Effects of coping and cooperative instructions on guiltyand informed innocents physiological respon

雅思大作文国际合作对环境和对经济In today's globalized world, international cooperation plays a crucial role in addressing both environmental and economic issues. The interconnected nature ofour planet means that no single country can solve these complex challenges alone. Therefore, it is essential for nations to work together in order to achieve sustainable development and ensure the well-being of future generations. From an environmental perspective, international cooperation is vital in addressing issues such as climate change, deforestation, and pollution. These problems do not adhere to national borders, and their impacts are felt globally. For instance, themelting of polar ice caps affects sea levels around the world, while air pollution can spread across continents. By collaborating on environmental initiatives, countries can share knowledge, resources, and technologies to mitigate these challenges. This can include agreements on reducing carbon emissions, protecting biodiversity, and promoting renewable energy sources. Additionally, international cooperation can facilitate the establishment of protected areas and the conservation of natural habitats, which are essential for the survival ofcountless species. Moreover, international cooperation is also instrumental in addressing economic issues, particularly in an increasingly interconnected global economy. Trade, investment, and financial systems are all influenced by international dynamics, and economic crises in one country can have ripple effects around the world. By working together, countries can establish fair trade practices, promote economic stability, and address global poverty. International financial institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, play a crucial role in providing financial assistance to countries in need and promoting sustainable development. Furthermore, collaboration on economic policies and regulations can help prevent financial crises and ensure that economic growthis inclusive and sustainable. However, while international cooperation offers numerous benefits, it also presents challenges. One of the main obstacles is the issue of sovereignty, as countries are often reluctant to cede control over their domestic affairs to international organizations. This can lead to disagreementsand delays in reaching agreements, particularly on contentious issues such as environmental regulations and trade policies. Additionally, power imbalancesbetween countries can hinder effective cooperation, as more powerful nations may dominate decision-making processes and prioritize their own interests over the common good. Moreover, cultural and ideological differences can also create barriers to cooperation, as different countries may have divergent values and priorities. In conclusion, international cooperation is essential for addressing both environmental and economic challenges in today's globalized world. By working together, countries can pool their resources and expertise to tackle issues that transcend national boundaries. However, achieving effective cooperation requires overcoming numerous obstacles, including sovereignty concerns, power imbalances, and cultural differences. Nevertheless, the potential benefits of international cooperation in promoting a sustainable and prosperous future for all make it a goal worth pursuing.。

The Effects of Climate Change on OceanEcosystemsClimate change is a phenomenon that has been affecting various aspects of our planet, including ocean ecosystems. The continuous increase in greenhouse gas emissions has led to rising sea levels, warming oceans, and ocean acidification, which have all had significant impacts on marine life. In this essay, we will delve into the effects of climate change on ocean ecosystems from different perspectives. The first perspective we will consider is that of marine life. The warming of the oceans has led to significant changes in the behavior and patterns of marine species. For instance, some species have been forced to migrate to cooler waters, while others have altered their breeding seasons and migration patterns. The warming of the oceans has also led to coral bleaching, which has devastating effects on the ecosystem. Coral reefs support a significant proportion of marine biodiversity and provide habitats for numerous species. The death of coral reefs could lead to the extinction of many marine species, which could have catastrophic effects on the ecosystem. The second perspective we will consider is that of humans. The effects of climate change on ocean ecosystems have significant implications for human life. For example, the loss of coral reefs could lead to the loss of livelihoods for millions of people who rely on fishing and tourism. Additionally, the warming of the oceans could lead to the spread of diseases, which could have devastating effects on human health. The rise in sea levels could also lead to the displacement of millions of people living in coastal areas. The third perspective we will consider is that of policymakers. Climate change is a global issue that requires collective action from policymakers. The effects of climate change on ocean ecosystems should be a key consideration in policymaking. Policymakers should develop policies that promote the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the protection of marine ecosystems. Additionally, policies should be put in place to ensure that the impacts of climate change on marine life are mitigated, and that affected communities are supported. The fourth perspective we will consider is that of the economy. The effects of climate change on ocean ecosystems could have significant economic implications. For instance, the loss ofcoral reefs could lead to a decline in tourism, which could have a ripple effect on the economy. Additionally, the loss of marine biodiversity could lead to a decline in fish stocks, which could have significant implications for the fishing industry. However, there are also economic opportunities that could arise from the mitigation of climate change. For instance, the development of renewable energy could create new job opportunities and stimulate economic growth. The fifth perspective we will consider is that of future generations. The effects of climate change on ocean ecosystems could have long-term implications for future generations. The loss of marine biodiversity could lead to the extinction of many species, which could have irreversible effects on the ecosystem. Additionally, the rise in sea levels could lead to the displacement of millions of people, which could have significant social and economic implications. It is therefore important that we take action to mitigate the effects of climate change on ocean ecosystems to ensure that future generations inherit a healthy and sustainable planet. In conclusion, climate change has had significant effects on ocean ecosystems, affecting marine life, humans, policymakers, the economy, and future generations. It is therefore important that we take collective action to mitigate the effects of climate change on ocean ecosystems. This can be achieved through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the protection of marine ecosystems, the development of policies that support affected communities, and the exploration of economic opportunities that arise from the mitigation of climate change. By taking action, we can ensure that our planet remains healthy and sustainable for generations to come.。

Coping,affect and aging:the roles of mastery and self-esteemHasida Ben-Zur *School of Social Work,University of Haifa,Mount Carmel,31905Haifa,IsraelReceived 20July 2000;received in revised form 16January 2001;accepted 27January 2001AbstractThe relationships between coping,affect and aging were examined using mastery and self-esteem as mediators of the aging–coping–affect associations.The sample included 168young and old community residents who completed the dispositional coping strategies questionnaire [COPE scale;Carver,C.S.,Scheier,M.,&Weintraub,J.K.(1989).Assessing coping strategies:a theoretically based approach.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ,56,267–283],as well as mastery,self-esteem and affect inventories.The results showed high levels of mastery,self-esteem and problem/accommodation meta-strategy of cop-ing to contribute independently to positive affect,while low levels of mastery and self-esteem contributed to negative affect.Older people reported low levels of negative affect as well as lower levels of mastery than the younger ones,but no age-related differences were observed for positive affect,self-esteem,or coping strategies.Furthermore,mastery mediated the effects of aging on coping strategies.Unexpectedly,per-ceived health status,independently of age,was related to low levels of mastery and self-esteem while per-ceived economical situation or education level were not related to these variables.The study results imply that the use of efficient coping strategies in certain groups such as old people may be enhanced by elevating feelings of mastery.#2001Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Affect;Aging;Coping;Mastery;Self-esteem1.IntroductionFolkman,Lazarus,Pimley,and Novacek (1987)claimed that ‘‘it is not stress per se,but how people cope with it,that affects health and well-being’’(p.171).Indeed,the concept of coping has acquired a prominent place in present theories of stress and adjustment;it is currently being stu-died as a reaction,strategy,tactic,behavior or cognition (Schwarzer &Schwarzer,1996),and is discussed under such topics as function,style and resource.The present research aims at assessing0191-8869/01/$-see front matter #2001Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.PII:S0191-8869(01)00031-9Personality and Individual Differences 32(2002)357–372/locate/paid*Tel.:+972-4-8240827.E-mail address:rpps302@uvm.haifa.ac.il358H.Ben-Zur/Personality and Individual Differences32(2002)357–372the associations between dispositional coping and general affect in young and old people,trying to delineate the roles of mastery and self-esteem as coping resources that may mediate the use of effective coping strategies in old age.1.1.Coping dispositions and affectAccording to Lazarus and Folkman(1984),coping represents the cognitive and behavioral efforts of individuals to manage stressful encounters.These efforts result in a variety of activities, classified according to problem-focused and emotion-focused modes,as differentiated by their function(Folkman&Lazarus1980,1985;Lazarus&Folkman,1984).Problem-focused coping includes various actions aimed at managing future danger or threat,expressed in the efforts the person invests in order to actually change his/her interaction with the environment.Emotion-focused coping,in contrast,is aimed at reducing,preventing or tolerating the emotional and bodily reactions that are characterized as stressful.Following Lazarus and Folkman,various coping models and techniques have been proposed (e.g.Amirkhan,1994;Endler&Parker,1990;Holahan,Moos&Schaefer,1996;Moos&Billings, 1982;Moos&Schaefer,1993;Schwarzer&Schwarzer,1996).One of the most comprehensive frameworks was described by Carver,Scheier,and Weintraub(1989),and Scheier,Carver,and Bridges(1994),with coping differentiated into15strategies according to three types:problem-focused strategies,which are considered effective and adaptive;and two types of emotion-focused strategies,with some considered functional and sometimes even helpful in solving the problem, and others seen as ineffective and dysfunctional.On the basis of factor analysis,Carver et al. (1989)reported a four-factor structure of coping strategies:problem,emotion,avoidance and acceptance coping.Ben-Zur(1999)reported a structure of three factors:(1)problem/accom-modation coping,composed of problem-focused strategies(e.g.active coping)as well as accom-modation strategies(e.g.positive reinterpretation and growth);(2)emotion/support coping, composed of approach type of emotion-focused strategies(e.g.looking for social support for emotional reasons);and(3)avoidance/disengagement,composed of avoidance type of emotion-focused coping(e.g.denial).Lazarus and Folkman(1984)emphasized situational coping,based on a dynamic process involving evaluations and re-evaluations of the interplay between the person and the environ-ment.In contrast,dispositional coping refers to the consistent coping responses of individuals across different time points(Folkman&Lazarus,1985;Holahan et al.,1996;Terry,1994).Carver et al.(1989)measured coping as a trait or state,with positive correlations obtained for disposi-tional and situational uses of coping.Carver and Scheier(1994)found dispositional coping to be related positively to exam-related coping for the majority of the13COPE strategies tested, though weak associations were found between these strategies and threat or harm emotions. The present research tested the associations of dispositional coping strategies with affective responses.A current,prominent approach to emotion posits a general distinction between two dimensions of emotional experience,termed Positive Affect(PA)and Negative Affect(NA;Bry-ant,Yarnold,&Grimm,1996;Tellegen,1985;Watson&Clark,1992).NA describes subjective distress and dissatisfaction and is composed of negative emotional states,such as anger,fear, sadness,guilt,contempt and disgust.PA,in contrast,reflects the co-occurrence of positive emo-tional states,such as joy,interest,excitement,confidence and alertness.The two dimensions areH.Ben-Zur/Personality and Individual Differences32(2002)357–372359 considered to be highly distinct,with relative independence between these two presumably opposite poles,and have been investigated both as states and traits.Watson,Clark,and Tellegen(1988)suggest that Trait PA is positively related to extraversion and negatively related to depression,while Trait NA is associated with anxiety/neuroticism.In addition,they report on studies that have shown NA to be related to stress and health com-plaints,while PA is found to be related to social activity and satisfaction.It should be noted that the PA/NA construct has been investigated in numerous studies on mood and distress,but it is also considered to be part of the affective aspect of well-being and quality of life.Psychological well-being is composed of cognitive and affective components and is defined as a subjective global state of satisfaction and positive mental health(Lawton,1984),with two of its main character-istics being positive and negative affect.Costa and McCrae(1984)also claim that positive affect and negative affect are independent contributors to global well-being and have differential asso-ciations with extraversion and neuroticism.Based on Lazarus and Folkman’s(1984)claim that coping strategies may affect short-term reactions as well as long-term well-being,it is expected that people who use the more efficient problem-focused coping strategies will be characterized by high levels of well-being as indicated by positive affect,while the use of either emotion-focused coping or avoidance will show an opposite pattern.1.2.Mastery and self-esteemIn recent years there has been a growing interest in the associations between coping and per-sonal characteristics(McCrea&Costa,1986).Carver et al.(1989)found dispositional problem-focused strategies to be related to Type A behavior and optimism,and emotion-focused strategies to be related to trait-anxiety.Watson and Hubbard(1996)tested coping dispositions within the framework of thefive-factor model of personality,revealing that neuroticism is associated with passive and ineffective coping mechanisms,conscientiousness with active problem-focused cop-ing,and extraversion with support strategies and positive reinterpretation.The present research focused on mastery and self-esteem as two characteristics that may change with age,as well as relate to both coping and affective outcomes.Mastery and self-esteem are personality characteristics claimed to be strong defenses against stressful consequences(Lazarus&Folkman,1984;Pearlin&Schooler,1978).Mastery refers to whether one regards life occurrences as being under personal control or under fatalistic control (Pearlin&Schooler,1978),and Burger(1989)defined it as the‘‘perceived ability to significantly alter events’’(p.246).The literature suggests that perceiving a link between one’s own actions and outcomes is an important cognition that can lead to problem-focused coping and action(Lazarus &Folkman,1984).It might also lead to better adaptation when individuals experience a variety of major stressors,such as when patients are recovering from heart surgery(Fitzgerald,Tennen, Affleck,&Pransky,1993).High self-esteem refers to the positive attitude towards oneself,and it is defined globally as‘‘the level of global regard that one has for the self as a person’’(Harter,1993,p.88).A recently published review suggests that positive self-esteem is an essential component of mental health,associated with positive affect acting as a resource that influences the outcomes of stressful life events(Kling,Hyde, Showers,&Buswell,1999).High self-esteem is also related to coping strategies considered efficient.360H.Ben-Zur/Personality and Individual Differences32(2002)357–372Carver et al.(1989)reported on positive correlations between self-esteem and active coping or planning,while negative correlations were observed for avoidance strategies.In testing coping responses and processes,Pearlin and Schooler(1978)found that self-esteem and mastery are particularly helpful against strain in areas involving conditions of direct control (such as job andfinances).It is expected that both mastery and self-esteem will be positively associated with high levels of well-being and problem-focused coping and negatively associated with emotion-focused and avoidance types of coping.1.3.Age and copingIn addition to personal characteristics,age is another variable believed to have an impact on dispositional coping.Several hypotheses have been offered in the past in relation to age and coping.The‘‘developmental’’hypothesis suggests that as people become older,certain inherent, stress-related changes occur,with the resulting use of either more mature or more primitive cop-ing options(Folkman et al.,1987),and with possible interactions with gender.The alternative hypothesis suggests that age differences are the result of‘‘contextual’’changes,that is,as people age,they have to deal with changes in the sources of stress.Folkman et al.(1987)showed that across a wide variety of life domains,young people use more active,problem-focused coping than older people,while the latter use more passive,emotion-focused coping than the former.In addition,no age by gender interaction was observed.All in all,the developmental hypothesis was confirmed,with the suggestion that the patterns of problem-and emotion-focused coping used by younger and older people,respectively,are effective insofar as they are related to differential assessments of the changeability of stressful encounters.Similar results were obtained by Blanchard-Fields,Jahnke,and Camp(1995),who showed age differences in problem-solving style,with older adults(65–75years)using less problem-focused coping and more passive-dependent coping than either adolescents,young or middle-aged adults. However,Costa amd McCrae(1993)suggested,on the basis of the results of a longitudinal study (McCrae,1989),that aging has little effect on coping and concluded that coping responses are in part a function of the enduring characteristics of individuals.Even if young and elderly people do not basically differ in their use of coping strategies,they may differ in other aspects of life.For example,socioeconomic status often gets higher and health status gets lower with age,and these are considered resources that can affect the ability to use problem-or emotion-focused coping.Similarly,perceived control may diminish with age(Ald-win,1991),due to the accumulating effect of physical and environmental limitations.A lower sense of control or mastery,in turn,may lead to a lesser use of problem-focused coping.1.4.Research aims and hypothesesThe present research followed the theoretical framework of Moos and Schaefer(1993),which encompasses a coping model of resources and demographics as variables that affect both coping strategies and outcomes,with coping mediating the effects of resources and demographics.The research tested the main effects of coping strategies on positive and negative affect,together with mastery,self-esteem,age,and several background variables.In addition,the mediating and moderating effects of coping and personal resources were also examined,as depicted in Fig.1.Fig.1.A general description of three models delineating three possible types of relations between dispositional coping strategies,resources,demographics and affect.H.Ben-Zur /Personality and Individual Differences 32(2002)357–372361362H.Ben-Zur/Personality and Individual Differences32(2002)357–372The present research used a structure of three meta-strategies of coping(Ben-Zur,1999):Pro-blem/accommodation(Problem),Emotion/support(Emotion),and Avoidance/disengagement (Avoidance).The following hypotheses were tested:(1)PA will show positive associations with the Problem meta-strategy,mastery and self-esteem,and negative associations with the Emotion and Avoidance meta-strategies.(2)NA will show negative associations with the Problem-meta strategy,mastery and self-esteem,and positive associations with the Emotion and Avoidance meta-strategies.(3)Mastery and self-esteem will be positively related to Problem meta-strat-egy and negatively related to Emotion and Avoidance meta-strategy.Thus,coping is expec-ted to mediate the effects of mastery and self-esteem on affect.(4)As people grow older, they will experience less mastery,and possibly lower levels of both PA and NA.In light of the inconsistent associations found between age and coping,no directional hypotheses were put forward in relation to age and coping or affect.However,the study aimed atfinding whether mastery and self-esteem,although being related constructs,show the same patterns for young and old people.They were also seen as possible mediators of the effects of age and other background variables(i.e.gender,perceived health status,perceived economic situation and education)on affect.Finally,the possibility of interactions between coping,resources,and aging was tested.2.Method2.1.Participants and procedureThe sample consisted of168community resident volunteers,with a mean age of48.59 (range=21–82,S.D.=15.92).Quota sampling was used,with equal proportions of Hebrew-speaking men and women within four age groups:21–35,36–50,51–65and66–82.Of the parti-cipants,85.4%were married,with an average of2.55children(S.D.=1.69);79.7%reported that they were employed;and76.8%reported having an academic education.Participants were approached by graduate students at their place of work,and all questionnaires were completed and coded anonymously.2.2.QuestionnairesThe following questionnaires were used.2.2.1.Coping strategiesEveryday use of coping strategies was tested by the Hebrew version of the complete60-item COPE scale(Carver et al.,1989),which includes15subscales.Each subscale was represented by four items as translated from the original scale.The15four-item subscales were:active coping, planning,seeking instrumental social support,seeking emotional social support,suppression of competing activities,religion,positive reinterpretation and growth,restraint coping,acceptance, ventilation of emotion,denial,mental disengagement,behavioral disengagement,alcohol/drug use,and humor.Respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which each of the15strategies was used(0=not at all,3=great extent)in coping with stressors during day-to-day life.H.Ben-Zur/Personality and Individual Differences32(2002)357–372363 Ben-Zur(1999)reported on the translation procedures and reliability results of the ques-tionnaire:the internal reliability values of the15strategies were between0.58and0.93(four items for each scale),and test–retest correlations of the coping scales were between0.30and0.90,with most strategies showing medium to high levels(0.50–0.90for12out of the15strategies).In the present study,sum scores were computed for each strategy(the data were transformed into a1–4rating scale to make them compatible with the Carver et al.(1989)calculations),and three scales were computed in accordance with Ben-Zur’s(1999)three meta-strategies of coping: (1)Problem/accommodation(Problem),composed of active coping,planning,suppression,posi-tive reinterpretation,acceptance,and restraint;(2)Emotion/support(Emotion),composed of ventilation,instrumental and emotional support;and(3)Avoidance/disengagement(Avoidance), composed of behavioral and mental disengagement and denial.1Table1shows the psychometric properties of the study variables,and Table2presents their intercorrelations.As can be seen,the coping scales show satisfactory alpha levels and modest intercorrelations.2.2.2.Mastery and self-esteemA16-item scale,composed of seven items referring to mastery and nine to self-esteem(includ-ing self-denigration;Pearlin&Schooler,1978),was used in its Hebrew form(Pedut,1990). Hobfoll and Walfisch(1984)reported test–retest reliabilities of0.85or above,and reasonable internal consistency levels(a<0.75)for the two measures.Respondents were asked to rate their agreement with each item(e.g.I feel I am a failure;I feel in control of my life)on a scale of1–7. Internal reliabilities are satisfactory,and the two subscales are positively correlated(Tables1and 2).2.2.3.Positive and negative affect scale(PANAS)The short20-item scale was used(Watson et al.,1988)in its trait format,referring to everyday feelings and affects.The scale is comprised of20adjectives depicting various mood and affective Table1Psychometric properties of study variablesMean S.D.Alpha Problem11.81 1.520.72 Emotion11.05 2.560.82 Avoidance 6.85 1.880.72 Mastery 5.25 1.080.80 Self-esteem 5.770.880.79 Positive Affect38.23 5.710.78 Negative Affect22.61 6.340.83 SDS a 4.94 2.060.66 a SDS,Social Desirability Scale.1The strategies of humor and alcohol/drug use were not included in the three-factor structure of the COPE scale analysis(Ben-Zur,1999),and therefore they were excluded from the meta-strategy scales.364H.Ben-Zur/Personality and Individual Differences32(2002)357–372states(e.g.enthusiastic,hostile),with10positive items and10negative items,rated on a1–5scale (1=not at all;5=a lot).The two subscales,namely,positive and negative affect,show high internal reliabilities(0.84–0.90)and were validated through their correlations with anxiety and depression(Watson et al.,1988).Two social scientists translated the scale into Hebrew,and a reverse translation by a third scientist revealed a95%agreement with the original scale.The20-item Hebrew version wasfirst tested on74students,with an internal reliability of0.82and a correlation of0.34(P<0.01)with social desirability.In an additional study conducted with76 students,a factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed two factors with similar loadings of positive and negative feelings,as found in the English version.To validate the PA/NA dichot-omy,participants also completed the Trait-Anxiety,Trait-Anger and Trait-Curiosity scales of the State-Trait Personality Inventory(Spielberger et al.,1979).The correlations of NA with anxiety, anger and curiosity,were0.77,0.48andÀ0.48,respectively,while the respective correlations of PA wereÀ0.63,À0.20and0.71.The psychometric properties of the two10-item subscales were shown to be satisfactory and moderately correlated(Tables1and2).2.2.4.Social desirabilityA short scale(eight items)of the Crowne and Marlowe(1964)social desirability questionnaire was also used(Tables1and3).Table2Intercorrelations between psychological variables a2345671.Problem0.30À0.110.310.320.45À0.162.Emotion–0.15À0.05À0.160.240.273.Avoidance––À0.43À0.46À0.340.354.Mastery0.600.46À0.455.Self-esteem0.48À0.466.Positive AffectÀ0.117.Negative Affect–a r>0.20,P<0.01;r>0.26,P<0.001.Table3Correlations between psychological variables and demographics aAge Gender SDS Economics Health Education1.ProblemÀ0.080.010.04À0.09À0.110.182.EmotionÀ0.080.46À0.050.020.020.083.Avoidance0.230.12À0.120.130.28À0.194.MasteryÀ0.36À0.210.14À0.16À0.360.215.Self-esteemÀ0.12À0.110.25À0.15À0.260.126.Positive AffectÀ0.250.070.13À0.09À0.270.147.Negative AffectÀ0.040.28À0.320.120.21À0.13a Gender:1,men,2,women;SDS,Social Desirability Scale.r>0.20,P<0.01;r>0.26,P<0.001.H.Ben-Zur/Personality and Individual Differences32(2002)357–3723652.2.5.Demographic informationThis consists of age,gender,education(1=basic;3=high),perceived health status(1=excel-lent;7=very bad),and perceived economic situation(1=high;5=low).3.ResultsAs can be seen in Table1,the participants reported a more frequent use of both the Problem and Emotion meta-strategies than of the Avoidance meta-strategy,as found in previous research (Ben-Zur,1999),and the level of PA reported was higher than that of NA as found with Amer-ican samples(e.g.Watson et al.,1988).Table2shows that the use of the Problem meta-strategy is positively correlated with mastery and self-esteem,as well as PA,whereas the Avoidance meta-strategy is negatively correlated with these variables while positively correlated with NA.Table3depicts the associations between psychological and demographic variables.As shown, older people report more Avoidance coping,less mastery and lower PA,but not less self-esteem, than younger people.Women report more Emotion coping,less mastery and more NA than men. While perceived economic situation assessment does not show any substantial associations with the psychological variables,the perceived health status evaluation shows the highest associations with psychological indicators,with better health related to less Avoidance,more mastery,more self-esteem,more PA and less NA.In addition,level of education is positively related to mastery but not to self-esteem.Table4Regression of affect on coping,mastery,age,and background variables,and of coping on mastery,age and back-ground variablesCriterions and mediatorsPositive Affect Negative Affect Problem Emotion Avoidance Mastery Predictors and mediatorsProblem0.28*À0.08Emotion0.22*0.18AvoidanceÀ0.18*0.15Mastery0.24*À0.34***0.33***0.10À0.36***AgeÀ0.07À0.29***0.16À0.060.03À0.27** Gender0.010.110.060.52***0.03À0.26** HealthÀ0.110.160.030.26*0.15À0.26** Economics0.000.040.010.010.04À0.09 EducationÀ0.09À0.130.160.21*À0.02À0.04 SDS a0.07À0.23*0.01À0.01À0.080.18* R20.40***0.42***0.12*0.26***0.24**0.29*** a SDS,Social Desirability Scale.*P<0.01.**P<0.001.***P<0.0001(n=157).366H.Ben-Zur/Personality and Individual Differences32(2002)357–372Table5Regression of affect on coping,self-esteem,age,and background variables,and of coping on self-esteem,age and background variablesCriterions and mediatorsPositive Affect Negative Affect Problem Emotion Avoidance Self-esteem Predictors and mediatorsProblem0.24**À0.08Emotion0.29**0.12AvoidanceÀ0.150.17Self-esteem0.31***À0.23**À0.32**À0.10À0.38***AgeÀ0.13À0.21*0.08À0.080.120.01 GenderÀ0.060.19*0.020.48***0.06À0.14 HealthÀ0.010.19*À0.020.210.14À0.27** EconomicsÀ0.01À0.020.01À0.010.04À0.08 EducationÀ0.11À0.120.150.27*0.000.11 SDS a0.04À0.22*À0.020.03À0.040.25**R20.43***0.39***0.13**0.26***0.27***0.17**a SDS,Social Desirability Scale.*P<0.01.**P<0.001.***P<0.0001(n=157).Tables4and5present the regression analyses separately for mastery and self-esteem.As can be seen in the tables,and in accordance with our hypotheses,PA is positively associated with both the Problem meta-strategy,as well as mastery and self-esteem,and negatively associated with Avoidance coping.NA shows negative associations with the two resources.The path model pre-sented in Fig.2shows the overall results for the regression including mastery.As can be observed, mastery mediates the effects of age on coping,and age is also related directly to lower levels of NA.In contrast,the hypotheses were not confirmed in regard to Avoidance coping—it was not found to be highly related to either NA or PA,though its associations with PA and NA are substantial(Table2).The Avoidance effect may have diminished due to the relatively high cor-relations with mastery and self-esteem.Finally,perceived health status was related to both mastery and self-esteem,with perceived low status of health associated with low levels of mastery and self-esteem.In addition,gender was also related to these variables,with women reporting on lower levels of mastery and higher levels of Emotion coping than men.When the two resources,mastery and self-esteem,were analyzed in the same regression,the results showed that mastery is negatively related to NA while self-esteem is positively related to PA(Table6).Thus,mastery and self-esteem show differential associations with positive and negative affect.To test the interactions between coping and mastery or self-esteem,as well as interactions involving age,the three coping meta-strategies,mastery,self-esteem and age variables wereFig.2.Path model of affect,coping strategies,mastery,age and background variables.divided according to the median.Two-way analyses of variance were conducted,testing theeffects of combinations of coping,mastery,self-esteem and age on PA and NA,and testing thecombinations of age,self-esteem and mastery on coping.No interactions were observed in theseanalyses.Table6Regressions of affect on coping,mastery,and self-esteem,and background variablesCriterion and MediatorsPredictors and mediators Positive Affect Negative Affect Problem Emotion Avoidance Problem0.23*À0.05Emotion0.28**0.15AvoidanceÀ0.130.13Mastery0.12À0.29**0.190.22À0.20 Self-esteem0.26*À0.100.22À0.21À0.28* GenderÀ0.020.120.050.52***0.03 AgeÀ0.09À0.28**0.12À0.020.07 HealthÀ0.110.150.000.24*0.12 Economics0.00À0.040.020.000.03 EducationÀ0.10À0.130.160.22*0.01 SDS a0.03À0.21*À0.030.02À0.04R20.43***0.43***0.15**0.29***0.28*** a SDS,Social Desirability Scale.*P<0.01.**P<0.001.***P<0.0001(n=157).4.Discussion4.1.Coping,affect,mastery and self-esteemThe present research showed that the Problem/accommodation meta-strategy is related posi-tively to positive affect and Avoidance/disengagement is negatively related to PA.Thus,coping is directly related to affect,with the direction of associations being similar to that shown in other studies testing associations with similar concepts.In the context of situational coping,such as recalled sport competition,problem types of coping were found to be associated positively with positive affect and negatively with negative affect,while behavioral disengagement showed the opposite patterns(Ntoumanis&Biddle,1998).Negative affect,however,did not show associa-tions with coping strategies.This is in contrast to Ben-Zur’s(1999)findings regarding the nega-tive associations between Problem/accommodation meta-strategy and state-and trait-anxiety and bodily symptoms.Problem coping strategies are reported as the most commonly used strategies.Similarfindings were reported when projected coping was investigated in relation to traumatic events described by vignettes,with problem-solving coping the most frequently used coping strategy,though it dif-fered as a function of stressor type(Bjorck&Klewicki,1997).A high level of active,direct pro-blem coping was also reported by students in relation to academic stresses(Westman&Shirom, 1995),and the Problem/accommodation strategies were also rated as the most efficient strategies in everyday encounters(Ben-Zur,1999).The present results suggest that dispositional problem-focused coping strategies may be an important determinant in the affective aspects of general well-being.They possibly influence。

阿德勒经典名言治愈童年英语原文Healing Childhood through the Wisdom of AdlerThe renowned psychologist Alfred Adler once said, "We are all born with the same basic equipment, but some are trained to use theirs and some are not." This profound statement encapsulates the essence of his approach to human development, which emphasizes the importance of childhood experiences in shaping our future. Adler's classic teachings offer a powerful framework for understanding and addressing the challenges that arise from our early years, providing a path towards personal growth and fulfillment.At the heart of Adler's philosophy is the recognition that our childhood is a formative period that profoundly influences our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors as adults. He believed that the experiences we have during this critical stage of life, particularly the way we perceive and interpret our relationships with caregivers, siblings, and peers, can have a lasting impact on our sense of self-worth, our approach to problem-solving, and our ability to forge meaningful connections with others.One of Adler's central concepts is the idea of the "inferioritycomplex," which he saw as a common psychological condition rooted in childhood. He posited that when children are subjected to neglect, criticism, or a lack of encouragement, they may develop a deep-seated sense of inadequacy and a belief that they are inherently inferior to others. This inferiority complex can then manifest in a variety of maladaptive coping mechanisms, such as overcompensation, withdrawal, or aggressive behavior, as the individual struggles to protect their fragile self-esteem.Adler's insight was that these patterns of thinking and behavior, while often rooted in childhood, are not set in stone. He believed that through self-awareness, personal reflection, and a willingness to confront and reframe our early experiences, we can overcome the limitations of our inferiority complex and develop a more positive and empowered sense of self.At the core of Adler's approach is the concept of "social interest," which he saw as the antidote to the detrimental effects of the inferiority complex. Social interest refers to a genuine concern for the well-being of others and a desire to contribute to the greater good of society. Adler believed that by cultivating a sense of belonging, connection, and purpose, individuals could transcend their own limited perspectives and find fulfillment in serving the needs of their communities.One of the key ways Adler encouraged the development of social interest was through the encouragement of cooperation and mutual understanding. He saw competition and individualism as contributing factors to the inferiority complex, as they often foster a zero-sum mentality and a focus on personal gain at the expense of others. In contrast, Adler championed the virtues of collaboration, empathy, and a willingness to consider multiple perspectives, arguing that these qualities are essential for personal growth and the creation of a more just and harmonious society.Moreover, Adler believed that the ability to cultivate social interest was not limited to the individual; he saw it as a fundamental aspect of human nature that could be nurtured and developed through education, community engagement, and the fostering of supportive relationships. By encouraging children to engage in cooperative activities, to consider the needs of others, and to find meaning in contributing to their communities, Adler believed that we could help them build the foundation for a more fulfilling and socially-conscious adulthood.In the context of contemporary society, Adler's teachings hold particular relevance. In an era marked by increasing individualism, social fragmentation, and mental health challenges, his emphasis on the importance of childhood experiences and the power of social interest offers a compelling framework for addressing these pressingissues. By encouraging individuals to reflect on their early experiences, to cultivate a sense of belonging and purpose, and to prioritize the well-being of their communities, Adler's classic insights can provide a pathway towards healing, personal growth, and the creation of a more just and equitable world.In conclusion, the classic teachings of Alfred Adler offer a profound and enduring approach to understanding and addressing the challenges of human development. His emphasis on the formative role of childhood experiences, the concept of the inferiority complex, and the transformative power of social interest provide a valuable roadmap for individuals seeking to overcome the limitations of their past and embrace a more fulfilling and socially-conscious future. As we navigate the complex realities of the modern world, Adler's timeless wisdom continues to offer a powerful and inspiring perspective on the human condition and the possibilities for personal and societal transformation.。

2022一带一路建设的英语演讲稿，一带一路英语优秀演讲稿（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。

文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如演讲稿、总结报告、合同协议、方案大全、工作计划、学习计划、条据书信、致辞讲话、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic sample essays, such as speech drafts, summary reports, contract agreements, project plans, work plans, study plans, letter letters, speeches, teaching materials, essays, other sample essays, etc. Want to know the format and writing of different sample essays, so stay tuned!2022一带一路建设的英语演讲稿，一带一路英语优秀演讲稿20XX一带一路建设的英语演讲稿，一带一路英语优秀演讲稿“一带一路”(The Belt and Road，缩写B&R)是“丝绸之路经济带”和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的简称，20XX年9月和10月由中国国家主席分别提出建设“新丝绸之路经济带”和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的合作倡议。

1.The Importance of Learning EnglishLearning English is crucial for global communication,accessing a wealth of knowledge,and enhancing career prospects.It is a key skill in todays interconnected world.2.The Role of Technology in EducationTechnology has revolutionized the way we learn,making education more accessible and interactive.It offers personalized learning experiences and helps in the acquisition of new skills.3.The Impact of Social Media on SocietySocial media has transformed how we communicate and share information.While it has many benefits,such as connecting people and spreading awareness,it also poses challenges like privacy concerns and the spread of misinformation.4.The Benefits of Regular ExerciseRegular physical activity is essential for maintaining good health.It can improve mental wellbeing,boost immunity,and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.5.The Influence of Culture on Personal IdentityCulture shapes our values,beliefs,and behaviors,and it plays a significant role in defining who we are.Understanding ones cultural background can lead to a deeper sense of self and belonging.6.The Challenges of UrbanizationRapid urbanization brings economic growth and opportunities but also poses challenges such as overpopulation,environmental degradation,and social inequality. 7.The Value of VolunteeringVolunteering is a way to give back to the community,gain new experiences,and develop skills.It fosters a sense of social responsibility and can be personally rewarding.8.The Ethics of Genetic EngineeringGenetic engineering has the potential to cure diseases and improve agricultural yields, but it also raises ethical questions about the manipulation of life and the potential for misuse.9.The Effects of Climate ChangeClimate change is one of the most pressing global issues,affecting weather patterns, ecosystems,and human societies.It requires urgent action to mitigate its impacts andadapt to its consequences.10.The Significance of Cultural ExchangeCultural exchange promotes understanding and respect among different cultures.It enriches societies and fosters international cooperation.11.The Role of Libraries in the Digital AgeDespite the rise of digital media,libraries remain vital community hubs that provide access to information,promote literacy,and serve as spaces for learning and social interaction.12.The Impact of Globalization on Local CulturesGlobalization can lead to the homogenization of cultures,but it also provides opportunities for cultural exchange and the preservation of local traditions.13.The Benefits of TravelingTraveling broadens the mind,exposes individuals to new cultures,and can be a source of personal growth and inspiration.14.The Challenges of Balancing Work and LifeAchieving a healthy worklife balance is essential for overall wellbeing.It involves managing time effectively and setting boundaries between professional and personal life.15.The Importance of Environmental ConservationEnvironmental conservation is crucial for preserving natural resources and habitats, ensuring the survival of species,and maintaining the health of ecosystems.16.The Role of Art in SocietyArt is a form of expression that can inspire,challenge,and reflect society.It plays a significant role in cultural identity and can be a catalyst for social change.17.The Ethics of Artificial IntelligenceThe development of AI raises ethical concerns about privacy,decisionmaking,and the potential displacement of human labor.18.The Benefits of Learning a Second LanguageBeing bilingual or multilingual can enhance cognitive abilities,improve communication skills,and provide access to new cultural experiences.19.The Impact of Advertising on Consumer BehaviorAdvertising influences consumer choices and shapes societal values.It can be both persuasive and informative,but also raises questions about its impact on selfimage and consumerism.20.The Role of Education in Personal DevelopmentEducation is fundamental for personal growth,providing individuals with the knowledge,skills,and values necessary to succeed in life and contribute to society.。

The effect of global warming for animalsZiyang HeDue to human emissions of the excesses, the atmosphere, it makes the sun through blocking the heat radiation into space, thus make the atmosphere temperature, this phenomenon is called the Greenhouse effect. The Greenhouse effect , is also known as atmospheric heat preservation effect. Since the industrial revolution, human into carbon dioxide into the atmosphere increases year by year, strong sex of heat-trapping greenhouse gases such as atmospheric greenhouse effect also increases, has caused a series of serious problems such as global warming, caused the attention of the countries all over the world. Global warming will cause very serious problem often to animals so must take effective prevention and control measures as early as possible.Global warming can lead to animal Population change. The impact of climate change on wildlife populations change ,Migratory birds go through different climatic zones each year, they are the most sensitive to climate change, climate change will affect the subtle changes in populations, habitat quality and migration routes of migratory birds. In addition, endangered species are more sensitive to the global warming.a study published on 《Co2 Science》(2010) on the extinction of the Bufoperiglenes, also known as the Monteverde golden toad, which be attributed to the occurrence of global warming. In the 1970s and 1980s, due to the effects of global warming , where after a long drought, the golden toad populations in the meantime almost disappeared; 1989 may be the last time researchers see them, after which no one discovered.Things are getting more dreadful. Al Gore, in his book and movie, the Inconvenient Truth (2006), warns us of the severe situation of global warming. Mounting evidences of global warming remove the doubt whether global warming is true. Gore displays the problems emerging with the global warming, such as ice melting, sea level rising, the desertification and so on. Among them is the extinction of many species of animals. Remember the actors in the March of Penguin? In accordance with Al Gore, the number of penguins has decreased by 70% in the last 50 years, which is partly caused by the global warming. And this illustrates that our destructions towards nature makes it impossible to maintain a good relationship with the animals, and cause terrible problems instead.In conclusion, the nature is human beings' as well as the animals'. Human beings shoulder the responsibility for thesurvival of animals and need to maintain a harmonious relationship with them. So, the protection of nature is an issue concerning the survival of both human beings and the animals, and must be attached more importance to.Reference:［ 1 ］The Demise of the Monteverde Golden Toad[J]. Co2 Science, 2010［2］010.Gore, Al. An Inconvenient Truth. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 2006.［ 3 ］IPCC. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press，2007.。

1.The Impact of Technology on Education:Discuss how technological advancements have changed the landscape of education,both in terms of teaching methods and student engagement.2.The Role of Social Media in Modern Society:Explore the influence of social media on interpersonal relationships,information dissemination,and its impact on mental health.3.The Importance of Environmental Protection:Argue the significance of environmental conservation,the consequences of neglecting it,and the steps individuals and governments can take to protect the environment.4.The Challenges of Urbanization:Analyze the problems associated with rapid urban growth,such as overcrowding,pollution,and the loss of cultural heritage,and propose potential solutions.5.The Benefits of a Balanced Lifestyle:Discuss the advantages of maintaining a balance between work,leisure,and health,and how it can improve overall wellbeing.6.The Influence of Cultural Diversity:Reflect on how cultural diversity enriches societies,fosters creativity,and promotes understanding among different groups.7.The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence:Debate the moral implications of AI,including issues of privacy,job displacement,and the potential for AI to make autonomous decisions.8.The Significance of Lifelong Learning:Advocate for the importance of continuous education and how it can lead to personal growth,professional development,and societal progress.9.The Effects of Globalization on Local Economies:Examine the positive and negative effects of globalization on local businesses,cultural identities,and economic development.10.The Role of Volunteering in Community Development:Highlight the contributions of volunteers to community projects,the benefits for the volunteers themselves,and the impact on community cohesion.11.The Impact of Pandemics on Global Health and Economy:Discuss the effects of pandemics such as COVID19on public health systems,economies,and the need for international cooperation in combating such crises.12.The Importance of Mental Health Awareness:Address the prevalence of mental health issues,the stigma associated with them,and the importance of raising awareness and providing support.13.The Challenges and Opportunities of Remote Work:Evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of working from home,including increased flexibility,potential isolation,and the need for effective communication.14.The Role of Education in Promoting Equality:Discuss how education can serve as a tool for social mobility,reducing inequalities,and fostering a more inclusive society.15.The Ethics of Genetic Engineering:Delve into the ethical considerations surrounding genetic modification,including potential benefits and risks,and the implications for future generations.。

Copenhagen Jargon哥本哈根大会专用语Adaptation 适应机制Adaptation is the term used to refer to the preparations countries will have to make to deal with climate change.They includes measures such as protecting coastal areas by building sea walls, reforestation to try to prevent flooding, increasing water conservation and changing crops to varieties that flourish in warmer climatesAnnex 1The world's 37 richest countries, whose prosperity has been built on emitting carbon, as opposed to non-Annex 1, roughly categorised as blameless victimsCCS 碳捕获和封存Carbon Capture and Storage technologyCDM 清洁发展机制Clean Development Mechanism which enables wealthy countries to offset their emissions by funding pollution-cutting measures in the developing worldCOP15The official name of the Copenhagen climate change summit — the 15th Conference of the Parties让你少奋斗八年的工作经验京都-哥本哈根: 气候谈判路在何方口译积累：美国发现号航天飞机与国际空间站对接【沪江口译词汇日刊】No.420【沪江口译词汇日刊】No.352【沪江口译词汇日刊】No.43609年我要月入2万，该怎么办？CVF/V11Climate Vulnerable Forum, the 11 nations most vulnerable to climate change, including Bangladesh and the Maldives.IPCC 联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the all-important scientific body that advises the UN's climate negotiationsLDCF -最不发达国家基金Least Developed Countries Fund, established to finance climate change intiatives in poorer countriesMEF 经济大国能源和气候论坛Major Economies' Forum, launched by President Barack Obama to helpgenerate the politcal leadership necessary to achieve a successful outcome in Copenhagen.UNFCCC 联合国气候变化纲要公约The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, a standing convention of officials and diplomats haggling over every comma of the final negotiating text.哥本哈根气候峰会>>>Things we are talking about:Carbon budgets 碳预算Carbon tax 碳税Carbon footprint 碳足迹A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO2).Carbon intensity 碳浓度Low-carbon technology 低碳技术Low-carbon development/growth 低碳发展Low-carbon lifestyle 低碳生活方式Switch to a "low-carbon economy" 发展“低碳经济”Carbon intensive goods 碳密集产品What we need:污水治理sewage treatment生态旅游ecotourism无车日car-free dayLow-carbon alternatives：可再生能源renewable energy绿色“生物燃料” biofuel馏出燃料Distillate fuel地热ground-source heat液化天然气liquefied natural gas可燃冰flammable iceGeo-engineering 地球工程：Geo-engineering methods are ways of artificial ly cooling the planet and offset the effects of climate changeThe simplest of these is to plant forests but “artificial trees” are also being developed to suck up carbon. Other methods include launching giant mirrors into space to reflect back sunlight. There are also ongoing experiments in creating clouds by spraying sea water in the air and storing carbon dioxide underground.What we are facing:Plight 困境Bad carbon scenario 令人忧心的碳排放状况A climate debt 亏欠地球、亏欠大自然的重债Ship hazards 漂浮的冰山造成的威胁What all these mean to us:A wake-up call 警钟已经响起，环保迫在眉睫。