下载文档原格式
经贸英语课文翻译一一、国际商务模式（Lesson 1）在进行国际商务活动时，民营企业和政府必须决定如何开展他们的业务，比如使用何种操作模式。
下文展示了一个公司所能采用的各种模式。
商品的出口和进口公司可以出口或进口任何一种商品或服务。
在各种国际商务模式当中，更多的公司选择了出口和进口业务作为他们的主要商务模式。
这种做法尤其适合于较小的公司，尽管他们不大可能像大公司那样从事出口。
（大公司更倾向于采取其他形式从事进口和出口的海外业务。
）商品出口是有形资产——或是说商品——输出到国外的过程；而商品进口则是对国外商品的引进。
由于这些商品输出和输入到一个国家的过程可以被看到，它们有时亦被称作有形出口和有形进口。
“出口”和“进口”这两个术语，通常被用于商品领域而不是服务领域。
当一个中国承包商从中国向美国输出Phantom Menace的人物玩具时，我们说，这个中国承包商是出口商，而Hasbro是进口商。
这个人物玩具对中国来说被出口，对美国来说是被进口。
对大部分国家来说，商品的出口和进口是国际收支的主要来源。
服务的出口和进口服务的出口和进口是非生产性的国际收入。
公司和个人获得国际支付形成了服务出口，而公司和个人进行国际支付则形成了服务进口。
服务的出口和进口有多种形式。
在这一节中，我们将讨论如下收入的来源：●旅游业和运输业●服务的执行●资产的运用旅游业和运输业当卢卡斯电影公司从美国出口电影时，电影将进行国际旅行，或是说卢卡斯电影公司的员工将出国推销电影。
让我们这样说，卢卡斯电影公司将它们的员工和电影通过德国汉莎航空公司输送到德国，然后，这些员工将在德国呆上一段时间。
他们对汉莎航空公司的支付以及在德国的费用对于德国来说是一种服务出口，而对美国来说则是一种服务进口。
国际间的旅游和运输是航空公司、船运公司、旅行社和宾馆的重要收益来源。
一些国家的经济，同样，很大程受到这些经济部门所带来的收益的影响。
例如，在希腊和挪威，大量的就业、利润、和外汇收入就来源于这些国家的公民拥有的船舶所进行的海外货运业务。
（一）1.国际贸易一般指不同国家当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素。
因而比国内贸易要复杂的多。
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves mort factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.2.随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。
因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展，又有益于个人的进步。
With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.3.其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同，承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。
Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.4.国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。
International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. 5.除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国际市场的一种方式。
I 国际商务英语等级考试（初转）汉译英要求对中文词组或句子进行翻译。
要求应试者有相关词汇的积累，表达能力的体现及习惯用语的熟练程度。
单词拼写要求准确，句子要求通顺无误。
共io题，15分。
2.百分之二的佣金3.商品目录4.出口单证5 .目的港6.原产地证书7.包装要求8.供我方参考9.即期信用证10 .品质超群11.工艺精湛12.在中国议付有效13•警告性标志14.装箱单15.业务（贸易）伙伴16.国有公司仃.商品检验18.预约保险单备考单词句子19.剪样20.中国产地证1.现金折扣2•短装3•单价4•续订单5•即期装运6.中国保险条款7.商会8.零售网点9•实盘10.—式三份行•保险代理人12•销售包装13.发货人14.保险凭证15.贴身包装16.出口订货仃.承兑18 .欧洲主要港口19.行名录20.带插图的商品目录21.收货人22.平安险23.账户24.预约保险•26.（资信）证明人27.做工；工艺28.可供数冒29.轻工业产品30.单证31 •小保单32.首次询盘33.数最折扣34.交货条件35.保险费36.拼箱货37.海运38彳亍业杂志39.保兑的、不可撤销的信用证40.现金折扣41.佣金42.发票金额43.运输标志44.分批装运45.装运单据46.已装船通知47.租船48.商业信用49.资信证明人50.战争险1 .我方相信这些预防措施可防止货物再次出现损坏。
We believe that these precautions will be able to prevent a recurrence of damage.2 •我方已通知银行将该笔款项记入你公司账户的贷方。
We have instructed the bank to credit the amount into your account.3.整套清洁已装船提单。
a full set of clean shipped /shipped on board bills of lading4•该商品的报价为每打上海港船上交货价18美元。
1、国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而此国内贸易要复杂得多。
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than, domestic business.2、有形贸易是指将在一国生产或制造的商品，出口或进口到另一国消费或转售。
Visible trade refers to exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in an-other.3、外国直接投资，简称FDI。
投资者通过控制其投资在他国的企业和资产获得回报。
Foreign direct investments of FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.4、国民生产总值指一个经济体凭借其居民拥有的资产和劳动力所生产的货物和服务的市场价值。
GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.5、日本和中国是重要贸易伙伴，两国经济互补，又是一衣带水的近邻。
中日贸易关系对两国都有重要的意义。
With mutually complementary economy, Japan and China are major trade partners, and the two countries are close neighbours separated only by a strip of water. Sino-Japanese relations are therefore of great importance to both countries.6、加拿大和美国有很长的共同边境，而且大部分加拿大居民居住在边境地区。
最新整理国际商务中的常用英语汉译国际商务中的常用英语汉译一、英汉互译：Unit 1Domestic business：国内商务Economic globalization:经济全球化Host country:东道国Intellectual property:知识产权Non-tariff barriers：非关税壁垒国际商务：international business无形贸易：invisible trade国内生产总值：gross domestic products证券投资：portfolio investment“交钥匙”工程：turnkey projectUnit 2National product:国民产值Per capita GDP:人均国内生产总值Durable equipment:耐用设备Staple goods:大路货Creditor country:债权国国民生产总值:Gross National Product（GNP）收入分配：in e distribution经济合作与发展组织：the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD) 基础设施：infrastructure外汇储备：forEign currency reservesUnit 3Customs union:关税同盟Dual-Ministerial Meeting:双部长会议European mission:欧盟委员会Organization of petroleum exporting(OPEC) north: 石油输出国组织American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA):区域经济一体化：regional economic integration自由贸易区：free trade area欧盟：European Union亚太经合组织：Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation(APEC)部长理事会：Council of MinistersUnit 4Board of directors：董事会Day to day running:日常管理The parent MNE:多国公司母公司National economic welfare:国家经济利益The legal jurisdiction:法律管理范围经济全球化：Economic Globalization跨国企业：multinational enterprises股东：shareholder国际经济环境：international economic environment生产设施：manufacturing facilitiesUnit 5self-sufficient:自给自足的farm produce:农产品the endowments of nature:自然禀赋perfect petition:完全竞争output per many-year of labor:人均年产量自然资源分配：the distribution of natural resources 初级产品:the primary modities比较利益论：the theory of parative advantage互利贸易：the mutual beneficial trade资源储备：the reserves of natural resourcesUnit 6Production capability：生产能力Consumption preference：消费偏好Cost advantage：成本优势Large-scale production：大规模生产Tariff barrier：关税壁垒技术创新：technology innovation贸易方式：patterns of trade关税区：customs area自动出口限制：voluntary export restraint名胜古迹：places of historical interestUnit 7International chamber of merce:国际商会Customs clearance:结关EDI:电子数据交换Incoterms:国际贸易属于解释通则Destination port:目的港兼付运费保险费货价：CIF贸易条款：trade terms修改信用证：amendment to the letter of credit 集装箱运输：container transport运费付至：CPTUnit 8Binding obligation:有约束力的义务Trade fair:交易会International trunk call:国际长途The business line:业务范围Force majeure:不可抗力报价：quotation发盘：to make an offer有效期：the validity period付款方式：mode of payment仲裁：arbitrationUnit 9Cross-border contract:进出口合同Clearing system:清算系统；清算制度Leverage: 杠杆作用Trade credit account: 贸易信贷往来账户Centrally planned economy:中央计划经济对销贸易：counter trade实际头寸：net positions双边贸易:bilateral agreement易货贸易： barter垂直合并，纵向组合：vertical bination Unit 10Financial status：财务状况To open account:开立账户Consignment transaction:寄售交易A usance draft:远期汇票Documentary collection:跟单托收汇率浮动变化：exchange rate fluctuation 资信状况：credit status分期付款:periodic payment即期汇票：sight draft付款交单：document against payment(D/P) Unit 11Impassable documents:正确无误单据Correspondent bank:往来行Advising bank：通知行Confirming bank:保兑行Transportation clause:运输条款商业信用证： mercial letter of credit 开证行：the opening bank受益人：the beneficiary转船：transshipment统一惯例：the uniform and practice Unit 12Clean credit：光票信用证Irrevocable credit：不可撤销信用证Sight credit：即期信用证Deferred payment credit：推迟付款信用证Non-transferable credit:不可转让信用证循环信用证：revolving credit保兑信用证：confirmed credit远期信用证：usance credit票面价值：face value资金周转：capital turnoverUnit 13FrEight prepaid:运费预付Prepare documents:缮制单据Consignor:托运人Consular invoice:领事发票Notify party:被通知人收货人：consignee空运提单：airway bill产地证书：certificate of origin运输标记;shipping marks装运港：port of shipmentUnit 14Contract carriers:契约承运人Intermediate product:半成品Inventory :库存Ultimate consumers:最终消费者Natural product province:产品自然领域原始的生产方式：primitive mode of production竞争机制： petition system运输体系：transportation system货物、资本、人员的自由流动：the free movement of goods, capital, and personnel公共承运人： mon carriersUnit 15Time lag:时差Claim on goods:对货物的索赔All risks:一切险，Premium: 保险费Insurer：承保人保证金：margin股票投资：investment in stocks货物保险：cargo insurance外汇储备：foreign exchange services共同基金:the mon poolUnit 16Insurable interest:可保利益Settlement of a claim:理赔Freight forwarder:货运代理行Utmost good faith: 最大诚信原则Valued policies：有价保单代位追偿：subrogation近因原则：the doctrine of proximate cause预约保单：open policy平安险：free from particular average (F.P.A.) 水渍险：with particular average (W.A.)Unit 17Exchange rate:汇率Balance of payment:收支平衡Direct quote:直接标价Buying rate:买入价Financial policies:金融政策金本位制：gold standard平价：par value布雷顿森林会议：the Bretton Woods Conference 间接标价：indirect quote储备货币：reserve currencyUnit 18Financial resources：资金Retained capital:预留资金Grace period:宽限期A specialized mandate:优惠期Direct investment:特殊使命世界资本市场：World capital market借贷成本:the cost of borrowing净收入：net earning产权（股票）投资：equity investment经济结构调整：economic restructuringUnit 19Tax holiday:免税期Greenfield strategy:绿地战略Customer mobility:客户留动Investment returns:投资回报Start from scratch:白手起家合资公司：joint venture并购：acquisition生物遗传学：biogeneties自动出口限制：Voluntary Export Restriction(VER)存货：inventoryUnit 20Secondary capital market:二级资本市场Government stock:政府债券Market maker:股票经营商Standing mittee:常务委员会Underlying securities:基础证券证券交易所：the Stock Exchange(Market)普通股：ordinary share补偿基金： pensation fund金边债券：gilt期权：optionUnit 21Global trade rules:世界贸易规则The reciprocal tariff concession list:互惠关税减让表A uniform tariff system:统一关税体系The optimal use of the resources:资源的最佳利用A provisional treaty:临时条款协商机制：a consultative mechanism双边谈判：bilateral negotiation签约国：the signatory countries充分就业：full employment多边贸易体系：multilateral trade system Unit 22The non-discrimination principle:非歧视原则Escape clause:豁免条款A new economic order:新经济秩序Trade concessions:贸易减让Special drawing rights:特别提款权国际组织：international organizations技术转让：technology transfer商品协议： modity agreement国际货币体系：international monetary system 优惠关税：preferential(customs) tariff。
商务英语课文翻译资料Lesson 1Modes of International Business国际商业模式When pursuing international business, private enterprises and governments have to decide how to carry out their business, such as what mode of operation to use. The following shows that a company has a number of modes from which to choose.在进行国际商务时，民营企业和政府必须决定如何展开他们的业务，比如使用什么操作方式。
下面展示了一个公司的一种选择模式。
MERCHANDISE EXPORTS and IMPORTS商品出口和进口Companies may export or import either goods or services. More companies are involved in exporting and importing than in any other international mode.公司可以出口和进口任何商品或服务。
与其他任何国际模式相比，越来越多的公司参与出口和进口业务。
This is especially true of smaller companies, even though they are less likely than large companies to engage in exporting. ( large companies are also more apt to engage in other forms of foreign operations in addition to exporting and importing. ) merchandise exports are tangible products – goods – sent out of a country ; merchandise imports are goods brought in.这种情况特别适合于较小的公司，尽管他们不太可能像大公司那样从事出口。
商品交换或贸易exchange or trade for goods国外直接投资- foreign direct investment有价证券投资- portfolio investments有效经营effective operation or operate effectively 普通合伙企业- general partnership董事会- board of directors资本摊缴- capital contribution优先股股东- preferred stockholder公司章程- articles of incorporation最终消费者（用户）- ultimate consumer存货控制- inventory control市场分区（分片）- market segment购买动机motivation to purchase采购制度to request bids产品规格product specifications可自由支配收入discretionary income市场总销售total market sales分销渠道channels of distribution促销技巧promotional techniques扩展性的货币政策an expansionary monetary policy 紧缩性的货币政策 a restrictive monetary policy经济萧条economic depression1.to differ from … -to be different from ..Technical know-how differs from technology in a sense技术诀窍在某种意义上不同于技术2.to put emphasis on … -to attach importance to ..The government has put mush emphasis on the exportation of mechanical and electrical products.政府特别重视机械和电气的出口业务3.to be likely to .. –to be possible to ..The present inflation is likely to end up in a few months since the government is taking strong measures to cope with it.目前的通胀很可能在几个月内结束，当政府开始采取强有力的措施应对他4.to be unfamiliar with .. –to be unknown to ..It’s difficult to be a qualified salesman if you are unfamiliar with import and export procedures这很难成为一个合格的推销员，如果你不熟悉进出口手续5.to have impact on .. –to have influence on 对。
InternationalBusinessEnglish国际商务英语（英文版）International Business English国际商务英语Lesson 1 International Business第一课国际商务*International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export, such as business between Hong Kong and Taiwan.*International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. The following are some major differences between the two.1). The countries involved often have different legal systems, and one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law.2). Different counties usually use different currencies and the parties concerned will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards conversion etc. Uncertainties and even risks are often involved in the use of a foreign currency.3).Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behaviour etc. often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in international business.4). Countries vary in natural and economic conditions and may have different policies towards foreign trade and investment, making international business more complex than domestic business.*With the development of economic globalisation, fewpeople or companies can completely stay away from international business. Some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.*International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. This form of trade is also referred to as visible trade. Later a different kind of trade in the form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. gradually became more and more important. This type of trade is called invisible trade. Today, the contribution of service industries of the developed countries constitutes over 60% of their gross domestic products and account for an increasing proportion of world trade. *Another important form of international business is supplying capital by residents of one country to another, known as international investments.Such investments can be classified into two categories. The first kind of investments, foreign direct investments or FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.*The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates, while the country where the headquarters of the investor is located is called the home country. The second kind of investment, portfolio investment, refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit.Stocks are also called capital stocks or bonds. Bonds are papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest. Thematurity period of a bond is at least one year, often longer, for example five, or even ten years. Certificates of deposit generally involve large amounts, say 25 thousand US dollars *Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market. In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks, brand names, patents, copyrights or technology. Firms choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royaltyBesides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country. However it is not advisable to use licensing in countries with weak intellectual property protection since the licensor may have difficulty in enforcing licensing agreement.*Franchising can be regarded as a special form of licensing. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.*The franchiser can develop internationally and gain access to useful information about the local market with little risk and cost, and the franchisee can easily get into a business with established products or services. Franchising is fairly popular especially in hotel and restaurant business.*Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.*Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flatpayment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. Sometimes bonuses based on profitability or sales growth are also specified in management contracts.Government policies often have a lot to do with management contracts. When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts may be a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets *By contract manufacturing, a firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain, e.g. marketing, while contracting with foreign companies for the manufacture of their products. Such firms can reduce the amount of their resources devoted to manufacture and benefit from location advantages from production in host countries. However, loss of control over the production process may give rise to problems in respect of quality and time of delivery.*For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. Such projects are often large and complex and take a long period to complete. Payment for a turnkey project may be made at fixed total price or on a cost plus basis. The latter way of payment shifts the burden of possibleadditional cost over the original budget onto the purchaser *BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for Build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project, a firm operate a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project. Needless to say, the contractor has to bear the financial and other risks that may occur in the period of operation.*Some Words and Expressionscustoms area 关税区in compliance with 遵从，遵照conversion n.货币兑换visible trade 有形贸易resale n.转售invisible trade 无形贸易gross domestic product 国内生产总值for short 缩写为account for 占……比例headquarters n.总部trap n.陷阱，圈套portfolio investment 证券投资stocks n.股票bonds n.债券maturity n.（票据等）到期，到期日certificate of deposit 大额存单other than 而不是licensing n.许可经营franchising n.特许经营n.商标advisable adj.可行的，适当的patent n.专利royalty n.专利使用费，许可使用费，版税copyright n.版权licensor n.给予许可的人licensee n.接受许可的人franchiser n.给予特许的人franchisee n.接受特许的人logo n.标识，标记management contract 管理合同expertise n.专门知识bonus n.红利，奖金，津贴flat adj.一律的，无变动的contract manufacturing 承包生产value chain 价值链turnkey project 交钥匙工程BOT(Build, Operate, Transfer）建设，经营，移交Stand for 表示，代表variant n.变形，变体Lesson twoIncome Level and the World Market第二课收入水平和世界市场This lesson discusses the relation between the income level and the market potential, and the features of high income, middle income and low income markets.Special analyses are made on Triad, i.e. the markets of North America, European Union and Japan, as well as other markets that are closely related with China.The first two paragraphs mainly deal with GNP and GDP, two important concepts usedto indicate the total size of an economy. GDP, Gross Domestic Product, stresses the place of production while GNP, Gross National Product, on the ownership of production factors.GDP is used by most countries now where as GNP was morepopular before the 1990s. The actual figures of a country’s GNP and GDP are, however, quite similar in most cases and we can use whichever figure that is available.TEXT:In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents. The concepts national income and national product have roughly the same value and can be used interchangeably if our interest is in their sum total which is measured as the market value of the total output of goods and services of an economy in a given period, usually a year. The differenceis only in their emphasis. The former stresses the income generated by turning out the products while the latter, the value of the product s themselves. Gross National Product, GNP, and Gross Domestic Product, GDP, are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s total income. GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. This term was used by most governments before the 1990s国民生产总值(GNP)是最重要的宏观经济指标,它是指一个国家地区的国民经济在一定时期（一般1年）内以货币表现的全部最终产品（含货物和服务）价值的总和。
国际贸易和国内贸易在法制体系、货币。
···有所不同International business and domestic business are quite different in legal systems, currency ,cultural background and natural and economic conditions.随着经济全球化的发展、···比例也逐渐增大。
With the development of economic globalization,invisible trade accounts for an increasing proportion of the world trade even in the developing countries.BOT···的变通形式BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project.国际许可即一家公司···版权或技术In international licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks, brand names,patents,copyrights or technology.国际商务比国内商务···更加复杂International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.国民生产总值和国内生产总值体现了···互换使用GNP and GDP indicate a country’s total income. They can be used interchangeably to measure the level of its national income.商界人士非常关心···大路货为主Business people are concerned about the income distribution of a market, because they have to major on producing lower-priced staple goods if it is in a lower-income country.GNP 与GDP的区别在于：前者···后者···The difference between GNP and GDP is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place要评估一国····人均收入In assessing the potential of a country as a market, people often look at per capita income.欧盟```实体，····1952年The European Union is a full-fledged entity. Its history dates back to 1952.共同市场具有···特点The common market is characterized by the free flow of capital and technology besides goods, services and labors.各国推行自由贸易···的益处Countries liberalize trade in order to better enjoy the benefit of regional economic integration.经济全球化···相互影响Economic globalization is giving new impetus and opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile marking the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive.经济全球化使得···不利事件的伤害Economic globalization is making the various economies more vulnerable to the adverse event across the globe.安全对任何一个跨国企业····便无法保证Security is extremely important to any MNE because without it , an MNE’s survival can be assured.广阔的地域分布····很大的选择范围Wide geographical spread of MNEs enables them to have a wide range of options in terms of decision in areas such as souring and pricing.比较利益理论```的基石The theory of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of moder thinking on international trade.实际上，某个国家生产任何产品都不具有···并不罕见In reality ,it is not rare that one country has no absolute advantage in any commodity利用比较效益···提高效益Trade to exploit comparative advantage promotes efficiency among countries.关税壁垒是···的形式Tariff barriers are the most common form of trade restriction.有些在很大程度上···发展旅游业。
1、国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的8、尽管内部存在矛盾，外部有来自非欧佩克The advantage of trade are based on thetheory of comparative advantage, where 交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而此国内贸易产油国的竞争，但欧佩克这个占世界产油量each country 要复杂得多。
produces a particular 40%的组织对油价的影响是世界各国无法忽product more efficiently than another.to International business refers 视的。
from Despite internal contradictions partiesand Ideally, each country transactionfocuses betweenre-sourcesdifferent countries. It involves more cornpetition from non-OPEC oil producing on producing its specialty, and thenfactors and thus is more complicated than, countries, the influence on oil prices by trades with one an-other. domestic business.OPEC that accounts for 40% of the global 14、总的来说，国际专门化理论寻求回答的oil production is 2、有形贸易是指将在一国生产或制造的商something the world 是哪些国家将生产什么产品，以及采用什么cannot afford to neglect.样的贸易结构。
第三课地区经济一体化REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION The past decades witnessed growing importance of regional economic integration. To better enjoy the benefit of tree flow of goods, services, capital, labour and other resources, countries have signed various agreements to liberalize trade among themselves while possibly putting up barriers to economic activities with non-members.过去几十年，地区经济一体化的作用越来越重要。
为了更好地分享商品，服务、劳动力以及其他资源自由流动带来的好处，各国签署了各种协议，促进成员国贸易自由化。
与此同时很可能设置和非成员国间经贸活动的壁垒。
Regional economic integration falls under four types given below in the order from least to most integrative:按照一体化程度的高低，地区经济一体化有以下四种形式The first and loosest form is the free trade area. Members of a free trade area removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders (non-members). In other words different members may have different tariff rates or quota restrictions. Consequently, non-member countries may take advantage of this situation and try to enter the market of the area from the member country with the lowest barrier before selling the goods to a member with a higher barrier. The most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the largest free market formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991 with over 360 million consumers and a total GDP of more than 6 trillion US dollars.第一种形式是自由贸易区，一体化程度最低。
Unit24In order to support and facilitate international business, companies and governments have developed services, such as establishment of bank credit agreements, make remittance settlement arrangements and international postal agreements conclusion, in order to ensure the smoothly development and expansion of international business5Under the pressure of foreign competition, in order to maintain competitiveness, to seek survival and development, the company will have to expand its business into the international market, respond quickly to many foreign sales opportunities, and actively expand the international business activitiesUnit31、许多国家和地区工农业生产的巨大增长Many countries and regions in the tremendous growth of industrial and agricultural production2、导致工业国对食品和原材料的需求迅速增长In industrial countries on food and raw materials to the rapid growth of demand3、增至十五倍的工业品进口量Increased to fifteen times of industrial products imports4、对发展中国家农业出口产品需求的剧烈增长On developing agricultural export product demand sharp growth5、对棉花和天然橡胶等原材料需求的减少On cotton and natural rubber and other raw materials to reduce the demand6、合成代用品生产的发展及其产量的增加Synthetic substitutes for production development and yield increase7、有助于发展中国家的工业发展和经济增长Contribute to developing industrial development and economic growth8、国际贸易对各国经济发展重要的有益作用International trade on the economic development of various countries important beneficial effect9、有助于欠发达国家制造业和制成品生产的发展Contribute to the less developed country manufacturing industry and the development of the production of manufactured goods10、刺激和促进发达与发展中国家间资本的流动To stimulate and promote the flow of capital between the developed and developing countries11、新技术和新的管理技能的传送手段New technologies and new management skills transfer means12、从国际贸易获得巨大好处的欠发达国家From international trade have great benefits for the less developed countries13、国际贸易与长期经济发展之间的关系International Trade and economic development of the relationship between14、以更快的速度从发达国家吸引先进技术Faster speed in order to attract advanced technology from developed countries1、The emergenceof international trade and development, promote the process of reproduction and the normal operation to expand ceaselessly, improve the level of productivity, and promote the internationalization of production and capital internationalization, and improve other aspects of economic development2、凯恩斯及其追随者着重Keynes and his followers to focus on export of employment and income effects, they think the trade surplus could expand the means of payment, interest rates low, stimulate the price rise, increase investment, which contribute to the domestic crisis of relaxation and expansion of employment3、发展Some economists think, international trade is arisen with development, can make commodity market to expand, thereby promoting technological progress and production process improvement, promoting yield increase, and make the investment structure changes, so as to promote the development of the national economy4、发展中国家发展对外贸易导致外汇收资本、促进它们的技术进步中起着重要的作用In developing foreign trade in foreign exchange income increases in foreign countries and the introduction of advanced technology, which make the national capital, promote their technological progress plays an important role in5、Over the years, in the absorption of foreign capital, China to develop foreign trade, large imports of sophisticated equipment and advanced technology, a large number of export all kinds of industrial and agricultural products, effectively promoted the economic development and the socialism modernization国际贸易给各国经济带来了巨大的利益。
翻译1) 国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries , it involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business .2) 随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国防商务之外而存在。
因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。
With the development of economic globalization , few people or companies can completely stay away from international business .Some knowledge in this respect is necessary for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement .3) 其它参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同，承包生产和交钥匙工程。
Other forms for participating in international business are management contract , contract manufacturing , and turnkey project .4) 国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售International business first took the form of commodity trade , i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another .5) 除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时是进入国外市场的一种方式Besides trade and investment , international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a mean of entering a foreign market .6) 国展生产总值和国内生产总值是表明一国收入的两处重要概念，区别在于前者强调的是生产要素的所属权而后者着重于进行生产的国家。
GNP(gross national product ) and GDP (gross domestic product ) are two important concepts used to indicate a country‘s total income . GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.7) 要估评某一市场的潜力，人们往往要分析其收入水平，因为它为那里居民的购买力高低提供了线索。
In assessing the potential of a country as a market , people often look at per captia income8) 世界各国被世界银行分为三大领域：高收入国家，中等收入国家和低收入国家Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of high-income , middle –income , and low-income economies .9) 中国现在的年人均收入为1100美元以上，但几年前它还是个低收入的国家。
China with a per capita income of over $ 1100 is a middle-income country though it was a low income country just a few years ago .10) 就中国来说，周围还有其他应特别关注的市场，如亚洲四小虎，东盟国家，俄罗斯等国，这些国家都具有前景看好的市场潜力，能为中国提供很好的商机。
So far as China is concerned , other markets we should pay particular attention to are thouse around us : the Four Tigers , the ASEAN countries , Russia etc . Those countries have very promising market potential and can offer good business opportunities to China .11) 过去的几十年，地区经济一体化越来越重要。
The past decades witnessed increasing growing importance of regional economic integration.12) 最著名的自由贸易区是北美自由贸易区，它是由美国，加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。
The most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) , it formed by the United States , Canada and Mexico in 1991 .13) 经济联盟的成员国不仅要在税收，政府开支，企业策略等方面保持一致，而且还应使用同一的货币。
The members of an Economic Union are required not only to harmonize their taxation , government expenditure , industry policies , etc , but also use the same currency .14) 欧洲委员会是欧盟的管理机构之一，此机构将提议呈交给部长理事会做决定，并监督各成员国根椐所制定的条约履行自己的义务。
The European commission is one of management body , it submit the proposal to the council of Ministers for approval , and also supervise its member countries to do its duty according to the agreements .15) APEC建立于澳大利亚首都堪培拉召开的一次部长级会议上。
当时有12位成员国出席，分别为澳大利亚，美国，加拿大，日本，朝鲜，新西兰，和东盟六国。
APEC was set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in the Australian capital Canberra attended by 12 members of Australia , the United States , Canada , Japan , Republic of Korea , New Zealand and six ASAN countries .16) 经济全球化为世界经济发展提供了新的动力和机会，同时也使各经济体更加相互依赖，相互影响。
Economic globalization is giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive.17) 跨国公司是在一个以上国家拥有，控制和经营资产的商业组织。
Multinational enterprise is a business organization which owns , controls and manages assets in more that one country .18) 许多人欢呼经济全球化带来的好处，但同时也有强烈的反对声音While many people are acclaiming the benefits brought about by economic globalization , there are also loud voices opposition .19) 跨国公司的内部交换占整个国际贸易是一个很大的比例。
Intra-MNE transactions which constitute a very significant proportion of total international trade .20) 尽管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨国企业的子公司，但重要决策，如有关公司目标和新投资等都由母公司来决定。
Although the day-to day running of corporate operations maybe decentralized to the affiliates , the major decisions ,such as those on corporate goals , new investment are made by the parent company .21) 无论人们是否喜欢，经济全球化已成为世界经济发展中的一个客观趋势。
But like it or not , the economic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic development .22) 在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。
In the complex economic world , no country can be completely self-sufficient .23) 随着制造和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。
