports (Compatible with inline mic headset)(1x) Line In Microphone 1/8" Port (retaskable for 5.1 analog audio output)(1x) Noble Lock port (cable and lock sold separately)Software Operating System Options ❑Windows® 8.1 (64-bit) (Standard)❑Windows® 7 Professional (64-bit)❑Windows® 8.1 Pro (64-bit)Alienware Command Center AlienFX™AlienFusion AlienAdrenaline w/ Accelerator Alienware TactX™Display Details15.6 inch FHD (1920 x 1080) IPS-Panel Anti-Glare 300-nits Display (Standard)15.6 inch UHD (3840 x 2160) IPS-Panel TrueLife 350-nits Display with Touch TechnologyExterior Chassis ColorEpic SilverSystem DimensionsHeight:Front: 34.0 mm. (1.339 in.)Rear: 34.0 mm. (1.339 in.)Depth: 270.2 mm. (10.64 in.)Width: 385.8 mm. (15.19 in.)Average weight: (3.207 Kg. 7.07 Lbs.)*Battery Details8-cell Lithium Ion (92 Wh) BatteryIntegrated Camera DetailsFullHD 2MP Camera with dual digital microphonesAlienFX Lighting Zones10 unique programmable zones with up to 20 distinct colors providing over 10 trillion lightingcombinationsKeyboard4-Zone, multi-color RGB, keyboard with AlienFX lighting controls5 user-programmable keys providing up to 15 distinct functions per application or gameTouchpad DetailsBacklit button image sensor trackpad with all-points addressable (APA)A/C Adapters180WProcessor Options and Core LogicIntel HM87 Express ChipsetIntel® Core™ i5 4210H (Dual -Core, 3MB Cache, up to 3.5GHz w/ Turbo Boost) (Standard)Intel® Core™ i7-4710HQ (Quad-Core, 6MB Cache, up to 3.5GHz w/ Turbo Boost)CPU Overclock with Alienware Graphics AmplifierIntel® Core™ i7-4710HQ (Quad-Core, 6MB Cache, Overclcoked up to 3.7GHz w/ Turbo Boost)Graphics *OptionsNVIDIA® GeForce® GTX 965M with 2GB GDDR5 (Standard)NVIDIA® GeForce® GTX 970M with 3GB GDDR5NVIDIA® GeForce® GTX 980M with 4GB GDDR5AMD Radeon™ HD R9 M295X with 4GB GDDR5Memory *OptionsHigh Performance Memory Options8GB Dual Channel DDR3L at 1600MHz (Standard)16GB Dual Channel DDR3L at 1600MHzMemory Slots2x 204-Pin DDR3L SO-DIMM SDRAM SlotsStorage *OptionsSingle Drive Options1TB 5400RPM SATA 6Gb/s (Standard)Multi Drive Options128GB M.2 SSD (Boot) + 1TB 5400RPM (Storage)256GB M.2 SSD (Boot) + 1TB 5400RPM (Storage)512GB M.2 SSD (Boot) + 1TB 5400RPM (Storage)M.2 Slots2x m.2280 SATA SSD SlotsDisplays Support How many displays can I use with my Alienware 15?The Alienware 15, without an Alienware Graphics Amplifier, can power up to three independent displays, including its own LCD. The other two would be driven from the HDMI and mini-DP outputs on the rear of the laptop. The output of each display can be customized within the driver.How many displays can I use with my Alienware 15 when combined with an Alienware Graphics Amplifier?The total number depends on what graphics card you have inside your Alienware Graphics Amplifier. This total is the sum of the number of displays supported by the graphics card inside the amplifier plus the three, natively supported, displays from your Alienware 15.Can I experience NVIDIA Surround or AMD Eyefinity with my Alienware 15 when combined with my Alienware Graphics Amplifier?These features are enabled if the graphics card inside the Alienware Graphics Amplifier supports them. If supported, the only displays that would be eligible would be the one’s connected directly to the Alienware Graphics Amplifier. Please refer to NVIDIA or AMD’s guidance for these technologies with single-GPU configurations.UpgradabilityWhat desktop GPUs are supported by the Alienware Graphics Amplifier?The table below contains the list of cards known to be supported with the Alienware Graphics Amplifier (as of November 25, 2014). Any new single graphics card that does not exceed a 375W power requirement, and does not exceed 10.5 inches in length, while occupying no more than two slots will also be supported. Older graphics cards that do not appear on this list, are not supported.Where can I get the drivers for the graphics card I intend to install in my Alienware Graphics Amplifier?If your card is within the list shown on this page, you can get the driver from or the graphics vendor’s website ( or ).Will the Alienware Graphics Amplifier support future generation graphics cards fromNVIDIA and AMD?Yes.What kind of warranty can I expect included with the Alienware Graphics Amplifier?The Alienware Graphics Amplifier comes with a standard 1-year warranty. When purchasedwith an Alienware 13, 15, or 17 R2 laptop, your Alienware Graphics Amplifier will inherit the warranty that you select at the time of purchase.NVIDIA AMD NVIDIA GeForce GTX 980AMD Radeon R9 290X NVIDIA GeForce GTX 970AMD Radeon R9 290NVIDIA GeForce GTX TITAN Black AMD Radeon R9 285NVIDIA GeForce GTX TITAN AMD Radeon R9 280X NVIDIA GeForce GTX 780 Ti AMD Radeon R9 280NVIDIA GeForce GTX 780AMD Radeon R9 270X NVIDIA GeForce GTX 770AMD Radeon R9 270NVIDIA GeForce GTX 760AMD Radeon HD 8970NVIDIA GeForce GTX 760 Ti OEM (192b)AMD Radeon HD 8950NVIDIA GeForce GTX 690AMD Radeon HD 8870NVIDIA GeForce GTX 680AMD Radeon HD 8770NVIDIA GeForce GTX 670AMD Radeon HD 7970NVIDIA GeForce GTX 660 Ti AMD Radeon HD 7950NVIDIA GeForce GTX 660AMD Radeon HD 7870AMD Radeon HD 6990AMD Radeon HD 5970General InformationWhat is the Alienware Graphics Amplifier?Normally with notebooks, a user is limited to the graphics that is built into thenotebook –limiting upgrades. Now with Alienware’s new line of thin gamingnotebooks there is a new port –the Alienware Graphics Amplifier port. This portconnects to an external device that allows a user to add a standard, off-the-shelf,industry standard desktop graphics card up to 375w to their Alienware 13, 15 or 17notebook.What does the Alienware Graphics Amplifier do?When connected to a new Alienware 13, 15, or 17 notebook, the graphics card auser installs into the Alienware Graphics Amplifier becomes the graphics card usedby the Alienware notebook. This external card powers the notebooks LCD and thenotebooks Mini-Display and HDMI ports just as if it were physically installed on thenotebook motherboard. In addition, users can plug displays directly into thegraphics card installed in the Amplifier.While these new notebooks offer the latest generation of high performance mobilegraphics from AMD and NVIDIA, the Alienware Graphics Amplifier allows customersto have true desktop graphics performance in their new Alienware notebook today –and future proofs their purchase by allowing them to add new generations ofdesktop graphics card in the coming years.What is the Alienware Graphics Amplifier port?The Alienware Graphics Amplifier port uses “raw/unmuxed /filtered” PCI ExpressGen3 lanes when connected to the Alienware 15 –that is a direct PCI Expressconnection to a desktop graphics card. This type of connection is the same that isused on desktop computers –direct PCI Express. This is the highest performanceconnection available today. No other connection offers bandwidth of the AlienwareGraphics Amplifier port.Why not Thunderbolt?Alienware customers expect the fastest possible performance available in anyproduct that carries the Alienware logo. The Alienware Graphics Amplifier port offersthe highest performance connection to an external graphics card. Intel’sThunderbolt technology offers many benefits and has a growing ecosystem ofexternal devices, but all of those devices share the same bandwidth. NVIDIA SLI, AMD Crossfire and 4KIs NVIDIA SLI supported with an Alienware 15 when combined with anAlienware Graphics Amplifier including an NVIDIA graphics card?No. When using an Alienware Graphics Amplifier, the internal graphics processor isdisabled. However, NVIDIA Optimus technology continues to function with the on-board Intel graphics processor and the GPU in the graphics amplifier. At this timeAMD’s Crossfire™ technology is also not supported.Is 4K gaming at 60Hz a possibility with my Alienware 15?Yes. This type of experience may require an Alienware Graphics Amplifier, a high-end graphics card capable of supporting 4K gaming at 60Hz, and a display capableof supporting 4K/60Hz. Your 4K display needs to be connected directly onto theAlienware Graphics Amplifier.What is the maximum resolution capable with the Alienware GraphicsAmplifier?This would be determined by graphics card inside the amplifier.AirMechAlien RageAnomaly 2Anomaly DefendersAPB: ReloadedBattle For GraxiaBattlefield 3BeatbuddyBlacklight RetributionBlacklight Tango DownBloodline ChampionsBust-N-RushCities XLCity of HeroesCryEngineDARKDark VoidDaylightDeadfall AdventuresDefense GridDefense Grid ContainmentDungeon Siege IIIDungeonsDungeons and Dragons OnlineDungeons: The Dark LordEve OnlineFable IIIFallen EarthHamilton's Great AdventureHAWKENHeores of NewerthHotline MiamiJumpgate EvolutionKraterLead and GoldLeague of LegendsLego UniverseLoadoutLord of Rings War in the NorthLord of the Rings OnlineMagic The Gathering: Duels of the PlanesWalkers 2012 Magic The Gathering: Duels of the PlanesWalkers 2013 Magic The Gathering: Duels of the PlanesWalkers 2014 Mass Effect 3Metro Last LightMicrovoltsMicroVolts SurgeMushroom Men: Truffle TroubleNeed For Speed WorldNeverwinterNexuizOrcs Must Die 2Origins of MaluPainkiller Hell & DamnationPayday 2Payday The HeistQuantum ConundrumRavagedRekoilRise of ImmortalsRusty HeartsSacred 2Serious Sam 3: BFEShadow WarriorSMITESPAZSpecial Forces: Team XStagelightStar Trek OnlineSupreme Commander 2The Witcher 2 Assassins of Kings: Enhanced Edition The Witcher: Enhanced EditionTranscriptedTribes AscendWorld of TanksXcomAbout AlienwareAlienware,Dell’s premier high-performance PC gaming brand,offers unique and award-winning computers that incorporate innovative engineering and are designed with state-of-the-art components.Alienware,Dell’s high performance PC gaming brand,offers unique and award-winning PCs that incorporate innovative engineering,aggressive design and the most advanced components in the industry.Credited as being one of the first PC gaming hardware manufacturers,Alienware remains committed to creating industry-leading trends in high-performance gaming and being an active and influential member of the gaming community,connecting,fans,developers and manufacturers for the advancement of PC gaming.Learn more at /.System InformationAlienware,under the guidance of Dell Inc.,provides this equipment for evaluation purposes only.All equipment must be returned to Dell Inc.in good working condition.Equipment must be in its original box,including all packaging,documentation,cables,and diskettes.This equipment remains the property of Dell Inc.unless paid for in full by the evaluator.Dell Inc.reserves the right to collect from the evaluator the full retail value of the equipment if not returned promptly and in good working condition on or before the due date.An online shipping return label will be provided.。

一、语法从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

1．After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced ________ cars in 2009 as the year before.A．as twice more B．as many twiceC．more than twice as many D．twice more than as2. Take the note as a reminder ________ you forget to buy some sweets for the kids while shopping there.A. whileB. sinceC. in caseD. even if3. I ________down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.A. was drivingB. have drivenC. would driveD. drove4. Some of the language used on the Internet is different from that used in other forms of ____________________.A. communicationB. exchangeC. literatureD. transport5. I have offered to paint the house ________ a week’s accommodation.A. in respect ofB. in exchange forC. by means ofD. in place of6. — Hello, everyone! Have you heard the meeting will be put off till next Tuesday?— That’s what we ______ about when you came in.A. are talkingB. were talkingC. talkD. talked7. —What did you say you were reluctant to risk just now?—_________ to high levels of radiation.A. Being exposedB. Having been exposedC. To be exposedD. Exposed8. Frankly, I still feel confused about _________ he could manage without access to the Internet for such a long time.A. whatB. whyC. thatD. how9. She was in a ________ condition after the heart transplant operation when her body rejected the foreign organ.A. skepticalB. criticalC. theoreticalD. practical10. After-school activities take up a lot of time, so students have to learn to _________their busy schedules.A. adoptB. organizeC. highlightD. decline11. Mary worked here as a temporary secretary and ______ getting a full-time job with the company because of her diligence and intelligence.A. ended upB. turned outC. depended onD. set about12. ______ you start eating in a healthier way, weight control will become much easier.A. UnlessB. UntilC. BeforeD. Once13. After the Shenzhou VI capsule touched down, two astronauts succeeded in traveling around the earth, thus again ______ China is a global space power.A. provedB. provingC. to proveD. to have proved14. Nowadays the growth of food delivery apps in China ______ the country with takeout containers and plastic bags.A. have drownedB. has been drownedC. is drowningD. are drowned15. English idioms are a way of adding color to the language. For example, if they’re rushing into something and should wait and be patient, you could say “_______________”.A. kill two birds with one stoneB. call it a dayC. add fuel to the fireD. hold your horses二、词汇填空Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.On Monday, the Ministry of Education published the draft (草案) of the preschool education law to invite public opinion.Of all the clauses (条款), what attracts most attention is the one that forbids kindergartens from teaching kids or holding activities ____1____for older kids.That might ease the pressure on parents who fear their children might lose “at the starting line”. Some kindergartens try to force the children to learn something beyond their age, ____2____ their parents that three years later their children will have an advantage over others in primary school. That ____3____ hasimposed (把……强加在……上) a heavy burden on the kids. Besides, putting pressure on kids ahead of time will only kill their passion to learn.However, many parents called it “impractical”, despite the ____4____ of the draft law. That is because teaching ahead of time is not limited to kindergartens. It exists in primary, middle and high schools, too. There has always been pressure in China that children have to stand out from academic competition to get into a better higher-level institute (学府). To prepare students for the ____5____, sometimes even schools teach them what they need not learn on their grade level. Not surprisingly, many parents share the same ____6____ with schools and some even push schools to go further.Besides, some parents fear the ban might work in kindergartens, but not in extracurricular organizations. In fact, some kindergarten teachers themselves are reported to organize extracurricular courses for children in ____7____. And many parents will send their children there in case they might miss something important.It is the parents’ ____8____ and speculation (投机) by business that have turned the offering of the teaching ahead of time and the ban on it into a cat-and-mouse game.Since parents’ anxiety originates from the lack of ____9____ education resources and limited promising career opportunities. If these problems are not ____10____, any new law to ban the teaching of lessons ahead of time will be nothing but a new yet ineffective rule.三、完形填空Never in recorded history has a language been as widely spoken as English is today. The reason why millions are learning it is simple; it is the language of international business and, ___1___, the key to financial success.David Graddol, the author of English Next, says it is ___2___ to view the story of English simply as a success for its native speakers in North America, Britain, etc.— but that would be an easy mistake. Global English has entered a more complex stage, changing in ways that the English-speaking countries cannot control and might not ___3___.An important question one might ask is: whose English will it be in the future? Non-native speakers now ___4___ native English speakers by three to one. The majority of encounters in English today take place between non-native speakers. According to Graddol, many business meetings held in English appear to run more smoothly when no native English speakers are ___5___, whose use of idioms, metaphors, phrasal verbs, etc. often cause ___6___ problems.Professor Barbara Seidlhofer, Professor at the University of Vienna, records and transcribes spokenEnglish interactions around the world. She has noticed that non-native speakers are ___7___ standard English grammar in several ways. Even the most experienced speakers sometimes omit the “s” in the third person singular. Many omit definite and indefinite articles where they are ___8___ in standard English, or put them in where standard English does not use them. Nouns that are not plural in native-speaker English are used as plurals by non-native speakers (e.g. “informations, knowledges, advices”).Many native English speakers will insist that these are just ___9___. “Knowledges” and “phone to somebody” are simply wrong. Many non-native speakers who teach English around the world would ____10____. But language changes, and so do concepts of grammatical ____11____.For now, those who insist on standard English grammar remain in a(n) ____12____ position. Academics who want their work published in international journals have to obey the grammatical rules followed by native English-speaking elites(精英).But spoken English in another matter. Why should non-native speakers bother with what native speakers regard as correct? Their main aim, ____13____, is to be understood by one another, and in most cases there is no native speaker present.Professor Seidlhofer says, “I think what we are looking at is the ____14____ of a new international attitude, the recognition and awareness that in many international contexts non-native speakers do not need to speak like native speakers, to compare themselves to them, and thus always feel ‘____15____ .’” 1．A．however B．therefore C．otherwise D．besides2．A．relieving B．shocking C．tempting D．disappointing3．A．like B．oppose C．mind D．doubt 4．A．outnumber B．overlook C．upgrade D．underestimate 5．A．attentive B．agreeable C．energetic D．present6．A．fluency B．comprehension C．memory D．concentration 7．A．translating B．improving C．varying D．obeying8．A．edited B．neglected C．avoided D．required 9．A．mistakes B．coincidences C．exceptions D．excuses10．A．fear B．object C．agree D．fight11．A．ignorance B．evolution C．correctness D．guidance 12．A．honoured B．mysterious C．falling D．powerful13．A．by comparison B．after allC．on purpose D．in reality14．A．disappearance B．emergence C．criticism D．evaluation15．A．less good B．less lonely C．more alive D．more adapted四、阅读理解APerhaps my favorite place during my trip to Guangxi was the Longji Rice Terraces(梯田)in Longsheng. I’ve seen rice terraces elsewhere in Asia, but nothing compared with the beauty of the Longji Rice Terraces. To go to Guangxi and skip these rice terraces would be a loss.These over 600-year-old terraces are still very much in use and feed the local Yao and Zhuang communities; you can find many guesthouses throughout the various rice terraces, and while accommodations ( 住宿) are very basic, I would strongly suggest spending a night in the peaceful terraces, surrounded by nothing but rice.My friends and I had arrived in Guangxi on harvest day and we were told by our local guide it was too late to see Longji in its autumnal beauty. But we were super lucky because the 2021 harvest had been put off, and when we arrived in Longsheng a couple of days later, it was the last day before the harvest began. It’s quite risky to time your visit this way, but it is amazing to see the Longji Rice Terraces both before harvest and after, when it takes on a completely new character.The two main terraced areas are the Ping’an Terraced Fields and the Jinkeng Terraced Fields. The former is home to the local Zhuang people and has more visitors as it’s easier to reach. Jinkeng, on the other hand, is less visited. The Red Yao people live here, and should you need a hand with your suitcase, their women are happy to help you. We chose Jinkeng because it’s home to the highest point of the Longji Rice Terraces. The viewpoint is nearly 4,000 feet high. We had to go up there as our hotel was up there, but you should anyway as it’s the most wonderful viewpoint.The Longji Rice Terraces are supposed to be beautiful in the spring and summer as well, though I much prefer its autumnal beauty. Winter, I’d skip, as it was already cold enough at night in October, but I’d return and visit again in the spring or summer.1．What is the author’s advice for people visiting the Longji Rice Terraces?A．Staying a night at a guesthouse among the terraces.B．Going to the local Yao and Zhuang communities.C．Choosing good accommodations.D．Eating the local rice.2．Why did the author feel very lucky when he arrived in Longsheng?A．He could enjoy the terraces’ autumnal beauty.B．He found a time-saving way to the terraces.C．He came across one of his friends.D．He had a professional local guide.3．What made the author choose the Jinkeng Terraced Fields?A．The affordable hotel.B．The friendly people.C．The great viewpoint.D．The light traffic.4．Where can the text be found?A．In a short novel.B．In a news report.C．In a history book.D．In a travel magazine.BGoing to work on a couple of eggs might be the way forward if you want to lose weight. According to research from the Rochester Centre for Obesity in America, eating eggs for breakfast can help to limit your calorie intake throughout the rest of the day, by more than 400 calories.In the study, 30 overweight women were asked to eat an egg-based breakfast (2 eggs) and 30 overweight women were asked to eat a bread-based breakfast. Two kinds of breakfast contain the same amount of calories and almost the same levels of protein (蛋白质). The researchers recorded the women’s eating habits and found that just before lunch, the women who had eaten eggs for breakfast felt less hungry and ate a smaller lunch as a result.Researchers pointed out that certain foods lead to a greater sense of being full. An egg is an example of such food that has a 50% greater satiety index (指数) compared to white bread or ready-to-eat breakfast porridge. This study suggests that eating eggs for breakfast makes you feel fuller for longer so that you eat less at your next few meals. Therefore, if you’re trying to lose weight as it means, you may find it easier to cut calories without feeling hungry.Eggs are packed with all kinds of nutrients (营养) but contain just 85 calories each. Old advice to limit eggs to just a few each week has also been given up. According to the Food Standards Agency, there’s now no limit to the number of eggs you can eat in a week as part of a healthy balanced diet. If you feel like starting the day with eggs, we suggest you avoid frying them and eat them with wholemeal toast and a small glass of vitamin C-rich unsweetened orange juice, which will help the body make the best use of the iron in the eggs.5．What breakfast can lead to eating less for lunch?A．Bread.B．Eggs.C．Juice. D．Porridge6．What does the underlined word“satiety”probably mean in paragraph 3?A．A taste of food.B．A feeling of pride.C．A state of hunger.D．A sense of being full.7．What does the Food Standards Agency suggest we do?A．Avoid eating fried eggs.B．Take in as much protein as possible.C．Drink sweetened orange juice each day.D．Eat nothing between breakfast and lunch.8．What is the proper title for the text?A．Mind Your Calorie Intake B．Have a Big BreakfastC．Eat Eggs for Weight Loss D．Keep a Balanced DietCOne of the greatest sources of unhappiness, in my experience, is the difficulty we have in accepting things as they are.When we see something we don’t like, we wish it could be different. We cry out for something better. That may be human nature, or perhaps it’s something rooted in our culture. The root of the unhappiness isn’t necessarily that we want things to be different. However, it’s that we decided we didn’t like it in the first place. We’ve judged it as bad, rather than saying, “It’s not bad or good, and it just is it.”In one of my books, I said “You should expect people to mess up and expect things to go differently than you planned”. Some readers said it’s too sorrowful to expect things to go wrong. However, it’s only negative if you see it as negative and judge it as bad. Instead, you could accept it as the way the world works and try to understand why that is.This can be applied to whatever you do: how other people act at work, how politics works and how depressing the news media can be. Accept these things as they are, and try to understand why they’re that way. It will save you a lot of sadness, because you’ll no longer say, “Oh. I wish bad things didn’t happen.”Does it mean you can never change things? Not at all. But change things not because you can’t accept things as they are, but because you enjoy the process of changing, learning and growing.Can we make this world a better place? You can say that you’ll continue to try to do things to help others, to grow as a person, to make a difference in this world. That’s the correct path you choose to take, because you enjoy that path. Therefore, when you find yourself judging and wishing for difference, try a different approach: accept and understand. It might lead to some interesting results.9．The author believes that we feel unhappy maybe because ________.A．it is our natural emotion in the life B．culture asks us to be different from others C．everyone has their own opinions on things D．we dislike something in the beginning10．Some readers think the words in the author’s book is too ________.A．depressing B．frightening C．encouraging D．unreal11．In paragraph 4, the underlined word “it” refers to ________.A．acting well at work and in politicsB．feeling depressed for the news mediaC．accepting and understanding what has happenedD．saying something negative when bad things come12．What is the main idea of the passage?A．Expecting things to be different gives us hope.B．Accepting can make our life happier and better.C．Traditional culture becomes the root of unhappiness.D．Judging good or bad is important for our world.五、阅读表达阅读下列短文，按照要求用英文回答问题。

国际贸易术语的变化国际商会修订的《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》（Incoterms®2010）于9月27日向全球正式公布，并于2011年1月1日生效。

新版本考虑了无关税区的不断扩大，商业交易中电子信息使用的增加，货物运输中对安全问题的进一步关注以及运输方式的变化。

更新并整合与“交货”相关的规则，将术语总数由原来的13条减至11条，并对所有规则做出更加简洁、明确的陈述。

同时，国际贸易术语解释通则®2010首次在贸易术语中对买方与卖方不使用有性别差别的称谓。

它主要描述了货物由卖方交付给买方过程中所涉及的工作、成本和风险。

11条贸易术语：EXW Ex Works All types of transportationFAS Free Alongside Ship Water transportFOB Free On Board Water transportFCA Free Carrier All types of transportationCFR Cost and Freight Water transportCPT Carriage Paid To All types of transportationCIF Cost, Insurance and Freight Water transportCIP Carriage and Insurance Paid All types of transportationDAT (new delivery term) Delivered At Terminal All types of transportationDAP (new delivery term) Delivered At Place All types of transportationDDP Delivered Duty Paid All types of transportation取消四条贸易术语：DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid);DAF (Delivered At Frontier);DES (Delivered Ex Ship);DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay).参考网站：/参考文章：如何选择适合自己的贸易术语——对IncotermsRrules2010的认识《国际贸易术语解释通则》（IncotermsRrules2010）即将于2010年正式实施，新版本充分考虑到近十年贸易领域出现的新变化，内容更清晰简洁，操作性和指导性进一步加强，更符合当前贸易实务的需要。

EUROPEAN COMMISSIONHE ALTH AND CONSUME RS DIRE CTORATE-GENERALSafety of the Food chainInnovation and sustainabilityBrussels, 21.02.2014Union Guidelines on Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contactwith foodTABLE OF CONTENTS1INTRODUCTION (4)1.1Purpose of the Guidance document (4)2CHAPTER I – GENERAL PROVISIONS (4)2.1Subject matter and scope (4)2.2Definitions (7)2.3Placing on the market of plastic materials and articles (11)3CHAPTER II - COMPOSITIONAL REQUIREMENTS (11)3.1Union list of authorised substances (11)3.1.1Union list (11)3.1.2Addition of new substances to the Union list (13)3.2Derogations for substances not included in the Union list (13)3.2.1Polymer production aids (PPA) (14)3.2.2Salts of authorised acids, alcohols and phenols (14)3.2.3Mixtures (14)3.2.4Polymeric additives (14)3.2.5Polymeric starting substances (14)3.3Substances not included in the Union list (14)3.3.1Aids to polymerisation (15)3.3.2Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) (17)3.3.3Stabilisers in monomers, starting substances and additives (17)3.3.4Coatings, printing inks and adhesives (17)3.3.5Colorants (18)3.3.6Solvents (18)3.4The status of antimicrobial substances (18)3.5Establishment and management of the provisional list of additives (19)3.6General requirements on substances (20)3.6.1Specifications and restrictions for substances, materials and articles (20)3.6.2Specific migration limits (SMLs) (22)3.6.3Dual-use additives (22)3.6.4Overall migration limit (OML) (27)4CHAPTER III - SPECIFIC PROVISIONS FOR CERTAIN MATERIALS AND ARTICLES (28)4.1Plastic multi-layer materials or articles (28)4.2Multi-material multi-layer materials or articles (29)4.3Set-off in the case of multi-layer materials or articles (29)5CHAPTER IV - DECLARATION OF COMPLIANCE AND DOCUMENTATION (30)5.1Declaration of compliance (DoC) (30)5.2Supporting documentation (31)6CHAPTER V - COMPLIANCE (31)6.1Expression of migration test results (31)6.2Testing of migration (32)6.3Assessment of substances not included in the Union list (32)7CHAPTER VI - FINAL PROVISIONS (33)7.1Amendments of EU acts (33)7.2Repeal of EU acts (33)7.3Application and transitional provisions (34)8ANNEX I - SUBSTANCES (40)8.1Union List of authorised monomers, other starting substances, macromolecules obtained from microbial fermentation, additives, and polymer production aids (Table 1) . 40 8.2Group restriction of substances (Table 2) (42)8.3Notes on verification of compliance (Table 3) (42)8.4Detailed specification on a substance (Table 4) (43)9ANNEX II - RESTRICTIONS ON MATERIALS AND ARTICLES (43)10ANNEX III - FOOD SIMULANTS (43)11ANNEX IV - DECLARATION OF COMPLIANCE (44)12ANNEX V - COMPLIANCE TESTING (44)13ABBREVIATIONS (44)1Introduction1.1 Purpose of the Guidance documentThis Guidance document is part of a series of documents to provide guidance on application of Regulation (EU) No 10/20111 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food (the "Plastics Regulation"). The series covers the present general guidance, guidance on migration testing (in preparation), guidance on migration modelling2 and guidance on information in the supply chain3.This Guidance document covers general aspects of the Plastics Regulation. It is structured in the same manner as the Plastics Regulation itself. It contains in particular:∙explanations on what is covered by the Plastics Regulation and what is not,∙definitions of terms that relevant in the context of food contact materials and articles, ∙function categories of additives and polymer production aids,∙explanations which substances are included in the Union list,∙explanations why substances are exempted from inclusion in the Union list and applicable provisions for these substances,∙status of biocides in plastic food contact materials and articles,∙explanations on dual use additives and an indicative list of dual use additives,∙explanations on the transitional provisions.The Plastics Regulation is a specific measure for plastic food contact materials and articles adopted pursuant Article 5 of Regulation (EC) No 1935/20044 on materials and articles intended to come into contact with food (the “Framework Regulation”). It consolidates the previous Directives on plastic food contact materials and articles into one Regulation and simplifies the rules applicable to them.2Chapter I – General provisions2.1 Subject matter and scopeThe Plastics Regulation applies to plastic materials and articles as set out in the scope. Plastic materials and articles include the following types of products:∙plastic intermediate materials (e.g. resins and films for further conversion) and those which already have their final composition, but still require mechanical re-shaping to reach their final article shape, without any modification of the formulation (e.g.thermo-formable sheets and bottle pre-forms);1 Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food (OJ L 12, 15.1.2011, p. 1).2 "Applicability of generally recognised diffusion models for the estimation of specific migration in support of Directive 2002/72/EC" http://ihcp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/our_labs/eurl_food_c_m/guidance-documents.3"Union Guidance on Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food as regards information in the supply chain" http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/chemicalsafety/foodcontact/docs/guidance_reg-10-2011_en.pdf.4 Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council on materials and articles intended to come into contact with food and repealing Directives 80/590/EEC and 89/109/EEC (OJ L 338, 13.11.2004, p. 4).∙final plastic food contact material or article ready to come into contact with food (e.g.packaging material, food storage container, kitchenware or utensil, plastic part in food-processing machinery, food preparation surface, inner surface of fridge, baking trays);∙finished plastic components of the final food contact material or article which only need to be brought together or assembled, either during packing/filling o r before, to make the final article (e.g. bottle and cap, tray and lid, parts of kitchenware or food processing machinery);∙plastic layers inside a finished multi-material multi-layer.Plastic materials covered by the scope of the Plastics Regulation are based on synthetic polymers and synthetic or natural polymers that have been chemically modified. Natural polymers that have not been chemically modified are not covered by the scope of the Plastics Regulation. The Plastics Regulation also covers plastics based on polymers manufactured by microbial fermentation.The Plastics Regulation covers bio-based and bio-degradable plastics if they are manufactured with synthetic polymers, chemically modified natural or synthetic polymers or polymers manufactured by microbial fermentation. For example, a material based on modified starch is covered by the scope of the Plastics Regulation, while a material based on natural macromolecule that is not chemically modified, such as non-modified starch, is not covered by the scope of the Plastics Regulation. Adding an additive to a natural macromolecule is not a chemical modification. The chemical modification has to occur to the macromolecule itself. Plastics manufactured with the use of monomers or oligomers obtained by the so-called “chemical recycling" processes and manufactured with the use of production scraps are also covered by the Plastics Regulation. Plastics manufactured with recycled plastics from mechanical recycling processes are also covered by Regulation (EC) No 282/20085 on recycled plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foods, with the exception of those separated from food by a functional barrier layer.The definition of plastics6 in Article 3 (2) of the Plastics Regulation is quite broad. Following this definition, in principle rubber, silicones and ion exchange resins would be within the scope of the Plastics Regulation. However, as the provisions set out for plastics are not necessarily applicable to these materials and they may, in time, be covered by other specific measures, those other materials mentioned above are in Article 2 (2) explicitly excluded from the scope of the Plastics Regulation.Plastic materials and articles are covered by the scope of the Plastics Regulation when they are coated with an organic or inorganic coating or when they are printed. Plastic materials are covered by the scope of the Plastics Regulation when they consist of several plastic layers which are bound together by adhesives. However, the rules set o ut in the Plastics Regulation for printing inks, adhesives and coatings used in plastics are only those with regard to their contribution to the migration from the plastic material and article. The Plastics Regulation does not set compositional requirements to printing inks, adhesives and coatings7. Rules for 5 Commission Regulation (EC) No 282/2008 of 27 March 2008 on recycled plastic materials and articles intended t come into contact with foods and amending Regulation (EC) No 2023/2006, (OJ L 86, 28.3.2008, p.9).6 "Plastic" means polymer to which additives or other substances may have been added, which is capable of functioning as a main structural component of the final materials and articles.7 Except for those coatings which form gaskets in caps and closures that are explicitly listed in Article 2 (1) (d)as falling within the scope of the Plastics Regulation.these materials would have to be set out in separate specific Union measures. Until that date, they are covered by national measures.The Plastics Regulation does apply to plastic layers, even if these layers are bound together with layers of other materials to form a multi-material-multilayer. It only applies to the plastic layers themselves and not to the final article made up by layers of plastic and layers of other materials.The Plastics Regulation applies to plastic materials to which another material is added as an additive, for example, glass-fibre reinforced plastics. It applies to plastic materials consisting of co-polymers, unless the resulting co-polymer falls under the definition of rubbers.The Plastics Regulation sets out rules concerning the following aspects:▪It sets out a Union list of authorised substances that can be used in the manufacture of plastic layers of the plastic materials and articles described in the scope.▪It sets out which types of substances are covered by the Union list and which are not.▪It sets restrictions and specifications for these substances.▪It sets out to which part of the plastic materials the Union list applies and to which not.▪It sets out specific and overall migration limits for the plastic materials and articles.▪It sets out specifications for the plastic materials and articles.▪It sets out a declaration of compliance (DoC).▪It sets out the compliance testing requirements for plastic materials and articles.The Plastics Regulation does not apply to:∙varnished or unvarnished regenerated cellulose film, covered by Commission Directive 2007/42/EC8;∙rubber;∙paper and paperboard, whether modified or not by the addition of plastics;∙surface coatings obtained from:o paraffin waxes, including synthetic paraffin waxes, and/or micro-crystalline waxes,o mixtures of the waxes listed in the previous indent with each other and/or with plastics,∙ion-exchange resins;∙silicones.NOTE:Waxes are a complex group of materials of natural, mineral, petroleum derived or synthetic origin with many different uses. Depending on their use, they may be covered by the Plastics Regulation.Waxes are covered by the Plastics Regulation when they are used as an additive or a polymer production aid and are listed as individual substances in the Union list in Table 1 of Annex I of the Plastics Regulation.Waxes are not covered by the Plastics Regulation when they are the sole or a major component of surface coatings. This is the case, for instance, for paraffin waxes, including8 Commission Directive 2007/42/EC of 29 June 2007 relating to materials and articles made of regenerated cellulose film intended to come into contact with foodstuffs (OJ L 172, 30.6.2007, p.71).synthetic paraffin, and/or micro-crystalline waxes and for mixtures of these waxes with each other and/or with plastics.NOTE:Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) are co-polymers made of polymers which fall under the definition of polymers set out in the Plastics Regulation. They are composed of substances identical to plastics, even though they may differ in physico-chemical properties. They are in some Member States covered by the national legislation on rubber and elastomers, while other Member States do not cover them under the scope of their national legislation or recommendation. TPE should be manufactured with monomers and additives listed in Plastics Regulation and should respect the specific migration limits (SMLs). Migration models for some of the TPE, e.g. SBS, are available in the Guidance on migration modelling. As explained in the 7th recital of the Plastics Regulation, rubbers are excluded from the scope of Plastics Regulation because they differ in composition and physico-chemical properties from plastics. As TPEs have the same composition as plastics, they are not covered by the term rubber and therefore not excluded from the scope of the Plastics Regulation.NOTE:All food contact materials and articles, intermediates and substances used for their manufacture which fall within the scope of the Framework Regulation are covered by and subject to the respective requirements of that Regulation. This applies to materials and articles covered by specific EU measures, such as plastics, but also to those covered by specific national measures.2.2 DefinitionsIn addition to the definitions set out in the Framework Regulation and the Plastics Regulation the this guidance clarifies the use of certain terms used in the context of this Guidance document:▪"Adhesives" means non-metallic substance capable of joining materials by surface bonding (adhesion9), and the bond possessing adequate internal strength (cohesion10)11.▪"Blend" is any mixture of plastics in the same physical state, each of which is capable of functioning as a main structural component of finished materials and articles.▪"Coating" means a non-self-supporting layer composed of substances applied on an already existing substrate in order to impart special properties or improve technical performances of the finished article.9 Adhesion is the force of attraction between molecules in different layers.10 Cohesion is the force of attraction between molecules within the same layer.11 Different kinds of adhesives are necessary to accommodate the specific performance requirements of the many plastic food contact articles (e.g. bags, pouches, boxes, chopping boards, kitchen furniture), and the diverse range of plastic materials employed (e.g. PE, PP, OPP, PET, PC, PVC). These different kinds of adhesives systems - primarily aqueous based or water soluble, solvent based, and 100% solid adhesive systems – are employed to produce bonded assemblies, which are fit for purpose. Each type of these adhesive systems may be reactive or non-reactive. Irrespective of the chemistry and the curing mechanis m (physical or chemical), the cured adhesive films consist basically of polymeric organic substances of high molecular weight.o"Inorganic surface coating" means a non-self-supporting layer composed of inorganic substances applied on an already existing substrate, e.g. a silicondioxide coating.o"Organic surface coating" means any resinous or polymerised preparation which is converted to a thin, solid polymer layer used to provide a functionaleffect on a surface and which is not capable of acting by itself as a mainstructural component of a final material and article.▪"Dual use additives" means additives which are covered by a listing12 in the Union list and which are also listed as food additives or flavourings in Regulations (EC) No 1333/200813 and (EC) No 1334/200814 and their implementing measures.▪"Fat consumption Reduction Factor" (FRF) is a factor between 1 and 5 by which measured migration of lipophilic substances, as indicated in Annex I of the Plastics Regulation, into a fatty food or simulant D1 or D2 and its substitutes shall be divided before comparison with the SMLs.▪"Ion exchange resin" covers ion exchange and adsorbent resins, made of synthetic organic macromolecular components, which can be used in the processing of foodstuffs to bring about exchange of ions or adsorption of foodstuffs constituents.They do not include, however, cellulosic ion exchangers.▪"Layer" means a homogenous continuous or semi-continuous15 material of defined composition that is extended in two dimensions separated by an interface from another homogenous continuous or semi-continuous material of a defined but different composition16.▪“Masterbatch” means a preparation of one or more polymers which encapsulate a high concentration of ingredients like colorants, fillers, fibres or stabilizers that influence the physical properties of the final preparation. A masterbatch is intended to be blended with a polymer and not used to make an article as such.▪“Migration modelling” means a calculation of the specific migration level of a substance based on the residual content of the substance in the mate rial or article applying generally recognised diffusion models. These are based on scientific 12 Note that some food additives are the salts of acids and alcohols that are listed in the Union list, even though the acid or alcohol itself is not a food additive.13 Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives (OJ L 354, 31.12.2008, p. 16); Commission Regulation (EU) No 1129/2011 of 11 November 2011 amending Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council by establishing a Union list of food additives (OJ L 295, 12.11.2011, p. 1); Commission Regulation (EU) No 1130/2011 of 11 November 2011 amending Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on food additives by establishing a Union list of food additives approved for use in food additives, food enzymes, food flavourings and nutrients (OJ L 295, 12.11.2011, p. 178).14 Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on flavourings and certain food ingredients with flavouring properties for use in and on foods and amending Council Regulation (EEC) No 1601/91, Regulations (EC) No 2232/96 and (EC) No 110/2008 and Directive 2000/13/EC (OJ L 354, 31.12.2008, p. 34).15 For the purpose of this Guidance document, a pattern coating such as an ink, lacquer or coldseal is considered to be a layer where it is present.16 A layer does not necessarily need to have a flat sheet-like shape, but can have other forms in cases of moulded articles as e.g. bottles. A printing ink “layer” is often not continuous – the image may not be printed over 100% of the surface, and can be composed of coloured dots.The nature of a layer can be diverse. Examples for layers in the context of food contact materials are:plastics, printing inks, paper, metals, laminating waxes, lacquers, varnishes, organic or inorganic (e.g. metallization layer, SiOx-layer) coatings or adhesives.evidence overestimating real migration and taking into account the Guidance document on migration modelling▪"Migration test" means the determination of the release of substances from the material or article either into food or into a food simulant.▪“Oligomer” means a substance consisting of a finite number of repeating units which has a molecular weight of less than 1000 Da.▪“Product from intermediate stages of ma nufacture” also referred to as "Plastic intermediate materials" means a plastic powder, granules or flakes (including “masterbatch”), pre-polymer (excluding Article 6(3)(d) of the Plastics Regulation), any semi-finished material and article such as a film, sheet or laminate requiring further processing/re-formulation steps to become a “finished” material or article. In short, this is any product which is not a basic chemical and not yet a finished plastic material or article.▪“Polymeric additive” means any polymer which is used as an additive having a physical or chemical effect in the plastic and which cannot be used in the absence of other polymers as a main structural component of finished materials and articles.▪"Pre-polymer" is a polymer of relatively low molecular weight, usually an intermediate between the monomer and the final polymer or resin.▪"Printing inks" are mixtures of colorants with other substances which are applied on materials to form a print design on this material17.▪"QM" means maximum permitted residual content of a substance in the final material or article expressed as weight per weight concentration in the final article.▪"QMA" means maximum permitted residual quantity of a substance in the final material or article expressed as weight per surface area of the article in contact with food.▪"Repeated use article" means an article intended to be used several times that comes into contact with different portions of foods during its lifetime. For example, kitchenware, reusable containers or components of packaging machinery.▪"Rubber" means low shear modulus materials, either natural18 or synthetic, made up of carbonaceous macromolecules, and characterised by long polymer chains arranged ina three-dimensional flexible network held by chemical covalent cross-links. Theypresent, at service temperature and until their decomposition, elastic physical properties which allow the material to be substantially deformed under stress and recover almost its original shape when the stress is removed. The definition does not cover thermoplastic elastomers.▪"Set-off" is the phenomenon of the transfer of substances from outer layer of materials and articles to the inner food contact layer through direct contact and not via diffusion through the material. Set-off may occur, where there is a contact between the outside 17 Printing inks are preparations (mixtures) which may be manufactured from combinations of colorants (pigments, dyes), binders, plasticisers, solvents, driers and other additives. They are solvent-borne, water-borne, oleoresinous or energy-curing (UV or electron beam) systems. They are applied by a printing and/or a coating process, such as flexography, gravure, letterpress, offset, screen, non-impact printing or roller coating. Printing inks on food packaging are generally applied on the non-food contact side of primary food packaging, and – accordingly –are often referred to as “food packaging inks”.18 For example, caoutchoucs which are naturally derived rubber from latex originating from the sap of trees.and inside of the material or article during, for example, storage or transport. Such direct contact may occur when materials are wound in reels or stacked in sheets or when articles such as trays and pots are nested inside each other. Unlike migration under these conditions, set-off may occur in both materials and articles with or withouta functional barrier.▪"Single use article" means an article intended to be used once and coming into contact with not more than a single portion of foodstuffs during its lifetime. (Food packaging should be regarded as single use article, even if the consumer may re-use it. This includes, for example, lids for jars. Disposable gloves should be regarded as single use articles, even if the user may be in contact with several portions of food with them).▪"Silicones" means macromolecular substances or materials based on organopolysiloxanes and which are crosslinked forming a three-dimensional network having elastomeric or rubber-like properties.▪"Substances in nanoform" refers to nanomaterials as defined in Commission Recommendation 2011/696/EU of 18 October 2011 on the definition of nanomaterial19. This Recommendation defines a nanomaterial as a natural, incidental or manufactured substance containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50 % or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1 nm-100 nm. In specific cases and, where warranted by concerns for the environment, health, safety or competitiveness, the number size distribution threshold of 50 % may be replaced by a threshold between 1 and 50 %.o'particle' is defined as a minute piece of matter with defined physical boundaries;o‘agglomerate’ means a collection of weakly bound particles or aggregates where the resulting external surface area is similar to the sum of the surfaceareas of the individual components;o‘aggregate’ means a particle comprising of s trongly bound or fused particles.Remark: Once discussions are concluded on how to implement in the food area the definition of nanomaterials included in the Recommendation, an amendment to the Plastics Regulation will be proposed, taking into account the definition in the food area and the specific requirements of the food contact materials sector.▪“Supply chain” means all business operators, including food business operators who directly or indirectly participate in the production, converting, distribution and use of materials and articles intended to come into contact with foods, such as ingredient suppliers, raw materials manufacturers, converters, food packers and retailers.▪“Surface biocide” means a substance intended to keep the surface of a material or article free from microbial contamination, but which is not intended to have a preservative effect on the food itself.▪"Thermoplastic elastomer" means polymer or blend of polymers that does not require vulcanisation or cross-linking during processing, yet has properties, at its service temperature, similar to those of vulcanised rubber. These properties disappear at processing temperature, so that further processing is possible, but return when the 19 OJ L 275, 20.10.2011, p. 38.material is returned to its service temperature. They are covered under the definition of plastics.2.3 Placing on the market of plastic materials and articlesThe definition of "Placing on the market" included in Article 2(1)(b) of the Framework Regulation applies. It covers the following actions on food contact materials which are not yet in contact with food, but also those which are already in contact with food:∙Importing food contact materials into the EU.∙Holding of food contact materials for the purpose of sale, including offering for sale or any other form of transfer, whether free of charge or not.∙The sale, distribution, and other forms of transfer of food contact materials.3Chapter II - Compositional requirements3.1 Union list of authorised substances3.1.1 Union listIn principle, the Union list in Table 1 of Annex I to the Plastics Regulation contains all substances that are functional constituents of plastic.The Union list covers the monomers and other starting substances to manufacture polymers. It does not list the polymers themselves, but only the monomers and other starting substances that are the building blocks of the polymer. The only polymers that need to be listed are natural macromolecules which are chemically modified to make the final plastic, and macromolecules manufactured by microbial fermentation. Monomers are the repeating unit in polymers and thus the backbone of the polymer. Other starting substances can cover substances that modify a polymer, like side-chains or end-caps that are being incorporated in the polymer chain. The term "other starting substances" also covers natural macromolecules which are being chemically modified.The Union list covers substances that are added to polymers to make the final plastic. They are added to achieve either a physical or chemical effect during processing of the plastic or in the final materials or articles. They are intended to be present in the final material or article. Under the term “additive”, the following categories and functions are covered20:- Antifoaming agents, if they have a function in the final article- Anti-skinning agents- Antioxidants- Antistatic agents- Dryers- Emulsifiers, if they have a function in the final article- Fillers- Flame-retardants- Blowing agents used in the manufacture of expanded polymers like polystyrene foam- Hardening agents20 Indicative list of functions covered.。

Neoliberalism, Financialisation, The Financial Crisis, Firm Structure and GlobalisationA key element of the neo-liberal context for the expansion of capitalism in the international business environment, is what has come to be known as financialisation. This is a term used to describe the pursuit of increasing …shareholder value‟ as a primary objective for business, and the placing of the financial markets at the very centre of national and international economic growth.In essence, the neoliberal policies of 1980s governments, in the US and the UK in particular, promoted a new financial growth model which:…used tax cuts to stimulate the economy, and … promoted privatization andderegulation of the private sector, particularly the financial sector. It sought to expand credit, not restrict it, and to enlist the financial sector as the most important driver ofgrowth and competition in the economy‟ (Gamble, 2009: 15).The way this was brought about involved the governments of many countries around the world, led by the example of the US and the UK, making (to a greater or lesser degree)i complex adjustments to regulations affecting the financial sector. The objective was to free up the financial markets from laws and regulations which – at the time – were seen as anti-competitive regulatory constraints on traders‟ innovation and ingenuity in finding new ways to spread risk and generate growth in …shareholder value‟.ii One of the associated ambitions of this financial growth model, was to make …all citizens and organisations “financial subjects”‟ (Gamble, 2009: 13), by encouraging both personal and corporate shareholding. In 1980s Britain, for example, government policy (in line with neoliberal principles) led to the privatisation of Utilities formerly held in public ownership, and shares in the newly formed privatised electricity, gas and water companies were offered for sale at affordable prices, so that many more ordinary British citizens became individual shareholders.As the decades moved on, however, it became clear that this was not to be the era of the small individual investor. Rather, nature of …ownership‟ and …shareholding‟ became dominated by large corporate investors, and today the majority of shareholdings are in the possession of institutions rather than individuals: insurance funds, pension funds, hedge funds, and so on, are the main holders of shares, rather than individual, small investors (Froud et al, 2006: 40). This context places a different complexion on the nature and motivations of shareholders, and begs the question for other stakeholders iii in society, …what are the implications of the quest for increased shareholder value for the life of the ordinary citizen?‟The answer begins to become clear when we understand that in this financial model of growth, the increase in shareholder value was predicated on the exercise of …leverage‟ in the financial markets. Gamble (2009: 14) defines leverage as the process whereby a trader would use existing assets as security (collateral iv) against which to make further borrowings of funds, which would then be reinvested in assets/shares promising a higher return to the shareholder. The process of leverage is considerably reliant on traders‟ confidence in the sale value of a portfolio of shares, quite as much as it relates to the actual value of the shares. Once we realise that traders are actually trading in optimism and confidence above all else, it is a smallstep to understanding that this type of transaction has the potential to become detached from the real, material assets behind the share packages and portfolios. Thus, in 2008, when confidence in the value of shares began to be shaken by the knock-on effects of the failure of the sub-prime mortgage market in the US, apparent in the bankruptcy of several leading mortgage lending firms, followed by the collapse of Lehman Brothers‟ investment bank, the financial markets began a journey towards the global financial crisis which we are still dealing with today (Gamble, 2009: 31–33).But what exactly has happened to real, material assets – what are the implications of financialisation and the pursuit of increasing shareholder value for real people and businesses in the world that most of us inhabit, outside the trading rooms? There are a range of effects and no corner of society is immune. In this guidance note, we will focus on the implications for business strategy. As with other aspects of the international business environment, we find that history, geography and geo-political boundaries matter for the exact nature of these implications, and there are links to be made with the variegated capitalism debate:a.In those economies most closely identified with neo-liberal market capitalism, thelanguage of …shareholder value‟ has exerted considerable pressure on managers tocreate good returns for shareholders. Hedge funds, insurance funds and the like, hold portfolios of shares in a range of business ventures and the people delegated with the task of managing these funds are very likely to be incentivised and rewarded on thebasis of relatively short term performance. It is fair to generalise that the packages of investments that the funds hold, are of interest to the managers and beneficiaries ofthose funds primarily for their potential value as leverage, related to theirexpected/estimated sale value. As already noted, the period for which a fund may holda package – portfolio – of investments may well be short term, while the interests ofother stakeholders in those investments, namely the workers, managers, customers,suppliers in the businesses making up the portfolio of shareholdings, are likely to bedominated by hopes for personal stability, employment, longevity and sustainability.The way the financialised stockmarket works, though, distances stakeholders from…the shareholder‟, for whom they are likely to be very much of secondary importance compared with their quest for shareholder value through higher dividends or forecasts of share price.The pressure to pay short-term high dividends and satisfy the shareholder, is closelyidentified with the neoliberal market capitalism of so-called Liberal MarketEconomies (LMEs). The pressures on fund managers to deliver increased shareholder value feed down into actual businesses themselves, where operational managers areincentivised to focus on cost-cutting and efficiency targets that are linked with theirown success or survival in their jobs and careers. Typical strategies for cost cuttinginvolve among others, for example, minimising manpower costs, automation of costly production processes, stripping out layers of …unnecessary‟ or unproductivemanagement and bureaucracy, using flexible forms of employment, and usingoutsourcing and off-shoring to minimise overall costs along the supply chain. Theenvironment provided by the financial sector has material effects on the structures offirms, processes of outsourcing and managerial strategies at the level of the businessitself.b.In more co-ordinated market economies (CMEs) (what Dicken (2011) calls …socialmark et capitalist economies‟, see Guidance Note One) like Germany, for example, the pressures to deliver quick, high value returns to shareholders on the capital marketsare …dampened‟ by laws and regulation supporting longer term shareholding strategies by banks and other corporations (Froud et al, 2006: 40-41). This is why the Germansystem is sometimes referred to as being reliant on more …patient‟ capital. It would bea mistake to think that Germany and countries with similar social market policies arenot subject to the same sorts of pressures as LMEs like the US and the UK, becausethey most certainly are. Prior to the financial crisis of 2008, Germany‟s attachment to social market capitalism was frequently labelled as uncompetitive and its economywas criticised for being at risk of stagnation. It was under considerable pressure toadopt more fully the tenets of neoliberalism, indeed, many of its regulatory provisions on labour rights and employer obligations came under attack. However, despite some erosion, social market capitalism, exemplified by Germany, still affords relativelymore protection from pure market forces.Finally, in understanding the issues relating to financialisation it is important to appreciate that the activities of financial markets and the ideas which underpin political and economic choices have concrete effects on the lives of ordinary people. The issues we have discussed in this guidance note are relevant to our understanding of the influence of national institutions and regulation for the way capitalism is experienced. They are also of relevance for the structure of firms, and operation of global production networks, and the way business operates. You should be able to see links between what happens in international financial markets with conditions on the ground. In our studies we have discussed at length the contested neoliberal principle that an increase in the size of an economy must eventually benefit all stakeholders in society as wealth …trickles down‟. The pursuit of sh areholder value through financial markets has certainly created wealth, but the processes have also created instability and increased the wealth gap. When considering these issues in the context of the activities of transnational firms, we must remember that they are themselves powerful economic and political actors, who not only respond but also influence the financial and regulatory context within which they are operating. As students, we should be able to see the relevance of these issues for ethics, labour conditions and corporate social responsibility in the international business environment, in the context of processes of global shift, and the activities of global production networks directed at maximise productivity while minimising cost.References:Froud, J., Sukhdev, J., Leaver, A. and Williams, K. (2006) Financialization and Strategy: Narrative and Numbers. Abingdon: Routledge.Gamble A. (2009) The Spectre at the Feast: Capitalist Crisis and the Politics of Recession, London, Palgrave Macmillan.i You should draw links between differences in state policies towards financialisation with the different degrees of acceptance of neoliberal principles / different forms of political economy associated with the variegated capitalism debate.ii As a basic reminder, we need to note that firms and enterprises floated on the stock market sell shares in their business to shareholders and use those investments to grow or develop their business. A shareholder is anyone who owns shares in a particular company. If markets are buoyant and confidence is high then it is likely that share values will rise, and shareholders are likely to reap a good return on their investment. In this way, shareholder value is increased, but if the value of shares falls, then the shareholder loses.iii A stakeholder in a business is anybody with some form of interest in it – be that person a director, manager, employee, worker, customer, supplier, or perhaps any citizen affected by the activities of that business. A stakeholder in society is quite simply any individual or group with an interest in how society functions. As we have noted in our studies, not all stakeholders in the business world or in wider society have equal power, and a lack of economic power will normally be an indicator of a lack of influence.iv The notional sale value of the share package would be pledged as security – or collateral – for a further loan.。

SECTION 8 制造、工艺和试验PT.4 CH.7 SEC.8A. 制造A 100 General 总则101I、II级压力容器应由船级社认可的工厂制造。

102焊接应由认可的工人，见PT.2 CH.3 SEC.3,根据认可的图纸和说明书进行。

对于I、II级压力容器的焊接工艺合格要求按PT.2 CH.3 SEC.3,或者按照公认标准。

B. 工艺B 100 板材切割101 板材一般采用火焰切割而不采用剪切加工，除非机加工去除的割边量为1/4的板厚，但最小为3mm.B 200 焊缝201对于纵缝和环缝主要对接焊缝仅认可全焊透形式.壳体与平封头、管板的连接可以用非对接焊的圆周焊缝，见SEC.5.202除另经认可外，焊缝应为双面焊。

联箱、管路和管子的环形焊缝可采用有衬板或无衬板的单面焊，接缝的设计和焊接方法应保证完全焊透并须向验船师论证所用的焊接方法可以给出无缺陷的焊缝且取得验船师满意。

如采用衬板，则除另经认可外，应在焊接后和非破坏性试验之前移去。

然而，当环缝的第二侧不可能施焊，必须采用永久型垫衬时，应满足以下条件：——III级压力容器或者II级无缝筒体。

——带垫衬的焊接工艺被认可。

——介质是无腐蚀的。

203只要可行，在紧靠焊缝处不准焊接附件。

如果不能避免，焊接应是完全互相交叉。

204由焊接板制成的管板，焊接缝应尽可能位于最小应力处，通过弯边曲面的焊缝应与其成直角。

205除非压力容器在焊接后热处理消除应力，否则不能超过两条焊缝交于一个点。

注：只要有可能，应避免在焊缝处或附近开孔。

206在焊接开始前，确定板边是否符合以下限制条件：——对于纵向焊缝：为板厚的10%，最大为3mm。

——对于环向焊缝：为板厚的10%+1，最大为4mm。

207如果板不等厚，并且厚板表面超出206中绘出的薄则范围，则厚板应削锥钉，角度不超过15°，具体见Fig 1.Guidance note指引摘要:要求完全射线探伤检验的压力容器而言，建议厚板制成有一段与薄板等厚的平行部分。