(完整版)季佩英研究生学术英语课文全文翻译

Unit3 美国人的酷爱1 我父亲是别克人。

在经济大萧条以前，他本是史达兹人。

然而，就像成千上万经济状况处于上升阶段的有车族一样，那场可悲的经济逆转使他们非得调整对汽车的胃口不可。

到他死的时候，他开过的那些别克轿车就不只是普通意义上的交通工具了，而且将父亲定位于这样的社会阶层——比庞蒂亚克人富有，但比不上克迪拉克人。

拥有别克轿车让人一看便知父亲的社会地位。

与别克人相当的还有福特人和克莱斯勒人。

2 我们美国人与汽车的特殊缘分，其坚实的基础就在于对一种轿车品牌的忠诚，这种忠诚因其来之不易而倍受珍惜。

·这就是爱吗?也许用词过分，可美国人对这些机器的尊重甚过所有其他机器——不仅将它们视为20世纪雕塑大观中的标志，而且还将它们视为社会的护身符。

我记忆中的第一辆别克车是一辆闪闪发亮的黑色轿车，椅子的衬垫是厚厚的马海毛，离合器拉杆是新式的。

我父亲爱吹嘘说这辆车一小时能跑120英里。

一想到这样的速度就会令男人们兴奋不已。

我照着家里的菲尔可牌收音机盒里播出的格林，霍利特驾驶的那个神秘机器的名字，给这头漂亮的牲口取了个名副其实的绰号——黑美驹。

3 20世纪中，电话、电视或者个人电脑，这一切都使人类环境发生了巨大变化。

然而，与电话、电视、电脑不同的是，汽车却享有人格化的地位。

有些汽车可以成为家庭成员，机械宠物。

我们给汽车起名字，在自己家的车道上精心打扮汽车，在汽车不能满足我们的需要时诅咒它们。

在折旧换新之时为旧车的离去而悲哀。

4 人们对汽车的热爱让环境保护者、安全为重的倡导者以及社会工程师们感到不安。

他们认为通往人间天堂的道路应该到处都铺设公交运输所必备的发亮轨道。

他们想象着我们加入未来拥挤不堪的自行车行列，而不是像一位激动不已的评论家所预见的那样，坐在“傲慢的双轮马车”方向盘后。

这种态度不是现在才有的。

首先是铁路，接着是汽车造成的人口流动早已使得守旧的特权阶层感到不安。

在战场上有过辉煌，但却以鄙视下层民众而出名的威林顿公爵在150年前就曾反对英国发展铁路，这是因为火车只会怂恿普通人毫无意义地到处走动。

Unit4 无子女家庭：亘古生息的反叛1二十好几的凯茜、韦恩夫妇结婚已有五年之久，膝下犹虚。

上次凯茜娘家有一个人问：“你们打算什么时候要孩子?”她答道：“我们就是孩子!”2凯茜与韦恩属于一代人数日益增长、决定不要孩子的年轻已婚夫妇群体。

最近一项调查显示在过去的五年中，年龄在25至29岁之间妇女不愿生养的百分比几乎翻了一番，在18至24岁的已婚妇女中几乎增至三倍。

在这个似乎大胆反抗生物性和社会性的决定后面隐藏着什么原因呢?3或许最能公开坦陈心曲的无子女夫妇是《婴儿陷阱》一书的作者：埃伦，派克，其夫威廉，一位广告总经理兼全国不生养夫妇协会主席。

派克夫妇认为他们和协会均无意反对生儿育女，不过是反对迫使人们传宗接代的社会压力，它无视人们是否殷切盼望和真的需要孩子或者根本不好此道。

4“这是一种生活方式的选择，”埃伦说，“我们选择自由和自愿，清净和闲暇。

这也是一个朝哪个方向付出努力的问题——在你自己的小家庭之内或在一个大的社团之中。

这一代人面临有关地球生命延续的严重问题以及生命质量的问题。

我们的孙男孙女也许将购票去观赏最后一批红松林或排队去获取氧气配给。

有人抱怨在回家见五个孩子的途中被交通堵塞困住好几个小时，但是他们不能将孩子与交通堵塞联系起来。

在一个受到人口过剩一系列后果威胁的世界上，我们正在参与一项事业使膝下无子的生活模式为社会所接受并受世人尊重。

太多的孩子作为一种文化强制的后果而呱呱坠地，离婚和虐待儿童的相关统计充分揭露了这一结果。

”5埃伦的丈夫补充说：“每位朋友、亲戚、同事不停地给你施加压力，劝你要孩子，说什么‘发现你生活中失去的东西’。

好多好多人很晚才发现，所谓他们失去的东西其实是他们完全不适合做的事情。

”6埃伦还说：“从抱第一个洋娃娃开始，大到欣赏电视肥皂剧，成年后参加鸡尾酒会，无形之中，总有一种压力要你为人父母。

但是让我们来看看养育失败的比率吧，或许天下父母应该视为像当医生一样的专门职业。

有些人擅长此道，他们应当生养孩子；有些人一窍不通，他们应该认为他们还有其他的选择。

Presenting a Speech如何发表演说Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experiences, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to thinking itself. Contrary to popular belief, language does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality by giving meaning to events.在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。

通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。

确实，语言对于思想本身至关重要。

和流行的信仰不同的是：语言并不是简单地反映事实，而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。

Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meanings of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly, vividly, and appropriately.优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。

Presenting a speech（做演讲)Of all human creations，language may be the most remarkable。

Through language we share experience，formulate values，exchange ideas, transmit knowledge，and sustain culture。

Indeed，language is vital to think itself。

Contrary to popular belief]，language ｜does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality ［by giving meaning to events］。

在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的.我们用语言来分享经验，传递价值观,交流思想，传播知识,传承文化。

事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。

和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。

——语序的调整。

Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works。

Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft。

They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession。

As a speaker，you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately，clearly，vividly，and appropriately。

Unit1 从能力到责任[全文翻译]1 当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。

他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。

年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。

处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。

一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。

一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。

2 最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。

尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。

一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。

”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。

在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合?3毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。

美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。

那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。

所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。

设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难?4核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。

5 类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。

TEXT A 从柏柏尔人到巴赫的全球化路径作为一个专业大提琴家，在过去30年，我在这条道上花了相当于两个完整的十年来学习和表演音乐传统和文化。

我的旅行使我相信，在我们的全球化世界中，文化传统形成了以身份，社会稳定和相互帮助为主的重要框架。

一个快速变化的世界必然会让我们造成文化上的不安全感，使人们质疑自己的地位。

全球化常常让我们适应别人的规则，这似乎威胁了个人的身份。

这自然使我们紧张，因为这些规则要求我们改变我们的历史悠久的习惯。

因此，对于今天的全球化领导者的关键问题是：习惯和文化该如何演变来加入一个更大的星球，同时不牺牲独特的身份和个人的自豪感？我的音乐之旅提醒我，全球化带来的互动不仅仅是破坏文化，他们可以创造新的文化，振兴和传播已经存在多年的传统。

它与生态术语“边缘效应”不同，后者用于描述当两个不同的生态系统相遇例如森林和大草原时会发生什么。

在那个界面上，密度最小的地方生命形式最多样化，每个生物都可以在两个生态系统的核心中找到。

有时候最有趣的事情发生在边缘。

在交叉处有着令人意外的组成。

文化这块织布是由世界各个角落的人汇聚而成的。

发现世界的一种方法是深入挖掘它的传统。

例如，在音乐方面，任何大提琴手的核心是巴赫的《无伴奏大提琴组曲》。

而其中每个组曲的心脏是一个称为萨拉班德舞的舞蹈。

这个舞蹈起源于北非柏柏尔人的音乐，那里是一个缓慢，性感的舞蹈。

它下一次出现在西班牙，在那里被禁止，因为它被认为猥亵和淫荡。

西班牙人把它带到美洲，但它也前往法国，在那里它成为一个戏剧性的舞蹈。

在1720年代，巴赫将其合并到《无伴奏大提琴组曲》中。

今天，我，一个中国人在巴黎生的美国人，也在玩巴赫。

那么，谁真正拥有萨拉班德舞？每个文化都包含着音乐，并赋予其特定的意义，但每个文化必须共享所有权：它属于我们所有。

1998年，我成立了丝绸之路项目，研究数千年来地中海与太平洋之间许多文化之间的思想流动。

当丝绸之路合奏团演出时，我们试图将大部分世界的文化带到一个舞台上。

《学术英语综合》季佩英版课文翻译感谢看不见的手感谢全能的上帝是感恩节的主题，自从清教徒带来了他们的第一批丰收的朝圣者...直到今天，在全国数以百万计的家庭中，上帝会感谢许多礼物、餐桌上的盛宴和亲属的陪伴、健康和好运，在过去的一年里，和平的家庭，生来或成为美国人获得了无数特权。

但这可能不会发生，因为我们太感谢了。

本周当地超市有很多火鸡出售。

尽管不虔诚地感谢上帝的飞行安排，一些亲戚还是飞回家过感恩节。

或者让当地电影院掌握周末时间和(电影名称)的到来。

或者报纸上蓝莓苹果派食谱的食物部分。

这些事情我们或多或少都认为是理所当然的这几乎不需要奇迹来解释为什么感恩节前杂货店的存货是火鸡存货，或者为什么好莱坞电影在假期上映。

这就是他们所做的然而，上帝在哪里呢？在你的感恩节周末里，没有什么是美妙的——几乎无法解释的——对许多陌生人来说，技能和劳动是可能的火鸡餐桌，例如，家禽饲养者饲养的鸟，需要成千上万的人努力工作，当然，也为卡车司机提供营养和饲料经销商，卡车司机把它带到农场，更不用说由建筑师设计的孵化场，建造它的工人，以及保持它运转的技术人员这只鸟已经被宰杀、拔毛，运输和卸载袋的价格也已经被检查和展示完成这些任务的人是由其他人的军队完成的，其他人完成了其他任务——从提炼汽油、加油车到制作塑料肉包。

无数的活动在结婚几个月后，远方的男人和女人必须精心设计和精确计时，这样才能有一种或多种可能，有几十种可能等着你去买新鲜的感恩节火鸡。

协调的程度，关闭它的需要令人难以置信。

但是更不可思议的是没有协调没有哪个火鸡沙皇坐在指挥所里，查阅主人的程序。

命令人们四处走动没有人能驾驭所有的人，迫使他们为了你的利益而合作。

然而，他们合作了当你到达超市时，那里有四只火鸡你不需要做任何事情，但是如果你买了它，这是一个奇迹。

我们应该叫它什么？亚当·斯密称之为“看不见的手”，这导致了无数为自己的利益而工作的人的神秘力量，他们为达到目的而努力，并从中受益匪浅。

Presenting a speech（做演讲）Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。

我们用语言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit 来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. 传承文化。

事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。

[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality butalso helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events]. 和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。

——语序的调整。

Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately,clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。

Unit 4 环境Text A The Green Movement at 50: What Next?环保的当今时代是约半个世纪之久。

那段时间意识不断壮大，我们所面临的挑战知识增加，而重要的实践已经取得了进展，例如在一些减少各种污染，并在建立保护区。

我们是，但是，仍然由协调人什么我们的星球能提供可持续的要求很远。

人与自然之间的不平衡的后果是出现在改变地球的气候，动物和植物的势头，并在关键的资源，包括野生鱼类资源，淡水和土壤的枯竭的大灭绝。

而这些环境压力不是一成不变的。

他们不断升级，随着我国人口的增长和国家继续为更多的经济增长的不懈追求。

如果我们要避免这些趋势的最严重后果则毫无疑问是较为迅速的进展将需要比迄今取得的，但我们在这里应该关注我们的努力？什么可能是在未来的半个世纪行动的优先领域？这让我感到眼前的主要挑战主要不是相对于良好的信息，更好的技术和良好的政策思路。

这些东西是至关重要的当然的，但所有这些东西都已经可用。

我们知道如何让清洁电力，节约资源，培育生物多样性。

我们知道如何规范污染，防止损坏的生态系统，如果我们想。

我们有这些能力的事实是不够的。

如果我们继续前进的决定性方式的争论它需要被重新定义。

我们需要从“做正确的事'上移动，谈到风险管理，促进抗灾能力。

要查看关爱地球的自然系统为某种道德选择的是完全误解了危机，我们都在这个挑战是关于人类社会的未来，而不是一些可选的慈善事业，我们可以留给慈善事业慷慨解囊，做社会改良。

嵌入了使我们从保护自然的人们保护自然为人们的叙述是这样的重新规划的重要组成部分。

我们正处在一个时期的后果，世界必须知道，健康的本质不是一些可选的精密而是一组不可缺少的物质资产。

如果这样的叙述是为了获得实际效果再想找性质后必须立即被看作不仅是一个环境的挑战，也是一个经济问题。

只要我们继续滑向两个方向行进，一方面是促进环保目标的同时，对其他直接矛盾与措施，以实现更多的经济增长，我们不再将无法取得真正的进展。

翻译，U1U1A 感谢看不见‎的手感谢全能的‎上帝是感恩‎节的主题，并自清教徒‎带来在他们‎的第一个丰‎收的朝圣者‎…直到今天，在全国各地‎的数以百万‎计的家庭，上帝会感谢‎许多礼物，桌上的盛宴‎和亲人的公‎司，健康和好运‎，在过去的一‎年，和平时期的‎家庭，为无数特权‎出生或成为‎-美国人。

但这可能不‎会发生在我‎们太多的感‎谢的事实，本周当地超‎市有大量的‎火鸡出售。

即使不虔诚‎感谢上帝的‎航班安排，使得某些亲‎人飞回家过‎感恩节。

或为当地的‎电影院在周‎末的时间掌‎握和（电影名）到来。

或者是报纸‎上伟大的越‎橘苹果派食‎谱的食品部‎分。

这些东西我‎们采取更多‎或更少的理‎所当然。

这几乎不需‎要一个奇迹‎来解释为什‎么杂货店的‎股票在感恩‎节前火鸡的‎股票，或者为什么‎好莱坞电影‎在大假期的‎时间释放。

这就是他们‎所做的。

上帝在哪里‎，然而，在那里，没有什么奇‎妙的东西-几乎是无法‎解释的-在你的感恩‎节周末的方‎式是可能的‎技能和劳动‎力的大量的‎陌生人把火鸡的餐‎桌，例如，需要成千上‎万的人努力‎的家禽农户‎养的鸟，当然，也提供营养‎，谁把它带到‎农场的卡车‎司机的饲料‎经销商，更不用说建‎筑师设计的‎孵化场，工人建造它‎，并保持它的‎运行技术人‎员。

这只鸟已经‎被宰杀、拔毛和检查‎运输和卸载‎包售价并显‎示。

完成这些任‎务的人是由‎其他人的军‎队来完成的‎，其他人完成‎了其他的任‎务--从精炼的汽‎油，燃料的卡车‎，制造塑料的‎肉类包装。

无数的活动‎遥远的男人‎和女人经过‎结婚几个月‎必须精心设‎计和精确定‎时，使v'nen结果‎你买新鲜的‎感恩节火鸡‎，会有一个或‎更多的可能‎，几十个等待‎。

协调水平，需要把它关‎闭是令人难‎以置信的。

但更令人难‎以置信的是‎：没有一个协‎调。

没有火鸡沙‎皇坐在指挥‎所的地方，咨询硕士计‎划。

发号施令。

没有人骑着‎所有的人，迫使他们合‎作，为你的利益‎。

New winds blowing in applied mathematicsPhilip J.DavisHow would you complete this sentence:”this is the age of...”Every generation of writers has filled in the dots not only for their own age,but for selected past ages.In1947,the poet W.H.Auden wrote that his was“the age of anxiety”.Around1970,song writers,pulling on astrological beliefs,called it“The age of Aquarius,”an age of love and human kindness.More recently,psychiatrist Daniel Freeman wrote that this is“The age of Paranoia”with distrust and optical surveillance everywhere.We answer according to our experiences.I would fill in the dots by saying that this is the age of computers,or more sharply,the age of mathematizaions.The computer is the prime and driving mechanism of the age and in all computer applications there resides some sort of mathematical construction.It is an age when applied mathematizations affect us all, for good,for bad,for somewhere in between,and these effects may not develop or become apparent for some while.Mathematics is now so universally employed that its teaching cannot be encompassed in one department.CAD/CAM(computer aided design/manufacture)is now in dentistry.Does the dentistry development require engineering talent?Should its techniques be taught in an engineering department?One can truly wonder what courses should comprise the basic training for the applied mathematician or computer scientist.I have spent a good fraction of my professional life in what might be termed“a traditional department of applied mathematics”.by“traditional”I mean a department that stresses the mathematics that models physical phenomena,or to a lesser extent, that models social phenomena via statistics.The word“traditional”cal also be explicated by noting the specific courses that are given in such a department.In my department at Brown University,for example,there are graduate courses in biophysical models,genomics,operations research,statistical inference,dynamical systems,and fluids.This represents a change from a half century ago,when my department was a renowned research center for solid mechanics:elasticity,plasticity, rheology,etc.The word“traditional”can also be explicated by the well-known paradigmatics sequence:Description-prediction-comparison-re tinkering the description.But there is now another type of applied mathematics whose paradigm is:Prescription-adoption-surveillance and societal evaluation-re prescription.Here are a few simple examples of prescriptive mathematics that extend from single numbers to exceedingly complex systems:The speed limit on a highway.The mandatory retirement age for particular occupations.The scoring system for football.An algorithm for determining the“pecking order”of colleges.The old”point system”for determining the quality of a mortgage application.The presidential electoral system in the USAA national tax systemNational and international financial system.This list could go on and on.Society may adopted a mathematical prescription,but its acceptance is more provisional or tentative than,e.g.,Newtonian mechanics.There is yet another kind of mathematics by prescription that derives from human behavior and that is the product of a large cadre of professional s whom the journalist and investigative reporter Stephen Baker ha termed“the Numerati”.who are“the Numerati”?A secret society?No,they are mathematicians,computer scientists,engineers,physicists,economists,biologists,psychologists,linguists and data miners.In fact,anyone who consciously devises or uses algorithms that extract patterns from the behavior of individuals,individual or collective,whose uses then have a direct impact on their personal lives.Admittedly,this is rather vague,but is will clarity a bit as I go on and mention a few of the many examples that Baker gives:A name identifying company using linguistic analysis can tell you whether Mr. Chang is the same fellow as Mr.Tchang,or even Mr.Tchung.A company keeps shopping and lifestyle data of some200million Americans. The company buys just about every bit of data about us that is cold,and then sells selections of it.Another company quietly amasses court rulings,tax and real estate transactions, birth and death notices so as to enhance,among other things,law and child support enforcement,public safety and health care.Yet another company divides the electorate into10groups with characteristic voting patterns so as to help political parties get the swing voters onto their bandwagon.Some of these compilation and analyses,even now,go on silently andautomatically.We are typecast as we sit innocently before our screen and surf of when we use a credit card to buy our weekly groceries.The products of the Numerati can run from socially benign and useful to worrisome to scary.The principal worry is the loss of personal privacy.What formal mathematical knowledge is required to install such mathematizations?If can be anything from the very simple to the very advanced. Technically speaking,what goes on here is part of field of learning/computational statistics,a very hot area in applied mathematics,and computer science.The useful formal training would include:linear algebra,mulch-variable calculus,optimization, probability,statistics,on the mathematics side.On the CS side,it would include algorithms and database theory.Specialized knowledge of the particular domain is of course necessary.In a sense,all applications of math are ultimately prescriptive,but I’m concerned here with mathematics that,once prescribed,creates a brand-new milieu as opposed to mathematics that describes or models an existing often physical milieu.In a perceptive1946article,the French polymath Paul Valery,pointed out that with Volta’s1800discovery of the electric current and invention of the battery, science entered a new phase wherein it created and described absolutely new phenomena as opposed to phenomena that pre-existed.By the same token,applied mathematics which has hitherto been concerned with pre-existing phenomena,is now, via the work of the Numerati,creating new(and largely social)phenomena,this adds fuel to the social constructivist view of mathematics as explicated by Paul Ernest in his many works.Over the years,i may very well have trained students is applied mathematics who have happily,productively and lucratively,entered the ranks of the Numerati. There are fortunes to be made in the numerocratic domains and the young people are aware of it.the low-hanging fruit in engineering may now have all been plucked.To go froward with schemes,e.g.creating sufficient quantities of clean energy may be difficult whereas creating successful new data-mining applications is comparatively easy.And we must deal with its consequences,many of which will be unintended.Mathematics is a very adaptable,very universally applicable language and for this reason it should be invoked with caution.Part of mathematical education of the future should be to inculcate caution lest we fall into the complaint of Caliban:”You have given me language,and my profit on’t is I know how to curse.”（1136words)应用数学的新风Philip J.Davis你将如何完成这句话:“这是一个……时代”每一个时代的作家都在省略号处填上不不同的内容，不仅仅是他们自己的年龄。

Einstein's Painful RomanceWalter SullivanThe story of an anguished love affair between Albert Einstein and the woman who would later become his first wife has emerged in newly disclosed correspondence between them.新近披露的艾伯特·爱因斯坦与意中人<此人后来成为他的元配>之间的来往信件,向人们展示了这对情侣饱含辛酸的爱情经历.Many of the letters describe the love between the young scientist and his future wife, Mileva Maric; the pain associated with his mother'svehement disapproval of the relationship; and their excitement over the impending birth of a child.有许多信件都叙述了这位年轻科学家和他未婚妻米莱娃·玛丽克之间的爱情,叙述了因为爱因斯坦的母亲拼命反对这门亲事而引起他俩的痛苦心情,还叙述了他俩为孩子的即将出世油然而生的兴奋心情.The fate of the child, a girl, however, remains a mystery. She was born before the couple married in 1903 and there apparently is no record of what became of her.然而,这个女孩后来的命运如何依然是个谜.她是在这对夫妇于1903年结婚前生下的,而且对她后来的情况显然没有记载.Intertwined with the disclosures of a difficult romance are fragments of Einstein'sthought as he struggled toward confidence in his concept of relativity.与所披露的艰难的罗曼史交织在一起的是爱因斯坦满怀信心地为自己的相对论概念而努力奋斗的思想片断.Einstein and Maric, a Serb born in a region of Hungary that is now part of Yugoslavia, became friends in 1896 while studying together at the Federal Technical Institute in Zurich. In subsequent years they wrote frequently as Einstein's efforts to find work and Maric's visits home caused many separations.爱因斯坦与玛丽克<她出生在当时匈牙利的塞尔维亚地区,现为南斯拉夫的一部分. >是在1896年交上朋友的.当时他俩正一起在苏黎世的联邦理工学院学习,在后来的许多岁月中,因爱因斯坦为找工作奔波,玛丽克为回家探亲而造成多次分离,所以他们通信频繁.In his letters, Einstein confided in her his efforts to participate in the revolution taking place in many fields of physics, including the nature of light, relative movement and molecular phenomenon.爱因斯坦在信中向玛丽克吐露,自己在投身于许多物理学领域<其中包括光的特性、相对运动和分子现象>内发生的革命.According to Dr. John Stachel, a professor of physics at Boston University who is editor of the Einstein papers, Maric appears to have been more of "a sounding board" than a contributor to Einstein's ideas.据波士顿大学物理学教授、爱因斯坦论文集的编辑约翰·施塔赫尔博士说,看起来,与其说玛丽克是爱因斯坦思想的贡献者,不如说是爱因斯坦思想的"共鸣者〞.In a letter to Maric in 1899, when he was 20 years old, Einstein anticipated his first theory of relativity, published six years later.It came in a period when many physicists still believed that space was filled with an invisible medium through which light waves could be propagated. They called the medium a "luminiferous ether〞.1899年爱因斯坦20岁.在给玛丽克的一封信中,他提前谈论了自己6年后发表的早期相对论思想.当时许多物理学家仍然认为空间充满着一种能使光波传播的不可见的介质.他们将这种介质称之为"传光的以太〞.Einstein's letters also reveal his family's disdain for Maric. In July 1900 he had been warned by his sister that his parents were bitterly opposed to him marrying Maric. When he told his mother of his intention, "Mama threw herself on the bed, buried her head in the pillows, and cried like a child," he wrote toMaric.爱因斯坦的信还透露了他家里的人对玛丽克的鄙视态度. 1900年7月,他事先得到姐姐的警告说,父母竭力反对他与玛丽克结婚.当他把自己的打算告诉母亲后,"妈妈一下子扑倒在床上,把头埋在枕头下,哭得像孩子似的〞,他在给玛丽克的信中写道."After she had recovered from the initial shock, she immediately switched to a desperate offensive," Einstein continued. He quoted his mother as saying, "You are ruining your future and blocking your path through life."爱因斯坦继续写道,"当她从开头的打击中恢复过来后,便立即转换方式,发起猛烈攻势.〞他还援引母亲的话说,"你是在毁掉自己的前途,你是在阻塞自己的人生道路.〞Although Einstein's family looked down on Maric's background, another problem was the couple's meager income. As Einstein wrote to a friend, "Neither of us two has gotten a job and we support ourselves by private lessons - when we can pick up some, which is still very questionable."虽然爱因斯坦的家人瞧不起玛丽克的出身,另外一个原因也是因为这对未婚夫妇的微薄收入.就像爱因斯坦在给一个朋友的信中所写的那样,"我们俩都还未找到工作.我们只靠给私人上课为生<如果我们能找到一些这样机会的话>,但这还是很成问题的.〞Interspersed among Einstein's repeated expressions of love were discussions of scientific questions with which both were concerned.在爱因斯坦的那些情意缱绻的信中也掺带着对他们双方都关心的科学问题的讨论.While visiting the Swiss town of Aarau "a good idea occurred to me, " he wrote, "about a way of investigating how a body's relative motion with respect to the luminiferous ether affects the velocity of propagation of light in transparent bodies. Also a theory on this matter occurred to me, which seems to be highly probable."在游览瑞士的阿劳城时,"我心中产生了一个好主意,〞他写道,"即关于研究一个物体与传光以太的相对运动如何影响光在透明物体中的传播速度的方法.在这个问题上我头脑里还产生了一种似乎十分有可能成立的理论.〞He also was pondering "the definition of absolute rest", a paradox that led him to his initial theory on relativity. The theory ruled out the possibility of absolute rest, since all objects are considered to be in motion relative to other objects. He also was contemplating the electrodynamics of moving bodies which, he said, "promises to be a capital paper."他还在思考着"绝对静止的定义〞,一种导致他产生最初相对论的悖论.这种理论排除了绝对静止的可能性.因为一切物体对于其他有关物体来说都被看作是处在运动之中的.他还对移动物体的电动力学冥思苦想,他说,"这有希望成为一篇优秀论文.〞"I wrote to you that I doubted the correctness of the idea s about relative motion," he wrote. "But my doubts were based solely on a simple mathematical error.Now I believe in it more than ever.""我曾写信给你,谈到过我对相对运动想法的正确性有怀疑,〞他写道."但我的怀疑只是基于简单的数学上的错误.现在我比以前更深信无疑了.〞Mr. Stachel, writing in the May issue of Physics Today, says this passage "suggests that Einstein had already adopted some version of the relativity principle", although not in its final form.斯塔赫尔先生在5月号的《今日物理》上撰文说,这篇文章"意味着爱因斯坦已经采用了某种形式的相对论原理〞,尽管还不是最终形式.Although Maric has been depicted by historians as a dull woman, the letters show her interest in the nature of infinity.虽然玛丽克被历史学家描写成一位缺乏想象力的女子,这些信却表明,她对无限性很感兴趣."I do not believe the structure of the human brain is to be blamed for the fact that man cannot grasp infinity," she wrote to him in 1897, when he was 18 years old."我认为,人们不能了解无限性,不应归咎于人脑的结构,〞1897年她给当时18岁的爱因斯坦的信中写道.She continued: "He certainly could do that if in his young days, when he was learning to perceive, the little fellow had not been so cruelly confined to the earth, or even to a nest, between four walls, but instead was allowed to walk out a little into the universe."她接下去写道："倘若一个人在年轻时期,在学习掌握新概念时,不被无情地局限于地球,或者甚至局限于四面围墙的斗室之中,而是被允许走出去涉足一下宇宙的话,他当然是能够做到这一点的.〞Science historians, such as Gerald Holton of Harvard University, regard Einstein's ability to "walk out into the universe" and think in pure abstractions as essential to his revolutionary discoveries. Particularly remarkable, Mr. Holton said in an interview, is the extent to which their interest in physics dominates the correspondence despite their personal difficulties.科学史家们,诸如哈佛大学的热拉尔·霍尔顿认为,爱因斯坦"涉足宇宙〞的能力和用纯抽象方式思维的能力对他的各项具有革命性的发现是必不可少的.特别引人注目的是,霍尔顿先生在一次会见中说,尽管他们各自都有困难,但他们在通信中对物理学的兴趣竟然占着最重要的位置."Most important for historians of science", he added, is the evidence that so early in his life Einstein "was already deeply thinking about the nature of light, relativity and molecular motion." This "all fell into place in a spectacular set of papers" published in 1905 and thereafter, he said.他又说："对科学史学工作者来说,最重要的是〞,在爱因斯坦的一生中这样早的时候就有迹象表明,他"就已经在深刻地思考着光的特性、相对论和分子运动的问题了〞.他说,"这一思想〞都体现在一系列引人注目的论文之中〞,并从1905年起陆续发表.Despite long periods of separation, Maric and Einstein occasionally managed to meet and hike the Swiss mountains. About the time of one of their excursions, in May 1901, she learned of her pregnancy.尽管玛丽克与爱因斯坦多次长期分离,但他俩有时也设法团聚,去瑞士的崇山峻岭观光,作徒步旅行. 1901年5月在一次短途旅行时,玛丽克得知自己怀孕了.The first letter in which Einstein mentioned this subject, however, began with discussion of a paper on the production of cathode rays by ultraviolet light. It then continued："Just be of good cheer, love, and don't fret. After all, I am not leaving you and I'll bring everything to a happy conclusion."然而,爱因斯坦提到此事的第一封信是以谈论一篇关于用紫外线产生阴级射线的论文开头的.该信接着才写道："你要高兴喜欢才是,可别忧愁烦恼.毕竟我不会离开你,而且我一定会把一切圆满了结.〞As in several subsequent letters he referred to the child a s though the baby was already born, saying, "How is the young chap?"当他在后来的几封信中再谈到这个孩子的情况时,仿佛孩子已经生下了.他问道,"小家伙好吗?〞Maric was hoping for a girl and they called the unborn child "Lieserl", a diminutive of Liese. "I am dizzy with joy", Einstein wrote her, after receiving word of a job in Bern. "The only thing that must be solved is how to have our Lieserl with us.I do not want for us to have to part with her."玛丽克希望生个女孩,所以他们在孩子未出生时便叫她"莉塞尔〞<莉丝的昵称>.当爱因斯坦得知在伯尔尼找到工作的消息后,他写信给玛丽克说,"我高兴死了.唯一得解决的事情就是怎样使莉塞尔和我们在一起.我不想使我们不得不离开她.〞Despite his mother's opposition, Einstein and Maric were married in January 1903 in Bern. According to a letter, to appear in the next volume of his papers, the Einsteins later learned that their daughter had recovered from scarlet fever. But apparently she was still in her mother's native region. The mention of scarlet fever is the last reference to the girl in the correspondence.尽管遭到母亲的反对,爱因斯坦还是于1903年元月在伯尔尼与玛丽克结为伉俪.根据爱因斯坦文集下一卷上发表的一封信,爱因斯坦夫妇后来得知,女儿的猩红热已经痊愈.看来这孩子还是住在她母亲的故乡了.在通信中有关这女孩的最后情况只是提到了猩红热.Supplementary ReadingAs far as the professional staff of the ETH <the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School> was concerned, Albert Einstein was one of the awkward scholars who might or might not graduate, but who in either case was a great deal of trouble. And in accordance with their opinions, when Einstein did graduate after four years, ETH did not offer him a position as was the custom of the time. For the difficult fellow, no opening on theacademic ladder could be found.Yet it cannot have been entirely unexpected and it was certainly not unnatural. In the autumn of 1900 Albert Einstein was a graduate who denied rather than defied authority; a young man who was written off as virtually unemployable by many self-respecting citizens. It was to be two years later before Einstein was able to obtain his first regular albeit nonacademic position. Even so Einstein's position with the Swiss Patent Office was obtained through the intervention of friends on his behalf.The work of the Patent Office at the turn of the century was strikingly different from what it later became. The difference is illustrated by one fact: until 1908 patents were granted only for inventions which could be represented by a model. The model may have been as important as the specification which described, in words which ideally should allow of no dispute, the duties which the device was intended to perform.These inventions, ideas, and proposals which were directed to the office consisted largely of suggestions for practical, utilitarian, basically simple, and often homely applications of technology to the mundane affairs of everyday life. At first glance, all this appears to be singularly unrelated to Einstein's special genius.Yet despite the apparently esoteric quality of the theories on which his famewas founded, these theories sprang, as he was never tired of stressing, from observation of facts and from deductions which would account for these facts. This demanded an intuitive discernment of essentials, and it was just this which was sharpened during his days at the Patent Office.For the work frequently involved rewriting inventors' vague applications to give them legal protection; this in turn required an ability to see, among sometimes tortuous descriptions, the basic idea or ideas on which an application rested. The demand was not so much for the routine application of a routine mind to routine documents, as for perceptive intuition. Einstein himself was in no doubt of what he learned at the Patent Office."More severe than my father", was how he described the director. "He taught me to express myself correctly."But there was more to it than that. Einstein himself subsequently made two comments on his work at the office. When he took up the post he wrote to a friend that it would give him "besides eight hours of work ... eight hours of idleness plus whole Sunday"And half a century later, on his seventieth birthday he commented that the post had been a blessing. "It gave me", he said, "the opportunity to think about physics. Moreover, a practical profession is a salvation for a man of mytype; an academic career compels a young man to scientific production, and only strong characters can resist the temptation of superficial analysis." The post was an undemanding occupation which released his mind for creative work at a different level.。

研究生学术综合英语上册U n i t1-4课文及翻译全---请叫我雷锋Unit1Presenting a SpeechStephen Lucas Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experiences, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to thinking itself. Contrary to popular belief,language does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality by giving meaning to events.Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any otherprofession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meanings of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly, vividly, and appropriately.Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately is to an accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in a dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose words thatare precise and accurate.Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this by using familiar words that are known to the average person and require no specialized background; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter.Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way to make your language more vivid is through imagery, or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common; it always contains the words “like”or “as.”Metaphor is an implicitcomparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “like” or “as.”Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of language. Four devices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Repetition is the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. Alliteration comes from repeating the initial consonant sounds of close or adjoining words. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.Using language appropriately means adapting to the particular occasion, audience, and topic at hand. It also means developing your own language style instead of trying to copy someone else’s. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is much more likely to succeed.Good speeches are not composed of hot air and unfounded assertions. They need strong supporting materials to bolster the speaker’s point of view. In fact, the skillfuluse of supporting materials often makes the difference between a good speech and a poor one. The three basic types of supporting materials are examples, statistics and testimony.In the course of a speech you may use brief examples —specific instances referred to in passing — and sometimes you may want to give several brief examples in a row to create a stronger impression. Extended examples —often called illustrations, narratives, or anecdotes —are longer and more detailed. Hypotheticalexamples describe imaginary situations and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience. All three kinds of examples help to clarify ideas, to reinforce ideas, or to personalize ideas.To be more effective, though, they should be vivid and richly textured.Statistics can be extremely helpful in conveying your message, as long as you use them sparingly and explain them so they are meaningful to your audience. Above all, you should understand your statistics and use them fairly. Numbers can easily be manipulated and distorted. Make sure that your figures are representative of what they claim to measure, that you use statistical measures correctly, and that you take statistics only from reliable sources.Testimony is especially helpful for student speakers, because they are seldom recognized as experts on their speech topics. Citing the views of people who are experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. When you include testimony in a speech, you can either quote someone verbatim or paraphrase their words. As with statistics, there are guidelines for using testimony. Be sure to quote or paraphrase accurately and to cite qualified unbiased sources. If the source is not generally known to your audience, be certain to establish his or her credentials.The impact of a speech is strongly affected by how the speech is delivered. You cannot make a good speech without having something to say. But having something to say is not enough. You must also know how to say it. Good delivery does not call attention to itself. It conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly, interestingly, and withoutdistracting the audience.There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: reading verbatim from a manuscript, reciting a memorized text, speaking with PowerPoint, and speaking extemporaneously, or impromptu. The last of these － speaking extemporaneously －is the method you probably will use for classroom speeches and for most speeches outside the classroom. When speaking extemporaneously, you will have only a brief set of notes or a speaking outline. Speaking with PowerPoint is widely used now andvery effective indeed.Certainly there are other factors you should consider, such as personal appearance, bodily action, gestures, eye contact, volume, pauses and so on. By paying enough attention to what is mentioned above, you may present an effective speech.第一单元如何发表演说斯蒂芬·卢卡斯在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。

Presenting a speech（做演讲）Of all human creations，language may be the most remarkable。

Through language we share experience, formulate values，exchange ideas, transmit knowledge，and sustain culture。

Indeed，language is vital to think itself. Contrary to popular belief］, language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality ［by giving meaning to events］.在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。

我们用语言来分享经验，传递价值观,交流思想,传播知识，传承文化。

事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。

和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实,语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。

——语序的调整。

Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker's craft。

They have special uses，just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately，clearly,vividly,and appropriately。

《学术英语综合》季佩英版课文翻译感谢看不见的手感谢全能的上帝是感恩节的主题，自从清教徒带来了他们的第一批丰收的朝圣者...直到今天，在全国数以百万计的家庭中，上帝会感谢许多礼物、餐桌上的盛宴和亲属的陪伴、健康和好运，在过去的一年里，和平的家庭，生来或成为美国人获得了无数特权。

但这可能不会发生，因为我们太感谢了。

本周当地超市有很多火鸡出售。

尽管不虔诚地感谢上帝的飞行安排，一些亲戚还是飞回家过感恩节。

或者让当地电影院掌握周末时间和(电影名称)的到来。

或者报纸上蓝莓苹果派食谱的食物部分。

这些事情我们或多或少都认为是理所当然的这几乎不需要奇迹来解释为什么感恩节前杂货店的存货是火鸡存货，或者为什么好莱坞电影在假期上映。

这就是他们所做的然而，上帝在哪里呢？在你的感恩节周末里，没有什么是美妙的——几乎无法解释的——对许多陌生人来说，技能和劳动是可能的火鸡餐桌，例如，家禽饲养者饲养的鸟，需要成千上万的人努力工作，当然，也为卡车司机提供营养和饲料经销商，卡车司机把它带到农场，更不用说由建筑师设计的孵化场，建造它的工人，以及保持它运转的技术人员这只鸟已经被宰杀、拔毛，运输和卸载袋的价格也已经被检查和展示完成这些任务的人是由其他人的军队完成的，其他人完成了其他任务——从提炼汽油、加油车到制作塑料肉包。

无数的活动在结婚几个月后，远方的男人和女人必须精心设计和精确计时，这样才能有一种或多种可能，有几十种可能等着你去买新鲜的感恩节火鸡。

协调的程度，关闭它的需要令人难以置信。

但是更不可思议的是没有协调没有哪个火鸡沙皇坐在指挥所里，查阅主人的程序。

命令人们四处走动没有人能驾驭所有的人，迫使他们为了你的利益而合作。

然而，他们合作了当你到达超市时，那里有四只火鸡你不需要做任何事情，但是如果你买了它，这是一个奇迹。

我们应该叫它什么？亚当·斯密称之为“看不见的手”，这导致了无数为自己的利益而工作的人的神秘力量，他们为达到目的而努力，并从中受益匪浅。

Lesson OneSpell of the Rising MoonI. READING COMPREHENSIONA. Answer the following questions or complete the following statements.1. D <But it is the drama of the moonrise that I come to see. For thatrestores in me aquiet and clarity that the city spends too freely.> 2. D < There have been broad, confident harvest moons in autumn; shy,misty moons in spring; lonely, white winter moons rising into the utter silence of an ink-black skyand smoke-smudged orange moons over the dry fields of summer. Each, like fine music, excited my heart and then calmed my soul.>3. C <To prehistoric hunters the moon overhead was as unerring asheartbeat. Theyknew that every 29 days it became full-bellied and brilliant, then sickened and died,and then was reborn. They knew the waxing moon appeared larger and higher overhead after each succeeding sunset. They knew the waning moon rose later each nightuntil it vanished in the sunrise.>4. B <Still, it tugs at our minds. If we unexpectedly encounter thefull moon, huge andyellow over the horizon, we are helpless but to stare back at its commanding presence.>5. B <I learned about its gifts one July evening in the mountains.My car had mysteriously stalled, and I was stranded and alone.> 6. B <To watch the moon move inexorably higher is to find an unusualstillness withinourselves.>7. D <On that July night, I watched the moon for an hour or two, andthen got backinto the car, turned the key in the ignition and heard the engine start, just as mysteriously as it had stalled a few hours earlier.>8. A <I return often to the rising moon. I am drawn especially whenevents crowd easeand clarity of vision into a small corner of my life.>9. A <Of Beethoven's "Moonlight Sonata" and of Shakespeare, whoseLorenzo declaims in The Merchant of Venice, //How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon thisbank! / Here will we sit and let the sounds of music/Creep in our ears." I wonder iftheir verse and music, like the music of crickets, are in some way voices of the moon.>10.A<The whole passage.>B．Global understanding and logical structuresComplete the following notes with the information, from the text:1. The author often climbs the hill near his home at night to watchthe drama of themoonrise because it can restore in him a quiet and clarity that the city spends toofreely.2. To the author the different mood and color of the moon are:A. In autumn: broad, confident harvestB. In spring: shy, mistyC. In winter: lonely, whiteD. In summer: smoke-smudged orange3. A. To prehistoric hunters the moon overhead was as unerring asheartbeat.B. To contemporary people live indoors few can say what time themoon willrise tonight.C. But if we unexpectedly encounter the full moon, we are helplessbut to stareback at its commanding presence.4. The moon has gifts to bestow upon those who watch it:Example: One July evening in the mountains, the author's car mysteriouslystalled, and he was stranded and alone.He took the advantage to watch the moonrise for an hour or two.When he got back into the car, the engine started just as mysteriously as it hadstalled a few hours earlier.5. Later on the author often returns to the rising moon when eventscrowd ease anclarity of vision into a small corner of my life.He listens to the sound of owls and cricketsand thinks the beautiful music and poems about the moon.6. At moonrise, people open the vents of feeling and exercise partsof our minds thatreason locks away by day.II. VOCABULARYA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. B2. C3. A4. D5. A6. B7. A8. C9. A 10. BB. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each wordor expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.1. swoop2. cricket3. smudged4. Stalled5. tugs at6. stay clear of7. slipped into8. crowded into9. loom up 10. stranded III. CLOZE1. just as2. permanent3. depend on4. phase5. shadow6. Resembling7. lunar8. closer9. illuminated 10. waningIV. TRANSLATIONPut the following parts into Chinese.V. ORAL PRACTICE AND DISCUSSION1. How does the author describe the moonrise? Is it the same as you see it?The sun had set, and I was watching what seemed to be the bright-orange glowof a forest fire beyond a ridge to the east. Suddenly, the ridge itself seemed to burstinto flame. Then, the rising moon, huge and red and grotesquely misshapen by thedust and sweat of the summer atmosphere,loomed up out of the woods.Distorted thus by the hot breath of earth, the moon seemed ill-tempered and imperfect……But as the moon lifted off the ridge it gathered firmness and authority. Its complexion changed from red, to orange, to gold, to impassive yellow. It seemed to drawlight out of the darkening earth, for as it rose, the hills and valleys below grew dimmer. By the time the moon stood clear of the horizon, full chested and round andthe color of ivory, the valleys were deep shadows in the landscape……The drama took an hour. Moonrise is slow and serried with subtleties.2. Moonrise is a natural phenomenon. The main part of this essay is the description ofit full of the author's emotions and thoughts associated with it. Pick out the author'smost beautiful descriptions with similes, metaphors and personification.From this hill I have watched many moons rise. Each one had its own mood.There have been broad, confident harvest moons in autumn, shy, misty moons inspring; lonely, white winter moons rising into the utter silence of an ink-black skyand smoke-smudged orange moons over the dry fields of summer. Each, like fine music, excited my heart and then calmed my soul.<And others referring to the first question.>3. One July evening in the mountains, the author's car mysteriously stalled, and he wasstranded and alone, but after watching the moonrise for an hour or two the enginestarted mysteriously again. Do you think it was the spell of the rising moon？Open.4. We Chinese often associated the full moon with family reunion, our hometown andour motherland if we are abroad. Can you tell what people do when we Chinese celebrate the festivals associated with the moon such as the Lantern Festival and theMid-Autumn Festival? And why?Open.5. Find out the famous Chinese poems about the moon, and try to translate the following poem into English.李白诗一首床前明月光, Before my bedThere is bright moonlight疑是地上霜． So that it seemsLike frost on the ground.举头望明月, Lifting my headI watch the bright moon,低头思故乡. Lowering my headI dream that I'm home.Another poem for reference:李白词一首秋风清,秋月明The autumn wind is lightThe autumn moon is bright;落叶聚还散 Fallen leaves gather but then disperse,寒鸦栖复惊 A cold crow roosts but again he stirs;相思相见知何日 I think of you, and wonder when I'll see you again? 此时此夜难为情 At such an hour,on such a night,cruel is love's pain. Translation of the Text月亮升起来彼得·斯坦哈特我家附近有座小山.晚上,我常爬上山去.此时,城市的喧嚣成了遥远的低语.在这黑夜的静谧中,我可以尽情分享蟋蟀的欢乐,感受猫头鹰的自信.可我上山是来看月出的,因为这可以让我重新得到在城市中失去的宁静与清新.在这座山上,我已欣赏过许多次月亮升起的景象.每一次月的姿容脾性都有所不同.秋天,满月如轮,充满自信；春天,月亮灰蒙蒙,羞羞答答；冬天,银白的月亮挂在漆黑的、悄无声息的夜空中,显得那般孤寂；夏天,橘黄的月似被烟尘笼罩,俯瞰干燥的田野.每一种月亮,都像美妙的音乐,震动我的心灵,令我的灵魂平静.观月自古有之.在远古的猎人眼里,月亮如同心跳一样准确无误.他们知道每29天,月亮都要变得明亮饱满,然后萎缩、消失,然后又再复活；他们知道,月盈期间,每经一次日落,头顶的月亮就会显得更高更大；他们还知道月亏期间,月亮每晚都要迟迟升起,待到日出才落.他们竟能从经验中了解到月亮的行踪变化,真可谓心深意广.但我们这些人却因深居室内,与月亮失去了联系.城市炫目的街灯、污浊的烟尘掩盖了夜晚的天空.虽然人类已在月亮上行走过,但月亮对于我们却更加陌生了.有几人能说得出今晚月亮会几时升起.但无论怎样,月亮依旧牵动我们的心灵.倘若我们偶尔遇见一轮黄灿灿的满月高悬中天,谁都会禁不住停下来凝神仰望她尊贵的姿容.而月亮也向注视她的人赐予厚礼.我了解到她的馈赠是在山间七月的一个夜晚.我的车突然熄火,将我孤身一人网在山中.太阳已经西沉,我看见东边山头涌出一团橘红色的明光,好像森林起火一般,俄而山头自己也似乎迸出火焰,一会儿,大大的月亮涨红着脸,从密林中鬼魅似地钻了出来,夏天空气中弥漫的尘雾与汗气把它变得丑陋不堪.大地灼热的呼吸扭曲了它,它变得格外暴噪,不再完美.附近农舍的狗紧X地狂吠起来,以为这团奇怪的光亮叫醒了野草中的魔鬼.然而当月亮缓缓升起,离开山头,它变得坚定、威严；它的面孔也由红变成了橘红,又变成金色,最后是平静的明黄色.它似乎从渐暗的大地中吸取了光明,因为随着它的升起,下面的丘陵山谷愈来愈黯淡朦胧.待到皓月当空,满月如盘,闪烁着象牙般乳白的清辉,山谷便成了风景中一片片幽深的阴影.那些狗明白了那团光原是它们熟悉的月亮,也安定下来,停止了吼叫.霎时间,我也觉得信心倍增,心情舒畅,近乎笑了起来.这奇特的景观持续了一个小时.月出是缓慢的,充满神奇.观看月出,我们得回到过去那种对时间的耐心中去.观看月亮不可阻挡地升到空中就能让我们内心安宁,我们的神思能让我们看到宇宙的广漠和大地的宽阔,能让我们忘掉自己.我们觉得自身渺小,却又深感大自然的厚待.月色下,我们看不到生活中坚硬的棱角.山坡在月光下如同笼上了柔和的轻纱,一片银白；海水在月光下碧蓝而静谧；我们在月光下也不再像白日那般精于算计,而是沉醉于自然的情感中.这个时候,奇特的事发生了.在那个七月的夜晚,我看了一两个小时的月景后,回到车中,转动钥匙点火,发动机居然响了起来,就像几个小时前熄火那般突然而神秘.我驱车沿着山路回家,肩上披着明月,心灵一片宁静.后来我常回到山上观月,尤其是在接踵而来的事使我身心疲惫、头晕眼花时.这种境况经常发生在秋天,这时我就登上那座小山,守候猎人的月亮出现,等着那金色的圆月俯照大地,为黑夜带来光明.一只猫头鹰自山头俯冲下来,静悄悄地如一团火焰闪过,一只蟋蟀在草丛长鸣.我想起了诗人和音乐家,想起了贝多芬的"月光奏鸣曲〞和莎士比亚笔下《威尼斯商人》中洛伦佐的话："月光沉睡在这岸边多么轻柔!／我们要坐在这里让音乐之声／潜入我们的耳内.〞我不知道他们的诗篇与音乐,连同蟋蟀的歌声,是否都可算作月的声音.想到这些,我那些城市化的昏乱心绪也融化在了夜的幽静之中.恋人和诗人在夜里能找到生活更深刻的意义.其实我们都爱问一些深刻的问题——我们的祖先是什么？我们的命运在哪里？我们不喜欢那些统治着白天世界的刻板的几何教科书,都愿意沉溺于永远找不到答案的谜团中.在夜里,我们都成了哲人和神秘主义者.月出之时,当我们放慢自己的思想,让它跟随天围的脚步,一种心醉神迷的感觉就会流遍全身.我们会打开情感的窗口,会让白天被理智锁住的那部分思绪尽情奔涌.我们有越过遥远的时空,听见远古猎人的低语,再次看到很久以前的恋人与诗人眼中的世界.Lesson TwoEthics and CompetitivenessPreparing to ReadTips for the teacherThe text is about ethics in business; hence the purpose of this exercise is tolet the studentsunderstand how important ethics is in doing business. The teacher can adopt several steps achievingthe aim. First, let the students talk about the various businesses that involve ethics. Second, let thestudents understand the dangers of illegal business practices in American or Chinese corporations,so that the students' interest in the text will be aroused.Background Information1. Introduction to the author and the text: John F. Akers, born on 28 Dec. 1934 chairman and CEOof IBM 1985-1993.A graduate of Yale, Mr. Akers joined IBM in 1960 as a sales trainee in San Franciscofollowing active duty as a Navy carrier pilot. After various marketing assignments, he was namedpresident of the Data Processing Division, then IBM's largest domestic marketing unit, in 1974at age 39. He became a vice president in 1976, a senior vice president in 1982 and president in1983. This article "Ethics andcompetitiveness - putting first things first" was first published in1989 in Sloan Management Review, winter, 69-71.2. American Education System:Most Americans attend twelve years of primary and secondaryschool. With a secondary school "'high school"> diploma or certificate, a student can enter college,university, vocational <job training> school, secretarial school, and other professional schools.Primary and Secondary School: Begins around age six for U.S. children. They attend five orsix years of primary school. Next they go to secondary school, which consists of either two three-year programs or a three-year and a four-year program. These are called "middle school" or "juniorhigh school" and "senior high school" <often just called "high school">. Americans call thesetwelve years of primary and secondary school the first through twelfth "grades."Higher Education: After finishing high school <twelfth grade>, U.S. students may go on tocollege or university. College or university study is known as"higher education." You shouldfind out which level of education in your country corresponds to the twelfth grade in the U.S.A.You also should ask your educational advisor or guidance counselor whether you must spend anextra year or two preparing for U.S. admission. In some countries, employers and the governmentdo not recognize a U.S. education if a student entered a U.S. college or university before he orshe could enter university at home.3. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow <1807-1882>:American poet, one of the mostpopular andcelebrated poets of his time. Born in Portland, Maine<then in Massachusetts>, Longfellow waseducated at Bowdoin College. After graduating in 1825 he traveled in Europe in preparationfor a teaching career. He taught modern languages at Bowdoin from 1829 to 1835. In late 1835,during a second trip to Europe, Longfellow's wife, Mary Storer Potter, died in Rotterdam, theNetherlands. Longfellow returned to the United States in 1836 and began teaching at HarvardUniversity.In 1843 he remarried, to Fanny Appleton. After retiring from Harvard in 1854,Longfellow devoted himself exclusively to writing. He was devastated when in 1861 his secondwife was burned to death in a household accident. He commemorated her shortly before his owndeath with the sonnet "The Cross of Snow" <1879>. In 1884 a bust of Longfellow was placed inthe Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey in London; he was the first American to be thus honored.《人生颂》——年青人的心对歌者说的话朗费罗不要在哀伤的诗句里告诉我："人生不过是一场幻梦！〞灵魂睡着了,就等于死了,事物的真相与外表不同.人生是真切的！人生是实在的！它的归宿决不是荒坟；"你本是尘土,必归于尘土〞, 这是指躯壳,不是指灵魂.我们命定的目标和道路不是享乐,也不是受苦；而是行动,在每个明天都超越今天,跨出新步.智艺无穷,时光飞逝；这颗心,纵然勇敢坚强,也只如鼙鼓,闷声敲动着,一下又一下,向坟地送丧.世界是一片辽阔的战场,人生是到处扎寨安营；莫学那听人驱策的哑畜,做一个威武善战的英雄！别指望将来,不管它多可爱！把已逝的过去永久掩埋！行动吧-趁着活生生的现在！心中有赤心,头上有真宰！伟人的生平启示我们：我们能够生活得高尚,而当告别人世的时候,留下脚印在时间的沙上；也许我们有一个兄弟航行在庄严的人生大海,遇险沉了船,绝望的时刻,会看到这脚印而振作起来.那么,让我们起来干吧,对任何命运要敢于担戴；不断地进取,不断地追求,要善于劳动,善于等待.A Psalm of LifeHenry Wadsworth LongfellowTell me not, in mournful numbers, "Life is but an empty dream!" For the soul is dead that slumbers, And things are not what they seem. Life is real! Life is earnest! And the grave is not its goal; "Dust thou art,to dust returnest," Was not spoken of the soul.Not enjoyment, and not sorrow,Is our destined end or way;But to act, that each to-morrow Find us farther than to-day.Art is long, and Time is fleeting, And our hearts, though stout and brave,Still, like muffled drums, are beatingFuneral marches to the grave.In the world's broad field of battle,In the bivouac of life,Be not like dumb, driven cattle! Be a hero in the strife!Trust no Future, howe'er pleasant! Let the dead Past bury its dead! Act, - act in the living Present! Heart within, and God o'evhead! Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And, departing, leave behind us. Footprints on the sand of time.; Footprints, that perhaps another, Sailing o'er life's solemn main, A forlorn and shipwrecked brother, Seeing, shall take heart again. Let us, then, be up and doing, With a heart for any fate;Still achieving, still pursuing, Learn to labor and to wait.NotesKey to ExercisesI. Reading Comprehension1. The issue Akers discusses is the relationship between ethics and competitiveness.2. When they think of competitiveness, they should think not just of seeking their own selfish advantage, but of striving to improve living standards for all. When they think of ethics, they should think not just as managers focusing on business ethics, but as citizens of a larger society.3. Ethics and competitiveness are inseparable because we compete as a society.4.The greater the measure of mutual trust and confidence in the ethics of a society, the greater its economic strength.5. First, we should fortify the practical ethical buttresses; second, ethical instruction must include ademanding study of history and literature; and above all we should keep our priorities straight.6.They are role modelsthe honor system, and codes of conduct.7. We should start with a clear-cut study of the past, because our ethical standards come out of the past.8.What bothers Akers is that they have missed the humane lessons in individual ethical conduct,which can be found in the annals of world history, the biographies of great men and women and works of literature.9. He thinks that the good of an entire society counts more than that of any single corporation.10. We remember him because he did not see winning or self-advancement or even life itself as the only thing. He saw his newly born nation greater than himself.II. Structure of the text1. Introduction<Paras.1-5>A central subject in international business competition is ethics. We are urged to look atethics and competitiveness with a wide angle of vision.Ethics and competitiveness are inseparable, they are important not only in running acompany. but also in running and managing a country. 2. Body <Paras.6-23>1> Ethical buttressesA. We should fortify the practical ethical buttresses that help allof us know and understand and do exactly what is required of us.The simplest and most powerful buttress is the role model.B. There are other ethical buttresses such as the institutionalbuttresses honor system.C. There are professional standards and business codes of conduct.2> Ethics teachingA. Ethical instruction is important in a business school or anywhereelse in the universities, but to take ethical examination ofworkplace safety, consumer protection environmental safeguards,and the rights of the individual employee within the organizationis equally important.B. We should start from kindergarten to twelfth grade with a clear-cutstudy of the past because our ethical standards come out of thepast-out of ourinheritances as a people: religious, philosophical, historical.C. The more we know of the history of US, the more sure-footedly wecan inculcate ethical conduct in the future.3> Putting first things first: keep our sense of order straight3. Conclusion<Paras.24>By taking advice of the three suggestions, we shall go far toward discharging our responsibilities asmanagers and as human beings.V. VocabularyA.l. ludicrous2. endowed 3. consequences 4. conflicting 5. safety6.count7. falsified8. fortified9. inculcate10. vexingB.1. D2. C3. B4. D5. A6. C7. D8. A9. B10. BVI. Cloze1. devoted2. Concern3. Threatens4. Perhaps5. respectable6. address7. Defined8. Occupation9. Which10. Behind11. perfectly12. Refer13. Benefit14. Personal15. assess16. commit 17. Being18. Lower19. Prosecute20. Summon道德和竞争力John. F. Akers1 我想谈谈国际经济竞争中的一个核心问题：道德.在一开始我想奉劝我们所有的管理层人员应该以宽阔的视野来看待这两个词,即道德和竞争力.在我们想到竞争力的时候,我们不应该只想到像美国人,欧洲人或日本人那样追求我们自己的利益,贪得无厌；而是应该像管理者们那样在日益相互依存的世界里心中怀有提高全人类的生活水平的大志,努力工作,争取成功.而在我们想到道德的时候,我们不该像那些只是把重点放在自己的狭窄领地即商业道德上的管理者,而是应该像一个宽广社会里的公民.2 道德和竞争力是不可分的.我们处在一个竞争的社会中.没有哪一个社会的竞争会因为下列情形而长久和成功的：人们彼此背后相互使坏；互相偷窃；由于缺乏诚信而事事公证；一点争吵就会诉诸法律；或政府为了保证诚实的商业运行而制定很多各种各样束缚手脚的法规.3 这不仅仅会成为公司经营中令人头痛的事情,也会让国家成为一个浪费、低效和缺乏竞争力的国家.一个不可逃避的事实是：在一个道德社会中人们之间相互信任和忠诚度越高,它的经济力量就越强.4 我并不是说我们美国这里天要塌下来.我不认为在我们过去美好的时光中道德水准已经很高了而我们现在是道德滑坡.当然,我们确实存在道德和竞争力的问题,这一点无可质疑.我们一直都看到关于不道德行为的报导：教会领导层聚会时发生偷窃；华尔街上靠内部##消息发财的掮客；各种政客和权利贩子；剽窃的法学专业的学生；篡改研究数据的医学教授；贩卖##情报的国防部雇员.但我们大多数人都同意托马斯·杰弗逊关于所有人都生来具有道德意识的观点——个整日耕作的普通农民可以和一个大学教授一样具有道德意识.如杰弗逊一样,我们可以相信大街上的入,不论这大街是在阿蒙克,在旧金山,或者牛津,伦敦,巴黎或东京.5 这种道德意识不是凭空而来的,也不会自动永远存在下去.每一代人都要让它保存并发扬光大.为此,我们每个人都要想出些策略.下面是三个建议.道德基础6 首先,我们要加强日常生活中的道德基础的培养,让我们从孩提时代起就明白并理解,继而按照要求行事.最简单也是最有用的道德基石就是榜样：父母或其他人言传身教为我们树立榜样,使我们明白是非好坏.在我一生所有的榜样中,我认为起作用时间最长的就是我的祖父了,一个坚强的新英格兰地区中学校长.我的房间里挂着他的肖像.直到今天,每当我走过他的肖像前我都会挺直腰板,还要检查一下我的领带是否打好了.7 还有许多其它方面的道德基础.有些尽管有一点傲慢和世俗但却是简单的信条："童子军是可信的,忠诚的,助人的,友好的,礼貌的,善良的,听话的,快乐的,节俭的,勇敢的,整洁的和虔诚的〞；或者"军校生不会说谎,欺骗或偷盗或容忍其他人欺骗和说谎与偷盗.〞有些道德行为已经形成制度化,如诚信制度.大学里的学生依照诚信制度来约束自己,保证不剽窃和考试作弊.我觉得好笑的是,甚至在神学院,法学院和哲学系里,更不用说大学的其它科系了,在考试的时候学院要雇来监考者在走廊里踱来踱去以防止有人考试时候偷看笔记或抄袭邻座.令人遗撼的是,在杰弗逊提倡先在弗吉尼亚大学实行诚信制度的150年后,并非所有的美国大学和学院都采纳了这一制度.8 最后,还有从业标准和商业行为规X,它们都对下列事情有严格的规定：如股票内部交易,馈赠和娱乐,回扣与利益冲突.如果认为这些道德准则会解决我们所有的问题就太天真了.但是,若想没有这些明确的要求和了解违反这些要求引起的后果,人们也一样会按道德准则行为,那这种想法也同样是天真的.我们的学校能教授道德吗？9 到了该认真考虑学校的道德课的时候了.这里我不仅仅指商学院的研究生院.众人皆知约翰·山德将捐赠给哈佛商学院近3 000万美元用于其道德课的教学和研究.我们也知道麻省理工的斯罗恩学院院长兰斯特·苏罗和其他教育家已经对这个举措表示了公开的置疑.10 先弄清楚我们在说什么吧.很多商界人士在面对大学生听众时都对他们的一些脱口而出的断言感到吃惊：如在南非做生意、为军队制造武器、反对兴建日托所、建核工厂、甚至谋取利润都显然是不道德的.若想让年轻人清楚地了解这些问题的复杂性——而这些问题是不能用伪善的答案去搪塞的——还要做大量的工作.相反,这些问题需要一个明确的定义和敏锐的分析,需要对公司的责任有清醒的认识,而公司对员工,股东与国家所持的责任有时是相互冲突的,需要经历艰难的、甚至痛苦的抉择.11 我完全赞同在商学院和大学的其它系所进行这种道德教育,它可以加强学生们的这种分析能力.我也赞同对工作场所安全性、消费者保护、环境监督与团体内部员工个人的权利等方面进行的道德审查.12 但想一想塞缪尔·约翰逊曾经说的话吧：如果一个人不能区分好恶,"他一出我们的家门,我们就数羹匙是否少了.〞如果一个工商管理硕士生不能区分诚实与犯罪,说谎和讲真话,那么商学院就完全有可能培养不出来一个个非常虔诚敬业的学生.13 对于为什么说偷偷摸摸,行骗欺诈,盗窃财物这样的事情是不好的,这种最基础和根本的教育,在工商管理学院里进行就太晚了,内容也太简单了.这里不是开始这些课的地方.开始的地方应该是幼儿园.14 可以肯定的是,对于是否在上课时进行祈祷存在着很多和宪法相关的麻烦问题与其它问题.但我们不需要等到所有的问题有了答案——若真有这一天——再开始学校里的道德教育.我们可以现在就开始,从幼儿园到中学,但不是硬塞给学生们一些模糊的抽象"价值观〞.我是指我们应该对过去的历史有个清楚明了的了解.我们的道德准则始于过去,始于我们的民族传统：##,哲学和历史.我们对于过去了解得越多,我们就越能在未来踏踏实实地教授道德准则.15 参议员丹尼尔说,如果你想了解塔米·贝克你就得读辛克莱·路易斯的作品；如果你想了解股票内部交易,读读易达·塔贝尔的著作；如果想了解在弱肉强食的地方掠夺者获利而社会遭殃的情况下如何行事,读读霍布斯和洛克的书.若想了解社会的要求和个体良知的冲突,读读梭罗的论公民的不服从和索福克洛斯的安提格涅；若想了解礼仪,读读孔子的书,若想了解勇气,节制,真诚和公平,读读亚里斯多德的书或圣经.16 在我听说美国的高中生不太知道或完全不知道乔叟或惠特曼或美国内战或1日约中的预言书时,我担心的不是他们的无知,而是他们丢失了我们在世界历史、名人传记与富于高度想象力的文学作品中能够发现的蕴藏在一个个道德行为中的高尚的人文素养.17 一个古典文学作家曾定义历史为"实例中的哲学〞.亨利·朗费罗,美国的牛津城布拉特大街上一个很有名的居民,是这样优雅地总结的：伟人的生平启示我们：我们能够生活得高尚,而当告别人世的时候,留下脚印在时间的沙上.首要的事情先做18 我的第三个建议是,牢记顺序,最重要的事情先做.19 我们都听到过目光短浅的生意人把下面这句话当作是朗巴迪说的："成功不是最重要的,但是唯一要做的事情.〞对于鼓舞团队±气,这句话确实很好,但作为商业理念,它就是一派胡言.这里还有一段稍好一点的话：朗巴迪曾经希望他的队员有三种忠诚：对上帝,对家庭,还有对〔绿湾包装工〕橄榄球球队,"并按此顺序〞.20 他知道哪些事情更重要.商界人士可以毫不掩饰地为他们自己的公司而感到骄傲.但整个社会的利益超越了任何一个公司的利益.整个世界的道德秩序超越了任何一个单一的国家.一个人如果不了解商业在更大X围内的地位,他就不可能成为优秀的商界领袖,或好医生,或好的律师、工程师.。