The Carbon Abundance and 12C13C Isotopic Ratio in the Atmosphere of Arcturus from 2.3 micro

碳的同位素英文版Carbon IsotopesCarbon is one of the most abundant elements on Earth and plays a crucial role in the chemistry of life. It exists in several isotopic forms, with the three most common isotopes being carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14.Carbon-12, denoted as 12C, is the most abundant and stable isotope of carbon. It makes up about 98.9% of all carbon atoms on Earth. It has six protons, six neutrons, and six electrons. Carbon-12 is often used as the standard for measuring atomic masses, with one atomic mass unit (amu) defined as one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.Carbon-13, denoted as 13C, is a stable isotope of carbon that makes up about 1.1% of all carbon atoms. It has six protons, seven neutrons, and six electrons. The slight difference in the number of neutrons gives carbon-13 a slightly higher atomic mass than carbon-12. Carbon-13 is often used in scientific research to study the movement of carbon in various processes, such as photosynthesis and carbon cycling in the environment.Carbon-14, denoted as 14C, is a radioactive isotope of carbon that is present in trace amounts in the atmosphere. It has six protons, eight neutrons, and six electrons. Carbon-14 is formed in the upper atmosphere when cosmic rays collide with nitrogen atoms, converting them into carbon-14. This radioactive isotope undergoes radioactive decay, with a half-life of about 5730 years. It is commonly used in radiocarbon dating to determine the age of ancient artifacts and fossils.The different isotopes of carbon have distinct properties and applications. Carbon-12 and carbon-13 are stable isotopes that do not undergo radioactive decay. They are often used in stable isotope analysis to study the origin and movement of carbon in biological and geological systems. By measuring the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in a sample, scientists can gain insights into the sources of carbon and the processes involved.Carbon-14, on the other hand, is a radioactive isotope that can be used to determine the age of organic materials. As carbon-14 decays over time, the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 in a sample decreases. By measuring this ratio, scientists can estimate the age of the sample. Radiocarbon dating has been instrumental in dating archaeological artifacts, determining the age of ancient civilizations, and understanding the history of our planet.In conclusion, carbon exists in several isotopic forms, with carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 being the most common. These isotopes have different properties and applications, ranging from stable isotope analysis to radiocarbon dating. The study of carbon isotopes has greatly contributed to our understanding of the Earth's history, the movement of carbon in the environment, and the dating of ancient artifacts.。

114Univ. Chem. 2023, 38 (12), 114–119收稿：2023-06-27；录用：2023-08-01；网络发表：2023-08-11*通讯作者，Email:*****************.cn基金资助：2021年基础学科拔尖学生培养计划2.0研究课题(20211014)；天津市首批虚拟教研室试点建设项目(化学类交叉人才培养课程建设虚拟教研室)•专题• doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202306051 当表面活性剂遇到大环分子阮文娟，李悦，耿文超，郭东升*南开大学化学学院，天津 300071摘要：近年来，表面和胶体化学与大环化学的结合引起了科学家的普遍关注。

将多样的大环结构引入表面活性剂分子，不仅极大地丰富了表面活性剂分子的种类，还可以赋予其大环的主客体识别功能。

由此所开发出的大环两亲和超两亲分子已在生物成像和药物递送中表现出很高的应用潜力。

从传统表面活性剂到大环两亲和超两亲分子的发展、应用表明，不同领域的交叉融合对科学研究的发展是非常重要的。

关键词：表面活性剂；胶束；大环结构；大环两亲分子；超两亲分子中图分类号：G64；O6Encountering of Surfactants with Macrocyclic MoleculesWen-Juan Ruan, Yue Li, Wen-Chao Geng, Dong-Sheng Guo *College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.Abstract: In recent years, the combination of surface and colloid chemistry with macrocyclic chemistry has garnered widespread attention among scientists. The integration of diverse macrocyclic structures into surfactant molecules not only greatly enriches the diversity of surfactants, but also imparts them with the host-guest recognition functionality of macrocycles. Macrocyclic amphiphiles and supra-amphiphiles, developed from this approach, have demonstrated high potential in applications such as bioimaging and drug delivery. The evolution from traditional surfactants to macrocyclic amphiphiles and supra-amphiphiles underscores the importance of interdisciplinary integration in advancing scientific research.Key Words: Surfactants; Micelles; Macrocycles; Macrocyclic amphiphiles; Supra-amphiphiles表面活性剂及其所构筑的胶束是表面和胶体化学中所涉及的一类非常重要的体系。

产品碳足迹及中和核算指南英文回答：Carbon Footprint and Neutralization Accounting Guide.Introduction.In the face of the escalating climate crisis, organizations are increasingly recognizing the importance of understanding and mitigating their environmental impact. Carbon footprinting and neutralization accounting provide a comprehensive framework for quantifying and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with an organization's activities. This guide outlines the principles, methodologies, and best practices for developing and implementing a robust carbon footprint and neutralization accounting program.1. Establishing a Carbon Footprint.The first step towards carbon footprinting is establishing an accurate baseline of an organization's GHG emissions. This involves identifying all relevant emission sources and quantifying their contributions usingrecognized industry standards and methodologies, such asthe Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol). Key emission sources include:Scope 1: Direct emissions from owned or controlled sources (e.g., fuel combustion, industrial processes)。

碳创新与守旧的英语作文话题Carbon Innovations: Balancing Progress Amidst Tradition.The relentless march of technological innovation has brought a multitude of advancements that have reshaped our world. In the realm of energy, the push for carbonneutrality has spurred a surge of groundbreakinginitiatives, sparking a global dialogue on thetransformative potential of carbon innovations. However, as we navigate this rapidly evolving landscape, it isessential to strike a delicate balance between embracing progress and preserving tradition.The Allure of Carbon Innovations.Carbon innovations encompass a diverse array of technologies and strategies designed to mitigate carbon emissions and promote sustainability. These include carbon capture and storage (CCS), which traps carbon dioxide from industrial processes and stores it underground; bioenergywith carbon capture and storage (BECCS), which combines biomass combustion with carbon capture; and innovative energy storage solutions that enable the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources.The promise of carbon innovations lies in their ability to decarbonize industries that have traditionally relied on fossil fuels, such as power generation, transportation, and manufacturing. By capturing and storing carbon emissions, these technologies can reduce the overall greenhouse gas footprint of these sectors, paving the way for a cleaner and more sustainable future.Preserving Tradition: The Cultural and Heritage Value of Carbon-Based Industries.While carbon innovations offer undeniable environmental benefits, it is imperative to acknowledge the cultural and heritage value associated with carbon-based industries. For centuries, fossil fuels have played a pivotal role in shaping human societies, fueling economic growth and technological advancements. They have also formed thefoundation of traditional practices and cultural identities in many regions around the world.For communities heavily reliant on carbon-based industries, such as coal mining or oil and gas extraction, the transition to a low-carbon economy can be fraught with social and economic challenges. Preserving the livelihoods and cultural heritage of these communities requires careful planning and tailored support.Finding the Middle Ground: A Holistic Approach to Carbon Neutrality.Striking a balance between carbon innovations and tradition requires a holistic approach that considers both the environmental imperative and the social and cultural impacts of decarbonization. Governments, industries, and communities must work together to foster a just and equitable transition that leaves no one behind.This approach involves:Investing in research and development: Accelerating the development and deployment of cost-effective carbon innovations is crucial for scaling up carbon mitigation efforts.Creating a supportive policy framework: Governments should provide incentives for carbon capture and storage technologies, promote renewable energy integration, and establish carbon pricing mechanisms.Engaging with communities: Open and transparent dialogue with affected communities is essential to address concerns, build trust, and ensure that the transition is inclusive and beneficial.Preserving cultural heritage: Exploring innovative ways to preserve the cultural and historical significance of carbon-based industries can foster a sense of continuity amidst the transition.Conclusion.The pursuit of carbon neutrality presents a formidable challenge that requires a multifaceted response. While carbon innovations offer powerful tools for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, it is equally important to acknowledge and preserve the value of tradition. By embracing a holistic approach that balances progress with preservation, we can create a sustainable and equitable future that respects both the environment and the cultural fabric of our societies.As we embark on this transformative journey, it is paramount that we engage in thoughtful conversations, collaborate across disciplines, and forge partnerships that bridge the divide between innovation and tradition. Only then can we truly unlock the full potential of carbon innovations while safeguarding the heritage and livelihoods that have shaped our past.。

固体碳氮同位素应用场景英文回答：Solid carbon and nitrogen isotopes have various applications in different fields. One of the main applications is in the field of ecology and environmental science. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes can provide valuable information about the sources of nutrients and energy in ecosystems, as well as the movement and cycling of these elements within food webs.For example, in a study on the diet of a predator species, researchers can analyze the carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the predator's tissues to determine the sources of its food. Different food sources have different isotopic signatures, and by comparing the predator's isotopic composition to that of potential prey items, researchers can identify the main food sources and understand the predator's trophic position in the food web.In addition, carbon and nitrogen isotopes can also be used to study the effects of human activities on ecosystems. For instance, in a study on the impact of agriculture on a river ecosystem, researchers can analyze the carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the water and sediment samples totrace the sources of nutrients and identify the inputs from agricultural activities. This information can help in assessing the extent of pollution and designing appropriate management strategies.Another application of solid carbon and nitrogen isotopes is in the field of archaeology and anthropology. Isotopic analysis of human remains, such as bones and teeth, can provide insights into ancient diets and migration patterns. For example, by analyzing the carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the teeth of ancient individuals, researchers can determine whether they consumed a predominantly plant-based or animal-based diet, and whether they migrated from one region to another during their lifetime.中文回答：固体碳氮同位素在不同领域有着各种应用。

应用地球化学元素丰度数据手册迟清华鄢明才编著地质出版社·北京·1内容提要本书汇编了国内外不同研究者提出的火成岩、沉积岩、变质岩、土壤、水系沉积物、泛滥平原沉积物、浅海沉积物和大陆地壳的化学组成与元素丰度，同时列出了勘查地球化学和环境地球化学研究中常用的中国主要地球化学标准物质的标准值，所提供内容均为地球化学工作者所必须了解的各种重要地质介质的地球化学基础数据。

本书供从事地球化学、岩石学、勘查地球化学、生态环境与农业地球化学、地质样品分析测试、矿产勘查、基础地质等领域的研究者阅读，也可供地球科学其它领域的研究者使用。

图书在版编目（CIP）数据应用地球化学元素丰度数据手册/迟清华，鄢明才编著. －北京：地质出版社，2007.12ISBN 978－7－116－05536－0Ⅰ. 应… Ⅱ. ①迟…②鄢…Ⅲ. 地球化学丰度－化学元素－数据－手册Ⅳ. P595－62中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（2007）第185917号责任编辑：王永奉陈军中责任校对：李玫出版发行：地质出版社社址邮编：北京市海淀区学院路31号，100083电话：（010）82324508（邮购部）网址：电子邮箱：zbs@传真：（010）82310759印刷：北京地大彩印厂开本：889mm×1194mm 1/16印张：10.25字数：260千字印数：1－3000册版次：2007年12月北京第1版•第1次印刷定价：28.00元书号：ISBN 978－7－116－05536－0（如对本书有建议或意见，敬请致电本社；如本社有印装问题，本社负责调换）2关于应用地球化学元素丰度数据手册（代序）地球化学元素丰度数据，即地壳五个圈内多种元素在各种介质、各种尺度内含量的统计数据。

它是应用地球化学研究解决资源与环境问题上重要的资料。

将这些数据资料汇编在一起将使研究人员节省不少查找文献的劳动与时间。

这本小册子就是按照这样的想法编汇的。

碳墨移动比值英语The Ratio of Carbon Ink MovementThe world of printing and writing has undergone a remarkable transformation in recent years, driven by the rapid advancements in technology. One of the most significant developments in this field is the emergence of carbon ink, a versatile and innovative material that has revolutionized the way we approach the printed word. In this essay, we will delve into the intriguing concept of the ratio of carbon ink movement, exploring its implications and the factors that influence this crucial aspect of modern printing and writing.At the heart of the carbon ink movement lies the fundamental principle of efficient ink transfer and distribution. The ratio of carbon ink movement refers to the precise balance between the amount of ink deposited on a surface and the distance it travels across that surface. This ratio is of paramount importance in ensuring consistent and high-quality output, whether it be in the realm of commercial printing, artistic expression, or personal writing.The ratio of carbon ink movement is influenced by a multitude of factors, each playing a crucial role in the overall performance and effectiveness of the printing or writing process. One of the primary determinants is the composition of the carbon ink itself. The precise blend of carbon-based pigments, binders, and solvents can significantly impact the ink's viscosity, surface tension, and drying characteristics, all of which directly affect the way it moves and interacts with the substrate.Another key factor is the surface characteristics of the material being printed or written upon. The porosity, smoothness, and absorbency of the paper, fabric, or other media can greatly influence the way the carbon ink behaves, affecting its ability to spread, penetrate, and adhere to the surface. The interplay between the ink and the substrate is a delicate balance that requires careful consideration and optimization.The ratio of carbon ink movement is also influenced by the printing or writing technology employed. In the realm of commercial printing, advanced digital presses and offset printing machines utilize sophisticated ink delivery systems that precisely control the amount and distribution of carbon ink on the printed page. In the case of handwriting and artistic applications, the choice of writing instrument, the angle and pressure of the pen or brush, and the technique of the user all contribute to the final ratio of inkmovement.Achieving the optimal ratio of carbon ink movement is essential for a variety of reasons. In commercial printing, a well-calibrated ratio ensures consistent color reproduction, sharp text, and vibrant imagery, ultimately enhancing the visual impact and quality of the final product. In the realm of artistic expression, the ratio of carbon ink movement can be manipulated to create unique textures, gradients, and expressive qualities, allowing artists to push the boundaries of their craft.Furthermore, the ratio of carbon ink movement plays a crucial role in the longevity and preservation of printed materials. A well-balanced ratio can help prevent issues such as smearing, bleeding, and fading, ensuring that the printed content remains legible and visually appealing over time. This is particularly important in the preservation of historical documents, archival materials, and fine art prints, where the long-term integrity of the work is of paramount concern.The ongoing research and development in the field of carbon ink technology have led to significant advancements in our understanding of the ratio of carbon ink movement. Scientists and engineers are constantly exploring new formulations, materials, and printing techniques to optimize this crucial aspect of the printing and writing process. From the development of specialized inks withenhanced flow properties to the design of innovative printing mechanisms, the quest for the perfect ratio of carbon ink movement continues to drive innovation in the industry.As we look to the future, the significance of the ratio of carbon ink movement will only continue to grow. With the increasing demand for high-quality, sustainable, and personalized printed materials, the ability to precisely control the movement and distribution of carbon ink will be essential. Furthermore, the integration of digital technologies, such as 3D printing and augmented reality, may introduce new challenges and opportunities in the management of carbon ink ratios, requiring even greater precision and adaptability.In conclusion, the ratio of carbon ink movement is a fundamental concept that underpins the world of printing and writing. By understanding and optimizing this crucial aspect, we can unlock new possibilities in the realm of commercial printing, artistic expression, and personal communication. As technology continues to evolve, the importance of the ratio of carbon ink movement will only become more pronounced, driving further advancements and innovations in this dynamic and ever-changing field.。

产品碳足迹核算规则和标准英文The calculation and standardization of product carbon footprints is a crucial aspect in addressing climate change and promoting sustainable practices. A product's carbon footprint refers to the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions, primarily carbon dioxide, released during its entire life cycle, including production, transportation, use, and disposal. Establishing clear rules and standardsfor calculating and reporting these footprints is essential for businesses, policymakers, and consumers to makeinformed decisions and take necessary actions to reduce emissions.Firstly, the development of accurate and reliable calculation methods is a fundamental requirement forproduct carbon footprint accounting. These methods should consider all stages of a product's life cycle, includingraw material extraction, manufacturing processes, packaging, distribution, and end-of-life disposal. Additionally, they should account for indirect emissions associated with theenergy consumption of purchased goods and services, commonly known as scope 3 emissions. Robust methodologies, such as life cycle assessment (LCA), can provide a comprehensive and systematic approach to quantify these emissions accurately.Secondly, it is crucial to establish consistent and internationally recognized standards for product carbon footprint reporting. Harmonized standards ensure that different organizations and industries follow the same guidelines, facilitating comparisons and benchmarking. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has developed the ISO 14067 standard, which provides principles, requirements, and guidelines for quantifying and reporting product carbon footprints. Adherence to such standards enhances transparency, credibility, and trust in carbon footprint information, enabling stakeholders to make informed decisions.Furthermore, the rules and standards for product carbon footprint accounting should consider the specific characteristics of different sectors and products. Forexample, the methodologies applied to calculate the carbon footprint of a food product may differ from those used fora consumer electronic device. Tailoring the rules to each sector ensures accuracy and fairness in assessing emissions. Moreover, the rules should account for regional andnational variations in energy sources, transportation infrastructure, and waste management practices, as these factors significantly influence carbon footprints.In addition to accuracy and sector-specific considerations, the rules and standards for product carbon footprint accounting must also address the issue of data availability and quality. Collecting reliable data throughout the entire life cycle of a product can be challenging, particularly for complex global supply chains. Therefore, guidelines should be developed to ensure data transparency, consistency, and verifiability. Encouraging companies to disclose their data sources and methodologies can help build trust and enable independent verification, enhancing the credibility of reported carbon footprints.Lastly, the rules and standards for product carbonfootprint accounting should evolve over time to reflect scientific advancements and societal priorities. As our understanding of climate change and its impacts deepens, it is essential to incorporate the latest scientific knowledge into carbon footprint calculations. Additionally, the rules should align with broader sustainability goals, such as the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to ensure that carbon footprint accounting contributes to a holistic and comprehensive approach towards sustainable development.In conclusion, the establishment of robust rules and standards for product carbon footprint accounting iscrucial for addressing climate change and promoting sustainable practices. Accurate calculation methods, consistent reporting standards, sector-specific considerations, data quality assurance, and continuous evolution are all essential elements to ensure the effectiveness and credibility of product carbon footprint accounting. By adhering to these requirements, businesses, policymakers, and consumers can make informed decisions andtake meaningful actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change.。

小学上册英语第6单元期中试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1 Which of these is a type of weather?A. SunnyB. LoudC. FastD. Bright答案:A2 A parakeet can learn to say ______ (简单的) phrases.3 A mixture that has uniform composition is called a ______ mixture.4 What is the main source of light during the day?A. MoonB. StarsC. SunD. Fire答案:C5 A chameleon can blend into its ______ (环境).6 The Amazon River Basin is home to many _______ species.7 A lizard can shed its tail to escape ______ (捕食者).8 What is the capital of Italy?B. RomeC. NaplesD. Florence答案:B9 What do we call a large body of water?A. RiverB. LakeC. OceanD. Stream10 What is the name of the tallest waterfall in the world?A. Angel FallsB. Niagara FallsC. Victoria FallsD. Yosemite Falls11 The chemical formula for ferrous sulfate is ______.12 The chemical symbol for chlorine is __________.13 The chemical symbol for lithium is _______.14 The chemical formula for ammonium nitrate is ______.15 I like to build with _____ (积木) and create new things. 我喜欢用积木搭建并创造新东西。

ipcc温室气体清单指南英文版IPCC 温室气体清单指南（英文版）The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC) Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines （English Version) play a crucial role in understanding and addressing global climate change These guidelines provide a comprehensive and standardized framework for quantifying and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and removalsThe importance of accurate greenhouse gas inventories cannot be overstated They form the basis for international climate negotiations, national climate policies, and corporate sustainability efforts The IPCC guidelines offer a consistent and scientifically rigorous approach to ensure that these inventories are reliable and comparable across different regionsand sectorsOne of the key features of the IPCC greenhouse gas inventory guidelines is their detailed classification of greenhouse gases The major greenhouse gases covered include carbon dioxide （CO2)， methane （CH4)， nitrous oxide （N2O)， hydrofluorocarbons （HFCs)， perfluorocarbons （PFCs)，and sulfur hexafluoride （SF6) Each gas has its unique properties and sources, and the guidelines provide specific methods for estimating emissions and removals for each of themFor example, when it comes to CO2 emissions, the guidelines consider various sources such as fossil fuel combustion in energy production,industrial processes, transportation, and land use changes The estimation methods take into account factors like the type and quantity of fuel consumed, the efficiency of combustion processes, and the carbon content of the fuelsMethane emissions, on the other hand, arise from sources such as agriculture （enteric fermentation in livestock and manure management)，natural gas systems, and waste management The IPCC guidelines provide detailed methodologies for accounting for these emissions, including considerations of methane production and oxidation processes in different systemsNitrous oxide emissions are associated with agricultural activities （such as fertilizer use)， industrial processes, and combustion The guidelines offer specific equations and parameters for calculating emissions based on factors such as fertilizer application rates and industrial process conditions The IPCC guidelines also address the issue of emissions from land use, landuse change, and forestry （LULUCF) This is a complex area that involves changes in carbon stocks in forests, croplands, and grasslands The guidelines provide methods for estimating carbon gains and losses due to afforestation, deforestation, reforestation, and changes in land management practicesIn addition to emissions, the guidelines also cover greenhouse gas removals Forests and other natural ecosystems act as sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere The IPCC provides methods for quantifying these removals based on factors such as forest growth, biomass accumulation, and soil carbon sequestrationThe development of the IPCC greenhouse gas inventory guidelines is a continuous process that incorporates the latest scientific research and improvements in measurement and modeling techniques This ensures that the guidelines remain uptodate and relevant in the face of evolving understanding of the climate system and human activities' impact on itHowever, implementing the IPCC guidelines can be challenging It requires significant data collection and analysis efforts, as well as technical expertise in various fields Many countries and organizations may lack the necessary resources and capabilities to undertake comprehensive greenhouse gas inventoriesTo overcome these challenges, international cooperation and capacitybuilding efforts are essential Technical assistance and training programs can help countries build the necessary skills and infrastructure to implement the guidelines effectively Additionally, the use of advanced technologies such as remote sensing and big data analytics can enhance the accuracy and efficiency of data collection and inventory compilationAnother important aspect is the quality control and verification of greenhouse gas inventories Independent audits and peer reviews can help ensure the reliability and credibility of the reported emissions and removals This is crucial for building trust among stakeholders and facilitating effective climate actionIn conclusion, the IPCC greenhouse gas inventory guidelines （English Version) are a vital tool for understanding and addressing global climate change Their accurate implementation and continuous improvement are essential for effective climate policymaking and international efforts toreduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve climate goals As the world strives to transition to a lowcarbon future, these guidelines will continue to play a critical role in guiding our actions and tracking our progress。

Unit 13 Energy and EnvironmentPassage A Nuclear Energy Regulation Risk and the EnvironmentAbdullah Al Faruque1The linkage between energy and the environment is well established and undeniable as the use of any energy source has some effect on the environment albeit the degree of effect may vary depending on the particular form of energy used. The symbiotic relationship between energy and the environment can be further explained by the fact that use of non-renewable sources such as fossil fuels can emit carbon dioxide, which contributes to global warming. The international community is increasingly pursuing energy security and sustainable development through deployment of cleaner, more efficient and low-carbon energy technologies. Thus, in the energy sector, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions remains a main factor in choices about energy options for electricity generation. Although reduction of greenhouse gas emission is not the main driving force behind the current use of nuclear energy by the States, its potential role in promoting sustainable energy source will be of central importance in the coming decades.2The environmental aspects of nuclear power plants and the facilities of the associated fuel cycle are not very different from any other large-scale industrial activity. However, the radioactive materials that are part of the various fuel cycle operations, particularly those radioactive materials generated during the operation of nuclear reactors, have to be strictly controlled.3The growing global demand for energy, the issue of combating climate change and the gradual decline of dependence on fossil fuels have warranted a renewed emphasis on nuclear power. Nuclear energy is currently contributing about 17 per cent of the total global electricity production. Nuclear material and technology are also useful for medicine and agriculture. The justification for a nuclear revival has been based largely upon two policy priorities: climate change mitigation and security of energy supply.4Nuclear energy is often considered a clean nonrenewable energy source in terms ofemissions. From an emission standpoint nuclear energy is more environmentally friendly than coal, oil or gas. The importance of nuclear energy is increasing since it is capable of meeting a significant portion of the energy needs of a country. Thus, nuclear power should be considered as one of the significant options for meeting future world energy needs at low cost and in an environmentally acceptable manner. Nuclear energy has assumed growing significance as emission-free energy in an era of serious concern about global warming.5In order to improve public perception of the nuclear industry, the issue of safety and waste management needs to be further developed and addressed and the industry must continue to pursue a policy of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.6Although nuclear technology is currently applied in diverse areas of human activity, such as medicine, nuclear research, agriculture and food preservation, the main risk stems from the generation of nuclear energy from the nuclear power plant. The nuclear power plant is the main part in the nuclear fuel cycle chain, and it is the place where the fission process occurs. Other parts of the nuclear fuel cycle include the transportation of nuclear materials and the management and transportation of spent fuel and nuclear waste.7Thus, the sources include all types of nuclear facilities, such as power reactors, research reactors, nuclear fuel cycle facilities, as well as medical, research and industrial sources, and defense-related sources where appropriate. After the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident 1, public concern about nuclear energy has increased significantly. There are widely varying perceptions of the risks and benefits of nuclear energy. The catastrophic nature of the risk of exposure from a nuclear power plant that can potentially bring great destruction and untold human suffering to humanity and the environment makes this risk unacceptable to humanity. The opposition to nuclear power plant has been expressed in the following ways: 8First, the long-term disposal of radioactive wastes remains a major challenge for the international community. A nuclear power plant creates spent nuclear fuel at the reactor site. Spent nuclear fuel is considered high-level waste that has many potential negative effects onthe environment. The resulting waste from use of nuclear energy can last thousands of years and can pose some danger to present and future generations. No state has found a solution to the problem of long-term disposal of nuclear waste.9Second, a major concern over nuclear energy is the long-term effects of radiation on the people living near or working in a nuclear power station. Although nuclear power plants emit low levels of radiation into the environment, long-term exposure to low-level radiation can be a health risk. While sources of ionizing radiation are essential to modern health care, they can be detrimental to living organisms if the production and the use of radiation sources and radioactive material are not covered by measures to protect individuals exposed to radiation. Ionizing radiation and radioactive substances have a permanent effect on the environment and the risks associated with radiation exposure can only be restricted, not eliminated entirely. Radiation protection from nuclear energy has become an important concern from the perspective of both human and environmental health.10Third, every operating nuclear power plant poses some risk of a severe or large-scale accident. But the risk of such accident is extremely low or insignificant. The nuclear industry estimates the chances of a severe reactor accident to be about one for every 10,000 reactor years of operation.11Fourth, nuclear power plants may not emit carbon dioxide during operation, but high amounts of carbon dioxide are emitted in activities related to building and running the plants. The process of mining the uranium which is used in nuclear power plants also releases high amounts of carbon dioxide into the environment. The mining needed to extract uranium may itself have some negative environmental impacts. Some carbon dioxide emissions occur in various stages of the nuclear fuel chain—mining, milling, transport, fuel fabrication, enrichment , reactor construction, decommissioning and waste management. Uranium mining and milling of uranium mill tailings have radioactivity and this remains after uranium is extracted by milling.12Another type of radioactive waste consists of tailings generated during the milling of certain ores to extract uranium or thorium. These wastes have relatively low concentrations of radioactive materials but they remain for long period of time. Thus, uranium mill tailings can adversely affect public health. Nuclear fuel is a kind of enriched uranium but plutonium is a by-product of nuclear power generation. Apart from uranium, which is the primary source of supply for nuclear energy production, plutonium from spent fuel and re-enriched tails from processing residues , stockpiles and ex-military weapons is a secondary source of supply.13Fifth, nuclear power has higher overall lifetime costs compared to natural gas and coal. The nuclear reactor is more expensive to build than conventional fossil fuel units. Thus, nuclear energy may be the most expensive way to produce electricity.14Sixth, the illegal trade in nuclear material and the proliferation of nuclear weapons is another global concern. Many countries are aspiring to nuclear energy and any increase in the number of states with nuclear energy capacity increases the likelihood of nuclear proliferation through weaponization of civilian nuclear energy materials. The current international legal framework is not fully adequate to eliminate the risk of such proliferation and to meet the security challenges of the expanded nuclear energy programme.15Seventh, transportation of radioactive material raises another public concern over the environmental impacts of such transport. Transport of nuclear fuel to and from nuclear power plants requires adequate packaging and regulatory measures to protect humans and the environment from the hazards of exposure to radiation. The volume of transportation of radioactive material is increasing rapidly and will continue to increase with the growth of the nuclear power industry.16Eighth, potential terrorist and caber-attacks and sabotage on nuclear power plants pose additional risks. There is a fear that nuclear weapons or enriched uranium or plutonium may reach terrorist groups who can make small and unsophisticated nuclear bombs. The possibility of diversion of nuclear material through terrorist acts cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, risksposed by human error and natural disasters can also be significant.17Finally, there are unknown and unpredictable safety and environmental risks associated with nuclear energy production that may have long-term consequences. Use of nuclear energy also raises public health concerns with regard to uranium mining and reactor safety, as well as transport and disposal of nuclear waste. Some epidemiologists point out the statistically significant increase of cancer among workers in the nuclear fuel cycle and people living close to nuclear waste reprocessing plants. Some public health scholars suggest that nuclear power plants expose people to "low-level ionizing radiation, with increased health risks attendant to this exposure". Harvard and MIT scholars have stressed that modern reactor designs can achieve a very low risk of serious accidents but have admitted that, although technological progress has made nuclear reactors safer, they are not totally risk free, and the risk of a reactor leak or other kind of accident can never be dismissed completely.18Thus, nuclear technology is seen as " inherently hazardous" given its potential for large-scale damage to human health and the environment. Although nuclear risk per se has a low probability that is difficult to estimate, its foreseen damages are of an extreme magnitude in the event that it occurs. In other words, whereas the risk of a nuclear catastrophe is low, its impact on public health remains unknown. Risks posed by nuclear energy production are very difficult or even impossible to quantify.19Although since the Chernobyl accident 2 the nuclear power industry has strengthened its safety practices and standards, some risks are inherent in nuclear energy. The scope of nuclear risk is now broader than merely the risk of nuclear accident. (1,620 words)。

The Science of Carbon Capture andSequestrationCarbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is an important technology that has been gaining attention in recent years due to the increasing concern over climate change. Essentially, CCS is a process that captures carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by industrial processes such as power plants and stores it underground in an effort to prevent it from being released into the atmosphere. This technology has been touted as an important way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change.There are several different processes involved in CCS. The most common process is post-combustion capture, which involves removing CO2 from flue gases produced by burning fossil fuels. This process typically involves using solvents to absorb CO2, which is then compressed and transported to storage sites.Another type of CCS is pre-combustion capture, which involves converting fossil fuels into a gas before they are burned. This process allows for the separation of CO2 before it is emitted into the atmosphere.Finally, there is also the option of using carbon capture in industrial processes, such as cement or steel production. This process involves using carefully designed chemicals to capture and effectively remove CO2 before it is released into the atmosphere.One of the main challenges with CCS is the cost associated with capturing and storing CO2. The technology is still relatively new and requires significant infrastructure, including pipelines and storage facilities. However, as the technology becomes more widely adopted and the scale of CCS operations increases, costs are expected to decrease.There are also concerns about the long-term safety and effectiveness of CCS. The risk of leakage from storage sites is a significant concern, as is the impact on local ecosystems. However, research is ongoing to identify and mitigate these risks.Despite these challenges, CCS remains a promising technology for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Proponents argue that the technology can be used in combination with other strategies, such as renewable energy and energy efficiency, to achieve significant reductions in emissions.Furthermore, the potential for CCS extends beyond just reducing emissions from industrial processes. The captured CO2 can also be used for enhanced oil recovery, where the CO2 is used to extract more oil from existing wells. This process allows for the storage of CO2 while also increasing domestic oil production.Overall, the science of carbon capture and sequestration is a promising area of research that has the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. While there are certainly challenges, ongoing research and development are helping to address these issues as we work towards a more sustainable future.。

脱碳技术的英语作文Title: Carbon Capture and Storage Technology: A Key Solution to Decarbonization。

In the face of escalating climate change concerns, the imperative to reduce carbon emissions has become more pressing than ever before. Among the arsenal of strategies to combat global warming, carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology stands out as a promising solution. This essay delves into the intricacies of CCS, elucidating its significance, mechanisms, challenges, and prospects.CCS technology involves capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from industrial processes or power generation facilities, transporting them to a suitable storage site, and securely storing them underground to prevent their release into the atmosphere. This process primarily targets large point sources of CO2 emissions, such as coal-fired power plants and industrial facilities, which collectively contribute significantly to global carbon emissions.One of the primary methods of carbon capture is post-combustion capture, which involves removing CO2 from the flue gases emitted by power plants and industrial facilities. This is typically achieved using chemical solvents or advanced sorbents that selectively capture CO2 while allowing other gases to pass through. Pre-combustion capture, on the other hand, involves converting fossilfuels into a mixture of hydrogen and CO2 before combustion, with the CO2 being separated and captured before power generation occurs. Additionally, there's oxy-fuel combustion, where fuels are burned in oxygen rather than air, resulting in flue gases consisting mainly of CO2 and water vapor, facilitating easier capture.Once captured, the CO2 is transported via pipelines or other means to suitable storage sites. These storage sites often include depleted oil and gas reservoirs, deep saline aquifers, or unmineable coal seams. Geological storage offers the advantage of large storage capacity and the potential for long-term containment of CO2.Despite its promise, CCS technology faces several challenges. One significant challenge is the high cost associated with capturing, transporting, and storing CO2. The energy-intensive nature of the capture process, coupled with the expense of developing infrastructure for transportation and storage, renders CCS economically unfeasible without significant financial incentives or government support. Furthermore, public perception and concerns regarding the safety and environmental impact of CO2 storage present additional hurdles.Nevertheless, recent advancements and ongoing research offer hope for the widespread deployment of CCS technology. Innovations in capture technologies, such as the development of more efficient sorbents and membranes, have the potential to reduce costs and energy requirements. Moreover, initiatives aimed at policy support, such as carbon pricing mechanisms and investment incentives, could help overcome economic barriers and promote the adoption of CCS technology on a larger scale.In conclusion, carbon capture and storage technologyrepresents a critical tool in the fight against climate change. By enabling the reduction of CO2 emissions from large industrial sources, CCS has the potential to significantly mitigate global warming while allowing for the continued use of fossil fuels during the transition to a low-carbon economy. Despite challenges, continued research, innovation, and policy support are essential to unlock the full potential of CCS and accelerate the transition to a sustainable future.。

CarbonisotopecompositionoftheLoCarbon isotope composition of the Lower Triassic marine carbonates, Lower Yangtze Region, South ChinaStudies on three Lower Triassic sections located on the shallow water platform, the deep water slope and in the deep water basin in the Lower Yangtze Region, South China, show the similar trend of carbon isotope evolution. Biostratigraphic correlations among the Lower Triassic sections on the basis of standard conodont zones indicate that three negative shifts occurred in the Griesbachian, the Smithian and the late Spathian stages respectively, and one distinctly positive shift occurred in the early Spathian stage. Trend of carbon isotope evolution of the Lower Triassic reflects some significant changes in the global carbon cycle. Moreover, δ13C background values are intensively controlled by palaeogeographic environment. In general, δ13C values from deep-water slope carbonates are lighter than those from carbonate platform and heavier than those from deep-water basin carbonates. The positive carbon isotope excursion may be induced by a significant amount of organic carbon burial in marine sediments and increase in primary productivity. The large negative carbon isotope excursions during the Early Triassic in Lower Yangtze Region are interpreted to relate to volcano eruptions based on tuffaceous claystone interlayers observed near the Permian-Triassic boundary, the Induan- Olenekian boundary and the Lower Triassic-Middle Triassic boundary.作者：ZUO Jingxun TONG Jinnan QIU Haiou ZHAO Laishi 作者单位： ZUO Jingxun(Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;Henan Institute of Geological Survey, Zhengzhou 450007,China)TONG Jinnan,ZHAO Laishi(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources at China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China)QIU Haiou(Faculty of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China)刊名：中国科学D辑（英文版） SCI 英文刊名： SCIENCE IN CHINA SERIES D (EARTH SCIENCES) 年，卷(期)： 2006 49(3) 分类号：O6 关键词：Lower Triassic carbon isotope compositions palaeogeography volcanic eruptions Lower Yangtze Region。

英语三级笔译综合能力2004年试卷Section 1 Vocabulary and Grammar (25 points)This section consists of three parts. Bead the directions for each part before answering the questions. The time for this section is 25 minutes.Part 1 Vocabulary SelectionIn this party there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are four choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Then blacken the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.1. Grover Cleveland was the first president ______ in the White House.A. got marriedB. to get marriedC. has got marriedD. was married2. If cauliflowers are not _____ from extreme temperatures, the heads get discolored.A. protectedB. shelterC. shadeD. saved3. The gas ______ from the tank is dangerous.A. given offB. giving outC. giving awayD. given up4. When it started to snow, we turned round and _____ the hotel.A. got byB. searched forC. made forD. cleared up5. Since writing home to their parents for money, they had lived _____ hope.A. inB. forC. onD. through6. Rice is the ______ food of most Southeast Asians.A. commonB. generalC. stapleD. popular7. William Byrd was the owner of the largest library in colonial ______.A. periodB. timeC. timesD. periods8. Exobiology is the study of life ______ other planets.A. inB. atC. onD. to9. The Declaration of Independence, _______ the Constitution of the United States,was drawn up with the help of Benjamin Franklin.A. andB. alsoC. as well asD. so too10. It was from the Lowell Laboratory that the ninth ______, Pluto, was sighted in1930.A. planetB. constellationC. stardomD. satellite11 .The rodent, _______ the mouse, rat, guinea pig, and porcupine, are mammals withincisor-like teeth in both jaws.A. made upB. includingC. consistingD. constitute12. ______ into oceans and rivers is a serious form of pollution.A. Pouring sewageB. Emptying litterC. Throwing garbageD. Dumping sewage13. Products which are made from dirts and are _____ high temperatures are knownas ceramics.A. tempered inB. subjected toC. exposed toD. baked in14. A pigment called melanin protects the _____ layers of skin from sun rays.A. underB. belowC. underlyingD. underneath15. Oranges are a ______ source of vitamin C.A. wellB. betterC. goodD. very16. Even after having their grandchildren live with them for ten years, the couple feltthat ______ children these days was the most difficult of all family matters.A. risingB. raisingC. caringD. taking care17. The most important ______ of the farmers in Iraq is dates, of which Iraq is theworld's leading exporter.A. economic cropB. cash cropC. money cropD. staple18. More has been learned about the Moon than any other of the Earth's neighbors inspace because of the Apollo program, which enabled men to walk on the Moon and bring back hundreds of pounds of _____.A. rocksB. rockC. stoneD. stones19. _____ the variety that the average family has in beef, fish, poultry, and vegetarianrecipes, they find most meals unexciting.A. InspiteB. InspiteC. Despite ofD. Despite20. The speaker _____ have criticized the paraprofessionals, knowing full well thatthey were seated in the audience.A. should not toB. must notC. ought not toD. may notPart 2 Vocabulary ReplacementThis part consists of 15 sentences in which one word or phrase is underlined. Below each sentence, there are four choices respectively marked by letters A, By C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can replace the underlined part without causing any grammatical error or changing the basic meaning of the sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Blacken the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.21. Iceland has the oldest parliament, which goes as far back to 930 A. D. whenAlthing, the legislative organization, was established.A. officeB. adobeC. assemblyD. building22. The only problem with the debate last week was that the beginning sounded morelike a personal attack than a dispassionate, intellectual arguing.A. discussionB. argumentC. talkD. speech23. Susan Jones was at the bus stop well on time to take the 7:01 bus, but she had tomiss her breakfast to do it.A. catch up withB. catchC. run up toD. be catching24. Since her father could not drive her to the airport, she requested her uncle to driveher instead.A. takeB. bringC. dispatchD. deliver25. A famous collection of Persian, Indian, and Arabian folktales, the Arabian Nightswas supposedly told by the legendary queen Scheherazade to her husband every night for 1,001 days.A. imaginaryB. imageryC. fabledD. legend26. What may be the oldest fossil footprint yet found was discovered in June 1968 byWilliam J. Meister, a non-professional fossil collector.A. a part-timeB. a spare-timeC. an untrainedD. an amateur27. Most of us think of sharks as dangerous, owing to lack of information rather thanfear.A. due toB. becauseC. asD. for28. Double Eagle D, the first trans-Atlantic balloon, was greeted by avid crowds inFrance.A. eagerB. surgingC. appreciativeD. vigorous29. The discovery of the connection between aspirin and Reyessyndrome, a rare anddeadly ailment, is a recent example of the caution with which drugs must be used, even for medical purposes.A. diseaseB. sickC. illD. illness30. My parents moved out of their old home sometime last year after they hadcelebrated their 50th year there.A. anniversaryB. years oldC. ageD. wedding31. The library she worked in lent books, magazines, audio-cassettes and maps to itscustomers, who could keep them for four weeks.A. borrowersB. lendersC. patronsD. clients32. A common question that people ask a story writer is whether or not he hasexperienced what he has written about.A. fictionB. scienceC. imaginaryD. literary33. At the World literacy Center, an organization that works to help people read, thehelpers work hard, enabling them to successfully reach their goals.A. assistantsB. volunteersC. part-timersD. amateurs34. The officers made it clear that they were letting her go only because that she wasold and not because she was above suspicion.A. for reasonB. due toC. because ofD. on the grounds35. The book, which is a useful guide for today's young people, deals with manyquestions and problems that face them at school and at home as well as in society.A. are facedB. confrontC. in oppositionD. meetPart 3 Error CorrectionThis part consists of 75 sentences in which there is an underlined part that indicates a grammatical error. Below each sentence, there are four choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can replace the underlined part so that the error is corrected. There is only ONE right answer. Blacken the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring ANSWERSHEET.36. All don't have a free ticket must pay the admission fee.A. Everyone who doesn't have a free ticketB. No one who doesn't have a free ticketC. No one who has free ticketsD. Anyone who has free tickets37. When I last saw them, the police had chased the robbers down Columbus Street.A. were chasingB. was chasingC. chasedD. were on a chase38. Erosion that is a slow process, but it constantly changes the features on the surfaceof the earth.A. which isB. althoughC. beingD. is39. When an organism is completely encapsulated and preserved, it becomes a fossil,therefore turning into evidence of things that once lived.A. therebyB. as a result ofC. soD. in the end40. The pictures of the Loch Ness Monster show a remarkable resemblance to aplesiosaur, a large water reptile of the Mesozoic era presuming extinct for more than 70 million years.A. supposedB. presumablyC. presumptuousD. is presumed41. In our own galaxy, the Milky Way, there are perhaps 200 billion stars, a small partof them probably have planets on which life is feasible.A. a small fraction in whichB. a small fraction of whichC. a small fraction whichD. which a fraction of42. "But you'll be able to come, won’t you?" "Yes, I think such."A. thatB. itC. soD. this43. The professor is quite difficult pleased.A. to pleaseB. to be pleasedC. for pleasingD. pleasing44. Because everyone knows, facts speak louder than words.A. SinceB. ThatC. ItD. As45. The trapeze artist who ran away with the clown broke up the lion tamer's heart.A. broke awayB. broke downC. brokeD. broken down46. His heavy drinking and fond of gambling makes him a poor role model.A. and fact that he gamblesB. and that he gamblesC. and he gambles whichD. and gambling47. Depression that inflicts people who believe their lives lack content when the rushof the busy week stops referred to by a prominent psychiatrist as Sunday Neurosis.A. has been referred to by a prominent psychiatristB. has been referred to as by a prominent psychiatristC. a prominent psychiatrist has referred to itD. it has been referred to by a prominent psychiatrist48. Just as there are occupations that require college degrees also there areoccupations for which technical training is necessary.A. so to there areB. so too there areC. so there areD. so too are there49. Most of the older civilizations which flourished during the fifth century B. C. aredied out.A. they have died outB. has died outC. have died outD. they had died out50. The student asked her professor if he would have gone on the spaceship he didknow earlier.A. if he knewB. if he knowsC. he had knownD. had he known Section 2 Reading Comprehension (55 points)In this section you will find after each of the passages a number of questions or unfin-ished statements about the passage, each with four (A, B, C and D) choices to com-plete the statement. You must choose the one which you think fits best. Then blacken the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 51 - 56 are based on die following passage.Awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918, German physicist Max Planck is best remembered as the originator of the quantum theory. His work helped usher in a new era in theoretical physics and revolutionized the scientific community’s understanding of atomic and subatomic processes.Planck introduced an idea that led to the quantum theory, which became the foundation of twentieth century physics. In December 1900, Planck worked out an equation that described the distribution of radiation accurately over the range of low to high frequencies. He had developed a theory which depended on a model of matter that seemed very strange at the time. The model required the emission of electromagnetic radiation in small chunks or particles. These particles were later called quantums. The energy associated with each quantum is measured by multiplying the frequency of the radiation, v, by a universal constant, h. Thus, energy, or E, equals hv. The constant, h, is known as Planck's constant. It is now recognized as one of the fundamental constants of the world.Planck announced his findings in 1900, but it was years before the full consequences of his revolutionary quantum theory were recognized. Throughout his life, Planck made significant contributions to optics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, physical chemistry, among other fields.51. In which of the following fields did Max Planck NOT make a significantcontribution?A. Optics.B. Thermodynamics.C. Statistical mechanics.D. Biology.52. The word "revolutionary" as used in Line 15 means_.A. radicalB. extremistC. momentousD. militaristic53. It can be inferred from the passage that Planck’s work led to the development of________.A. The rocketB. The atomic bombC. The internal combustion engineD. The computer54. The particles of electromagnetic radiation given off by matter are known as ____.A. quantumsB. atomsC. electronsD. valences55. The implication in this passage is that ______.A. only a German physicist could discover such a theoryB. quantum theory, which led to the development of twentieth century physics, isbasically a mathematical formulaC. Planck's constant was not discernible before 1900D. radiation was hard to study56. ―An idea‖ as used in line 5, refers to _____.A. a model of matterB. emission of electromagnetic radiationC. quantumsD. the equation that described the distribution of radiation accurately over the range of low to high frequenciesPassage TwoQuestions 57 ~ 62 are based on the following passage.There has been much speculation about the origin of baseball. In 1907 a special commission decided that the modern game was invented by Abner Doubleday in 1839. One hundred years later the National Baseball Museum was opened to honor Doubleday. Historians, however, disagree about the origin of baseball. Some say that baseball comes from bat-and-ball games of ancient times. It is a matter of record that in the 1700s English boys played a game they called ―baseball‖. Americans have played a kind of baseball since about 1800. At first the American game had different rules and different names in various parts of the country —―town ball‖, ―rounders‖, or ―one old cat‖. Youngsters today still play some of these simplified forms of the game.Baseball did not receive a standard set of rules until 1845, when Alexander Cartwright organized the Knickerbocker Baseball Club of New York City. The rules Cartwright set up for his nine-player team were widely adopted by other clubs and formed the basis of modern baseball. The game was played on a "diamond" infield with the bases 90 feet apart. The first team to score 21 runs was declared the winner. By 1858 the National Association of Baseball Players was formed with 25 amateur teams. The Cincinnati Red Stockings began to pay players in 1869.57. Which of the following is true about the origins of baseball?A. Historians agree that baseball was invented by Abner Doubleday.B. Baseball, as played in the early 19th century, differed very little from today'sgame.C. As early as the 1700s, English boys played a game called "baseball".D. The first standard set of baseball rules was established at the turn of the century.58. What was the first professional baseball team called?A. New York Knickerbockers.B. Milwaukee Braves.C. Cincinnati Red Stockings.D. Brooklyn Dodgers.59. Who first gave baseball a standard set of rules?A. Abner Doubleday.B. Alexander Cartwright.C. Albert Spalding.D. Babe Ruth.60. Which of the followings was not a predecessor of baseball?A. Rounders.B. Town ball.C. Cricket.D. One old cat.61. The tone of the passage is ______.A. persuasiveB. informativeC. biasedD. argumentative62. The passage implies that until 1869, baseball was played for all of the followingreasons except _______.A. exerciseB. leisureC. profitD. socializingPassage ThreeQuestions 63-68 are based on the following passage.The blue of the sea is caused by the scattering of sunlight by tiny particles suspended in the water. Blue light, being of short wavelength, is scattered more efficiently than light of longer wavelengths. Although waters of the open ocean are commonly some shade of blue, green water is commonly seen near coasts, especially in tropical or subtropical regions. This is caused by yellow pigments being mixed with blue water. Phytoplankton are one source of the yellow pigment. Other microscopic plants may color the water brown or brownish-red. Near the shore, silt or sediment in suspension can give water a brownish hue. Outflow of large rivers can often be observed many miles offshore by the coloration of suspended soil particles.Marine phytoplankton (Greek for "plant wanderers") are microscopic single-celled plants that include diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids, green algae, and blue-green algae, among others. The growth of these organisms, which photogynthesize light, depends on a delicate balance of nutrient enrichment via vertical mixing, which is often limited by the availability of nitrogen and light. Diatoms are one-celled plants with patterned glass coverings. Each glass, or silicon dioxide box, is ornamented with species-specific designs, pits, and perforations making them popular with microscopists and, more recently, electron scanning microscopists.63. Green water near coastlines is almost always caused by _____.A. sand colorB. red pigments in coastal watersC. blue pigmentD. reflected light and yellow pigment from plant life64. Phytoplankton are the source of which color pigment?A. Red.B. Green.C. Yellow.D. Blue.65. What can give waters a brownish hue near the shore?A. Sediment.B. Phytoplankton.C. Blue pigment.D. Diatoms.66. Which of the following is NOT a type of phytoplankton?A. Green algae.B. Diatoms.C. Blue-green algae.D. Amoeba.67. The growth of phytoplankton is often limited by the availability of _____.A. oxygenB. hydrogenC. nitrogenD. carbon dioxide68. The main idea of this passage is that _____.A. light causes sea colorB. sea coloration is varied because of a combination of length of light waves andmicroscopic plant life and siltC. microscopic plant life causes sea colorD. water composition causes sea colorPassage FourQuestions 69 - 75 are based on the following passage.The United States government publishes guidelines for appropriate nutrient intakes. These are known as the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and are updated regularly based on new research in nutrition. RDAs are suggested amounts of calories, protein, and some minerals and vitamins for an adequate diet. For other dietary substances, specific goals must await further research. However, for the U.S. population as a whole, increasing starch and fiber in one's diet and reducing calories (primarily from fats, sugar, and alcohol) is sensible. These suggestions are especially appropriate for people who have other factors for chronic diseases due to family history of obesity, premature heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and high blood cholesterol, or for those who use tobacco.Snacks can furnish about one-fourth of the calorie requirements among teenagers. Those snacks should also provide much of the day's allowances for protein, minerals, and vitamins. Sandwiches, fruit, and milk make good snacks for active teenagers. Food from the food pyramid may be part of any meal. A grilled cheese sandwich or a bowl of whole-grain cereal is just as nutritious in the morning as it is at noon. In addition, a good breakfast consists of any foods that supply about one-fourth of the necessary nutrients for the day.69. The passage directly states that most of the U. S. population should increase theirintake of ______.A. proteinB. fatsC. starch and fiberD. sandwiches70. A good breakfast should supply about what percentage of the necessary nutrientsfor the day?A. One-half.B. One-third.C. One-fourth.D. Less than one-fourth.71. The passage implies which of the following?A. The rime of day when food is consumed affects its nutritive value.B. Different foods can be combined to increase total nutrition value.C. It can be detrimental to your health to eat breakfast foods later in the day.D. When food is eaten has no bearing on its nutritive effects.72. Why are RDAs regularly updated?A. New discoveries in the science of nutrition are constantly being made.B. Americans' diets are constantly changing.C. As people age, their nutritional needs change.D. Very little is currently known about nutrition.73. In this passage RDAs refers to___.A. types of vitaminsB. types of proteinC. types of mineralsD. amounts of energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals74. One implication in this passage is that _____.A. all RDAs have been establishedB. not all RDAs have been established yetC. it's not important to know RDAsD. RDAs are necessary only for sick people75. The reduction of calories in the diet is particularly good for people who sufferfrom ________.A. obesityB. premature heart disease and diabetesC. high blood pressure and cholesterol levelsD. all of the abovePassage FiveQuestions 76 - 81 are based on the following passage.The most popular organic gem is the pearl. A pearl is the response of a marine mollusk to the presence of an irritating impurity accidentally introduced into its body;a cultured pearl is the result of the intentional insertion of a mother-of-pearl bead into a live mollusk. Whether introduced accidentally or intentionally, the pearl-making process is the same: the mollusk coats the irritant with a substance called nacre. Nacre is composed chiefly of calcium carbonate. Because very few natural pearls are now on the market, most pearls used in fine jewelry are cultured. These include "Biwa" pearls and most other freshwater pearls. Cultured pearls are not easily distinguished from natural pearls except by an expert.76. Which of the following people could tell the difference between a cultured pearland an organic pearl?A. Scuba diver.B. Fisherman.C. Jeweler.D. Clerk.77. What is the chief component of nacre?A. Sand.B. Bead.C. Calcium carbonate.D. Biwa.78. The difference between a pearl and a cultured pearl is the nature of the ____.A. colorB. introduction of the irritating impurityC. coating materialD. irritating impurity79. Nacre is a substance that is ______.A. mechanically manufacturedB. the result of laboratory testingC. organically secreted by the molluskD. present in the chemical composition of freshwater pounds80. The main idea of this passage is that ______.A. most marketable pearls are cultured because nature does not produce enough ofits own to satisfy the marketB. cultured pearls are of a higher quality than natural pearlsC. there are two major methods of pearl-makingD. a natural ―drought‖ of pearl production is taking place81. Cultured pearl is formed by ____.A. insertion of a pearl into a live molluskB. an oyster into which a piece of grit has been placedC. putting in a live molluskD. placing a bead into culturePassage SixQuestions 82-87 are based on the following passage.Stress is with us all the time. It comes from mental or emotional activity as well as physical activity. It is unique and personal to each of us. So personal, in fact, that what may be relaxing to one person may be stressful to another. For example, if you're a busy executive who likes to keep occupied all of the time, "taking it easy" at the beach on a beautiful day may be extremely frustrating, nonproductive, and upsetting. You may be emotionally distressed from "doing nothing." Too much emotional stress can cause physical illnesses such as high blood pressure, ulcers, or even heart disease. Physical stress from work or exercise is not likely to cause such ailments. The truth is that physical exercise can help you to relax and to better handle your mental or emotional stress.82. Which of the following people would find ―taking it easy‖ stressful?A. Construction workers.B. Business executives.C. Farm workers.D. Truck drivers.83. Which of the following would be a determinant as to what people find stressful?A. Personality.B. Education.C. Marital status.D. Shoe size.84. This article, published by the Department of Health and Human Services,probably came from the ______.A. Federal Bureau of InvestigationB. Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health AdministrationC. Education AdministrationD. Communicable Diseases Administration85. A source of stress NOT specifically mentioned in this passage is _____.A. educational activityB. physical activityC. mental activityD. emotional activity86. Physical problems caused by emotional stress can appear as all of the followingEXCEPT _____.A. ulcersB. pregnancyC. heart diseaseD. high blood pressure87. One method mentioned to help handle stress is ____.A. physical exerciseB. tranquilizersC. drugsD. taking it easy Passage SevenQuestions 88 ~ 92 are based on the following passage.With the sudden onset of severe psychotic symptoms, the individual is said to be experiencing acute schizophrenia (精神分裂症) - "Psychotic" means out of touch with reality, or unable to separate real from unreal experiences. Some people have only one such psychotic episode. Others have many episodes during a lifetime but lead relatively normal lives during interim periods. The individual with chronic (continuous or recurring) schizophrenia often does not fully recover normal functioning and typically requires long-term treatment, generally including medication, to control the symptoms. These symptoms may include hallucinations (幻觉), incoherence, delusions, lack of judgment, deterioration of the abilities to reason and feel emotion, and a lack of interaction between the patient and his environment. The hallucinations may be a visual, auditory, or tactile. Some chronic schizophrenic patients may never be able to function without assistance of one sort or another.88. Which of the following is not a symptom of schizophrenia?A. Hallucinations.B. Delusions.C. Incoherence.D. Vertigo.89. It can be inferred from the passage that a person experiencing acute schizophreniamost likely ______.A. cannot live without medicationB. cannot go on livingC. can hold a full-time jobD. cannot distinguish real from unreal90. According to this passage, thinking that one can fly might be an example of ____.A. medicine overdoseB. being out of touch with realityC. recovering normal functioningD. symptom control91. The passage suggests that the beginning of severe psychotic symptoms of acuteschizophrenia may be any of the following EXCEPT_____.A. debilitatingB. sudden occurrenceC. occurring after a long period of normalcyD. drug-induced92. The passage implies that normal life may be possible for the chronicschizophrenic with the help of ______.A. medicinesB. neurotic episodesC. psychotic episodesD. time Passage EightQuestions 93 ~ 100 are based on the following passage.Aspirin is one of the safest and most effective drugs invented by man. The most popular medicine in the world today, it is an effective pain reliever. Its bad effects are relatively mild. It is also cheap.For millions of people suffering from arthritis, it is the only thing that works. Aspirin, in short, is truly the 20th-century wonder drug. It is also the second largest suicide drug and is the leading cause of poisoning among children. It has side effects that, although relatively mild, are largely unrecognized among users.Although aspirin was first sold by a German company in 1899, it has been around much longer than that. Hippocrates, in ancient Greece, understood the medical value of tree barks and leaves which today are known to contain a chemical found in aspirin. During the 19th century, there was a great deal of experimentation in Europe with this。

carbon 四六级英语Carbon is a fundamental element that is essential for life on Earth. It is the fourth most abundant element in the universe and is the building block of all organic compounds, including the molecules that make up living organisms. The importance of carbon in our lives cannot be overstated, as it plays a crucial role in various aspects of our existence.One of the most significant roles of carbon is in the process of photosynthesis, which is the primary means by which plants and other autotrophic organisms convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy. During photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, water, and sunlight to produce glucose, which is the primary source of energy for the plant. This process not only provides energy for the plant but also releases oxygen into the atmosphere, which is essential for the survival of other living organisms, including humans.In addition to its role in photosynthesis, carbon is also a vital component of the Earth's atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, which means that it traps heat from the sun and helps maintain the Earth's temperature within a range that is suitablefor life. However, the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, have led to a phenomenon known as global warming, which is causing significant changes in the Earth's climate.The impact of carbon on the environment is not limited to its role in global warming. Carbon is also a key component of the carbon cycle, which is the continuous movement of carbon between the Earth's atmosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. This cycle is essential for maintaining the balance of carbon in the environment and ensuring the continued existence of life on Earth.Beyond its environmental significance, carbon also plays a crucial role in various industries and technologies. Carbon is a key component in the production of steel, which is used in the construction of buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure. It is also used in the production of plastics, which are ubiquitous in modern society and have a wide range of applications, from packaging to medical devices.In the field of energy, carbon is a crucial component in the production of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which are the primary sources of energy for much of the world. While the use of these fossil fuels has led to significant advancements in technology and economic development, it has also contributed tothe growing problem of climate change.As a result, there is increasing focus on the development of alternative energy sources that are more sustainable and environmentally friendly. One such alternative is the use of carbon-based materials in the production of renewable energy technologies, such as solar cells and fuel cells.In the field of medicine, carbon is also playing an increasingly important role. Carbon-based materials, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, are being explored for their potential use in a wide range of medical applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools.Overall, the importance of carbon in our lives cannot be overstated. From its role in the environment to its applications in industry and technology, carbon is a fundamental element that is essential for the continued existence and development of life on Earth. As we continue to grapple with the challenges posed by climate change and the need for more sustainable and environmentally friendly technologies, the role of carbon will only become more important in the years and decades to come.。

经济学人官方译文| 工业脱碳：钢厂和水泥厂的寿命很长，变革需要立即开始2019年11月27日adminDecarbonising industry工业脱碳Coke fiends焦炭恶魔Steel and cement plants have long lifespans. Change needs to start now 钢厂和水泥厂的寿命很长。

变革需要立即开始On the swedish shore of the Baltic Sea near the Arctic Circle, work has started on a SKr1.4bn ($150m) pilot project aiming to help Sweden become the first country in the world to produce fossil-free steel. Martin Pei, the engineer behind the project, promises that by 2020, passengers flying to the nearby Luleå airport will be able to look down on a 50-metre-high test plant. “We need to hurry up, because ‘Winter is coming’,” quips the Chinese-born engineer. Or should that be global warming?在瑞典波罗的海沿岸靠近北极圈的地方，一个耗资14 亿瑞典克朗（1.5 亿美元）的试点项目已经启动，目的是帮助瑞典成为世界上第一个不用化石燃料炼钢的国家。

该项目的总工程师裴文国承诺，到2020 年，飞往附近吕勒奥机场的乘客将能从空中俯瞰一座50 米高的测试工厂。