未得到监考老师指令前，不得翻阅该试题册！大学英语六级考试预测试题（第二套）Part I Writing （30 minutes）（请于正式考后半小时内完成该部分，之后进行听力考试）Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the picture below.You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and thencomment on it. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.“Your aptitude is important, but more important for success is your attitude.”Part II Listening Comprehension （30 minutes）Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and thequestions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you mustchoose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Thenmark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line throughthe centre.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) He is a college teacher.B) He is a student of Harvard.C) He is a board member of Harvard.D) He is the founder of Facebook.2. A) He disliked talking about the big issues.B) He studied Computer Science and Philosophy.C) He spent a lot of time hanging out with his friends.D) He studied some really interesting stuff.3. A) People have been sharing more information.B) People have been controlling over themselves.C) People have been starting to use the Internet.D) Companies have been uploading more information.4. A) Information about their family and friends.B) Information about their jobs and wealth.C) Information about social stability and social equity.D) Information about themselves, their reputation, and their privacy.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.5. A) He doesn’t understand the educational terminology.B) He doesn’t know when the application will be processed.C) He wants to complete his study as soon as possible.D) He wants to transfer to a normal university.6. A) Colleges are inexpensive while universities are very expensive.B) College students can complete their studies in two years.C) College students get a B.S. while university students get a B.A.D) Colleges tend to be smaller schools while universities are usually larger ones.7. A) Students can complete the first two years of their college education in such schools.B) They are usually larger schools with more facilities.C) Students can further their studies after they graduate from universities.D) They are a special kind of high schools where all students study the same thing.8. A) Two years. B) Four years. C) Three years. D) Six years.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will bespoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the bestanswer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark thecorresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9. A) A heart attack. B) A stroke.C) A tumor in the brain. D) High blood pressure.10. A) Rare stroke. B) Incurable stroke.C) Hemorrhagic stroke. D) Coma stroke.11. A) There is bleeding into or around the brain.B) His brain cells begin to die.C) He can hardly move.D) He can hardly speak.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.12. A) People doubted that most of the scores were too low.B) Two students doubted their scores and asked to have their tests scored again.C) Police found wrongly scored tests.D) The College Board found that there was something wrong with their computers.13. A) The College Board should be punished for the accident.B) Schools shouldn’t accept the students who received wrong scores.C) Students shouldn’t be punished for something uncontrollable.D) Students who received wrong scores could take the test for free next year.14. A) Humidity in the air caused the change of the answers’ position.B) Their answers were not clear on the answer sheets.C) The teachers changed the position of the answers.D) The computers scanned the answers only once.15. A) Schools will not adopt the suggestion that students be reconsidered.B) If a student gets higher scores, he will receive more financial aid.C) If a student gets higher scores, he will definitely be accepted by the school he appliedfor.D) Acceptance decisions are based only on test scores.Section CDirections:In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recording will be played only once. After you heara question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices markedA), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 witha single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.16. A) Forming a good habit.B) Changing ways of looking at the world.C) How to develop relationship-building competency.D) How to build relationship with family members.17. A) To get to know colleagues outside the office.B) To practice simple courtesies.C) To talk to the people you target in your office.D) To practice effective listening.18. A) Focus on the issue. B) Focus on the person.C) Focus on his good qualities. D) Focus on his deficiencies.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.19. A) Internet specialist.B) Application specialist.C) Technology specialist.D) Recruitment specialist.20. A) It suggests a correct procedure to follow.B) It elicits the vital information at the outset.C) It uses the websites as shop windows for advertising jobs.D) It is used to cut as much as paper as possible.21. A) They employ it to reduce administration.B) They attach too much importance to it.C) They ignore the specific skills to manage online process.D) They think it is less effective than traditional recruitment.22. A) They feel confident about themselves.B) They want to exert themselves in different fields.C) Positions with the same title can vary in the same organizations.D) Positions with the same title can vary considerably in differentorganizations.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.23. A) They may suffer obesity.B) They are aggressive.C) They are in poor health condition.D) They have trouble concentrating in class.24. A) Carrying weapons.B) Running away from home.C) Physically attacking people.D) Taking part in fights with parents.25. A) Sugar. B) Caffeine.C) Carbonated water. D) Phosphoric acid.Part ⅢReading Comprehension ( 40 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank followingthe passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the correspondingletter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Question 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.Young people always suffer in recessions. Employers stop（26）______ them; and they often get rid of new recruits because they are easier to sack. But during the（27）_______ recessions in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, older workers also got fired. This time is different. During the financial crisis in 2008, and since, older people have done better than other age groups.The researchers（28）________ on movements in "non-employment" as a share of the total population in three age groups between the final quarters of 2007 and 2012. Whereas the average non-employment rate in the OECD(经济合作与发展组织)countries has risen by 4% among young people and by 1.5% among 25- to 54-year-olds, it has（29）________ by 2% among the 55-64 age group.Why have older employees done so well? Maybe the job protection mechanism has played its role, but what has really changed is that firms now （30）________ the full costs of getting rid of older staff.Nowadays, older workers are healthier than they used to be and work is less（31）_________ demanding. They are also more（32）_________ to employers than prior generations for they have received better education.Old workers now also have a sharper（33）_______ to stay in employment because of the impact of the crisis on wealth. Many will argue that older workers have done better at the（34）________ of the young. This is wrongheaded(执迷不悟的). First, it is a false belief that a job gained for one person is a job lost for another. Second, young and old people are by and large not substitute in the workplace. They do different types of work in different types of（35）________. There are plenty of things that can help the young jobless, but shunting(避开)older workers out of the workplace is not one of them.A) attractive E) expense I) incentive M) productiveB) bear F) fallen J) occupation N) profitablyC) charge G) focus K) physically O) sectorD) energetically H) hiring L) previousSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attachedto it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identifythe paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose aparagraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer thequestion by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Sardines Will Abandon YouA) It has been an exceptionally good year for whale watching in California. In past seasons,sightseers off Monterey typically spotted two or three humpbacks(座头鲸)on a single afternoon at sea. This past September, October, November, and December, whale watchers was treated to more than 50 at a time. Dozens of killer whales played in the same area throughout the fall. In December, a total of 364 gray whales were counted migrating south past Palos Verdes---double the 182 spotted there in December 2012.B) California has witnessed a genuine explosion of sea life over the past six months, andwhales aren't the only ones making waves. Environmental scientists said in December that they were seeing "unprecedented" numbers of brown pelicans(鹈鹕)in the San Francisco Bay Area. It's been "a months-long carnival of humpback whales, bird clouds, dolphin wizardry, frenzied sea lions, playful killer whales and even visits from marine royalty---blue whales," wrote the Santa Cruz Sentinel. To borrow a line from Melville: Surely all this is not without meaning.C) And meaning there is in this tale of Pacific ecology and American history. The increasedactivity of marine megafauna（巨型动物）is being attributed to an anchovy（凤尾鱼）boom: The tiny fish have crowded the coast, densely packed, sparking an ongoing feeding frenzy. The flip side of the great anchovy upwelling, though, is the great sardine crash of 2013, which scientists expect Io rebound throughout the ecosystem for decades to come. Cetaceans(鲸目动物), sea lions, and pelicans in Monterey may be feasting on anchovies now. But they'll eventually be hurt by sardine scarcity, according to some biologists. An epidemic of sick sea lion pups in Southern California is already being blamed on the decline of sardines.D) The last lime Pacific sardines declined this steeply was around 1950, shortly after JohnSteinbeck so exquisitely captured the prime of the sardine canning industry in his novel Cannery Row.E)Atlantic editor Corby Kummer described the fishery's ups and downs, and itssignificance, in a 2007 article titled "The Rise of the Sardine." In the decades before Steinbeck wrote his novel, the sardine industry was feeding millions of soldiers in both world wars and sustaining thousands of foreign-born workers---the canners and fishermen of Cannery Row---during the Great Depression. But the largest fishery in the Western hemisphere began to mysteriously decline even while it was being immortalized in literature. By the mid-1950s, it had collapsed entirely.F) The canneries shut down and Monterey started losing its smell. From 1967 to 1986there were severe restrictions on sardine fishing, and Cannery Row "turned into Skid Row," in Kummer's words. Then it went to the tourists: an abandoned cannery was transformed into the Monterey Bay Aquarium, a bronze bust of Steinbeck went up a few blocks away; now "Historic Cannery Row is Monterey's premiere destination for great hotels, shopping, dining, family fun and nightlife."G) The sardines came back after a couple of decades, and the stock climbed steadily intothe new millennium---hence Kummer's argument, in 2007, that sardines were ready fora culinary revival. But now the population has crashed again.H)In the 1950s, the collapse of the sardine industry was blamed on overfishing. It'stempting to blame the current decline on global warming. Neither of those factors deserves single-handed responsibility, though.Oceanographers have known for a little while, now, that there's a natural ocean cycle---though, a long one that's not fully understood---that governs the rise and fall of sardine and anchovy stocks in the Pacific.I) In 2003, scientists at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research institute (MBARI) combedthrough decades of data on physical oceanography, marine biology, and meteorology in the pacific Ocean in search of long-term cycles governing sardine and anchovy populations. They concluded that sardine and anchovy stocks fluctuate according to a roughly 50-year "boom-and-bust" cycle. "A naturally occurring climate pattern that works its way across the Pacific," also known as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, brings warmer temperatures to the California coast approximately every 25 years, promptinga switch-off between anchovies and sardines.J) In 2013, researchers from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California-San Diego even went deep into this cycle. Using data derived from various models and simulations---including a previous study that reconstructed thousands of years of sardine and anchovy population trends based on sedimentary seafloor deposits---they came up with what they believed to be an accurate reproduction of sardine-anchovy fluctuations from 1661 to 2013. This model "showed that the sardine and anchovy fluctuations were not controlled solely by climate, as had been previously suggested," according to a write-up on Scripps's Explorations Now site. The Scripps researchers gave more weight to the role of overfishing in sardine stocks than the MBARI researchers did in 2003.K)Both studies underscore the complexity of predicting the rise and fall of global fish populations. George Sugihara, another biologist at Scripps, thinks that all simulations fisheries scientists use to predict populations and set quotas are "fundamentally flawed." These models don't reflect the "dynamic complexity" of the ocean, and can't account for how a population's growth rate might vary in response to, for example, overfishing of another species or introductions of invasive species. His point is reinforced by a recent study, published in December 2013 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, highlighting the "snowball effect" of overfishing and confirming what many have always known about the interconnectedness of different species.L) In an excellent piece of reporting for the Monterey County Weekly, David Schmalz interviewed representatives from various ocean conservation and fisheries management organizations about their conflicting opinions regarding the future of sardines. NOAA uses a specific formula to project the sardine population and set catch limits each year---a formula that the non-profit advocacy group Oceana wants to change, arguing that it's not restrictive enough. Some commercial fishermen in California, of course, think the formula is already too restrictive.M) "When people think of sardines they think of Cannery Row, Steinbeck, the Aquarium,"wrote Schmalz. "When people think of anchovies, they think of pizza that disgusts them." It may be time to let sardines go, a second time, and come to terms with anchovies, he suggests.N) The last time sardines said "see you later" was a bitter goodbye. This time it isn't, in part because of the lessons we learned when they all but disappeared. One of those lessons is simple: Do not rely on sardines for a paycheck, because they will abandon you. O) Another lesson: recovery. That the Monterey area was able to reinvent itself and become a world-class tourist destination in a matter of a decade is an incredible feat.All around the U. S., there are cities in decline that have been abandoned by the industries that supported them. Monterey, years ago, was one of those cities, and the people that stayed on responded like prizefighters, establishing a sustainable industry (tourism) that will carry on for generations.P) But the most important lesson their disappearance taught us---and one we are certainly still learning---is respect for the sea, and the balance of its ecosystems. When the fishery began, and truly thrived. There were so many fish in the sea it was hard for anyone to imagine they could be exhausted.36. Though without total understanding, scientists have known there is a natural oceancycle that controls the population changing of sardine and anchovy in the Pacific. 37. Maybe it's the second time to give up relying on sardine and choose anchovy, Schmalzadvised.38. Decades ago, Monterey was one of those declining cities; however, Monterey peoplestrived to make it a tourism city that will benefit their children for years.39. Compared with MBARI researchers, the Scripps researchers paid more attention to theinfluence of overfishing on sardine population.40. Scientists drew a conclusion that the population of sardine and anchovy change basedon a 50-year "boom and bust" cycle.41. Every year, NOAA predicts the sardine population and sets fishing limits according toa system, which Oceana wants to change, believing it's too loose.42. Soon after John Steinbeck described the booming sardine canning industry in CanneryRow around 1950s, the last time sardine crash occurred in the Pacific Ocean.43. During the last six months, there was a boom of sea creature in California and whalesare not the only ones.44. The growing activity of marine megafauna accounts for an increasing population ofanchovy.45. A recent study confirmed the interconnectivity of different species, which many havealways known about.Section CDirections: There are two passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark thecorresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.On Jan. 11, 1964, Dr. Luther Terry, the U. S. surgeon general of the U. S. public Health Service, released The Surgeon General's report of 1964, the first such analysis that laid out the effects of tobacco and smoking, and spurred initiatives to lower tobacco use among Americans. Its conclusions were built on more than 7, 000 studies on smoking and concluded for the first time that smoking caused lung cancer in men. And likely in women, and that lighting up was the most likely cause of chronic bronchitis(慢性支气管炎).Now, fifty years later, thanks to Terry's efforts and those of his successors, a study published in JAMA by researchers from the Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) reports that 20% of adult Americans now smoke, compared to 50% in 1964.In the latest study, the researchers looked at smoking patterns up to 1964 and then estimated what the mortality rates would have been if no tobacco control strategies, such as anti-smoking laws and higher taxes on cigarettes, had been implemented. Then, they compared it to current smoking rates, and estimated that 157 million years of lives have been saved---about 19.6 more years for every smoker who quit.During the 50 years since the report, the researchers estimated that the life expectancy for adults at age 40 increased 7.8 years for men and 5.4 years for women, and that tobacco control efforts accounted for 2.3 of these additional years for men and 1.6 of them for women.Still, the researchers say, "Despite the success of tobacco control in reducing premature deaths in the United States, smoking remains a significant public health problem." Another report, also published in JAMA, found that even though the percentage of the global population that smokes on a daily basis has decreased, the number of smokers has increased due to population growth. The new report showed that overall smoking rates worldwide dropped by 42% among women and 25% among men. Rates in Canada, Mexico, Norway and Iceland dropped by more than half.Population growth, however, means that these rates are not making a significant dent in the absolute numbers of smokers around the world; since 1980, there are 41% more male smokers and 7% more female smokers.Still. Both reports highlight how effective tobacco control can be. "We know from these global trends that rapid progress is possible. If more countries were able to repeat the success we have seen in Norway, Mexico, and the Unites States, we would see much less health loss from smoking," said Emmanuela Gakidou, a professor of global health at the University of Washington and author of the second study, in a statement.46. What did The Surgeon General's report of 1964 show?A) Americans were eager to lower tobacco use.B) Few studies on smoking were conducted then.C) Smoking was the causing factor of lung cancer in man.D) Chronic bronchitis might develop into lung cancer.47. How many years of lives have been increased by tobacco control for men at age 40according to the researchers?A) 19.6 years. B) 7.8 years.C) 5.4 years. D) 2.3 years.48. What problem about smoking was revealed by another report published in JAMA?A) The percentage of the global population that smokes has increased.B) The number of smokers has increased due to population growth.C) Overall smoking rates worldwide has dropped by 42%.D) Smoking rates in some countries have increased.49. Which of the following expressions could replace the phrase "making a significantdent" (Line 1, Para. 6)?A) Having a great effect. B) Causing a noticeable decrease.C) Bringing a significant increase. D) Making a great effort.50. According to Gakidou, what should we do to reduce the health loss from smokingaround the world?A) Highlight the significant effects of tobacco control.B) Recognize the global trends of tobacco control.C) Succeed in tobacco control in more countries.D) Help other countries to control tobacco.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.In the 1960s and 1970s, classic social psychological studies were conducted that provided evidence that even normal, decent people can engage in acts of extreme cruelty when instructed to do so by others. However, in an essay published November 20 in the open access journal PLOS Biology, Professors Alex Haslam and Stephen Reicher revisit these studies’conclusions and explain how awful acts involve not just obedience, but enthusiasm too---challenging the long-held belief that human beings are “p r ogrammed” for conformity.This belief can be traced back to two landmark empirical research（实证研究)programs conducted by Stanley Milgram and Philip Zimbardo in the 1960s and early 1970s. Milgram's “Obedience to Authority”research is widely believed to show that people blindly conform to the instructions of an authority figure, and Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) is commonly understood to show that people will take on abusive roles uncritically. However, Professor Haslam, from the University of Queensland, argues that tyranny does not result from blind conformity to rules and roles. Rather, it is a creative act of followership, resulting from identifying with authorities who represent vicious(恶意的)acts as virtuous(善良的)."Decent people participate in horrific acts not because they become passive, mindless functionaries(公职人员)who do not know what they are doing, but rather because theycome to believe---typically under the influence of those in authority---that what they are doing is right," Professor Haslam explained.Professor Reicher, of the University of St Andrews, added that it is not that they were blind to the evil acts they were committing, but rather that they knew what they were doing, and believed it to be right.These conclusions were partly informed by Professors Haslam and Reicher's own prison experiment, conducted in 2002 in collaboration with the BBC. The study generated three findings. First, participants did not conform automatically to their assigned role; second, they only acted in terms of group membership to the extent that they identified with the group; and finally, group identity did not mean that people simply accepted their assigned position---it also empowered them to resist it.Although Zimbardo and Milgram's findings remain highly influential, Professor Haslam argues that their conclusions do not hold up well under close empirical scrutiny.Professor Reicher concludes that tyranny does not flourish because offenders are helpless and ignorant; it flourishes because they are convinced that they are doing something worthy.51. What does the author mean by saying "human beings are 'programmed' forconformity" (Line 6, Para. 1)?A) Human beings are designed to defy the instructions of others.B) Human beings are forced to listen to the advice of others.C) Human beings are ordered to take advice of others.D) Human beings are made to be obedient to others.52. How do Professors Alex Haslam and Stephen Reicher explain human's cruelty?A) Human beings are programmed for conformity.B) Even normal, decent people can engage in cruel activities.C) Not only conformity, but zeal contributes to cruelty.D) People are convincible when instructed by authorities.53. What's Professor Haslam's finding about tyranny?A) It comes right from the evil deep in the heart of humans.B) It's a new way of followership to identify with authorities.C) lt can be found mostly in war-troubled countries.D) It results from blind conformity to rules and roles.54. Which is wrong about the three findings of the experiment?A) Participants did not conform to their assigned role mindlessly.B) Participants only act in groups to prove that they are a team.C) Group identity empowers participants to reject their roles.D) Group identity can be achieved when participants accomplish a task.55. How does Professor Haslam think Milgram and Zimbardo's findings?A) They are classic studies and should not be doubted.B) They cannot stand a strict test.C) They need to follow the current trend.D) They have to be revised and testified.。
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