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1、外文原文A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le -c hi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s t he c ul mi na ti on of both t h e de ve lo pm en t of the dig it al com pu te r an d th e in te gr at ed c i rc ui t arg ua bl y t h e tow m os t s ig ni f ic an t i nv en ti on s o f t he 20th c e nt ur y [1].Th es e tow type s of arch it ec tu re are foun d in sin g le -ch i p m i cr oc om pu te r. Som e empl oy the spli t prog ra m/da ta me mo ry of the H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re , sh ow n in Fig.3-5A -1, oth ers fo ll ow the p h il os op hy , wi del y ada pt ed for gen er al -p ur po se com pu te rs and m i cr op ro ce ss o r s, o f ma ki ng no log i ca l di st in ct ion be tw ee n p r og ra m and dat a me mo ry as in the Pr in ce to n arch ite c tu re , show n i n Fig.3-5A-2.In gen er al ter ms a sin gl e -chi p mic ro co mp ut er i sc h ar ac te ri zed b y t he i nc or po ra ti on of a ll t he un it s of a co mp uter i n to a sin gl e d ev i ce , as sho wn inFi g3-5A -3.Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard typeFig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM.R OM is usua ll y for the pe rm an ent,n o n-vo la ti le stor a ge of an app lic a ti on s pr og ra m .M an ym i cr oc om pu te rs and m are inte nd e d for high -v ol um e ap pl ic at ions a n d he nc e t h e eco n om ic al man uf act u re of th e de vic e s re qu ir es t h at t he cont en t s o f t he prog ra m me m or y be co mm it t ed perm a ne ntly d u ri ng the man ufa c tu re of ch ip s .Cl ea rl y, thi s im pl ie s a r i go ro us app ro ach to ROM cod e deve l op me nt sin ce cha ng es can not b e mad e afte r manu f a c tu re .Th is dev e lo pm en t proc ess may invo lv e e m ul at io n us in g aso ph is ti ca te d de ve lo pm en t sy ste m wit h a h a rd wa re emu la tio n cap ab il it y as w el l as the use o f po we rf ul s o ft wa re too ls.So me man uf act u re rs pro vi de add it io na l RO M opt i on s by i n cl ud in g in their ra n ge dev ic es wit h (or int en de d fo r use wit h u s er pro gr am ma ble me mo ry. Th e sim p le st of th es e is usu al ly d e vi ce whi ch can op er at e in a micro p ro ce ssor mod e by usi ng som e o f the inp ut /outp u t li ne s as an ad dr es s an d da ta b us fora c ce ss in g ex te rna l mem or y. Thi s t y pe of de vi ce can beh av ef u nc ti on al ly as th e sing le chip mi cr oc om pu te r from whi ch it is d e ri ve d al be it wit h re st ri ct ed I/O and a mod if ied ex te rn al c i rc ui t. The use of thes e d ev ic es is com mo n eve n in prod uc ti on c i rc ui ts wher e t he vo lu me does no tj us ti f y t h e d ev el o pm en t c osts o f c us to m o n -ch i p R OM [2];t he re c a n s ti ll bea s ignif i ca nt saving i n I /O and o th er c h ip s com pa re d to a conv en ti on al mi c ro pr oc es sor b a se d ci rc ui t. Mor e ex ac t re pl ace m en t fo r RO M dev i ce s ca n be o b ta in ed in th e fo rm of va ri an ts w it h 'p ig gy -b ack 'E P RO M(Er as ab le pro gr am ma bl e ROM s oc ke ts or dev ic e s with EPROM i n st ea d o f RO M 。
Semiconductor switches are very important and crucial components in power electronic systems.these switches are meant to be the substitutions of the mechanical switches,but they are severely limited by the properties of the semiconductor materials and process of manufacturing. 在电力电子系统，中半导体开关是非常重要和关键部件。
半导体开关将要替换机械开关,但半导体材料的性质和生产过程严重限制了他们。
Switching losses开关损耗Power losses in the power eletronic converters are comprised of the Switching losses and parasitic losses. 电力电子转换器的功率损耗分为开关损耗和寄生损耗the parasitic losses account for the losses due to the winding resistances of the inductors and transformers,the dielectric losses of capacitors,the eddy and the hysteresis losses. 寄生损失的绕组电感器、变压器的阻力、介电损耗的电容器,涡流和磁滞损耗the switching losses are significant and can be managed. 这个开关损耗是非常重要的,可以被处理。
they can be further divided into three components:(a)the on-state losses,(b)the off-state losses and the losses in the transition states. 他们可以分为三个部分: 通态损耗，断态损耗和转换过程中产生的损耗。
1```In the generator mode ,it,s operating speed isslightly higger than it,s synchronous speed and ie needs magnetizing revctive pover form the symtem that it is connected to in order to suuply pover .在发电方式下他的工作速度比同步转速稍高些，并了解供电力，他需要他所连接的系统吸收磁化无功功率。
2```in the barking mode of operyetion ,a three –phase indection motor running at a steady –speedcan be brought to a quick stop by interchanging two of stator leads感应电机运行电动状态时，其转速低于同步转速，运行在发电状态时，其转速高于同步转速，这就需要从与之间相连的系统电源提供励磁的无功功率。
3```obviously ,dc machine applications are very significant,but the advantages of the dc machinemmust be weighed against its greatr initial investment cost and the maintenance problems associated with its brush-commutator system..同步是指状态运行时点击以恒定的转速和频率运行。
4```with a cylindyical rotor the reluctance of the magnetic circuit of the field is independent of itsactual diretion and relative to the direct axis.圆柱形转子的磁场磁路的磁阻与直轴有关，而与磁场的实际方向无关。
《自动化专业英语教程》-王宏文主编-全文翻译PART 1 Electrical and Electronic Engineering BasicsUNIT 1 A Electrical Networks ————————————3B Three-phase CircuitsUNIT 2 A The Operational Amplifier ———————————5B TransistorsUNIT 3 A Logical Variables and Flip-flop ——————————8B Binary Number SystemUNIT 4 A Power Semiconductor Devices ——————————11B Power Electronic ConvertersUNIT 5 A Types of DC Motors —————————————15B Closed-loop Control of DC DriversUNIT 6 A AC Machines ———————————————19B Induction Motor DriveUNIT 7 A Electric Power System ————————————22B Power System AutomationPART 2 Control TheoryUNIT 1 A The World of Control ————————————27B The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation —————29UNIT 2 A Stability and the Time Response —————————30B Steady State—————————————————31UNIT 3 A The Root Locus —————————————32B The Frequency Response Methods: Nyquist Diagrams —————33UNIT 4 A The Frequency Response Methods: Bode Piots —————34B Nonlinear Control System 37UNIT 5 A Introduction to Modern Control Theory 38B State Equations 40UNIT 6 A Controllability, Observability, and StabilityB Optimum Control SystemsUNIT 7 A Conventional and Intelligent ControlB Artificial Neural NetworkPART 3 Computer Control TechnologyUNIT 1 A Computer Structure and Function 42B Fundamentals of Computer and Networks 43UNIT 2 A Interfaces to External Signals and Devices 44B The Applications of Computers 46UNIT 3 A PLC OverviewB PACs for Industrial Control, the Future of ControlUNIT 4 A Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer 49B Understanding DSP and Its UsesUNIT 5 A A First Look at Embedded SystemsB Embedded Systems DesignPART 4 Process ControlUNIT 1 A A Process Control System 50B Fundamentals of Process Control 52UNIT 2 A Sensors and Transmitters 53B Final Control Elements and ControllersUNIT 3 A P Controllers and PI ControllersB PID Controllers and Other ControllersUNIT 4 A Indicating InstrumentsB Control PanelsPART 5 Control Based on Network and InformationUNIT 1 A Automation Networking Application AreasB Evolution of Control System ArchitectureUNIT 2 A Fundamental Issues in Networked Control SystemsB Stability of NCSs with Network-induced DelayUNIT 3 A Fundamentals of the Database SystemB Virtual Manufacturing—A Growing Trend in Automation UNIT 4 A Concepts of Computer Integrated ManufacturingB Enterprise Resources Planning and BeyondPART 6 Synthetic Applications of Automatic TechnologyUNIT 1 A Recent Advances and Future Trends in Electrical Machine DriversB System Evolution in Intelligent BuildingsUNIT 2 A Industrial RobotB A General Introduction to Pattern RecognitionUNIT 3 A Renewable EnergyB Electric VehiclesUNIT 1A 电路电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译（精选多篇）第一篇：电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译Electric Power Systems.The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before.It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world.Electric power systems(or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world.The first complete electric power system(comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads)was built by Thomas Edison – the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882.This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius.The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system..Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world.With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added to such systems.This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world.In spite of the initial widespread use of DC systems, they were almost completely superseded by AC systems.By 1886, the limitations of DC systems were becoming increasingly apparent.They could deliver power only a short distance from generators.To keep transmission power losses(I 2 R)and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission.Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power;therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformationbecame a necessity.The development of the transformer and AC transmission by L.Gaulard and JD Gibbs of Paris, France, led to AC electric power systems.In 1889, the first AC transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland.It was a single-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V over a distance of 21 km.With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla, the AC system became even more attractive.By 1888, Tesla held several patents on AC motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems.Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day AC systems.In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on DC or AC.By the turn of the century, the AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons:（1）Voltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thusproviding the flexibility for use of different voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption.（2）AC generators are much simpler than DC generators.（3）AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than DC motors.The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893——a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern California.In the early period of AC power transmission, frequency was not standardized.This poses a problem for interconnection.Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although 50 Hz was used in many other countries.The increasing need for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distance created an incentive to use progressively high voltage levels.To avoid the proliferation of anunlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels.In USA, the standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage(HV)class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage(EHV)class.In China, the voltage levels in use are 10, 35, 110 for HV class, and 220, 330(only in Northwest China)and500 kVforEHVclass.Thefirst750kVtransmission line will be built in the near future in Northwest China.With the development of the AC/DC converting equipment, high voltage DC(HVDC)transmission systems have become more attractive and economical in special situations.The HVDC transmission can be used for transmission of large blocks of power over long distance, and providing an asynchronous link between systems where AC interconnection would be impractical because of system stability consideration or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different.The basic requirement to a power system is to provide an uninterrupted energy supply to customers with acceptable voltages and frequency.Because electricity can not be massively stored under a simple and economic way, the production and consumption of electricity must be done simultaneously.A fault or misoperation in any stages of a power system may possibly result in interruption of electricity supply to the customers.Therefore, a normal continuous operation of the power system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance.Power system stability may be broadly defined as the property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance..Instability in a power system may be manifested in many different ways depending on the system configurationand operating mode.Traditionally, the stability problem has been one of maintaining synchronous operation.Since power systems rely on synchronous machines for generation of electrical power, a necessary condition for satisfactory system operation is that all synchronous machines remain in synchronism or, colloquially “in step”.This asp ect of stability is influenced by the dynamics of generator rotor angles and power-angle relationships, and then referred to “ rotor angle stability ”译文：电力系统现代社会比以往任何时候更多地依赖于电力供应。
Semiconductor switches are very important and crucial components inpower electronic systems.these switches are meant to be the substitutionsof the mechanical switches,but they are severely limited by the properties of the semiconductor materials and process of manufacturing.在电力电子系统，中半导体开关是特别重要和重点零件。
半导体开关将要替代机械开关,但半导体资料的性质和生产过程严重限制了他们。
Switching losses开关消耗Power losses in the power eletronic converters are comprised of the Switching losses and parasitic losses.电力电子变换器的功率消耗分为开关消耗和寄生消耗the parasitic losses account for the losses due to the winding resistances of the inductors and transformers,the dielectric losses ofcapacitors,the eddy and the hysteresis losses.寄生损失的绕组电感器、变压器的阻力、介电消耗的电容器, 涡流和磁滞消耗the switching losses are significant and can be managed.这个开关消耗是特别重要的, 能够被办理。
they can be further divided into three components:(a)the on-state losses,(b)the off-state losses and the losses in the transition states.他们能够分为三个部分:通态消耗，断态消耗和转换过程中产生的消耗。
专业英语电路基础characterize描绘…的特征，塑造人物，具有….的特征property 性质，财产equal in magnitude to 在数量（数量级）上等同于convert 转换converter 转换器time rate 时间变化率mathematically 从数学上来讲differen tiate v 区分，区别in honor of 为纪念某人name in honor of为纪念某人而以他命名electromotive force （e m f ）电动势voltaic battery 伏打电池，化学电池an element 一个电器元件interpret 口译，解释，说明the potential at point a with respect to point b is点a关于点b的电势Potential difference/voltage 电势差/电压expend 花费，消耗instantaneous 瞬时的，促发的passive sign convention 关联参考方向the law of conservation of energy 能量守恒定律reference polarity 参考极性electron 电子electronic 电子的electric 电的，电动的time-varying 时变的constant-valued 常量的metal lic 金属的be due to 是因为，由于，归功于building block 模块Coulomb库伦，Ampere安培，joule焦耳，Volt伏特，Watt瓦特，work 功变量u（t），i(t)是电路中最基本的概念。
他们描述了电路中的各种关系。
电荷量的概念是解释电现象的基本原理，电荷量也是电路中最基本的量。
电荷也是构成物质的原子的电器属性，量纲是库伦。
我们从初等物理可以得知所有物质是由基本组成部分原子组成，而原子又包括电子（electron），质子（proton）和中子（neutron）我们都知道电荷e是带负电的电子，在数量上等于1.60210*1019 C, 而质子携带同等电荷量的正电荷，相同数量的质子，电子使原子呈现电中性（neutrally charged）。
3-电气工程及其自动化专业外文文献英文文献外文翻译1、外文原文(复印件)A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerThe single-chip microcomputer is the culmination of both the development of the digital computer and the integrated circuit arguably the tow most significant inventions of the 20th century [1].These tow types of architecture are found in single-chip microcomputer. Some employ the split program/data memory of the Harvard architecture, shown in Fig.3-5A-1, others follow the philosophy, widely adapted for general-purpose computers and microprocessors, of making no logical distinction between program and data memory as in the Princeton architecture, shown in Fig.3-5A-2.In general terms a single-chip microcomputer is characterized by the incorporation of all the units of a computer into a single device, as shown in Fig3-5A-3.ProgramInput& memoryOutputCPU unitDatamemoryFig.3-5A-1 A Harvard typeInput&Output CPU memoryunitFig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computerExternal Timer/ System Timing Counter clock componentsSerial I/OReset ROMPrarallelI/OInterrupts RAMCPUPowerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM).ROM is usually for the permanent,non-volatile storage of an applications program .Many microcomputers and microcontrollers are intended for high-volume applications and hence the economical manufacture of the devices requires that the contents of the program memory be committed permanently during the manufacture of chips . Clearly, this implies a rigorous approach to ROM code development since changes cannot be made after manufacture .This development process may involve emulation using a sophisticated development system with a hardware emulation capability as well as the use of powerful software tools.Some manufacturers provide additional ROM options by including in their range devices with (or intended for use with) user programmablememory. The simplest of these is usually device which can operate in a microprocessor mode by using some of the input/output lines as an address and data bus for accessing external memory. This type of device can behave functionally as the single chip microcomputer from which itis derived albeit with restricted I/O and a modified external circuit. The use of these ROMlessdevices is common even in production circuits where the volume does not justify the development costs of custom on-chip ROM[2];there canstill be a significant saving in I/O and other chips compared to a conventional microprocessor based circuit. More exact replacement for ROM devices can be obtained in the form of variants with 'piggy-back' EPROM(Erasable programmable ROM )sockets or devices with EPROM instead of ROM 。
晶体管和电子管
在大多数电器和电子设备，晶体管几乎完全取代电子管。
晶体管作为电子管执行相同的功能。
但是，它们也有几个重要的优点。
大公较小，从而使更紧凑的产品成为可能。
晶体管也比电子管更坚固耐用。
它通常会提供更好的性能，在一段较长的时间。
最重要的是，晶体管通常需要少得多的电流和电压下正常工作。
这样可以节省能源。
例如，12V汽车收音机使用管吸引约2.5A。
一个类似的晶体管汽车收音机提请只有一小部分的安培。
低功耗晶体管电路的需求尽可能小，重量轻，随身便携产品的工作很长一段时间，小，低小的电池。
各种各样的晶体管
最常见的两种类型的晶体管是NPN型晶体管和PNP晶体管。
它们通常被称为双极型晶体管，因为他们的操作取决于被布置为二极管连接在一个“背背”的方式这两种材料的移动。
这样的安排形成三个区域的发射极，基极和集电极。
这些地区被确定由符号E，B，和C。
的一晶体管的区域接合引线或标签，它连接在晶体管电路。
晶体管封装在金属外壳经常有第四铅被称为盾铅的。
将此导线安装在壳体内部，并连接到电路中的一个公共点。
金属外壳的屏蔽层附近晶体管表格的静电和磁场。
符号解释: 有一个方便的方式来记住的符号是否代表了一个结晶体管NPN 或PNP型。
注意代表发射器的箭头指向什么方向。
如果箭头指向相差形成的基，它可以被认为是“不指向N”，因此，该符号代表一个NPN晶体管。
如果箭头指向底座，它可以被认为是的“指向N”。
因此，这个符号代表的P-N-P晶体管。
鉴定: 大多数晶体管标识由一些字母代码，例如2N，然后通过一系列的数字，例如，2N104，2N337，2N556。
其它晶体管都确定了一系列的数字或数字和字母，例如40050，40404，和4D20的组合。
晶体上手册: 设备是否是NPN或PNP型的晶体管的识别码不表示。
晶体管手册或规格表中发现这样的技术数据。
这些手册也给各种不同的电路中使用的晶体管的信息。
晶体管外形图提供了详细的信息，它们的大小，形状和连接。
晶体管的连接通常是确定了在晶体管的基极的底视图。
替代:
NPN和PNP晶体管无法被直接彼此替换。
然而，晶体管通常可以替换为其他的晶体管具有不同的标识，但被设计为执行相同的功能。
上市可以代替其它晶体管晶体管晶体管替代指南或手册。
晶体上的操作:
放大器是一个设备或电路，可以增加电压或电流的值。
晶体管作为放大器的移动设备。
这是因为在其输入电路的小信号，可以控制一个更大的信号，它的输出电路。
这一行动被称为功率增益。
称为偏置电压的电压，施加到晶体管的那些部分形成的输入和输出电路。
时，输入电路的偏置电压是多种多样的，在晶体管的行为作为一个可变电阻，其电阻的增加或减少。
晶体上的N-P-N:
最咸不淡的晶体管放大器电路被称为一个常见合会发射极电路。
之所以如此命名，是因为发射极咸不淡，或者是一个组成部分，同时在输入和输出电路。
在这个电路中，输入电路的基极- 发射极间的PN结正向偏置时，由电池B1。
电池有更高的电压比电池B1，B2，是跨接在输出电路中的发射极晶体管构成的集电极。
这使得更积极的相对于比基为正相对于发射极的发射极的集电极。
的碱是负的集电极。
的基极- 集电极PN结被反向偏置。
随着基极- 发射极的PN结正向偏置时，自由电子的发射极朝着交界。
在同一时间内的基本走向的交界处的孔。
交界处附近的区域中的空穴和电子的结合。
这将产生一个在外部的基极- 发射极电路的电流。
基极区域是非常薄的。
因此，大多数的走向的基极- 发射极结的电子通过到集电极。
这些电子被吸引到电池B2的正极端子。
在同一时间，电子从负极端子的电池B2移动到发射极。
外部的集电极- 发射极的外把电路中的电流远远大于在输入电路中的电流。
因此，该电路作为放大器。
的输出电流的控制
晶体管放大器电路还有另外一个非常重要的特征。
的输出电流可以通过改变输入电路中的电流控制。
在图2中示出如何可以做到这一点。
这里一个电位器R1是跨接在输入电路单元格B1。
由于滑动臂移向a点，基极- 发射极的PN结变得越来越少正向偏置的。
其结果是，在输入电路中的电流减小。
这将导致更大
的输出电路中的电流减少。
P-N-P晶体管
当一个PNP晶体管的放大电路中使用的，施加的偏置电压的极性的基极- 发射极和基极- 集电极PN结是在NPN短暂的电路相反。
NPN晶体管电路，这将导致基极- 发射极结正向偏置，基极- 集电极结反向偏置。
在电路中，在发射器中的孔的基极- 发射极间的PN结的走向。
基地内的电子也走向交界。
交界处附近的区域中的空穴和电子的结合。
然而，大多数的孔穿过的基极和到收集器中。
在这里，空穴被吸引到结束的集电极连接到电池B2的负极端子。
作为这种情况持续下去，从电池的负极端子的电子进入收集器结合的孔。
在同一时间，在发射器中的电子数目相等打破它们的电子对债券和输入的电池的正极端子。
这又产生一个更大的电流比在输入电路中的外部输出电路。
实用放大器电路
一个简单，但实用，一个晶体管放大器电路如图4所示。
请注意，在这个电路中，偏置电压的PNP晶体管的由单一光源的能量，电池B1的供应商。
电阻器R1充当电流限制器，以提供适当的基极偏置电流。
在任何晶体管放大器电路，基收藏家PN结反向偏置。
从一个音频的频率源，例如一个微电话，输入信号被施加到输入电路。
据的基础上，通过电容器C1耦合到。
由于输入信号的电压变化值，并尊的极性，它有助于，反对的正向偏压施加到晶体管的基极- 发射极结由电池。
这将导致在输入电路中的电流成正比例变化的音频信号。
这会导致较大的输出电流以相同的方式发生变化。
由于电流在输出电路中的值的变化，输出电路中的R 2两端的电压降也改变值。
的晶体管，电阻器R2和电池构成的串联电路。
因此，作为输出电流增加，电阻R1增大两端的电压降。
晶体管两端的输出电压，从集电极到发射极的下降。
当输出电路中的电流减小，R1两端的电压降减少。
输出电压的增加。
在输出信号电压的变化大于在输入信号电压。
因此，输入信号被放大。
放大的输出电压，然后应用到耳机。
在那里，它被改变成声波。
更强大的放大器电路，使用两个或更多个晶体管。
它们连接，使每个晶体管的输出信号被施加到下一个晶体管的输入电路。
每个晶体管作为放大器。
因此，这提供了一个更大的原始输入信号的电压放大。
使用晶体管:
虽然晶体管是坚固的设备，可能会损坏。
过多的热量可能会永久损坏晶体晶格结构的材料。
散热器
晶体管必须进行大量的电流，通常安装在散热片，让他们从过热。
散热片吸收热量从一个晶体管和消散，或抛出，更迅速地比晶体管本身。
这让晶体管工作在较低的温度。
连接:
晶体管被连接到电路，在以下两种方式之一。
要么它们的引线焊接到电路端子，或将其插入晶体管插座（图5）。
套接字使其更容易投入或取出晶体管。
他们还消除晶体管过热的危险。
引线焊接到电路时，过热的情况可能发生。
当晶体管焊接铅，最好是使用电烙铁，不产生更多的热量比需要做的工作。
额定功率为30 W至50 W的电烙铁通常是足够的热。
散热片应始终连接到晶体管引线被焊接。
这可以是一个尖嘴钳或一些其他类型的散热片的下颌。
一种晶体管，应始终采取的插座时，插座端子焊接或虚焊。
偏置电压
决不把一个晶体管电路，直到你确定合适的偏置电压值将被应用到其终端。
由于NPN或PNP晶体管的基极- 发射极的偏置电压向集电极电压供给时，晶体管导通。
由于NPN或PNP晶体管的基极- 发射极的偏置电压向集电极电压供给时，晶体管导通。
拜谢电压作为偏置电压中的NPN或PNP晶体管的集电极电压供应移向面积电晶体是打开的。
作为碱电压相差的集电极电压移动时，晶体管被关闭。
甲基极- 发射极电压，例如，建立通常的切断和最大工作区域的中间位置。
对于放大器的工作，基极- 发射极的直流偏置约0.3V锗硅晶体管的晶体管和0.6V。
晶体管的PN结施加电压过高将导致晶体管进行更多的电流比它可以处理安全。
晶体管应该永远不会被取出或放入现场的电路。
否则，损坏的浪涌电流可以通过晶体管。
正确的极性
如果偏置电压极性接错被应用到它，可能会损坏的晶体管。
这种损害的危险少得多，共发射极电路。
然而，它始终是一个好主意，仔细检查。
与已建成
的店铺，被用于第一次的电路，这是特别真实。
