句子成分和基本句型

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句⼦成分和基本句型

句⼦成分和基本句型

什么是句⼦?

句⼦是由词按照⼀定的语法结构组成的,是能表达⼀个完整概念的语⾔单位.句⼦的第⼀个字母必须⼤写,结尾要有.?!I am a teacher.

Are you a student?

How beautiful the girl is !

*句⼦成分由词或词组充当

英语的基本成分有七种:

主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)补语(complement)

1.主语:主语是在句⼦中说明全句中⼼主题的部分.⼀般由名词,代词,不定式,动名词或从句充当.它的位置⼀般在句⾸.The girl is pretty.

Reading is useful.

To see is to believe.

They are good friends.

谓语:

谓语说明主语做什么,是什么,怎么样,由简单动词或者动词短语构成.They are teachers.

She looks well.

He studies hard.

He laughed at his classmates.

He can speak English.

表语:

表语说明主语是什么,或者怎么样,由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,短语,或者从句充当.表语位于系动词后⾯.I am a teacher.

She is happy.

Everybody is here.

They are at home now.

My job is to teach English.

Seeing is believing.

宾语

宾语是动作,⾏为的对象,由名词,代词,短语,不定式,动名词,从句充当.它和及物动词⼀起说明主语做了什么,在谓语之后.She plays the piano.He often helps me.

I like watching TV.

She likes to go to shop this afternoon.

I think that he is good guy.

宾语补⾜语在英语中,有些句⼦只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后⾯家上宾语补⾜语才能表达完整的意思.它起补充说明宾语⼲什么,怎么样的作⽤.它可以由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,现在分词和过去分词充当.

If you let me go, I’ll make you king.

Leave the door open.

We found John out when we arrived.

Make yourself at home.

I saw him enter the hall.

The boss keeps them working all day.I heard my name called.

掌握这五种基本句型, 是掌握各种英语句⼦结构的基础。

⼀: SV(主+谓)

⼆: SVP(主+系+表)

三: SVO(主+谓+宾)

四: SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)

五: SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)

基本句型⼀:SV(主+谓)主语: 可以作主语的成分有名词, 主格代词,动词不定式, 动名词等等。主语⼀般在句⾸。

谓语: 谓语由动词构成, 是英语时态、语态变化的主⾓, ⼀般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语, 形成主谓结构。

如: We come.

S│V(不及物动词)1. The sun│rose.

2. Who │cares?

3. What he said │does not matter.

4. They │talked for half an hour.

5. The pen │writes smoothly

此句型的句⼦有⼀个共同特点, 即句⼦的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不物动词,后⾯可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。

基本句型⼆:SVP(主+系+表)

此句型的句⼦有⼀个共同的特点: 句⼦谓语动词都不能表达⼀个完整的意思, 必须加上⼀个表明主语⾝份或状态的表语构成复合谓语, 才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。

系动词分两类: be, look, keep, seem等, 表情况; get, grow, become, turn等属另⼀类, 表变化。be 本⾝没有什么意义, 只起连系主语和表语的作⽤。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可⽤作连系动词: look well/⾯⾊好, sound nice/听起来不错, feel good/感觉好, smell bad/难闻

S│V(是系动词)│P(表语)1. This│is│an English-Chinese dictionary.

2. The dinner│smells│good.

3. He│fell│in love.

4. Everything│looks│different.

5. He│is growing│tall and strong.

6. Our well│has gone│dry.

7. His face│turned│red.

基本句型三:SVO(主+谓+宾)

此句型句⼦的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义, 都是主语产⽣的动作, 但不能表达完整的意思, 必须跟有⼀个宾语, 即动作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。

S│V(及物动词)│O(宾语)1. Who│knows│the answer?

2. He │has refused│to help them.

3. He│enjoys│reading.

4. He│said│“Good morning.”

5. He│admits│that he was mistaken.

基本句型四:SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)

有些及物动词可以有两个宾语, e.g. give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常⼀个指⼈(间接宾语); ⼀个指物(直接宾语)。--Give me a cup of tea please.

--Show this house to Mr. Smith.

--Bring it to me, please.

S│V(及物)│o(多指⼈)│O(多指物)1.She│ordered│herself│a new dress.

2. He│brought│you│a dictionary.

3. I│showed│him│my pictures.

4. I│told│him│that the bus was late.

5. He│showed│me│how to run the machine.

基本句型五:SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)此句型的句⼦的共同特点是: 动词虽然是及物动词, 但是只跟⼀个宾语还不能表达完整的意思, 必须加上⼀个补充成分来补⾜宾语, 才能使意思完整。

宾语补⾜语: 位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以⽤作宾语补⾜语的有名词, 形容词, 不定式,动名词, 分词, 介词短语等。

名词/代词宾格+ n./adj./ 介词短语/动词不定式/分词The war made him a soldier.

New methods make the job easy.

I often find him at work.

The teacher ask the students to close

the windows.

I saw a cat running across the road.

S│V(及物)│O(宾语) │C(宾补)1. They│painted│the door│green.

2. This│set│them │thinking.

3. They│found│the house│deserted.

4. He│asked│me│to come back soon.

5. I │saw│them│getting on the bus.

注意:⽤it 做形式宾语,⽽将真正的宾语放到宾语补⾜语的后⾯,以使句⼦结构平衡,是英语常⽤的句型结构⽅式。即:主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如:I found it very pleasant to be with your family.

英语基本句型6 There be 句型

说明:此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成,⽤以表达存在关系可以称“……有……”。它其实是倒装的⼀种情况,主语位于谓语动词be 之后,there 仅为引导词,并⽆实际语意。

此句型有时不⽤be动词,⽽⽤live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。如:There stands a hill in the middle of the park.

Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.

Be 与其后的主语在⼈称和数量上⼀致,有时态和情态变化。如:现在有there is/are …

过去有there was/were…

将来有there will be…;there is /are going to be...现在已经有there has/have been…

可能有there might be...

肯定有there must be …/there must have been...

过去曾经有there used to be …

似乎有there seems/seem/seemed to be …

碰巧有there happen/happens/happened to be …

练习a. SV

b. SVP

c. SVO

d. SVoO

e. SVOC

1. Pleas tell us a story. _______

2. She smiled. ______

3. I have a lot work to do. _____

4. His job is to train swimmers. _____

5. He noticed a man enter the room. _____

6. Please look at the picture. _____

但常⽤的英语句⼦并不都象基本句型这样简短, 除了基本句型的成分不变外, 通常是在这些成分的前⾯或后⾯增加⼀些修饰语⽽加以扩⼤。这些修饰语可以是单词(adj./adv./num. 数词)短语(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)。我们称之为: 定语、状语The little boy needs a blue pen.

⼀、定语:

定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作⽤的词、短语或句⼦, 译为‘‘……的’’。形容词,代词,数词,名词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,分词,从句都可以充当定语.定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。复合不定代词(something/nothing)之后;

不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分后;副词⽤作定语时须放在名词之后。Two boys need two pens.

His name is Tom.

The boy in blue is Tom.

The boy there needs a pen.

The boy needs a ball pen.