离散数学 Algebraic structure
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离散数学英中名词对照表英文Abel categoryAbel group (commutative group) Abel semigroup Abelian groupabsorption property accessibility relation acyclicaddition principleadequate set of connectives adjacentadjacent matrixadjugateadjunctionaffine planealgebraic closed field algebraic element algebraic extensionalphabetalternating groupannihilatorantecedentanti symmetryanti-isomorphismarc setargumentarityarrangement problem associateassociativeassociative algebraassociatorasymmetricatomatomic formulaaugmenting pigeon hole principle augmenting path automorphism automorphism group of graph auxiliary symbol A 离散数学英文—中文名词axiom of choiceaxiom of equalityaxiom of extensionalityaxiom of infinityaxiom of pairsaxiom of regularityaxiom of replacement for the formulaaxiom of the empty setaxiom of unionB balanced imcomplete block designbarber paradoxbase (base 2 exponential function)base (logarithm function to the base 2)Bell numberBernoulli numberBerry paradoxbiconditionalbijection (one-to-one correspondence)bi-mdulebinary relationbinary operationbinary symmetric channel (BSC)binary treebinomial coefficientbinomial theorembinomial transform bipartite graphblockblockblock codeblock designBondy theoremBoolean algebra Boolean expression Boolean functionBoole homomorophism Boole latticeBoolean matrixBoolean productbound occurrencebound variablebounded latticeBruijn theorem Burnside lemmaC cagecancellation property canonical epimorphism Cantor conjecture Cantor diagonal method Cantor paradoxcapacitycardinal number cardinalityCartesion product of graph Catalan numbercatenationCayley graphCayley theoremceiling functioncell (block)centercertain eventchain (walk) characteristic function characteristic of ring characteristic polynomial check digitsChinese postman problem chromatic number chromatic polynomial circuitcirculant graph circumferenceclassclassical completeness classical consistent cliqueclique numberclose with respect to closed termclosureclosure of graphcode elementcode lengthcode wordcoefficientcoimageco-kernalcoloringcoloring problemcombinationcombination numbercombination with repetationcommon divisorcommon factorcommutativecommutative diagramcommutative ringcommutative seimgroupcomparablecompatible withcomplementcomplement elementcomplement of B with respect to A complementary relation complemented latticecomplete bipartite graphcomplete graphcomplete k-partite graphcomplete latticecomplete matchcomplete n-treecompositecomposite operationcomposition (molecular proposition) composition of graph (lexicographic product) compound statementconcatenation (juxtaposition) concatenation graphconditional statement (implication) congruence relationcongruent toconjectureconjunctive normal form connected component connective connectivityconnectivity relation consecutively consequence (conclusion) conservation of flow consistent (non-contradiction) constructive proofcontain (in)contingencycontinuumcontraction of graph contradiction contravariant functor contrapositiveconversecoproductcorankcorresponding universal map countable (uncountable) countably infinite set counter examplecountingcovariant functorcoveringcovering numbercrossing number of graph cosetcotreecutcut edgecut vertexcyclecycle basiscycle matrixcycle rankcycle spacecycle vectorcyclic groupcyclic indexcyclic permutation cyclic semigroupD De Morgan's law decision procedure decoding table deduction theorem degreedegree sequence derivation algebra Descartes product descendant designated truth value deterministic diagonal functor diagonal matrix diameterdigraphdilemmadirect consequence direct limitdirect sumdirected by inclutiondisconnecteddiscrete Fourier transform discrete graph (null graph) disjoint setdisjunctiondisjunctive normal form disjunctive syllogism distancedistance transitive graph distinguished element distributivedistributive lattice divisibilitydivision subringdivison ringdivisor (factor) dodecahedrondomaindual categorydual formdual graphdual principledual statementdummy variableE eccentricityedge chromatic number edge coloringedge connectivityedge coveringedge covering numberedge cutedge setedge-independence number eigenvalue of graph element (entry) elementary divisor ideal elementary product elementary sumempty graphempty relationempty set endomorphismendpointentry (element) enumeration function epimorphismequipotentequivalenceequivalent category equivalent class equivalent matrix equivalent object equivalent relationerror functionerror patternEuclid algorithmEuclid domainEuler characteristicEuler circuitEuler functionEuler graphEuler numberEuler pathEuler polyhedron formula Euler tourEuler traileven permutationeventeverywhere defined excess capacity existence proof existential generalization existential quantification existential quantifier existential specification explicitextended Fibonacci number extended Lucas number extensionextension field extension graphexterior algebraF facefactorfactorablefactotialfactorizationfaithful (full) functor Ferrers graphFibonacci numberfieldfilterfinite dimensional associative division algebra finite extensionfinite field (Galois field )finite groupfinite setfinitely generated modulefirst order theory with equalityfive-color theoremfive-time-repetitionfixed pointfloor functionflowforestforgetful functorfour-color theorem (conjecture)F-reduced productfree elementfree monoidfree occurrencefree R-modulefree variablefree-Ω-algebrafull n-treefunction schemeG Galileo paradoxGauss coefficientGBN (G?del-Bernays-von Neumann system) GCD (Greatest Common Divisor) generalized Petersen graphgenerating functiongenerating proceduregeneratorgenerator matrixgeneric elementgenusgirthG?del completeness theoremgolden section numbergraceful graphgraceful tree conjecturegraphgraph of first class for edge coloring graph of second class for edge coloring graph rankgraph sequencegreatest common factorgreatest elementgreedy algorithmGrelling paradoxGr?tzsch graphgroupgroup codegroup of graphgrowth of functionHajós conjectureHamilton cycleHamilton graphHamilton pathHarary graphhash functionHasse diagramHeawood graphheightHerschel graphhom functorhomemorphism homomorphism homomorphism image homomorphism of graph hyperoctahedronhypothelical syllogism hypothesis (premise)idealidempotentidentityidentity functionidentity natural transformation imageimbeddingimmediate predcessor immediate successorimpossible eventincidentincident axiomincident matrixinclusion and exclusion principle inclusion relationindegreeindependentindependent number independent setindependent transcendental element indexindirected method H Iindividual variableinduced subgraphinfinite extensioninfinite groupinfinite setinitial endpointinitial objectinjectioninjection functorinjective (one to one mapping) inner faceinner neighbour setinorder searchintegral domainintegral subdomaininternal direct sum intersectionintersection of graph intersection operation intervalinvariant factorinvariant factor idealinverseinverse limitinverse morphisminverse natural transformation inverse operationinverse relationinversioninvertableinvolution property irreflexiveisolated vertexisomorphic categoryisomorphismisomorphism of graphjoinjoin of graphJ Jordan algebraJordan product (anti-commutator)Jordan sieve formulaj-skewjuxtapositionk-chromatic graphk-connected graphk-critical graphk-edge chromatic graphk-edge-connected graphk-edge-critical graph Kanaugh mapkernelKirkman schoolgirl problem Klein 4 groupKonisberge Brudge problem Kruskal's algorithm Kuratowski theoremlabeled graphLah numberLatin rectangleLatin squarelatticelattice homomorphismlawLCM (Least Common Multiple) leader cosetleast elementleafleast upper boundleft (right) identityleft (right) invertible element left (right) moduleleft (right) zeroleft (right) zero divisorleft adjoint functorleft cancellableleft cosetlengthlexicographic orderlLie algebraline- grouplinear array (list)linear graphlinear order (total order)K Llinear order set (chain)logical connective logical followlogically equivanlent logically implies logically valid loopLucas numbermagicmany valued proposition logic map coloring problem matchingmathematical structure matrix representation maximal element maximal idealmaximal outerplanar graph maximal planar graph maximum flow maximum matching maxtermmaxterm normal form (conjunctive normal form)McGee graph meetMenger theorem Meredith graph message word mini term minimal -connected graph minimal polynomial minimal spanning tree Minimanoff paradox minimum distance Minkowski summinterm (fundamental conjunctive form)minterm normal form (disjunctive normal form)M?bius function M?bius ladder M?bius transform (inversion)modal logic modelmodule homomorphismMkmoduler latticemodulusmodus ponensmodus tollensmodule isomorphismmonic morphismmonoidmonomorphismmorphism (arrow)M?bius functionM?bius ladderM?bius transform (inversion)multigraphmultinomial coefficientmultinomial expansion theoremmultiple-error-correcting codemultiplication principlemutually exclusivemultiplication tablemutually orthogonal Latin squareN n-ary operationn-ary productn-ary tree (n-tree)n-tuplenatural deduction systemnatural homomorphismnatural isomorphismnatural transformationnearest neighbernegationneighbour setnext state transition functionnon-associative algebranon-standard logicNorlund formulanormal formnormal modelnormal subgroup (invariant subgroup)n-relationnull graph (discrete graph)null objectnullary operationobjectodd permutationoffspringone to oneone-to-one correspondence (bijection) onto optimal solutionorbitorderorder (lower order,same order) order ideal order relationordered pairOre conditionorientationorthogonal Latin square orthogonal layoutoutarcoutdegreeouter faceouter neighbourouterneighbour setouterplanar graphpancycle graphparallelismparallelism classparentparity-check codeparity-check equationparity-check machineparity-check matrixpartial functionpartial ordering (partial relation) partial order relation partial order set (poset)partitionpartition number of integerpartition number of setPascal formulapathperfect code O Pperfect t-error-correcting code perfect graph permutationpermutation grouppermutation with repetation Petersen graphp-graphPierce arrowpigeonhole principleplanar graphplane graphPolish formPólya theorempolynomailpolynomial codepolynomial representation polynomial ring positional treepossible worldpostorder searchpower functorpower of graphpower setpredicateprenex normal formpreorder searchpre-ordered setprimary cycle modulePRIM's algorithmprimeprime fieldprime to each otherprimitive connectiveprimitive elementprimitive polynomialprincipal idealprincipal ideal domainprinciple of dualityprinciple of mathematical induction principle of redundancy probabilisticprobability (theory)productproduct categoryproduct partial orderproduct-sum formproof (deduction)proof by contraditionproper coloringproper factorproper filterproper subgroupproperly inclusive relationproposition (statement)propositional constantpropositional formula (well-formed formula,wff) propositional functionpropositional variablepseudocodepullbackpushoutquantification theoryquantifierquasi order relationquaternionquotient (difference) algebraquotient algebraquotient field (field of fraction)quotient groupquotient modulequotient ring (difference ring , residue ring) quotient set Ramsey graph Ramsey number Ramsey theorem rangerankreachability reconstruction conjecture recursive redundant digits reflexiveregular expression regular graph R Qregular representationrelation matrixrelative setremainderreplacement theoremrepresentationrepresentation functorrestricted proposition formrestrictionretractionreverse Polish formRichard paradoxright adjoint functorright cancellableright factorright zero divisonringring of endomorphismring with unity elementR-linear independencerooted treeroot fieldrule of inferenceRussell paradoxS sample spacesatisfiablesaturatedscopesearchingsectionself-complement graphsemantical completenesssemantical consistentsemigroupseparable elementseparable extensionsequencesequentsequentialSheffer strokesiblingssimple algebraic extensionsimple cyclesimple extensionsimple graphsimple pathsimple proposition (atomic proposition) simple transcental extension simplicationsinkslopesmall categorysmallest element Socrates argument soundness (validity) theorem sourcespanning subgraph spanning treespectra of graphspetral radiussplitting fieldsquare matrixstandard modelstandard monomil statement (proposition) Steiner tripleStirling numberStirling transformstrong induction subalgebrasubcategorysubdirect product subdivison of graph subfieldsubformulasubdivision of graph subgraphsubgroupsub-modulesubmonoidsublatticesubrelationsubringsub-semigroup subscript。
布尔巴基代数结构、序结构、拓扑结构布尔巴基代数结构(Boolean Algebraic Structure)布尔代数是一种代数结构,它在计算机科学和逻辑学中很常见。
布尔代数是由乔治·布尔发展的,其基本概念是由两个值(真和假)以及两个运算符(与和或)构成的代数系统。
布尔代数广泛应用于逻辑电路设计、编程语言、集合论等领域。
在布尔代数中,有以下几个重要的性质:1. 交换律:对于任意的布尔值a和b,a与b的与运算和或运算满足交换律,即a∧b = b∧a,a∨b = b∨a。
2. 结合律:对于任意的布尔值a、b和c,a与(b与c)的与运算和或运算满足结合律,即a∧(b∧c) = (a∧b)∧c,a∨(b∨c) = (a∨b)∨c。
3. 分配律:对于任意的布尔值a、b和c,a与(b或c)的与运算和与(a与b)或(a与c)的与运算都满足分配律,即a∧(b∨c) =(a∧b)∨(a∧c)。
序结构(Order Structure)序结构是指一个集合上的一种二元关系,它能够给出集合中元素之间的次序或顺序。
序结构在数学中有广泛的应用,例如在实数集合上定义的小于等于关系是一种序结构。
在序结构中,重要的性质包括:1. 反自反性:任意元素a与自身之间存在次序关系,即a ≤ a。
2. 反对称性:如果a ≤ b且b ≤ a,则a与b相等,即a = b。
3. 传递性:如果a ≤ b且b ≤ c,则a ≤ c。
序结构可以通过偏序关系和全序关系来刻画。
偏序关系是指集合中的元素之间的次序关系不一定能够比较出大小关系,而全序关系是指集合中的元素之间的次序关系能够满足反自反性、反对称性和传递性。
拓扑结构(Topology Structure)拓扑结构是数学分析中的一个重要概念,研究的是空间中点集之间的关系。
拓扑学研究的是如何定义和刻画空间中的连续性、邻域以及极限等概念。
在拓扑结构中,常见的性质有:1. 包含关系:如果一个集合包含于另一个集合,则这两个集合之间存在包含关系。
离散数学的基础知识点总结离散数学是研究离散结构和离散对象的数学分支。
它以集合论、图论和逻辑等为基础,涉及了许多重要的基础知识点。
下面是对离散数学的基础知识点进行的总结。
1. 集合论(Set theory):集合论是离散数学的基础,涉及了集合的概念、运算和恒等关系,以及集合的分类、子集、幂集和笛卡尔积等基本概念和性质。
2. 逻辑(Logic):逻辑是离散数学的重要组成部分,涉及了命题逻辑和谓词逻辑的基本概念和推理规则,包括命题的真值表、谓词的量化、逻辑等价和逻辑蕴含等概念。
3. 函数(Functions):函数是离散数学中的核心概念之一,涉及了函数的定义、域和值域、函数的性质、特殊的函数(如恒等函数、常值函数、单射函数和满射函数等)以及函数的复合和逆函数等。
4. 关系(Relations):关系是离散数学中的另一个核心概念,涉及了关系的定义、关系的特性(如自反性、对称性、传递性和等价关系等)、关系的闭包和自反闭包、关系的图示表示和矩阵表示、等价关系和偏序关系等。
5. 图论(Graph theory):图论是离散数学的重要分支,涉及了图的基本概念(如顶点、边、路径和圈等)、图的表示方法(如邻接矩阵和邻接表等)、图的遍历算法(如深度优先和广度优先等)、图的连通性和可达性、最小生成树和最短路径等基础知识。
7. 代数结构(Algebraic structures):代数结构是离散数学的一个重要方向,涉及了群、环、域和格等基本代数结构的定义、性质和分类,以及同态映射和同构等概念。
8. 数论(Number theory):数论是离散数学的一个重要分支,涉及了自然数的性质和结构,包括质数和素数、最大公因数和最小公倍数、同余和模运算、欧几里得算法和扩展欧几里得算法、费马小定理和欧拉函数等。
9. 排序和选择(Sorting and selection):排序和选择是离散数学中的一类重要问题,涉及了各种排序算法(如冒泡排序、插入排序、快速排序和归并排序等)和选择算法(如选择排序和堆排序等),以及它们的复杂度分析和应用。
离散数学知识点总结离散数学知识点总结同时要善于总结,在学习《离散数学》的过程,对概念的理解是学习的重中之重。
本文就来分享一篇离散数学知识点总结,希望对大家能有所帮助!一、认知离散数学离散数学是计算机科学基础理论的核心课程之一,是计算机及应用、通信等专业的一门重要的基础课。
它以研究量的结构和相互关系为主要目标,其研究对象一般是有限个或可数个元素,充分体现了计算机科学离散性的特点。
学习离散数学的目的是为学习计算机、通信等专业各后续课程做好必要的知识准备,进一步提高抽象思维和逻辑推理的能力,为计算机的应用提供必要的描述工具和理论基础。
1.定义和定理多离散数学是建立在大量定义、定理之上的逻辑推理学科,因此对概念的理解是学习这门课程的核心。
在学习这些概念的基础上,要特别注意概念之间的联系,而描述这些联系的实体则是大量的定理和性质。
在考试中有一部分内容是考查学生对定义和定理的识记、理解和运用,因此要真正理解离散数学中所给出的每个基本概念的真正的含义。
比如,命题的定义、五个基本联结词、公式的主析取范式和主合取范式、三个推理规则以及反证法;集合的五种运算的定义;关系的定义和关系的四个性质;函数(映射)和几种特殊函数(映射)的定义;图、完全图、简单图、子图、补图的定义;图中简单路、基本路的定义以及两个图同构的定义;树与最小生成树的定义。
掌握和理解这些概念对于学好离散数学是至关重要的。
2. 方法性强在离散数学的学习过程中,一定要注重和掌握离散数学处理问题的方法,在做题时,找到一个合适的解题思路和方法是极为重要的`。
如果知道了一道题用怎样的方法去做或证明,就能很容易地做或证出来。
反之,则事倍功半。
在离散数学中,虽然各种各样的题种类繁多,但每类题的解法均有规律可循。
所以在听课和平时的复习中,要善于总结和归纳具有规律性的内容。
在平时的讲课和复习中,老师会总结各类解题思路和方法。
作为学生,首先应该熟悉并且会用这些方法,同时,还要勤于思考,对于一道题,进可能地多探讨几种解法。
离散数学知识点总结离散数学是数学的一个分支,主要研究离散的数学结构和离散的数学对象。
它包括了许多重要的概念和技术,是计算机科学、通信工程、数学和逻辑学等领域的基础。
本文将对离散数学的一些核心知识点进行总结,包括命题逻辑、一阶逻辑、图论、集合论和组合数学等内容。
1. 命题逻辑命题逻辑是离散数学的一个重要分支,研究命题之间的逻辑关系。
命题是一个陈述语句,要么为真,要么为假,而且不能同时为真和为假。
命题逻辑包括逻辑运算和逻辑推理等内容,是离散数学的基础之一。
1.1 逻辑运算逻辑运算包括与(∧)、或(∨)、非(¬)、蕴含(→)和双条件(↔)等运算。
与、或和非是三种基本的逻辑运算,蕴含和双条件则是基于这三种基本运算得到的复合运算。
1.2 逻辑等值式逻辑等值式是指在命题逻辑中具有相同真值的两个复合命题。
常见的逻辑等值式包括德摩根定律、双重否定定律、分配率等。
1.3 形式化证明形式化证明是命题逻辑的一个重要内容,研究如何利用逻辑规则和等值式来推导出给定命题的真值。
形式化证明包括直接证明、间接证明和反证法等方法,是离散数学中的常见技巧。
2. 一阶逻辑一阶逻辑是命题逻辑的延伸,研究命题中的量词和谓词等概念。
一阶逻辑包括量词、谓词逻辑和形式化证明等内容,是离散数学中的重要部分。
2.1 量词量词包括全称量词(∀)和存在量词(∃),用来对命题中的变量进行量化。
全称量词表示对所有元素都成立的命题,而存在量词表示至少存在一个元素使命题成立。
2.2 谓词逻辑谓词逻辑是一阶逻辑的核心内容,研究带有量词的语句和谓词的逻辑关系。
谓词是含有变量的函数,它可以表示一类对象的性质或关系。
2.3 形式化证明形式化证明在一阶逻辑中同样起着重要作用,通过逻辑规则和等值式来推导出给定命题的真值。
一阶逻辑的形式化证明和命题逻辑类似,但更复杂和抽象。
3. 图论图论是离散数学中的一个重要分支,研究图和图的性质。
图是由节点和边组成的数学对象,图论包括图的表示、图的遍历、最短路径、最小生成树等内容,是离散数学中的一大亮点。
离散数学代数结构部分离散数学是数学的一个分支,主要研究离散的、分离的、离散化的对象和结构。
其中代数结构是离散数学的一个重要部分,涉及到一些常见的代数结构,如群、环和域等。
下面将从群、环和域三个方面展开,对离散数学中的代数结构进行详细介绍。
一、群群是离散数学中的一个基本代数结构,它由三个主要部分组成:集合、运算和满足一定性质的公理。
具体地,一个群G是一个非空集合,也即G={a,b,c,...},其中的元素a、b、c等叫做群的元素。
除此之外,群还具有一个二元运算,记作"·",满足以下四个公理:1.封闭性公理:对于群的任意两个元素a、b,它们的乘积c=a·b仍然属于G,即c∈G。
2.结合律公理:对于群的任意三个元素a、b、c,(a·b)·c=a·(b·c)。
3.单位元公理:群中存在一个特殊的元素e,称为单位元,满足对于任意元素a,有a·e=e·a=a。
4.逆元公理:对于群中任意元素a,存在一个元素b,使得a·b=b·a=e,其中e是群的单位元。
群结构的研究对于解决各类数学问题具有重要意义。
例如,在密码学中,通信双方使用群的运算来实现加密和解密的功能。
二、环环是另一个重要的代数结构,在离散数学中有广泛的应用。
一个环R由一个非空集合以及两个满足一定条件的二元运算分别组成。
对于一个环R={G,+,·},其中G是一个非空集合,"+"和"·"分别是R上的两个二元运算,满足以下四个公理:1.集合G关于"+"构成一个阿贝尔群,即对于任意的a、b、c∈G,满足以下性质:(a+b)+c=a+(b+c),存在单位元0,对于任意元素a,有a+0=0+a=a,对于任意元素a,存在一个元素-b,使得a+(-b)=-b+a=0,且满足交换律性质:a+b=b+a。
离散数学中英文名词对照表外文中文AAbel category Abel 范畴Abel group (commutative group) Abel 群(交换群)Abel semigroup Abel 半群accessibility relation 可达关系action 作用addition principle 加法原理adequate set of connectives 联结词的功能完备(全)集adjacent 相邻(邻接)adjacent matrix 邻接矩阵adjugate 伴随adjunction 接合affine plane 仿射平面algebraic closed field 代数闭域algebraic element 代数元素algebraic extension 代数扩域(代数扩张)almost equivalent 几乎相等的alternating group 三次交代群annihilator 零化子antecedent 前件anti symmetry 反对称性anti-isomorphism 反同构arboricity 荫度arc set 弧集arity 元数arrangement problem 布置问题associate 相伴元associative algebra 结合代数associator 结合子asymmetric 不对称的(非对称的)atom 原子atomic formula 原子公式augmenting digeon hole principle 加强的鸽子笼原理augmenting path 可增路automorphism 自同构automorphism group of graph 图的自同构群auxiliary symbol 辅助符号axiom of choice 选择公理axiom of equality 相等公理axiom of extensionality 外延公式axiom of infinity 无穷公理axiom of pairs 配对公理axiom of regularity 正则公理axiom of replacement for the formula Ф关于公式Ф的替换公式axiom of the empty set 空集存在公理axiom of union 并集公理Bbalanced imcomplete block design 平衡不完全区组设计barber paradox 理发师悖论base 基Bell number Bell 数Bernoulli number Bernoulli 数Berry paradox Berry 悖论bijective 双射bi-mdule 双模binary relation 二元关系binary symmetric channel 二进制对称信道binomial coefficient 二项式系数binomial theorem 二项式定理binomial transform 二项式变换bipartite graph 二分图block 块block 块图(区组)block code 分组码block design 区组设计Bondy theorem Bondy 定理Boole algebra Boole 代数Boole function Boole 函数Boole homomorophism Boole 同态Boole lattice Boole 格bound occurrence 约束出现bound variable 约束变量bounded lattice 有界格bridge 桥Bruijn theorem Bruijn 定理Burali-Forti paradox Burali-Forti 悖论Burnside lemma Burnside 引理Ccage 笼canonical epimorphism 标准满态射Cantor conjecture Cantor 猜想Cantor diagonal method Cantor 对角线法Cantor paradox Cantor 悖论cardinal number 基数Cartesion product of graph 图的笛卡儿积Catalan number Catalan 数category 范畴Cayley graph Cayley 图Cayley theorem Cayley 定理center 中心characteristic function 特征函数characteristic of ring 环的特征characteristic polynomial 特征多项式check digits 校验位Chinese postman problem 中国邮递员问题chromatic number 色数chromatic polynomial 色多项式circuit 回路circulant graph 循环图circumference 周长class 类classical completeness 古典完全的classical consistent 古典相容的clique 团clique number 团数closed term 闭项closure 闭包closure of graph 图的闭包code 码code element 码元code length 码长code rate 码率code word 码字coefficient 系数coimage 上象co-kernal 上核coloring 着色coloring problem 着色问题combination number 组合数combination with repetation 可重组合common factor 公因子commutative diagram 交换图commutative ring 交换环commutative seimgroup 交换半群complement 补图(子图的余) complement element 补元complemented lattice 有补格complete bipartite graph 完全二分图complete graph 完全图complete k-partite graph 完全k-分图complete lattice 完全格composite 复合composite operation 复合运算composition (molecular proposition) 复合(分子)命题composition of graph (lexicographic product)图的合成(字典积)concatenation (juxtaposition) 邻接运算concatenation graph 连通图congruence relation 同余关系conjunctive normal form 正则合取范式connected component 连通分支connective 连接的connectivity 连通度consequence 推论(后承)consistent (non-contradiction) 相容性(无矛盾性)continuum 连续统contraction of graph 图的收缩contradiction 矛盾式(永假式)contravariant functor 反变函子coproduct 上积corank 余秩correct error 纠正错误corresponding universal map 对应的通用映射countably infinite set 可列无限集(可列集)covariant functor (共变)函子covering 覆盖covering number 覆盖数Coxeter graph Coxeter 图crossing number of graph 图的叉数cuset 陪集cotree 余树cut edge 割边cut vertex 割点cycle 圈cycle basis 圈基cycle matrix 圈矩阵cycle rank 圈秩cycle space 圈空间cycle vector 圈向量cyclic group 循环群cyclic index 循环(轮转)指标cyclic monoid 循环单元半群cyclic permutation 圆圈排列cyclic semigroup 循环半群DDe Morgan law De Morgan 律decision procedure 判决过程decoding table 译码表deduction theorem 演绎定理degree 次数,次(度)degree sequence 次(度)序列derivation algebra 微分代数Descartes product Descartes 积designated truth value 特指真值detect errer 检验错误deterministic 确定的diagonal functor 对角线函子diameter 直径digraph 有向图dilemma 二难推理direct consequence 直接推论(直接后承)direct limit 正向极限direct sum 直和directed by inclution 被包含关系定向discrete Fourier transform 离散 Fourier 变换disjunctive normal form 正则析取范式disjunctive syllogism 选言三段论distance 距离distance transitive graph 距离传递图distinguished element 特异元distributive lattice 分配格divisibility 整除division subring 子除环divison ring 除环divisor (factor) 因子domain 定义域Driac condition Dirac 条件dual category 对偶范畴dual form 对偶式dual graph 对偶图dual principle 对偶原则(对偶原理) dual statement 对偶命题dummy variable 哑变量(哑变元)Eeccentricity 离心率edge chromatic number 边色数edge coloring 边着色edge connectivity 边连通度edge covering 边覆盖edge covering number 边覆盖数edge cut 边割集edge set 边集edge-independence number 边独立数eigenvalue of graph 图的特征值elementary divisor ideal 初等因子理想elementary product 初等积elementary sum 初等和empty graph 空图empty relation 空关系empty set 空集endomorphism 自同态endpoint 端点enumeration function 计数函数epimorphism 满态射equipotent 等势equivalent category 等价范畴equivalent class 等价类equivalent matrix 等价矩阵equivalent object 等价对象equivalent relation 等价关系error function 错误函数error pattern 错误模式Euclid algorithm 欧几里德算法Euclid domain 欧氏整环Euler characteristic Euler 特征Euler function Euler 函数Euler graph Euler 图Euler number Euler 数Euler polyhedron formula Euler 多面体公式Euler tour Euler 闭迹Euler trail Euler 迹existential generalization 存在推广规则existential quantifier 存在量词existential specification 存在特指规则extended Fibonacci number 广义 Fibonacci 数extended Lucas number 广义Lucas 数extension 扩充(扩张)extension field 扩域extension graph 扩图exterior algebra 外代数Fface 面factor 因子factorable 可因子化的factorization 因子分解faithful (full) functor 忠实(完满)函子Ferrers graph Ferrers 图Fibonacci number Fibonacci 数field 域filter 滤子finite extension 有限扩域finite field (Galois field ) 有限域(Galois 域)finite dimensional associative division algebra有限维结合可除代数finite set 有限(穷)集finitely generated module 有限生成模first order theory with equality 带符号的一阶系统five-color theorem 五色定理five-time-repetition 五倍重复码fixed point 不动点forest 森林forgetful functor 忘却函子four-color theorem(conjecture) 四色定理(猜想)F-reduced product F-归纳积free element 自由元free monoid 自由单元半群free occurrence 自由出现free R-module 自由R-模free variable 自由变元free-Ω-algebra 自由Ω代数function scheme 映射格式GGalileo paradox Galileo 悖论Gauss coefficient Gauss 系数GBN (Gödel-Bernays-von Neumann system)GBN系统generalized petersen graph 广义 petersen 图generating function 生成函数generating procedure 生成过程generator 生成子(生成元)generator matrix 生成矩阵genus 亏格girth (腰)围长Gödel completeness theorem Gödel 完全性定理golden section number 黄金分割数(黄金分割率)graceful graph 优美图graceful tree conjecture 优美树猜想graph 图graph of first class for edge coloring 第一类边色图graph of second class for edge coloring 第二类边色图graph rank 图秩graph sequence 图序列greatest common factor 最大公因子greatest element 最大元(素)Grelling paradox Grelling 悖论Grötzsch graph Grötzsch 图group 群group code 群码group of graph 图的群HHajós conjecture Hajós 猜想Hamilton cycle Hamilton 圈Hamilton graph Hamilton 图Hamilton path Hamilton 路Harary graph Harary 图Hasse graph Hasse 图Heawood graph Heawood 图Herschel graph Herschel 图hom functor hom 函子homemorphism 图的同胚homomorphism 同态(同态映射)homomorphism of graph 图的同态hyperoctahedron 超八面体图hypothelical syllogism 假言三段论hypothese (premise) 假设(前提)Iideal 理想identity 单位元identity natural transformation 恒等自然变换imbedding 嵌入immediate predcessor 直接先行immediate successor 直接后继incident 关联incident axiom 关联公理incident matrix 关联矩阵inclusion and exclusion principle 包含与排斥原理inclusion relation 包含关系indegree 入次(入度)independent 独立的independent number 独立数independent set 独立集independent transcendental element 独立超越元素index 指数individual variable 个体变元induced subgraph 导出子图infinite extension 无限扩域infinite group 无限群infinite set 无限(穷)集initial endpoint 始端initial object 初始对象injection 单射injection functor 单射函子injective (one to one mapping) 单射(内射)inner face 内面inner neighbour set 内(入)邻集integral domain 整环integral subdomain 子整环internal direct sum 内直和intersection 交集intersection of graph 图的交intersection operation 交运算interval 区间invariant factor 不变因子invariant factor ideal 不变因子理想inverse limit 逆向极限inverse morphism 逆态射inverse natural transformation 逆自然变换inverse operation 逆运算inverse relation 逆关系inversion 反演isomorphic category 同构范畴isomorphism 同构态射isomorphism of graph 图的同构join of graph 图的联JJordan algebra Jordan 代数Jordan product (anti-commutator) Jordan乘积(反交换子)Jordan sieve formula Jordan 筛法公式j-skew j-斜元juxtaposition 邻接乘法Kk-chromatic graph k-色图k-connected graph k-连通图k-critical graph k-色临界图k-edge chromatic graph k-边色图k-edge-connected graph k-边连通图k-edge-critical graph k-边临界图kernel 核Kirkman schoolgirl problem Kirkman 女生问题Kuratowski theorem Kuratowski 定理Llabeled graph 有标号图Lah number Lah 数Latin rectangle Latin 矩形Latin square Latin 方lattice 格lattice homomorphism 格同态law 规律leader cuset 陪集头least element 最小元least upper bound 上确界(最小上界)left (right) identity 左(右)单位元left (right) invertible element 左(右)可逆元left (right) module 左(右)模left (right) zero 左(右)零元left (right) zero divisor 左(右)零因子left adjoint functor 左伴随函子left cancellable 左可消的left coset 左陪集length 长度Lie algebra Lie 代数line- group 图的线群logically equivanlent 逻辑等价logically implies 逻辑蕴涵logically valid 逻辑有效的(普效的)loop 环Lucas number Lucas 数Mmagic 幻方many valued proposition logic 多值命题逻辑matching 匹配mathematical structure 数学结构matrix representation 矩阵表示maximal element 极大元maximal ideal 极大理想maximal outerplanar graph 极大外平面图maximal planar graph 极大平面图maximum matching 最大匹配maxterm 极大项(基本析取式)maxterm normal form(conjunctive normal form) 极大项范式(合取范式)McGee graph McGee 图meet 交Menger theorem Menger 定理Meredith graph Meredith 图message word 信息字mini term 极小项minimal κ-connected graph 极小κ-连通图minimal polynomial 极小多项式Minimanoff paradox Minimanoff 悖论minimum distance 最小距离Minkowski sum Minkowski 和minterm (fundamental conjunctive form) 极小项(基本合取式)minterm normal form(disjunctive normal form)极小项范式(析取范式)Möbius function Möbius 函数Möbius ladder Möbius 梯Möbius transform (inversion) Möbius 变换(反演)modal logic 模态逻辑model 模型module homomorphism 模同态(R-同态)modus ponens 分离规则modus tollens 否定后件式module isomorphism 模同构monic morphism 单同态monoid 单元半群monomorphism 单态射morphism (arrow) 态射(箭)Möbius function Möbius 函数Möbius ladder Möbius 梯Möbius transform (inversion) Möbius 变换(反演)multigraph 多重图multinomial coefficient 多项式系数multinomial expansion theorem 多项式展开定理multiple-error-correcting code 纠多错码multiplication principle 乘法原理mutually orthogonal Latin square 相互正交拉丁方Nn-ary operation n-元运算n-ary product n-元积natural deduction system 自然推理系统natural isomorphism 自然同构natural transformation 自然变换neighbour set 邻集next state 下一个状态next state transition function 状态转移函数non-associative algebra 非结合代数non-standard logic 非标准逻辑Norlund formula Norlund 公式normal form 正规形normal model 标准模型normal subgroup (invariant subgroup) 正规子群(不变子群)n-relation n-元关系null object 零对象nullary operation 零元运算Oobject 对象orbit 轨道order 阶order ideal 阶理想Ore condition Ore 条件orientation 定向orthogonal Latin square 正交拉丁方orthogonal layout 正交表outarc 出弧outdegree 出次(出度)outer face 外面outer neighbour 外(出)邻集outerneighbour set 出(外)邻集outerplanar graph 外平面图Ppancycle graph 泛圈图parallelism 平行parallelism class 平行类parity-check code 奇偶校验码parity-check equation 奇偶校验方程parity-check machine 奇偶校验器parity-check matrix 奇偶校验矩阵partial function 偏函数partial ordering (partial relation) 偏序关系partial order relation 偏序关系partial order set (poset) 偏序集partition 划分,分划,分拆partition number of integer 整数的分拆数partition number of set 集合的划分数Pascal formula Pascal 公式path 路perfect code 完全码perfect t-error-correcting code 完全纠-错码perfect graph 完美图permutation 排列(置换)permutation group 置换群permutation with repetation 可重排列Petersen graph Petersen 图p-graph p-图Pierce arrow Pierce 箭pigeonhole principle 鸽子笼原理planar graph (可)平面图plane graph 平面图Pólya theorem Pólya 定理polynomail 多项式polynomial code 多项式码polynomial representation 多项式表示法polynomial ring 多项式环possible world 可能世界power functor 幂函子power of graph 图的幂power set 幂集predicate 谓词prenex normal form 前束范式pre-ordered set 拟序集primary cycle module 准素循环模prime field 素域prime to each other 互素primitive connective 初始联结词primitive element 本原元primitive polynomial 本原多项式principal ideal 主理想principal ideal domain 主理想整环principal of duality 对偶原理principal of redundancy 冗余性原则product 积product category 积范畴product-sum form 积和式proof (deduction) 证明(演绎)proper coloring 正常着色proper factor 真正因子proper filter 真滤子proper subgroup 真子群properly inclusive relation 真包含关系proposition 命题propositional constant 命题常量propositional formula(well-formed formula,wff)命题形式(合式公式)propositional function 命题函数propositional variable 命题变量pullback 拉回(回拖) pushout 推出Qquantification theory 量词理论quantifier 量词quasi order relation 拟序关系quaternion 四元数quotient (difference) algebra 商(差)代数quotient algebra 商代数quotient field (field of fraction) 商域(分式域)quotient group 商群quotient module 商模quotient ring (difference ring , residue ring) 商环(差环,同余类环)quotient set 商集RRamsey graph Ramsey 图Ramsey number Ramsey 数Ramsey theorem Ramsey 定理range 值域rank 秩reconstruction conjecture 重构猜想redundant digits 冗余位reflexive 自反的regular graph 正则图regular representation 正则表示relation matrix 关系矩阵replacement theorem 替换定理representation 表示representation functor 可表示函子restricted proposition form 受限命题形式restriction 限制retraction 收缩Richard paradox Richard 悖论right adjoint functor 右伴随函子right cancellable 右可消的right factor 右因子right zero divison 右零因子ring 环ring of endomorphism 自同态环ring with unity element 有单元的环R-linear independence R-线性无关root field 根域rule of inference 推理规则Russell paradox Russell 悖论Ssatisfiable 可满足的saturated 饱和的scope 辖域section 截口self-complement graph 自补图semantical completeness 语义完全的(弱完全的)semantical consistent 语义相容semigroup 半群separable element 可分元separable extension 可分扩域sequent 矢列式sequential 序列的Sheffer stroke Sheffer 竖(谢弗竖)simple algebraic extension 单代数扩域simple extension 单扩域simple graph 简单图simple proposition (atomic proposition) 简单(原子)命题simple transcental extension 单超越扩域simplication 简化规则slope 斜率small category 小范畴smallest element 最小元(素)Socrates argument Socrates 论断(苏格拉底论断)soundness (validity) theorem 可靠性(有效性)定理spanning subgraph 生成子图spanning tree 生成树spectra of graph 图的谱spetral radius 谱半径splitting field 分裂域standard model 标准模型standard monomil 标准单项式Steiner triple Steiner 三元系大集Stirling number Stirling 数Stirling transform Stirling 变换subalgebra 子代数subcategory 子范畴subdirect product 子直积subdivison of graph 图的细分subfield 子域subformula 子公式subdivision of graph 图的细分subgraph 子图subgroup 子群sub-module 子模subrelation 子关系subring 子环sub-semigroup 子半群subset 子集substitution theorem 代入定理substraction 差集substraction operation 差运算succedent 后件surjection (surjective) 满射switching-network 开关网络Sylvester formula Sylvester公式symmetric 对称的symmetric difference 对称差symmetric graph 对称图symmetric group 对称群syndrome 校验子syntactical completeness 语法完全的(强完全的)Syntactical consistent 语法相容system Ł3 , Łn , Łא0 , Łא系统Ł3 , Łn , Łא0 , Łאsystem L 公理系统 Lsystem Ł公理系统Łsystem L1 公理系统 L1system L2 公理系统 L2system L3 公理系统 L3system L4 公理系统 L4system L5 公理系统 L5system L6 公理系统 L6system Łn 公理系统Łnsystem of modal prepositional logic 模态命题逻辑系统system Pm 系统 Pmsystem S1 公理系统 S1system T (system M) 公理系统 T(系统M)Ttautology 重言式(永真公式)technique of truth table 真值表技术term 项terminal endpoint 终端terminal object 终结对象t-error-correcing BCH code 纠 t -错BCH码theorem (provable formal) 定理(可证公式)thickess 厚度timed sequence 时间序列torsion 扭元torsion module 扭模total chromatic number 全色数total chromatic number conjecture 全色数猜想total coloring 全着色total graph 全图total matrix ring 全方阵环total order set 全序集total permutation 全排列total relation 全关系tournament 竞赛图trace (trail) 迹tranformation group 变换群transcendental element 超越元素transitive 传递的tranverse design 横截设计traveling saleman problem 旅行商问题tree 树triple system 三元系triple-repetition code 三倍重复码trivial graph 平凡图trivial subgroup 平凡子群true in an interpretation 解释真truth table 真值表truth value function 真值函数Turán graph Turán 图Turán theorem Turán 定理Tutte graph Tutte 图Tutte theorem Tutte 定理Tutte-coxeter graph Tutte-coxeter 图UUlam conjecture Ulam 猜想ultrafilter 超滤子ultrapower 超幂ultraproduct 超积unary operation 一元运算unary relation 一元关系underlying graph 基础图undesignated truth value 非特指值undirected graph 无向图union 并(并集)union of graph 图的并union operation 并运算unique factorization 唯一分解unique factorization domain (Gauss domain) 唯一分解整域unique k-colorable graph 唯一k着色unit ideal 单位理想unity element 单元universal 全集universal algebra 泛代数(Ω代数)universal closure 全称闭包universal construction 通用结构universal enveloping algebra 通用包络代数universal generalization 全称推广规则universal quantifier 全称量词universal specification 全称特指规则universal upper bound 泛上界unlabeled graph 无标号图untorsion 无扭模upper (lower) bound 上(下)界useful equivalent 常用等值式useless code 废码字Vvalence 价valuation 赋值Vandermonde formula Vandermonde 公式variery 簇Venn graph Venn 图vertex cover 点覆盖vertex set 点割集vertex transitive graph 点传递图Vizing theorem Vizing 定理Wwalk 通道weakly antisymmetric 弱反对称的weight 重(权)weighted form for Burnside lemma 带权形式的Burnside引理well-formed formula (wff) 合式公式(wff)word 字Zzero divison 零因子zero element (universal lower bound) 零元(泛下界)ZFC (Zermelo-Fraenkel-Cohen) system ZFC系统form)normal(Skolemformnormalprenex-存在正则前束范式(Skolem 正则范式)3-value proposition logic 三值命题逻辑。