Unit 5 A place in societyActive reading (1)Dealing with unfamiliar words4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.1 money or goods that you give to an organization, especially one that helps people (donation)2 involving or done with a lot of energy, effort, attention etc (intense)3 knowing and understanding a lot about a complicated subject (sophisticated)4 supporting social and political change that aims to make a system fairer (progressive)5 capable of doing something in a satisfactory or effective way (competent)6 a new member of a company or an organization, especially someone who has recently joined (recruit)7 to deliberately make someone feel frightened, especially so that they will do what you want (intimidate)8 to experience or deal with something, especially a problem (encounter)5 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 4.There are two big political parties in the United States: the Republican party, which is traditionallythe more conservative of the two, and the Democratic party, which is said to be more (1) progressive.One of the most interesting and (2) intense moments in American political life is the election campaignwhich comes before the presidential elections. Both parties need a lot of money to pay for the campaign,for which they rely on (3) donations made by individuals and organizations. They also need a lot of new(4) recruits to work on the campaign. These people are usually young, intelligent and hard-working,(5) competent in their jobs and not easily (6) intimidated, since they are likely to (7) encounter a lot ofproblems which have to be resolved quickly. But they also need to be highly (8) sophisticated, to beable to understand what the American people want, and to communicate with them through the style and organization of the election campaign.6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. You may need to make other changes.1 She’s a pleasant young woman, who is always very good company. (agr eeable)She’s an agreeable young woman, who is always very good company.2 I’m afraid the reasons he gave me for not coming to the meeting were silly and unreasonable. (laughable)3 It is important to fight dishonest and illegal behaviour by officials. (corruption)4 It’s freezing out here, I’m shaking with cold. (shiver)5 You might find someone to help you in the office, but I’m not sure. (doubtful)6 The attendant moved his shoulders up to suggest that he didn’t know the answer. (shrugged)7 Don’t be so annoyed because the service is slow, you won’t miss your flight. (impatient)8 The sound of people clapping at the end of the Senator’s speech lasted for five minutes. (applause)7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.1 If you track down something, do you (a) find it, or (b) lose it after a long search?2 Does someone who thinks on their feet make decisions (a) quickly, or (b) slowly?3 If you know something inside out, do you know it (a) only in part, or (b) very well?4 If you are in the running for a job, do you have (a) some chance, or (b) no chance of being chosen?5 Is a hall-of-fame athlete someone who will be (a) quickly forgotten, or (b) remembered for a long time?6 If the market is heaving with people, is there (a) a crowd of people there, or (b) not many people there?7 If you summon someone, do you want them to (a) come to see you immediately, or (b) go away?8 If you refrain from doing something, do you (a) do it, or (b) not do it?9 If there is a flurry of activity, do a lot of things happen (a) all at once, or (b) over a long period of time?Active reading (2)Dealing with unfamiliar words5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.1 support that you always give to someone or something because of your feelings of duty and love towards them (loyalty)2 to give someone the ability or opportunity to do something (enable)3 a company that sells the same goods or services as another company (competitor)4 a written legal agreement between two people or businesses that says what each must do for the other or give to the other (contract)5 the control and operation of a business or organization (management)6 money used in a way that may earn you more money (investment)6 Complete the conversation with the correct form of the words in Activity 5.A Does your company do a lot of business abroad?B Yes, it does. We’ve recently signed a number of (1) contracts in the Middle East.A So you’re making a major (2) investment in that area?B Yes, we are. We also have a lot of (3) competitors in our line of business, so it won’t be easy.A Have you ever thought of working for one of them?B Not really, I’ve got a certain amount of (4) loyalty to my own company. I think that I’ve been treatedrather well by the (5) management. And if t hings go well, the new project I’m working on should(6) enable me to get promotion quite quickly.7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box. You may need to make other changes.1 These 2,000 words form the most basic part of the English language. (core)2 Some British people think belonging to the European Union is vital to the UK’s national interests. (membership)Some British people think membership of the European Union is vital to the UK’s national in terests.3 The process of sending the books may take up to two weeks. (delivery)The delivery of the books may take up to two weeks.4 They said they would cancel the contract if they weren’t paid by next Thursday. (threatened)They threatened to cancel th e contract if they weren’t paid by next Thursday.5 Can’t you see the positive side? You always spend time talking about the bad things. (dwell on)You always dwell on the bad things.6 Your inner strength will enable you to overcome life’s obstacles. (pre vail over)8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.1 Does an intermediary try to get two people or groups to (a) agree, or (b) disagree with each other?2 Is your successor in a job the person who comes (a) after, or (b) before you?3 If you have been nominated for a job, have you been (a) formally, or (b) only informally appointed?4 Is a go-between someone who (a) takes messages between two people, or (b) prevents them from communicating?5 Is an individualist someone who (a) is, or (b) i sn’t dependent on other people?6 If you can stand on your own feet, can you (a) look after yourself, or (b) see further than most people?7 Does parental advice come from (a) the government, or (b) your mother and / or father?Language in useword formation: pro- and anti-1 Look at the sentence from the passage Dinner at Joanne’s and answer the questions.She was pro-abortion, anti-corruption, pro-low carbon emissions and anti-capital punishment, as fine aprogressive liberal as you could find this side of the Atlantic.1 If she was pro-abortion, was she in favour of or against the possibility of having an abortion?She was in favour of the possibility of having an abortion.2 If she was anti-capital punishment, was she in favour of or against the death penalty?She was against the death penalty.3 How are the words formed?These words are formed using the prefixes pro- and anti-.4 What information do they give about people’s characters?They indicate a person’s political ideas.Now form new words to describe someone who is:(a) against racismAn anti-racist: a person who is against racism, ie against the belief that people of their own race are better than others, and against the unfair and violent treatment to people from other races.(b) in favour of devolutionA pro-devolutionist: a person who is in favour of devolution of power, finance, decision-making on education, health etc to regional or local administrative bodies, rather than keeping such power and control centrally with the government.(c) against interventionAn anti-interventionist: a person who is against intervention by the central government in business, education, health etc, especially for regional or local matters.(d) against protecting the environmentAn anti-environmentalist: a person who is against environmentalism, ie who is against those who think we need special action to protect the environment.(e) in favour of a market economyA pro-market economist: a person who is in favour of letting market forces have their own process with minimal government intervention or control.(f) in favour of the governmentA pro-governmentist:a person who is in favour of the government policies and actions.not just to … but to …2 Rewrite the sentences using not just to …but to …1 I needed to see him for two reasons. I wanted to tell him about the new contract, and I also wanted to check whether he was still interested in working with us.I needed to see him not just to tell him about the new contract, but to check whether he was still interested in working with us.2 People went to Joanne’s for two reasons. They went because they were curious to see who their fellow diners were, but also to be seen themselves.People went to Joanne’s not just to see who their fellow diners were, but to be seen th emselves.3 Matthew decided to climb Mount Kilimanjaro for two reasons. Firstly, it was a personal challenge, and secondly, he wanted to raise money for a children’s charity.Matthew decided to climb Mount Kilimanjaro not just to face this personal challenge, but to raise money for a children’s charity.4 I agreed to go to Egypt for two reasons. I wanted to see an old friend, and I also needed a break from the northern winter.I agreed to go to Egypt not just to see an old friend, but to take a needed break from the northern winter.5 Florence left home for two reasons. She couldn’t find a job in the area where she lived, and she was beginning to find family life oppressive.Florence left home not just to find a job in this area, but to escape from her family life which she found oppressive.prep. + which / whom3 Complete the sentences with an appropriate prep. + which / whom.1 It’s not always easy to identify the group to which someone belongs.2 The global community, of which we are all part, is changing very rapidly.3 The friends with whom I grew up all left home years ago.4 The standards by which we are judged today seem to have little to do with traditional values.5 The society in which I grew up was rather different in those days.6 My parents, to whom I owe so much, came from a very poor background.unpacking complex sentences4 Look at the sentences from the passage Dinner at Joanne’s and answer the questions.1 Did Joanne’s have a reputation for good food?No, in fact, the food was often maligned.2 How did Josh know it?He knew it by reputation, ie he had heard or read good comments about it.3 What was special for its orchestra?The orchestra had a guest slot for a well-known movie director who played trumpet.4 Who were the sort of guests it had a reputation for?They were famous celebrities, eg politicians, diplomats, movie actors, athletes, journalists, writers, rock stars, Nobel prize winners etc.5 Who does anyone who was anyone refer to?It refers to anyone who is famous or who has star-quality.Collocations5 Read the explanations of the words. Answer the questions.1 intense When a feeling or action is intense, it is usually very strong or extreme, or it exists in large amounts?(a) If the pain is intense, what do you feel like doing?You feel like screaming or crying with pain.(b) What sort of work requires intense concentration?Difficult or hard work on which you need to focus all your attention.(c) What kind of weather is intense heat?Very hot and dry weather.2 delivery This word usually means carrying goods somewhere and giving them to someone who is waiting to receive them.(a) How many of the online bookstores offer free delivery?A few offer free delivery.(b) What do you do if you are asked for cash on delivery?You pay when what you have ordered is delivered.(c) If a mother has had an easy delivery, what has she just brought into the world?A baby; she has just given birth in a comfortable manner.3 core This word usually means the centre of something, or the most important and necessary part of something.(a) What do you do with the apple core when you’ve finished eating?You throw it away because it is not the part to eat, but it has the most important part for the apple tree –the pips or apple seeds.(b) How many words do you think should be included in a core vocabulary of English?A limited number of basic and frequent words.(c) How devoted are a hard core of fans who stay up all night to greet their heroes?They are very devoted and loyal.6 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.1 Josh shivered as he checked the address on the slip of paper in his hand. He’d never been to Joanne’s, but knew it by reputation, not because of its food, which had often been maligned, or its jazz orchestra, which had a guest slot for a well-known movie director who played trumpet, but because of the stellar quality of its sophisticated guests: politicians, diplomats, movie actors, hall-of-fame athletes, journalists, writers, rock stars and Nobel Prize winners – in short, anyone who was anyone in this city of powerbrokers.乔希打了个冷战，他打开手里的纸条核对了一下地址。
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