外文翻译--电站锅炉的过热器和再热器的热偏差模型
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电站锅炉过热器的热偏差计算及预防措施一. 管壁温度计算过热器和再热器受热面管子能长期安全工作的首要条件是管壁温度不能超过金属最高允许温度。
过热器和再热器管壁平均温度的计算公式为:max q t t t gz g b μ+∆+=β()⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡++λβδαβ112 (11-1)式中ttw —管壁平均温度,ºC ;tg —管内工质的温度,ºC ;Δtgz —考虑管间工质温度偏离平均值的偏差,ºC ;—热量均流系数;β—管子外径与内径之比;qmax —热负荷最大管排的管外最大热流密度,kw/m2;α2—管子内壁与工质间的放热系数,kw/m2.ºC ;—管壁厚度,m ;—管壁金属的导热系数,kw/m..ºC 。
二. 热偏差概念从式(8-1)可见,管内工质温度和受热面热负荷越高,管壁温度越高;工质放热系数越高,管壁温度越低。
由于过热器和再热器中工质的温度高,受热面的热负荷高,而蒸汽的放热系数较小,因此过热器和再热器是锅炉受热面中金属工作温度最高、工作条件最差的受热面,管壁温度接近管子钢材的最高允许温度,必须避免个别管子由于设计不良或运行不当而超温损坏。
过热器(再热器)由许多平行的管子组成,由于管子结构尺寸、管子热负荷和内部阻力系数等可能不同,不同管中蒸汽的焓增可能不同,这一现象称为过热器(再热器)的热偏差。
热偏差系数(或简称为热偏差)用φ表示,它的定义为:φ=pj pi i ΔΔ=pj pj p p i i i i 1212-- (11-2)式中 Δip —平行管中偏差管(通常是指平行管中焓增偏大的管子)内工质的焓增,kJ/kg ;Δipj —整个平行管组中工质的平均焓增,kJ/kg 。
允许的热偏差是根据受热面工作的具体条件确定的,由于过热器管子工作在接近材料的最高允许温度下,允许的热偏差不应超过过热器总吸热量的15%。
工质的焓值由管外壁所受热负荷、受热面面积和管内工质流量决定。
水循环试验circulation test 查明锅炉在启动、停炉和各种运行工况下水循环可靠性的试验。
负荷试验load test 为确定锅炉的经济负荷、最低负荷以及相应于机组各种出力的负荷所进行的试验。
风压试验pressure decay test 按规定的压力和保持时间对炉瞠或烟道用空气进行的压力试验,以检查其严密性是否符合要求。
漏风试验air leakage test 检查锅炉和烟风道漏风的试验验证性水压试验hydrostatic deformati 对没有相应规定并且不能以合理的准确度计算其强度的受压元件等用水进行的压力试验,以求得最高允许工作压力。
水压试验hydrostatic test 按规定的压力和保持时间对锅炉受压元件、受压部件或整台锅炉机组用水进行的压力试验,以检查其有无泄漏和残余变形。
锅炉热效率试验boiler efficiency test 确定锅炉效率的试验,包括正平衡法和反平衡法。
排汽能力discharge capacity 按有关规程规定通过试验所确定的安全阀或安全泄压阀排汽量。
回座压差blowdown 安全阀起座压力与回座压力之差,一般以整定压力的百分数表示。
回座压力reseating pressure 安全阀阀瓣重新与阀座接触、升程为零时的进口侧静压。
起座压力popping pressure 安全阀起跳,蒸汽开始强烈泄放时的进口侧静压。
前泄压力start-to-discharge pressure 安全阀动作前已有微量蒸汽流出时的进口侧静压。
整定压力set pressure 按有关规程规定所整定的安全阀起座压力。
漏风系数air leakage factor 烟气通道进出口处烟气中过量空气系数之差或空气通道进出口处空气量差值与理沦空气量之比。
燃烧器调节比turndown ratio 单只燃烧器的最大燃料量与最小燃料量之比。
锅炉负荷调节范围load range of boiler 锅炉在规定工况下安全运行所允许的最小负荷与最大负荷的范围。
电站锅炉过热器和再热器的布置和特点一. 过热器与再热器结构型式1.对流过热器对流过热器布置在锅炉的对流烟道中,主要依靠对流传热从烟气中吸收热量。
在中小型锅炉中,一般采用纯对流式过热器,在大型锅炉中,采用复杂的过热器系统,然而对流过热器仍是其中主要的部分。
对流过热器有垂直布置和水平布置的两种型式。
垂直式过热器通常布置在炉膛出口的水平烟道中,其优点是结构简单,吊挂方便,结灰渣较少,得到了广泛的应用。
其主要缺点是停炉后管内积水难以排除,长期停炉将引起管子腐蚀。
在升炉时,由于内积存部分水,在工质流量不大时,可能形成气塞而将管子烧坏,因此在升炉时应控制过热器的热负荷,在空气没有完全排除以前,热负荷不应过大。
布置在尾部竖井中的对流过热器以及塔式和箱式锅炉的过热器采用水平布置的方式。
水平式过热器的优点是易于疏水排气,但支吊比较困难,在高烟温区通常采用管子吊挂的方式,以节省高合金钢的耗量。
对流过热器是由大量平行连接的蛇形管束所组成,其进出口与集箱相连,蛇形管采用外径为32-42mm的无缝钢管制成,壁厚3-7mm,由强度计算确定,过热器所用材料决定于其工作温度。
吊挂和定距零件由于没有工质冷却,工作温度高,通常采用高Cr,Ni材料。
过热器的布置按蒸汽与烟气的流动方向可成顺流、逆流、双逆流或混流布置,如图2.7-1所示。
逆流布置的温压最大,但工作条件最差,顺流布置的温压最小,耗用金属最多。
一般在低烟温区采用逆流,在高烟温区采用混流布置。
图7-18 过热器中蒸汽与烟气流动方向图(a)顺流(b)逆流(c)双逆流(d)混流过热器并联蛇形管的数目由蒸汽及烟气的流速确定。
蒸汽流速系根据管子必须的冷却条件和流动阻力不致过大的原则来选取。
通常过热器系统的总流动阻力应不超过过热蒸汽出口压力的10%。
过热器中烟气流速根据管子不受磨损和不易积灰以及通过技术经济比较来选择,在燃煤炉中,一般为10~14m/s,在油炉和气炉中,则可提高到20m/s。
锅炉专业英语分类对照boiler锅炉boiler unit锅炉机组stationary boiler固定式锅炉steam boiler/generator蒸汽锅炉utility boiler电站锅炉industrial boiler工业锅炉hot water boiler热水锅炉indoor boiler室内锅炉ourdoor boiler露天锅炉package boiler快装锅炉shop-assembled boiler组装锅炉field-assembled boiler散装锅炉field-erected boilersupercritical pressure boiler超临界压力锅炉subcritical pressure boiler亚临界压力锅炉superhigh pressure boiler超高压锅炉high pressure boiler高压锅炉medium pressure boiler中压锅炉low pressure boiler低压锅炉natural circulation boiler自然循环锅炉forced circulation boiler强制循环锅炉assisted circulation boiler辅助循环锅炉controlled circulation boiler控制循环锅炉once-through boiler直流锅炉combined circulation boiler复合循环锅炉low circulation-ratio boiler低循环倍率锅炉solid-fuel fired boiler固体燃料锅炉liquid-fuel fired boiler液体燃料锅炉coal fired boiler燃煤锅炉oil fired boiler燃油锅炉gas fired boiler燃气锅炉multi-fuel fired boiler混烧锅炉boiler with dry-ash furnace固态排渣锅炉boiler with dry-bottom furnaceboiler with slag-tap furnace液态排渣锅炉boiler with wet-bottom furnacesupercharged boiler增压锅炉water tube boiler水管锅炉cross drum boiler横锅筒(汽包)锅炉longitudinal drum boiler纵锅筒(汽包)锅炉shell boiler锅壳锅炉horizontal boiler卧式锅壳锅炉vertical boiler立式锅炉stationary boiler of locomotive type固定式机车锅炉π-type boiler(two-pass boiler)π型锅炉box-type boiler箱型锅炉tower boiler塔型锅炉D-type boiler D型锅炉rated capacity额定蒸发量nominal capacitymaximum continuous rating最大连续蒸发量rated heating capacity额定供热量nominal steam condition额定蒸汽参数nominal steam parameternominal steam pressure额定蒸汽压力nominal steam temperature额定蒸汽温度(nominal) hot water temperature热水温度feed water temperature给水温度return water temperature回水温度circulation circuit循环回路steam generating circuitsteam purification蒸汽净化steam temperature control汽温调节feed water给水condensate凝结水make-up water补给水boiler water锅水;炉水boiling crisis沸腾换热恶化as-fired fuel炉前燃料fire bed火床fuel bedfire line最高火界additive添加剂flue gas dew point烟气露点boiler circulation水循环mechanical carry-over机械携带moisture carry-overvaporous carry-over溶解携带water separation汽水分离steam washing蒸汽清洗stage evaporation分段蒸发pressurized firing压力燃烧negative-pressure firing负压燃烧grate firing火床燃烧suspension firing火室燃烧;悬浮燃烧tangential firing切向燃烧opposed firing对冲燃烧cyclone-furnace firing旋风燃烧fluidized-bed combustion沸腾燃烧gas recirculation烟气再循环natural draft自然通风mechanical draft机械通风balanced draft平衡通风forced draft正压通风induced draft负压通风zone control分段送风pressure atomization压力雾化;机械雾化mechanical atomizationtwin-fluid atomization双流体雾化rotary-cup atomization旋杯雾化;转杯雾化direct leakage直接泄漏infiltration leakagebypass leakage间接泄漏entrained leakageboiler proper锅炉本体heating surface受热面radiant heating surface辐射受热面convection heating surface对流受热面pressure part受压部件;受压元件cylindrical shell筒体head封头;端盖header集箱;联箱tube panel管屏up flow riser tube panel垂直上升管屏ribbon panel回带管屏spirally-wound tubes水平围绕管圈tube bundle管束gas pass烟道gas ductconvection pass对流烟道parallel gas passes并联烟道air duct风道arch拱furnace arch折焰角water-cooled hopper bottom冷灰斗wall with refractory lining卫燃带refractory beltsupporting tube悬吊管design pressure设计压力maximum allowable working pressure最高允许工作压力maximum allowable metal temperature最高许用壁温furnace enclosure design pressure炉膛设计压力heat input输入热量heat output锅炉有效利用热量fuel consumption燃料消耗量calculated fuel consumption计算燃料消耗量ash-retention efficiency排渣率load range at constant temperature(保持)额定汽温的负荷范围injection flow(rate)喷水量blowdown flow(rate)排污量theoretical air理论空气量excess air ratio过量空气系数hot air temperature热风温度exhaust gas temperature排烟温度theoretical combustion temperature理论燃烧温度adiabatic temperaturefurnace outlet gas temperature炉膛出口烟气温度furnace exit gas temperaturepressure drop汽水阻力draft loss通风阻力pressure dropstack draft自生通风压头available static head运动压头circulation ratio循环倍率circulation velocity循环水速steam quality by mass质量含汽率;干度mass velocity质量流速critical steam quality临界含汽率steam quality at minimum heat transfer coefficient最高壁温处含汽率furnace volume炉膛容积furnace volume heat release rate炉膛容积热负荷heat liberation rate in furnacefurnace cross-section heat release rate炉膛截面积热负荷furnace plan heat release rateburner zone wall heat release rate燃烧器区域炉壁热负荷furnace wall heat release rate炉壁热负荷furnace wall heat flux density炉壁热流密度critical heat flux density临界热流密度grate heat release rate炉排(面积)热负荷burner heat input燃烧器热功率ignition energy点火能量evaporation rate受热面蒸发率percentage of economizer evaporation省煤器沸腾率primary air一次风secondary air二次风tertiary air三次风imaginary circle假想切圆percentage of air space通风截面比fineness煤粉细度explosion mixture limits爆炸界限furnace炉膛;炉胆fire box火箱smoke box烟箱burner燃烧器tilting burner摆动式燃烧器igniter点火器oil atomizer油雾化器register调风器stabilizer稳燃器wind box风箱burner port燃烧器喷口burner quarlgrate炉排hand-fired grate手烧炉排stoker-fired grate机械炉排mechanical stokertravelling grate stoker链条炉排chain grate stoker链带式炉排bar grate stoker横梁式炉排louvre stoker鳞片式炉排vibrating stoker振动炉排inclined reciprocating grate往复炉排spreader stoker抛煤机air compartment风室reinjection system飞灰复燃装置drum锅筒;汽包steam drum上锅筒water drum下锅筒shell锅壳drum internals锅筒内部装置;汽包内部装置steam washer清洗装置cyclone separator旋风分离器turbo separator轴流式分离器baffle plate缝隙挡板corrugated scrubber百叶窗分离器screen separator钢丝网分离器perforated distribution plate多孔板dry pipe集汽管evaporating heating surface蒸发受热面water-cooled wall水冷壁membrane wall膜式水冷壁division wall双面水冷壁anti-clinker box防焦箱gererating tube bank锅炉管束boiler convection tube bankboiler (slag) screen防渣管fire tube;smoke tube烟管;火管mixer混合器superheater过热器radiant superheater辐射过热器wall superheater墙式过热器platen superheater屏式过热器convection surperheater对流过热器steam-cooled wall包墙过热器steam-cooled roof顶棚管过热器reheater再热器attemperator减温器desuperheatersurface type attemperator面式减温器surface type desuperheaterspray type attemperator喷水减温器spray type desuperheaterbiflux汽-汽热交换器reheater superheater attemperatorbypass damper旁路挡板economizer省煤器steaming economizer沸腾式省煤器steel tube economizer钢管省煤器finned tube economizer鳍片管省煤器cast-iron gilled tube economizer铸铁省煤器air heater空气预热器tubular air heater管式空气预热器rotary air heater回转式空气预热器regenerative air heaterrotating-plate type regenerative air heater受热面回转式预热器Ljungstrom type air heaterstationary-plate type regenerative air heater风罩回转式预热器rothemuhle type air heatersteam air heater暖风器boiler structure锅炉构架top-supported structure by beams支承式锅炉构架top-supported structure by hangers悬吊式锅炉构架buckstay刚性梁inner casing内护板outer casing外护板boiler steam and water circuit锅炉汽水系统boiler external piping锅炉范围内管道start-up system启动系统start-up flash tank启动分离器safety valve安全阀safety relief valve安全泄放阀water level indicator水位表injector注水器boiler setting炉墙soot blower吹灰器slag removal equipment除渣设备boiler efficiency锅炉效率;锅炉热效率boiler operating availability锅炉可用率boiler forced outage rate锅炉事故率feed water condition给水品质steam purity蒸汽品质moisture in steam蒸汽湿度boiler water concentration锅水浓度;炉水浓度total dissolved salt总含盐量total solid (matter)全固形物dissolved solid (matter)溶解固形物suspended solid (matter)悬浮物total hardness(总)硬度alkalinity碱度heat loss热损失heat loss due to exhaust gas排烟热损失heat loss due to unburned gases气体(化学)未完全燃烧热损失heat loss due to unburned carbon in refuse固体(机械)未完全燃烧热损失heat loss due to radiation散热损失heat loss due to sensible heat in slag灰渣物理热损失unburned combustible in flue dust飞灰可燃物含量;飞灰含碳量unburned carbon in flue dustunburned combustible in slag炉渣可燃物含量;炉渣含碳量unburned carbon in slagunburned combustible in sifting漏煤可燃物含量dust loading烟气含尘量dust densityload range of boiler锅炉负荷调节范围turndown ratio燃烧器调节比air leakage factor漏风系数set pressure整定压力start-to-discharge pressure前泄压力popping pressure起座压力reseating pressure回座压力blowdown回座压差discharge capacity排放量;排汽能力boiler efficiency test锅炉效率试验;锅炉热效率试验hydrostatic test水压试验hydrostatic deformation test验证性水压试验air leakage test漏风试验pressure decay test风压试验load test负荷试验circulation test水循环试验thermal chemical test热化学试验sounding of tube by balls通球试验safety valve operating test安全阀校验flue gas analysis烟气分析Orsat (gas analyser)奥氏(烟气)分析器suction pyrometer抽气式热电偶(高温计)venturi pneumatic pyrometer气力式高温计heat flux meter热流计start-up启动filling上水water level水位initial water level点火水位purge吹扫blowoff放水drain疏水blowdown排污raising pressure升压bringing a boiler onto the line并汽start-up pressure启动压力start-up flow rate启动流量shutdown停炉outageout of service停用banking fire压火storage停炉保护chemical cleaning化学清洗boiling-out(碱)煮炉flushing冲管steam-line blowing吹管passivating钝化drying-out烘炉flow stagnation停滞flow reversal倒流separation of two-phase fluid汽水分层steam binding汽塞steam blanketingpriming汽水共腾foaming泡沫共腾external deposit烟气侧沉积物internal deposit汽水侧沉积物slagging结渣fouling积灰clogging堵灰pitting attack点状腐蚀ductile gouging延性腐蚀hydrogen damage氢脆caustic embrittlement苛性脆化high temperature corrosion高温腐蚀low temperature corrosion低温腐蚀overheating超温;过热flashback回火blow off脱火loss of ignition熄火;灭火furnace explosion炉膛爆炸furnace implosion炉膛内爆furnace puff炉膛爆燃blow hole火口secondary combustion二次燃烧Components for CFBC boiler (CFBC锅炉的主要部件)1.parameter/参数rated capacity额定蒸发量nominal capacitymaximum continuous rating最大连续蒸发量rated heating capacity额定供热量nominal steam condition额定蒸汽参数nominal steam parameternominal steam pressure额定蒸汽压力nominal steam temperature额定蒸汽温度(nominal)hot water temperature热水温度feed water temperature给水温度return water temperature回水温度circulation circuit循环回路steam generating circuitsteam purification蒸汽净化steam temperature control汽温调节feed water给水condensate凝结水make-up water补给水boiler water锅水,炉水boiling crisis沸腾换热恶化as-fired fuel炉前燃料fire bed,fuel bed火床fire line最高火界additive添加剂flue fas dew point烟气露点2.基本工作原理boiler circulation水循环mechanical carry - over机械携带moisture carry - overvaporous carry - over溶解携带water separation汽水分离steam washing蒸汽清洗stage evaporation分段蒸发pressurized firing压力燃烧negative - pressure firing负压燃烧grate firing火床燃烧suspension firing火室燃烧,悬浮燃烧tangential firing切向燃烧opposed firing对冲燃烧cyclone - furnace firing旋风燃烧fluidized - bed combustion沸腾燃烧gas recirculation烟气再循环natural draft自然通风mechanical draft机械通风balanced draft平衡通风forced draft正压通风induced draft负压通风zone control分段送风pressure atomization压力雾化,机械雾化mechanical atomizationtwin-fluid atomization双流体雾化rotary-cup atomization旋杯雾化,转杯雾化direct leakage直接泄漏infiltration leakagebypass leakage间接泄漏entrained leakage3.structure/结构boiler proper锅炉本体heating surface受热面radiant heating surface辐射受热面convection heating surface对流受热面pressure part受压部件/元件cylidrical shell筒体head(drum)封头head(heater)端盖header集箱tube panel管屏up flow riser tube panel垂直上升管屏ribbon panel回带管屏spirally - wound tubes水平围绕管圈tube bundle管束gas pass ,gas duct烟道炉内/炉外convection pass对流烟道parallel gas pass并联烟道air duct风道arch拱furnace arch折焰角water - cooled hopper bottom冷灰斗wall with refractory lining卫燃带refractory beltsupporting tube悬吊管4.设计参数和指标design pressure设计压力maximum allowable working pressure最高允许工作压力maximum allowable metal temperature最高许用壁温furnace enclosure design pressure炉膛设计压力heat input输入热量heat output锅炉有效利用热量fuel consumption燃料消耗量calculated fuel consumption计算燃料消耗量ash-retention efficiency排渣率额定汽温的负荷范围injection flow(rate)喷水量blowdown flow(rate)排污量theoretical air理论空气量excess air ratio过量空气系数hot air tempereture热风温度exhaust gas tempereture排烟温度theoretical combustion tempereture理论燃烧温度adiabatic tempereturefurnace outlet gas tempereture炉膛出口烟气温度funace exit gas tempereturepressure drop汽水阻力draft loss (用于负压燃烧)通风阻力pressure drop(压力燃烧)stack draft自生通风压头available static head运动压头circulation ratio循环倍率circulation velocity循环水速steam quality by mass质量含汽率,干度mass velocity质量流速critical steam quality临界含汽率steam quality at minimum heat transfer coefficient最高壁温处含汽率furnace volume炉膛容积furnace volume heat release rate炉膛容积热负荷heat liberation rate in furnacefurnace cross-section heat release炉膛截面积热负荷furnace plan heat release rateburner zone wall heat release rate燃烧器区域热负荷furnace wall heat release rate炉壁热负荷fernace wall heat flux density炉壁热流密度critical heat flux density临界热流密度grate heat release rate炉排(面积)热负荷burner heat input燃烧器热功率ignition energy点火能量evaporation rate受热面蒸发率percentage of economizer evaporation省煤器沸腾率Primary air一次风Secondary air二次风imaginary circle假想切圆percentage of air space通风截面积fineness煤粉细度explosion mixture limits爆炸界限5.主要零部件,元件和附件炉膛和燃烧设备furnace炉膛fire box火箱smoke box烟箱burner燃烧器tilting burner摆动式燃烧器igniter点火器oil atomizer油雾化器register调风器stabilizer稳燃器Wind box风箱burner port/burner fquarrel燃烧器喷口grate炉排inclined reciprocating grate往复炉排pnleum风室6.drum & drum internal 锅筒及其内部装置drum锅筒steam drum上锅筒/汽包water drum下锅筒shell锅壳drum linternals锅筒/汽包内部装置steam washer清洗装置cyclone scrubber旋风分离器turbo separator轴流式分离器baffle plate波形板coffugated scrubbber百叶窗分离器screen separator钢丝分离器perforated distribution plate多孔板dry pipe集汽管7.evaporating heating surface/蒸发受热面evaporating heating surface蒸发受热面water-cooled wall水冷壁membrane wall膜式水冷壁division wall双面水冷壁anti -clinker box防焦箱generating tube bank锅炉管束boiler convection tube bank锅炉管束boiler (slag) screen放渣管smoke tube火管mixer混合器8.superheater &reheater/ 过热器及再热器superheater过热器radiant superheater辐射过热器wall superheater包墙过热器platen superheater屏式过热器convection superheater对流过热器steam-cooled wall汽冷包墙steam -cooled roof汽冷顶棚reheater再热器attemperator减温器surface type attemperator面式减温器Spray type attemperator喷水减温器bypass damper旁路挡板biflux汽-汽热交换器9.economizer 省煤器economizer省煤器steam economizer沸腾式省煤器steel tube economizer钢管省煤器finned tube economizer鳍片省煤器cast-lron economizer铸铁省煤器10.air heater / 空气预热器air heater空气预热器tubular air heater管式空气预热器steam air heater暖风管11.structure / 构架boiler structure锅炉构架top-supported struture by beams支撑式锅炉构架top -supported structure by hangers悬吊式锅炉构架buckstay刚性梁inner casing内护板outer casing外护板12.piping & accessory / 管道及附件boiler steam and water circuit锅炉汽水系统boiler external piping锅炉范围内管道start-up system启动系统start-up flash tank启动排污罐safety valve安全阀safety relief valve安全泄放阀water level indicator水位表injector注水器level switch电接点水位计13.Others 其他boiler setting炉墙soot blower吹灰器slag removal equipment除渣设备14.technic index/ 技术指标boiler efficiency锅炉效率(热效率)boiler operating availability锅炉可用率boiler forced outage rate锅炉事故率feed water condition给水品质steam purity蒸汽品质moisture in steam蒸汽湿度boiler water concentration锅水浓度,炉水浓度total dissolved salt总含盐量tatal solid(matter)全固形物dissolved solid(matter)溶解固形物suspended solid(matter)悬浮物tatal hardness(总)硬度alkalinity碱度heat loss热损失heat loss due to exhaust gas排烟热损失heat loss due to unburned gases气体(化学)未完全燃烧热损失heat loss due to unburned carbon in refuse固体(机械)未完全燃烧热损失heat loss due to flue dust散热损失heat loss due to sensible heat in slag灰渣物理热损失undurned combustible in flue dust飞灰可燃物含量undurned cabon in flue dust飞灰含碳量undurned cabon in slag炉渣含碳量undurned combustible in sifting漏煤可燃物含量dust loading/dust density烟气含尘量load range of bioler锅炉负荷调节范围turndown ratio燃烧器调节比air leakage factor漏风系数set pressure整定压力start-to-discharge pressure前泄压力popping pressure起座压力reseating pressure回座压力blowdown回座压差discharge capacity排放量。
锅炉常用英文词汇[1]常用锅炉词汇产品制造常用英文:Coil:蛇形管Erosion Shield:防磨罩Panel:膜式壁Economizer:省煤器Header:集箱Superheater:过热器Arrangement Drawing: 总图Reheater:再热器Hanger Tube:悬吊管Spray Control Header:减温器集箱Waterwall Panel:水冷壁Erection Drawing:安装图纸Inlet/Outlet:进口/出口Tube Thinning:管子减薄率Bending:弯管AW(Average Wall):平均壁厚MW(Minimum Wall) :最小壁厚Ovality/Out of Roundness:椭圆度Welder:焊工Assemble: 组装Weld:焊接,焊缝Butt-joint :对接Fillet:角焊缝Floor Sample:地样Assembly :组装Squeeze:挤压PWHT:焊后热处理PBHT:弯后热处理Solution Annealing :固熔退火Grind:打磨Fin:鳍片Surface Preparation:表面处理Stub Tube:接管Reducer:异径管Tolerance:公差/余量separator:分离器End Plate:端盖Cap:管帽Interpass Temperature:层间温度Bevel:坡口Furnace:炉膛Drum:汽包Overlay:堆焊Painting:油漆Packing:包装Shipping:发运Spare Parts:备品备件Undercut:咬边Offset:错边Overlap:焊瘤Slag:焊渣Name Plate:铭牌Marking: 标记质检方面:D – Dimensional Check尺寸检查DR – Document Review文件审核DT – Destructive Testing破坏性试验ET – Eddy Current Testing涡流探伤MT – Magnetic Particle Testing磁粉探伤NDE –Non-Destructive Examination无损检验NDT –Non-Destructive Testing无损探伤NOT – Inspection Notification检验通知HT – Hardness Test硬度测试PD – Produce/Provide Documents提供文件PMI – Positive Material Identification Test材料区分PT – Dye Penetrant Testing着色检验RT – Radiographic Testing射线检验UT – Ultrasonic Testing超声波检验VT – Visual Testing外观检验Inspection Points检查点H – Hold Point停止点W – Witness Point见证点I – In-Process Inspection过程检验R – Document Review Inspection文件审核检查P – Perform inspection 执行检验FO – First Operational Basis首次进行的活动FOH – First of Heat第一个炉号FOL – First of Lot第一批BS – Before Shipment发运前R – Random随机Documentation文件DCL – Document Control List文件控制清单PO –Purchase Order 订单SDR –Seller Deviation Request卖方偏差申请MSRF --Material Substitution Request Form材料替代申请BOM –Bill of Material 材料清单MDL -Master Drawing List 总图清单EQSP -- Standard Specification For Pressure Parts压力设备标准规程TESP -- Technical Specification For Pressure Parts压力件技术规程IFSP -- Project Site Information项目工地信息MITP – Manufacturing Inspection & T est Plan制造检验和试验计划MSDS – Material Safety Data Sheet油漆安全数据表MTR – Mill/Material Test Reports材质单NCR – Non-Conformance Report不符合项报告PQR – Procedure Qualification Records焊接工艺评定记录WPS – Welding Procedure Specifications焊接工艺规程ASME 常用语AI(Authorized Inspector)授权检验师ASME(American Society of Mechanical Engineers)美国机械工程师学会CC(Conformity Certificate)合格证COL(Check Off List)工艺检验流转卡JIC(Joint Identification Card)焊缝识别卡MAWP(Maximum Allowable Working Pressure)最大许用工作压力MAEWP(Maximum Allowable External Working Pressure)最大许用外工作压力MDR(Manufacturer Data Report)制造厂数据报告MTR(Material Test Report)材料试验报告NB(National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors)美国国家锅炉及压力容器检验师总部QA(Quality Assurance ) 质保QA Manual 质保手册QC(Quality Check) 质检。
一锅炉超临界压力锅炉supercritical pressure boiler 亚临界压力锅路subcritical pressure boiler 超高压锅炉super-high pressure boiler蒸汽锅炉steam boiler蒸汽发生器steam generator液态排渣锅炉wet bottom boiler固态排渣锅炉dry bottom boiler燃煤锅炉coal-fired boiler燃气锅炉gas-fired boiler燃油锅炉oil-fired boiler自然循环锅炉natural circulation boiler气包(锅筒)锅炉drum boiler强制循环锅炉controlled circulation boiler 直流锅炉once-through boiler复合循环锅炉combined circulation boiler旋风炉cyclone furnace boiler沸腾炉fluidized bed combustion (FBC) boiler循环流化床锅炉circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) boiler增压循环流化床锅炉pressurized circulating fluidized bed combustion (PCFBC)boiler链条锅炉chain-grate boiler热水锅炉hot-water boiler废热(余热)锅炉waste-heat boiler, heat recovery steamgenerator(HRSG)起动锅炉start-up boiler厂用锅炉auxiliary boiler垃圾焚烧锅炉refuse-fired boiler ,effuse incinerator室内锅炉indoor boiler露天锅炉outdoor boiler单炉膛锅炉single furnace boiler双炉膛锅炉twin furnace boilerW火焰锅炉W-flame ,vertical-fired boilerL火焰锅炉L-shape furnace boiler塔式锅炉tower boiler箱式锅炉box-type boiler炉墙furnace wall汽包(锅筒)drum封头head汽包封头drum end plate, drum head 下降管downcomer集中下降管centralized downcomer 分散下降管distributed downcomer 上升管riser管束tube bundle管屏tube platen省煤气管economizer tube过热器管superheater tube再热器管reheater tube蛇形管coil吊挂管supporting tube引入管inlet pipe引出管outlet pipe饱和蒸汽管saturated steam pipe水冷壁管water wall tube鳍片管finned tube, fin tube, gilled tube 内螺纹管rifled tube, grooved tube吸潮管moisture absorption piping水冷壁water wall膜式水冷壁membrane wall内螺纹水冷壁rifled tube water wall联箱header集汽联箱steam header卫燃带bailey wall, refractory belt包墙管(包覆管)wall enclosure tube防渣管(费斯顿管)slag screen ,Feston tube锅炉本体boiler proper锅炉机组boiler unit锅炉构架boiler structure ,boiler framework 炉膛furnace燃烧器burner直流式燃烧器direct-burner漩流式燃烧器turbulent burner低NOx燃烧器low NOx burner摇摆式燃烧器tilting burner缝隙式燃烧器split burner燃烧室combustion chamber油枪(油喷嘴)oil gun, oil torch风门(挡板)damper一次风primary air二次风secondary air三次风tertiary air煤粉管道pulverized coal piping管板tube plate沸点boiling temperature过热器super heater前屏过热器front platen superheater后屏过滤器rear platen superheater对流过热器convection superheater辐射过热器radiant superheater屏式过热器platen superheater顶棚过热器ceiling superheater包墙过热器wall enclosure superheater前包墙过热器front wall enclosure superheater后包墙过热器rear wall enclosure superheater侧包墙过热器side wall enclosure superheater吹灰器soot blower转动式吹灰器rotary soot blower伸缩式吹灰器retractable soot blower受热面积heating surface area, heat absorption area 炉膛容积furnace volume炉膛热负荷furnace heat release rate, furnace heating as absorption rate 汽水分离器steam separator, moisture separator起动分离器starting separator再循环管recirculating piping暖风器steam air heater再热器reheater再热器冷段primary reheater载热器热段final reheater顶棚ceiling省煤器economizer管式空气预热器tubular air preheater回转式(再生式)空气预热器regenerative air preheater, rotary air preheater板式空气预热器plate air preheater空气预热器air preheater三分仓空气预热器trisector regenerative air preheater漏风系数air leakage coefficient漏风率air leakage ratio漏风系统air leakage system漏风试验air leakage test安全门safety valve安全门开启压力opening pressure of safety valve安全门回座压力safety valve reseating pressure安全门压力整定试验pressure setting test of safety valve 安全门动作压力safety valve operating pressure饱和蒸汽安全门saturated steam safety valve过热蒸汽安全门superheated steam safety valve再热蒸汽安全门reheated steam safety valve防爆门explosion vent检查孔inspection hole事故喷水阀emergency water spray valve汽包事故放水阀emergency drum drain valve三通阀three-way valve反冲洗阀back wash valve取样阀sampling valve插板gate给水大旁路门feedwater overall bypass valve给水小旁路门feedwater individual bypass valve 大板梁plate girder, upper beam外护板outer casing锅炉排污blowdown定期排污扩容器intermittent blowdown flash tank 连续排污扩容器continuous blowdown flash tank 灰斗ash hopper冷灰斗bottom ash hopper ,furnace hopper混合器mixer齿圈(大牙轮) ring gear ,geared ring空调器air conditioner空气压缩机air compressor给煤机coal feeder皮带式给煤机belt coal feeder刮板式给煤机scraper coal feeder叶轮式给煤机paddle coal feeder给粉机pulverized coal feeder磨煤机coal pulverized ,coal mill钢球磨煤机tube mill中速辊式磨煤机roller mill ,bowl mill ,disk roll mill 双进双出钢球磨煤机double inlet and outlet tube mill 中速磨煤机medium speed mill风扇磨煤机beater wheel mill ,beater mill排粉风机pulverized coal exhauster一次风机primary air fan烟气再循环风机gas recirculating fan送风机forced draft fan ,forced fan引风机induced draft fan ,induced fan离心风机centrifugal fan轴流风机axial-flow fan双速风机double speed fan轴流静叶可调风机adjustable static-blade axial-flow fan ,fixed pitch axial-flow fan轴流动叶可调风机adjustable moving-blade axial-flow fan ,variable pitch axial-flow fan 原煤斗raw coal bunker ,raw coal silo煤粉仓pulverized coal bunker输粉机pulverized coal conveyor刮板输粉机scraper pulverized coal conveyor 螺旋输粉机pulverized coal screw conveyor粗粉分离器classifier细粉分离器(旋风分离器) cyclone separator锁气器air lock ,flap减速器speed reducer看火孔observation hole入孔门man hole重油泵heavy oil pump重油加热器heavy oil heater汽-汽热交换器biflux煤气罐gas tank膨胀补偿节expansion joint直吹式制粉系统direct-firing pulverizing system中贮式制粉系统bin storage type pulverizing system 锅炉效率boiler efficiency锅炉热力计算boiler thermodynamic calculation 锅炉空气动力计算boiler aerodynamic calculation锅炉水循环计算boiler water circulation calculation 锅炉水力计算boiler hydrodynamic calculation锅炉强度计算boiler strength calculation锅炉热平衡计算boiler heat balance calculation正平衡法direct balance method反平衡法indirect balance method过剩空气系数excess air coefficient排烟温度flue gas temperature单位蒸发量specific evaporation低温腐蚀low temperature corrosion高温腐蚀high temperature corrosion结渣slagging结垢腐蚀deposit corrosion飞灰磨损fly ash errosion炉膛正压furnace pressure炉膛负压furnace draft最高允许温度maximum permissible temperature 水循环water circulation循环倍率circulation ratio除尘器dust collector ,precipitator静电除尘器electrostatic precipitator整流装置rectifying device锤打装置rapping gear含尘浓度dust loading concentration煤灰细度dust fineness除尘效率dust collection efficiency干式除尘器dry dust collector湿式除尘器wet dust collector ,scrubber文丘里除尘器Venturi scrubber布袋除尘器fabric filter ,bag house钢珠除尘装置shot-cleaning device水膜式除尘器centrifugal scrubber灰渣泵ash pump ,slag pump轴封泵shaft sealing pump灰浆泵ash slurry pump除尘水泵dedusting pump回收水池water recovery pond清水池clean water pond灰浆池ash slurry pond油泵坑oil pump pit灰库ash silo灰场ash yard灰坝ash yard dam耐火砖firebrick保温材料heat-insulating materials干式除灰(气力除灰) pneumatic ash handling水力除灰hydraulic ash handling正压气力除灰pneumatic pressure ash handling负压气力除灰pneumatic vacuum ash handling仓式泵fluidizing transporter空气斜槽airside ,air gravity conveyor灰渣分除bottom and fly ash separate handling 灰渣混除bottom and fly ash mixed handling 灰渣利用bottom and fly ash recovery排渣槽bottom ash hopper埋刮板捞渣机submerged slag conveyor螺旋式捞渣机screw slag conveyor碎渣机clinker grinder ,slag crusher振动筛vibrating screen稳燃器flame stabilizer燃烧器蜗壳burner spiral case雾化器atomizer机械雾化mechanical atomization蒸汽雾化steam atomization空气雾化air atomization气固两相流动gas-solid two-phase flow闭路循环closed cycle蒸汽带水carryover灰膛灭火boiler flame failure ,boiler flame blackout 稳定燃烧stable combustion压力容器pressure vessel支吊架supports and hangers原煤管道raw coal piping风道air duct热风道hot air duct冷风道cold air duct穿墙管套wall-through bushing ,wall-bushing伸缩节expansion joint送粉管道pulverized coal feed piping燃油管道fuel oil piping风管道air piping一次风管道primary air piping两次风管道secondary air piping落粉管pulverized coal chute除灰管道ash piping烟道gas duct ,gas pass尾部烟道convection flue gas pass煤气管gas piping连续排污管continuous blowdown piping烟囱chimney ,stack多管式烟囱muti-flue chimney燃烧combustion四角喷射燃烧corner firing燃烧速度combustion rate机械未完全燃烧热损失heat loss due to mechanical incomplete combustion 化学未完全燃烧热损失heat loss due to chemical incomplete combustion 灰渣热损失heat loss due to sensible heat in refuse排烟热损失heat loss due to flue gas散热损失heat loss due to radiation热损失heat loss火焰flame不稳定燃烧instable combustion负压燃烧balance draft combustion微正压燃烧pressurized combustion炉膛容积热负荷furnace volume heat release rate 炉膛温度furnace temperature锅炉水循环boiler water circulation偏离泡核沸腾departure from nucleate boiling(DNB) 水压试验hydraulic test汽水共腾priming点火ignition点火准备ignition preparation着火点firing point ,ignition temperature折焰角nose飞灰fly ash煤粉细度fineness of pulverized coal灰ash灰的溶化点ash fushion temperature ,ash fushion point ,ash melting point可磨系数grindability index最大蒸发量maximum evaporation锅炉热平衡boiler heat balance超负荷运行overload operation正压positive pressure负压negative pressure理论空气量theoretical air quantity过剩空气量excess air quantity冷风cold air热风hot air除渣slag removal烟气flue gas锅炉上水boiler water filling蠕胀爆管tube burst due to creep汽包满水overfeed of water into drum锅炉灭火boiler fire extinction爆燃puff爆炸(外爆) explosion内爆implosion防爆anti-explosion煤粉自燃pulverized coal self-ignition ,pulverized coal spontaneous combustion 堵灰ash fouling堵煤coal jamming ,coal plugging燃烧切圆firing tangential circle火焰中心flame center积粉pulverized coal deposits积灰ash deposits飞灰可燃物combustibles in fly ash点火用油fuel oil for ignition飞灰腐蚀fly ash corrosion受热面heating surface辐射受热面radiation heating surface对流受热面convection heating surface尾部受热面rear heat recovery surface含氧量oxygen content蒸发量evaporation ,evaporative capacity切换风air switch-over煤耗率coal consumption rate入炉煤发热量heating value of the as fired coal 停炉boiler shutdown熄火boiler shutdown灰水回收recovery of ash slurry water细灰fine ash粗灰coarse ash干灰dry ash湿灰wet ash燃烧系统combustion system ,firing system制粉系统coal pulverizing system除灰系统ash handling system二汽轮机汽轮机steam turbine凝汽式汽轮机condensing steam turbine背压式汽轮机back pressure turbine抽汽式汽轮机steam extraction turbine中间再热式汽轮机steam turbine供热式汽轮机steam turbine steam turbine steam turbine冲动式汽轮机impulse turbine反动式汽轮机reaction turbine轴流式汽轮机axial flow turbine辐流式汽轮机radial flow turbine单轴汽轮机tandem compound turbine ,single-shaft turbine 双轴汽轮机double-shaft turbine前置式汽轮机topping turbine燃气轮机gas turbine高压汽轮机high pressure turbine中压汽轮机medium pressure turbine低压汽轮机low pressure turbine超高压汽轮机ultra pressure turbine亚临界压力汽轮机subcritical pressure turbine超临界压力汽轮机supercritical pressure turbine空冷式汽轮机组air cooled turbine unit燃汽轮机组(装置) gas turbine unit高压汽缸high-pressure(HP)cylinder中压汽缸intermediate pressure(MP)cylinder低压汽缸low-pressure(LP)cylinder内汽缸inner casing外汽缸outer casing上汽缸upper casing下汽缸lower casing汽缸法兰螺栓加热装置cylinder flange heating appliance 汽缸台板(底板) cylinder sole plate汽缸猫抓cylinder claw滑销sliding pin横销traverse pin纵销longitudinal pin立销vertical pin定位销aligning pin ,locating pin汽轮机转子turbine rotor叶轮blade disc叶片blade ,bucket动叶片moving blade静叶片stationary blade叶根型式type of blade root末级叶片长度length of last stage blade 喷嘴室nozzle box末级叶片强度last stage blade stress排汽室steam exhaust hood喷嘴nozzle围带shroud ring拉筋(拉金) lacing wire平衡块balance weight固定螺丝dowel隔板diaphragm隔板套diaphragm sleeve隔板汽封diaphragm seal汽封steam seal gland ,steam sealing 迷宫式汽封labyrinth seal 梳齿式汽封serrate-type steam seal汽封套seal bushing汽封块seal block汽封齿seal tooth轴承支架bearing stoll ,bearing bracket主轴承箱main bearing box滚珠轴承ball bearing滚柱轴承roller bearing滑动轴承sliding bearing推力轴承thrust bearing止推环thrust collar瓦枕bearing pillow锁饼lock推力瓦块thrust bearing pad主油泵main oil pump备用油泵emergency bearing oil pump调速油泵regulation oil pump ,speed governing oil pump 交流润滑油泵AC lube oil pump直流润滑油泵DC lube oil pump注油器oil injector同步器synchronizer同步器手轮synchronizer hand wheel控制滑阀pilot valve随动滑阀servo-valve分配滑阀distributing pilot valve ,distributor valve 中间滑阀intermediate valve微分器differentiator功率限制器load limiter动态校正器dynamic corrector滑阀套valve sleeve喷油嘴oil nozzle弹性调速器flexible governor调速器挡块governor stop危急遮断器滑阀emergency trip pilot valve撞击子ram防火滑阀fire protection pilot valve延滞滑阀delay pilot valve跟踪滑阀follow-up pilot valve电-液转换器electro-hydraulic converter切换滑阀change-over pilot valve危急保安器emergency governor pilot危急保安器滑阀emergency governor pilot valve 超速试验滑阀overspeed test pilot valve喷油式试验滑阀nozzle test pilot valve反馈滑阀feedback pilot valve起动排油阀oil drain valve at start-up紧急放油阀emergency oil relieve valve排油口oil discharge outlet节流滑阀throttle pilot valve活动滑阀movable pilot valve高压自动关闭器high-pressure automatic closing gear中压自动关闭器medium pressure automatic closing gear高压油动机(高压伺服马达) high-pressure hydraulic actuator ,high-pressureservo-motor中压油动机medium-pressure hydraulic actuator, medium-pressureservo-motor杠杆lever轴shaft主轴main shaft传动轴(主动轴) driving shaft被动轴(从动轴) driven shaft小轴axle联轴器coupling刚性联轴器rigid coupling半挠性联轴器semi-flexible coupling齿型联轴器serrated coupling冷油器oil cooler溢油阀oil overflow valve排油烟机oil-fume extractor ,oil fume exhauster 油烟分离器oil-fume separator油净化器oil purifier ,oil conditioner过滤罐filtering tank布袋式过滤器bag filter ,fabric filter齿轮油泵gear oil pump顶轴油泵jacking oil pump柱塞式油泵piston type oil pump螺杆式油泵worm type oil pump盘车装置turning gear盘车手轮turning gear hand wheel化妆板lagging enclosure齿轮gear直齿式齿轮spur gear斜齿式齿轮helical gear伞型齿轮bevel gear蜗轮worm wheel蜗杆worm stem弹簧spring密封油箱sealing oil tank空气侧交流密封油泵air side AC sealing oil pump 空气侧直流密封油泵air side DC sealing oil pump 压差阀differential pressure valve平衡阀balancing valve密封瓦sealing pad缓冲油箱buffer oil tank高位油箱head oil tank ,elevated oil tank事故油箱emergency oil tank磁性过滤器magnetic filter发电机内冷水箱generator inner cooling water tank 发电机内冷水泵generator inner cooling water pump 离子交换器ion exchanger干燥器dryer ,drier冷凝式干燥器condensing type drier凝汽器condenser多压式凝汽器multi-pressure condenser单流程凝汽器signal-pass condenser双流程凝汽器double-pass condenser黄铜管brass tube管板tube plate凝汽器喉部condenser throat热水井hot well凝结水泵condensate pump泵壳pump casing盘根gland packing盘根压盖gland top cover盘根端盖gland end cover填料packing轴封抽汽风机shaft seal extraction fan轴封抽汽冷却器shaft seal extraction cooler ,gland cooler 轴封漏气加热器shaft seal leakage heater低压加热器low-pressure feedwater heater中压加热器medium-pressure feedwater heater高压加热器high-pressure feedwater heater蒸汽冷却器steam cooler疏水冷却器drain water cooler汽侧steam side水侧water sideU型管U-tube除氧器deaerator储水池water storage pond卧式除氧器horizontal type deaerator立式除氧器vertical type deaerator喷雾式除氧器atomizing type deaerator淋水盘water spraying tray ,sprinkling tray除氧水箱deaerated water tank稳定水箱surge water tank ,stablizing water tank除盐水箱demineralized water tank除盐水泵demineralized water pump汽动给水泵steam-driven feedwater pump电动调速给水泵motor-driven variable speed feedwater pump 前置水泵booster pump给水泵feedwater pump机械密封mechanical seal碳精密封环carbon seal ring ,carbon packing ring动环moving ring静环static ring平衡盘balancing disc液力偶合器hydraulic coupler泵轮(主动轮) pump impeller ,driving impeller涡轮(从动轮) whirling impeller ,driven impeller勺管scoop tube辅助油泵auxiliary oil pump疏水泵drain pump疏水扩容器drain flash tank疏水箱drain tank热网加热器heater for heating network ,heating network hot water heater生水加热器raw water heater热网水泵pump for heating network ,heating network hot water pump生水泵raw water pump除尘水泵pump for scrubber ,scrubber water pump壳体case ,shell水室water chamber封头end cover挡板baffle plate导流板guide plate射水泵water jet pump真空泵vacuum pump射水抽汽器water jet air ejector射汽抽汽器steam jet air ejector射水池water jet pond排水池drain water pond工业水泵industrial water pump ,service water pump 排污泵blowdown pump轴流泵axial flow pump清水泵clean water pump污水泵sewage pump排水泵water discharge pump立式深井泵vertical deep-well pump深井泵deep-well pump潜水泵submerged pump循环水泵circulating water pump清污机trash remover混流泵mixed flow pump离心泵centrifugal pump旋转滤网rotating type screen ,screw type strainer 胶球泵rubber ball recirculating pump收球网ball screen装球室ball collector管式冷却器tubular cooler ,tube type cooler板式冷却器plate type cooler冷却水池cooling water pond喷水池spraying water pond冷却水塔cooling tower自然通风冷却塔natural draft cooling tower逆流式冷却塔reverse flow cooling tower横流式塔transverse flow cooling tower机力通风冷却塔mechanical draft cooling tower空气冷却塔air cooling tower干式冷却塔dry cooling tower分水槽water diversion channel竖井shaft ,well闸板井gate well闸门室gate chamber ,gate house挡风板air baffle plate新(主)蒸汽管道main steam piping ,live steam piping主蒸汽系统main steam system再热蒸汽系统reheat steam system抽气系统extraction steam system轴封供汽系统shaft seal steam supply system轴封shaft seal门杆漏气系统valve lever leakage steam system汽缸法兰螺栓加热系统casing flange and hot heating system真空系统vacuum system凝结水系统condenser system再热蒸汽管道reheat steam piping给水系统feedwater system循环水系统circulating water system工业水系统industrial water system ,service water system 供油系统oil supply system密封油系统seal oil system厂用蒸汽系统auxiliary steam system调速系统speed governing system电液调速系统electro-hydraulic speed governing system发电机内冷水系统generator inner cooling water system热网系统heating network system导汽管steam lead pipe连通管inter-connecting pipe抽汽管道steam extraction pipe抽汽母管steam extraction header厂用蒸汽管道plant service steam piping厂用蒸汽母管plant service steam header蒸汽旁路系统steam bypass system蒸汽大旁路single stage steam bypass一级蒸汽旁路first stage steam bypass二级蒸汽旁路second stage steam bypass辅助蒸汽旁路auxiliary steam header供汽联箱steam header回汽联箱return steam header供水联箱water supply header回水联箱return water header门杆漏气管道valve lever steam leakage piping 轴封漏气管道shaft seal leakage steam piping 抽空气管道air extraction piping压缩空气管道compressed air piping氢气管道hydrogen piping疏水管道drain water piping凝结水管道condensate piping循环水管道circulating water piping工业水管道industrial water piping ,service water piping 冷却水管道cooling water piping给水管道feedwater piping除盐水管道demineralized water piping减温水管道attemperating water piping再循环水管道recirculating water piping排水管道water discharge piping润滑油供油管道lube oil supply piping润滑油管lube oil piping调速油管governing oil piping回油管道return oil piping压力油管道pressure oil piping密封油管道seal oil piping脉动油管道pulsating oil piping热网水管道heating network water piping平衡管balance pipe电动主闸门motor-operated main gate高压主汽门high-pressure main stop valve中压主汽门intermediate pressure main stop valve 旁路门bypass valve防腐汽门corrosion-proof valve高压调速汽门high-pressure governor valve中压调速汽门medium pressure governor valve对空排气们atmospheric relief valve疏水门drain valve调整门adjusting valve电动门motor-operated valve手动门hand-operated valve减湿器attemperator ,desuperheater减压器(阀) pressure reducer(valve)减湿减压器temperature and pressure reducer抽汽电动门motor-operated steam extraction valve抽汽逆止门extraction check valve高压排汽逆止门high-pressure exhaust check valve逆止门check valve ,non-return入口门inlet valve出口门outlet valve球型阀globe valve闸板阀gate valve针型阀needle valve翻版阀tripper valve液压阀hydraulic valve控制阀control valve换向阀reverse flow valve疏水阀drain valve蝶阀butterfly valve衬胶门rubber lined valve高压加热器入口联成阀composite valve at high pressure heater inlet 高压加热器出口联成网composite valve at high pressure heater outlet 高压加热器旁路门high pressure heater bypass valve水封阀门water seal valve排污门blowdown valve排气门exhaust steam valve排汽门exhaust steam valve补水门water supply valve ,make-up water valve补油门oil valve ,oil supply valve补氢门hydrogen supply valve空气门air valve真空破坏阀vacuum breaking valve ,vacuum breaker 排汽安全门exhaust steam safety valve弹簧安全门spring relief valve排汽缸喷水门exhaust cylinder water-spraying valve 电磁阀solenoid valve ,magnet valve前载门front intercept valve后载门rear intercept valve排氢门hydrogen vent valve中间抽头门intermediate stage bleed-off valve最小流量阀minimum flow valve暖泵门pump warming valve崩体放水门pump-body water drain valve放水门water discharge valve减温水门attemperating water valve切换门change-over valve ,diverting valve 联络门interconnection valve液压逆止门hydraulic check valve再沸腾逆止门reboiled heating valve放空气门air vent valve再循环门recirculation valve冷却水门cooling water valve热效率thermal efficiency ,heat efficiency 内效率internal efficiency额定工况rated operation condition最大工况maximum operation condition汽耗量steam consumption汽耗率steam consumption rate热耗率specific heat consumption ,heat rate新蒸汽压力initial steam pressure ,live steam pressure 再热蒸汽冷段压力cold reheated steam pressure再热蒸汽热段压力hot reheated steam pressure再热蒸汽热段温度hot reheated steam temperature再热蒸汽冷段温度cold reheated steam temperature主蒸汽流量steam flow再热蒸汽流量reheated steam flow低压缸排汽流量low-pressure cylinder exhaust steam flow 转速rotating speed ,revolution真空度vacuum旋转方向rotation direction给水温度feedwater temperature调节级压力pressure at velocity stage临界转速critical speed吊装重量lifting weight速度变化率speed variation rate迟缓率delay rate凸轮转角cam torque angle过热度superheat degree温差temperature difference端差terminal temperature difference过冷度supercooling degree高压加热器投入率high pressure heater availability rate 轴向位移axial shift ,axial displacement大轴晃动值shaft swinging value ,shaft eccentricity高压缸膨胀high-pressure cylinder expansion中间缸膨胀intermediate pressure cylinder expansion低压缸膨胀low pressure cylinder expansion调速油压governing oil pressure润滑油压lubricating oil pressure脉动油压impulse oil pressure附加保安油压additional safeguard oil pressure滑阀上油压oil pressure above pilot valve滑阀下油压oil pressure under pilot valve润滑油温lubricating oil temperature轴承回油温度bearing return oil temperature轴承钨金温度babbit metal temperature ,bearing metal temperature 推力瓦块温度thrust pad temperature密封油压seal oil pressure油位oil level水中含氧量oxygen content of water凝结水硬度condensate hardness轴(承)振动值shaft(bearing)vibration垂直振动值vertical vibration amplitude水平振动值horizontal vibration amplitude轴向振动值axial vibration amplitude油膜振荡oil film oscillation ,oil whipping冲转impulse starting冷态起动cold start热态起动hot start滑参数起动starting at sliding parameters ,sliding pressure starting滑参数停机shut-down at sliding parameters ,sliding pressureshutting-down升速speed up升速率percentage of maximum momentary speedvariation ,speed-up rate负荷上升率loading rate基本负荷base load调峰运行peak load regulating operation ,cyclic operation空转idling ,idle running手动打闸停机hand trip ,turbine hand trip暖机turbine warming up最短盘车时间minimum turning time低速暖机low speed warming中速暖机medium speed warming滑参数起动曲线starting curve at sliding parameters ,sliding pressurestarting-up curve滑参数停机曲线shutting-down curve at sliding parameters ,slidingpressure shutting-down curve全周进汽full admission部分进汽partial admission ,partial-arc admission喷嘴调节nozzle governing节流调节vacuum breaking破坏真空cylinder metal temperature汽缸金属温度cylinder metal temperature听音检查sound detection惰走时间idling time超速试验overspeed test真空严密性试验vacuum leakage test主汽门严密性试验main steam stop valve leakage test危急遮断器充油试验emergency governor oil filling test低油压保护试验low oil pressure protection test调速系统静止试验governing system pre-operation test调速系统动态特性试验governing system dynamic performance test 调速系统静态特性试验governing system static performance test 甩负荷试验load-dump test ,load-rejection test空负荷试验no-load test满负荷试验full-load test超负荷试验overload test转子平衡试验rotor balancing test动平衡dynamic balancing静平衡static balancing热力试验thermodynamic test叶片频率试验blade frequency test投入运行to be put into operation开启opening关闭closing起动starting-up。
附表A 英文文献Coal Flow Measurement and FlowBalancingfor Improving CombustionandEmissions on Coal Fired BoilersS. Laux, J. GrushaFoster Wheeler Energy CorporationClinton, NJ08809-4000, USAStefan_Laux@T. RosinTR-Tech Int. OyFIN-20100 Turku, FinlandTR@AbstractThe performance of pulverized coal combustion systems commonly suffers from air and fuel imbalances at the burners. Stoichiometries local to the burners must be maintained in order to achieve ultra low NOx performance without significantly sacrificing combustion efficiency. In addition to the emission benefits, improvement of the air and fuel balance results in less slagging and reduced furnace wall corrosion.He paper presents results and benefits associated with operating coal fired boilers using Foster Wheeler and TR-Tech’s Electric Charge Transfer (ECT) coal flow measurement technology. ECT systems provide boiler operators with continuous on-line indication of coal flow distribution, conduit velocity and particle fineness. The paper will show devices thatcontrol the coal flow balance. ECT technology in conjunction with Foster Wheeler’s solutions for coal flow balancing is opening up an entire new spectrum in operational assessment and improvement as well as emission control.Ultra Low NOx CombustionNew NOx regulations demand drastically reduced NOx emissions from fossil fired boilers. With a few exceptions, the NOx limits for ozone control during the summer months require a post-combustion control method such as SCR on coal fired boilers, because Low NOx firing systems alone can not achieve compliance. However, investment costs and ammonia costs of an SCR DeNOx catalyst can be reduced, if the output NOx from the firing system is low. Thus, more stringent emission limits and the addition of post combustion NOx control create the need for improvements of NOx emissions from the existing Low NOx coal firing systems.Regardless of the NOx reduction approach, many current low NOx systems are limited in their ability to provide significant additional reductions in NOx. New multi air zone burner designs, special coal nozzle tips, etc don’t provide the reductions being sought by utilities wanting tominimize or eliminate post combustion systems.In anticipation of these requirements, Foster Wheeler has been deve loping new technologies to go beyond just “burner components”. Our evaluation of operating LNB systems shows that many are limited fromfurther NOx reduction by “non burner“ barriers. By addressing and eliminating each of these, significant reductions are possible.One of the most common barriers to lower NOx is related to poor coal and air distribution. These can include high unburned carbon, high CO, furnace slagging, oxygen and/or steam temperature imbalance, corrosion, etc.All low NOx firing systems depend on a defined balance of the air and coal at the burners. By monitoring and controlling the air and coal flow to the burners, existing as well as new systems greatly benefit from lower emissions and improved boiler operation. Or, if you use the following analogy for boiler emission improvement: This trend is comparable to the change from carburetors to fuel injection systems seen over time in the car industry. Foster Wheeler strongly believes that future ultra low NOx firing systems need a tight control of the air and fuel balance at each burner in the system, regardless whether it is tangential, wall or arch fired /1/.Many pulverized coal boilers experience some of the problems associated with poor air and fuel distribution:* Poor emission performance* Increased ammonia consumption of SCR and SNCR systems* Increased unburned carbon in the fly ash* Distorted oxygen profile at boiler outlet* Uneven steam temperature profiles* Flame impingement* Increased slagging* Water wall wastageAny deviation from the design air/fuel balance at individual burners result in some burners operating at a fuel lean or a fuel rich condition. The fuel rich burners are producing large amounts of CO, high LOI and longer flames while locally lowering the oxygen level in the flue gas. On the other hand, the fuel lean burners produce high NOx levels at elevated O2. The outcome at the boiler exit is a flue gas with high CO and high NOx. In addition, LOI is elevated due to the burners operating at low stoichiometries. This paper shows some of the successes achieved by balancing air and fuel flow in a boiler.Most Low NOx Burners and all Tangential Firing Systems allow air flow control at the burners. These are adjusted mainly during initial optimization of the Low NOx system after a retrofit. Usually, it was not necessary to address distribution changes with load and degradation of system performance with time. In the recent past, several vendors developed control strategies and software to improve boiler and emission performance. While this is the step needed for improvement, most of the systems lack reliable flow measurement and control of air and fuel.Foster Wheeler uses burner air measurement to determine the secondary airflow and usesthealready existing control devices to modulate the flow.ECT Coal Flow MeasurementFor continuous boiler optimization, an on-line measurement of the fuel flow in each conduit is required for on-line optimization of the air and coal balance at each burner. This technology is one of the vital steps towards an Ultra-Low NOx Firing System.Foster Wheeler is partnering with TR-Tech International Oy of Finland to market the Electric Charge Transfer technology (ECT) worldwide. Foster Wheeler is the global distributor of the ECT system. The patented technology measures the electric charges present in any two-phase flow transport and uses the signals to determine the following characteristics of the flow.* ECT measures the relative coal distribution between the conduits. In addition, the system can be configured to measure the flow velocity and the absolute flow in each conduit. Coal flow balance is the key measurement for continuous Ultra Low NOx combustion.* The high data collection rate of the ECT system allows monitoring also unsteady phenomena in coal conduits that can cause problems during plant operation. The signals can be used to detect coal conduit layout due to insufficient primary airflow from the mill and coal conduit surging which results in furnace pressure and emissions fluctuations /2, 3/.* Finally, the ECT system can be applied to monitor the particle size changes of the coal flow.The antennas and the hardware used for this system are the same as in the coal flow distribution application. Thus, the ECT system can be used to monitor mill performance on-line assuring proper coal fineness is maintained to minimize unburned carbon. The configuration of the system is described in more detail in /4/.The ECT system consists of receiving antennas in each coal conduit that are connected to a signal conditioning unit housed in a cabinet. The signals from theseconditioning unit is received by personal computers that are used for data processing and analysis. TR-Tech’s proprietary software is used to determine the balance between the conduits of one mill, to display the results to the operator and to feed the data via a network to the plant’s D CS system or a continuos combustion optimization software running on a separate computer.The antennas are easily installed through the horizontal or vertical wall of the existing conduit and inserted into the coal stream. Three antennas in each conduit are needed for coal flow balance measurement and six for coal flow and velocity measurement. Their location in the pipe wall is determined so that the effects of coal ropes on the measurement results are minimized. Antennas are made of tungsten carbide to ensure long operating life. The installation is very simple and requires only a mill taken out of service for several hours which minimizes lost generating capacity. After installation, the ECT measurement is verified by a standard ASME orRotorprobe sampling procedures and the system is then ready to be used. The ECT system offers several distinct advantages:* All information is continuous and on-line.* The ECT measurement is not effected by coal type, moisture, ash content or coal roping.* The electronics can be located up to 1200 feet from the conduits. No cabinets are needed on the burner decks.* The abrasion resistant antennas in the coal conduit are passive and need no power supply.* The installation is easy. The antennas can be installed during short mill outages.ECT systems have been successfully installed on industrial plants and many utility steam generators. In general, the results of the ECT method compare very well with a standard ASME probe test even at extreme shifts of the coal flow between the conduits. This confirms the viability of the technology for real-time coal balancing applications. Since 1998 ECT was installed at nine utility power plants and five installations are scheduled for 2001.DistributorsIn many tangentially fired plants riffle boxes are installed after an exhauster to distribute the fuel. These designs can be retrofitted with adjustable riffle boxes to achieve improved fuel distribution. Adjustableriffle boxes (Figure 5) allow biasing the particle flow towards individual conduits. The design is similar to the fixed rifflers, but adjustable vanes are used at the riffler inlet. The change of a fuel system without distributors to this design requires additional space above the pulverizers which might be limited in retrofit applications.The Foster Wheeler Three-Way Distributor is shown in Figure 6 on top of a heart-shaped classifier. The single outlet of the mill is distributed in a vertical pipe to three outlets. Distribution fingers that can be pushed into the flow bias the flow from the central inlet pipe at the bottom to the three outlet flanges. This device has been used in several ball mill installations. ECT is used with the three-way distributor at Logan Station to provide the fuel flow balance information for an optimum position of the fingers /5/. Classifiers with Integrated Distribution VanesDynamic classifiers offer not only improved particle fineness but have also by design a much better conduit to conduit balance. As part of a major boiler improvement a retrofit with dynamic classifiers might be economical. Design features include distribution vanes at the classifier outlet to direct the particle flow towards specific conduits. These vanes can be equipped with an actuator for on-line fuel flow control to the burners.The distribution from a static classifier can be influenced in a similar fashion. The classifier outlet is retrofitted with adjustable vanes that bias the particle flow between the outlet ducts. This solution is superior to devicesthat simply change the pressure drop of the total flow in the conduit (orifices, dampers, etc), because the coal distribution is largely determined before the particles have entered the conduits to the burner. The well-defined flow field in the classifieroutlet plenum is a prime location to achieve this goal. Figure 7 shows the location for theproprietary Foster Wheeler Distribution Vanes on a MBF mill.Recent development work at Foster Wheeler has produced a fuel flow biasing solution for Foster Wheeler ball mills equipped with a heart shaped classifier and two outlets per mill end. These ball mills can be equipped with a distribution vane internal to the classifier housing to modify the balance between the two outlets. The end-to-end balance can then be influenced with a feeder bias.ConclusionsWell balanced air and fuel flow at the burner is needed to get the highest performance from existing or new Low NOx firing systems. Future Ultra Low NOx firing systems will integrate air and fuel measurement and continuously optimize the distribution at the burners. These system will be automated and constantly monitor and adjust the stoichiometry at the burners.The ECT electrostatic coal flow measurement system offers a high degree of flexibility to be configured in many ways for various measurement tasks: TR-Tech and Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation are continuing todevelop and market the ECT system. Relative coal flow balance, unsteady flow phenomena, changes in coal particle sizes, coal conduit velocities, and absolute mass flow have been successfully demonstrated. The multitude of signals can be used as adetection tool to for optimization and troubleshooting. In summary, ECT offers the following benefits for the combustion and the mill operation:* NOx and CO reduction with balanced burners*Lower SCR ammonia spray rates with subsequent improvements of air heater plugging tendency, washing cycles and reduced slip rates* Unburned carbon level reduction, increased boiler efficiency* Reduced standard deviation of fly ash unburned carbon, more consistent fly ash for sale* Even boiler oxygen profile, potential to reduce excess air level* Potential for reduced furnace and heating surface slagging* More even steam temperature profiles* Reduced water wall corrosion as a result of specific air or fuel biasing near the side walls* Reduced firing system tuning time due to knowledgeable approach* Mill performance monitoring for LOI minimization by measuring fuel fineness on-line* Quick identification of mill problems (surging, layout)* Reduced auxiliary power and increased fineness by mill primary airoptimization* Potential to detect coal layout early, before damage to piping, burners or windbox occursReferences1Coal and Air Flow Measurement for Reduced NOx and UBC – S. Laux, J. Grusha, and K. McCarthy, presented at EPRI-DOE-EPA Combined Utility Air Pollutant Control Symposium, Atlanta, GA., August16-20, 19992 Recent Trends in Pulverized Coal Firing Technology, S. Laux, J. Grusha, and J. Utt, presented at Generating Plant Efficiency & Process Improvement, Denver, CO, July 20 – 21, 2000.3 Benefits and Operating Experience with ECT On-line Coal Flow Measurement Technology, Update 2000, S. Laux, J. Grusha, and T. Rosin, presented at Power-Gen 2000, Orlando, FL, November14 – 16, 2000.4Real Time Coal Flow and Particle Size Measurement for Improved Boiler Operation, S. Laux, J. Grusha, K. McCarthy, and T. Rosin, presented at Power-Gen 1999, New Orleans, LA, November 30 – December 1, 1999.5 ECT On-line Coal Flow Measurement Technology –Benefits and Experience from Three Years of Operation – J. Kersch, S. Laux, J. Grusha, and T. Rosin, presented at EPRI-DOE-EPA Combined Utility Air Pollutant Control Symposium, Chicago, IL, August 20-24, 2001附表B 英文翻译用煤粉流量计测量法和流程配平法来改进煤粉锅炉的燃烧和传热作者:S. Laux, J. Grusha[1]、T. Rosin[2][1]:福斯特惠勒能源公司克林顿街,新泽西08809-4000,美国[2]: 土耳其工学院国际研究所.FIN-20100 土尔库, 芬兰摘要煤粉锅炉的性能经常受到空气和燃料的不均衡的影响。
附录:电力系统及仿真机应用专业名词英汉对照说明1、WDPF操作员站菜单专业名词英汉对照2、WDPF操作员站系统图专业名词英汉对照3、WDPF操作员站键盘专业名词英汉对照4、FORNEY操作员站键盘专业名词英汉对照5、FORNEY操作员报警(ALARMS)信息英汉对照6、(系统图)常用计量单位英汉对照相机附录1:WDPF操作员站菜单专业名词英汉对照图号英文(缩写) 中文英文全称与注释2201 BLR COMBUSTION 锅炉燃烧BLR→boiler锅炉2202 STEAM 蒸汽2203 DRUM METAL TEMP 汽包金属温度TEMP→temperature温度2204 SH STEAM 过热器蒸汽SH→super heater过热器2205 RH STEAM 再热器蒸汽RH→reheater再热器2206 BOILER WATER 汽包水位2207 BLR DRAIN&BLWDWN 锅炉疏水与排污BLWDWN→blow down排污2208 BLR FUEL OIL 锅炉燃油2209—MILL#1-MILL#6 #1磨-#6磨另一表示方法为PUL #1 2214 PUL→pulverizer粉磨机2215 FLUE GAS 烟气2216 PRIM AIR 一次风PRIM→primary一次的2217 SEC AIR 二次风SEC→secondary二次的2218- PA FAN A/B OIL 一次风机(A/B)油站PA→primary air 一次风22192220—FD FAN A/B OIL 送风机(A/B)油站FD→forced draft压力通风22212222—ID FAN A/B OIL 引风机(A/B)油站ID→induced draft引力通风22232224—AH A/B 空预器AH→air heater2225 空气预热器2226 FURN FLUE GAS 炉膛烟气FURN→furnace 炉膛2228 TURBINE STEAM 汽轮机蒸汽2229 EXTRACT STEAM 抽汽2230 BFPT A &B STEAM 给水泵(A、B)B→boiler,F→feed给水P→pumpT→turbine汽轮机图号英文(缩写)中文英文全称与注释2231 AUX STEAM 辅助蒸汽AUX→auxiliary辅助的2232 TURB GLAND STEAM 汽机轴封蒸汽TURB→turbine2233 TURBINE DRAIN 汽机疏水2234 HP—IP CYLNDR MTL 高压-中压缸金属HP→high pressure高压IP→immediate pressure中压CYLNDR→cylinder汽(气)缸MTL→metal 金属2235 EH SUPPLY OIL EH供油2236 TURBINE LUBE OIL 汽机润滑油LUBE→lubricate润滑2237—BFPT A/B LUBE OIL 给水泵(A/B)润滑油22382239 GEN SEAL OIL 发电机密封油GEN→generator发电机2240 GEN ROTATOR CLG HYDR 发电机转子氢冷CLG→cooling冷(却)HYDR→hydrogen氢2241 GEN STATOR WATER 发电机定子冷却水2242 CIRCULATING WATER 循环水2243 COND V ACUUM EXTRACTION 凝汽器抽真空系统COND→condenser凝汽器2244 CONDENSATION & FDWTR 凝汽器及给水FDWTR→feed water给水2245 COND AND MAKE UP WATER 凝汽器及补水2246 LPH 低压加热器LPH→low pressure heater 2247 DEAERATOR 除氧器2248—TFW PUMP A/B 汽动给水泵A/B FW→feed water给水22492250 MOTOR BFW PUMP 电动给水泵2251 HPH 高压加热器(高加) HPH→high pressure heater2252 WATER &STEAM SYSTEM 水、蒸汽系统2253 GAS FLUE SYSTEM 烟气系统2101 FURNACE PRESSURE / AIR FLOW 炉膛压力/ 风量2102 PA/SA RECIRC DAMPERS 一次风/二次风RECIRC→recirculating再循环再循挡板环2103 FUEL MASTER 燃料主控2104 COAL FEEDERS MASTER 给煤机主控2105- #1 / #2 —#5 / #6 MILLS #1 / #2 —#5 / #6 磨21072108 FUEL OIL 燃油2109 FEEDWATER 给水2110 FW/TP TRANSMITTERS 给水流量/主汽压力传感器TP→throttle pressure主汽压力2111 SH STEAM TEMPERATURE 过热蒸汽温度2112 RH STEAM TEMPERATURE 再热蒸汽温度图号英文(缩写) 中文英文全称与注释2113DEAERATOR/CONDENSER 除氧器/凝汽器控制门2114CONTINUOUS BLOWDOWN 锅炉连排2115AUXILIARY AIR 辅助风2116FUEL AIR 燃料风2117AUXILIARY AIR (2) 辅助风(2)附录2:WDPF操作员工作站系统图专业名词英汉对照第一部分燃烧系统图号英文(缩写)中文英文全称与注释2201BOILER COMBUSTION SYSTEM 锅炉燃烧系统2202AH A/B 空气预热器A/B AH→air heater2201 EP 除尘器EP→electrical precipitator电子除尘器2201 FDF A/B 送风机FDF→forced draft fan 2201 FLUE GAS PAR 烟气一次风再热器PAR→primary air reheater 2201 FLUE GAS SYS 烟气系统SYS→system2201 FURNACE 炉膛2201 GEN 发电机GEN→generator2201 IDF A/B 引风机A/B IDF→induced draft fan 2201 L 左端L→left2201 PAF A/B 一次风机A/B PAF→primary air fan 2201 PA SYS 一次风系统2201 PUL #1—PUL #6 #1磨—#6磨PUL→pulveriser2201 R 右端R→right2201 SA SYS 二次风系统SA→secondary air2201 TOT COAL FLOW 总煤量TOT→total2208 BOILER FUEL OIL SYSTEM 锅炉燃油系统2208 B COMB SYS 锅炉燃烧系统B→boilerCOM→combustion2208 FRONT 前墙2208 M/A 手动/自动M→manu A→automatic 2208 OIL RETURN 回油2208 OIL SUPPLY 供油2208 SCANNER COOLING AIR 扫描冷却风2208 STEAM (雾化)蒸汽此处steam作“雾化蒸汽”解2208 STEAM SYS 蒸汽系统2208 TOTAL OIL FLOW 总油量2209 MILL#1—MILL#6 SYSTEM #1磨—#6磨系统另一表示法见PUL#1注释2209 COLD PA (一次)冷风2209 FEEDER 给煤机2209 HOPPER 煤斗2209 HOT PA (一次)热风2209 SEAL AIR 密封风2209 TO A/B/C/D CORNER 至A/B/C/D角图号英文(缩写) 中文英文全称与注释2216 PRIMARY AIR SYSTEM 二次风系统2216 FURNACE PRESS 炉膛压力PRESS→pressure2218—PA FAN A/B OIL SYSTEM 一次风机A/B油站22192218- OIL TANK 调节润滑油箱22192222 ID FAN A OIL 引风机A油系统2222 COOLING FAN 冷却风机2102PA/SA RECIRC DAMPERS 一次风/二次风再循环挡板RECIRC→recirculating再循环2102 AH A/B A VE TEMP 空预器A/B平均温度A VE→平均的TEMP→temperature 2102 AH TEMP 空预器温度2102 L PA AIR RECIRC 一次风(左)再循环挡板2102 L SIDE HOT 左端热风2102 O/OUT 输出口O→out2102 P 一次风P→primary2102 PCT 百分比PCT→percent2102 PRI AIR TEMP 一次风温度2102 R PA AIR RECIRC 一次风(左)再循环挡板2102 R SIDE HOT 右端热风2102 S 二次风S→secondary2102 SA A/B AIR 二次风A/B2102 SEC AIR TEMP 二次风温度2102 SET POINT 设定点2103 FUEL MASTER 燃料主控2103 BIAS 偏差2103 BOILER MASTER 锅炉主控2103 COAL MASTER 煤主控2103 FUEL OIL FLOW 燃油量2103 OIL / FUL RATIO 油/总燃料比率2103 OUTPUT 输出2103 PA HDR PRESSURE 一次风母管压力HDR→header2103 TP SETPOINT 主汽压力设定点TP→throttle pressure 2103 THRT PRESS 主汽压力同上2103 TOTAL COAL 总煤量2104 COAL FEEDERS MASTER 给煤机站2104 COAL FEEDER#1—#6 #1—#6给煤机转速图号英文(缩写)中文英文全称与注释2105—#1—#6MILLS #1—#6磨210722105—COLD AIR DAMPER#1—#2 冷风档板(#1 / #2)21072105—HOT AIR DAMPER#1—#2 热风档板(#1 / #2)21072108 FUEL OIL 燃油2108 FUEL OIL TO BURNER 燃油至喷燃器/燃烧器2108 MIN PRESSURE 最小油压MIN→minimum2108 RETURN 回油2108 VLV LIMIT 阀位限制VLV→valve limitation2207BOILER DRAIN 锅炉疏水及排污系统BLOWDWN→& BLOWDWN SYSTEM blowdown 2207 B WTR SYS 锅炉水系统B→boilerWTR→water2207 CON BD TANK 连续疏水扩容器CON→continousBD→boiler drain 2207 DRUM 汽包2207 FROM DEA 来自除氧器DEA→deaerator2207 FROM ECON 来自省煤器ECON→economizer2207FROM REAR FUEL WAY 来自后烟道前墙/后墙FRONT/REAR WALL2207 FROM RH SPRAY 来自再热器喷水2207 FROM ROOF INLET 来自顶棚过热器进口疏水门2207 PER BD TANK 定(期)排(污)PER→period2207 TO DEA STORAGE TANK 至除氧器水箱2114 CONTINUOUS BLOWDOWN 锅炉连排2114 CONTINUOUS BLOWDN ACV 锅炉连排及辅助门ACV→auxiliary controlvalve2114 CONTINUOUS BLOWDN MCV 锅炉连排主控门MCV→main controlvalve2115 AUXILIARY AIR 辅助风2115 AUX AIR DEMAND 辅助风指令2115 AUX MASTER 辅助风主控2115 BC/DE/FG AUX AIR 辅助风(BC/DE/FG)2115 OVERFIRE AIR DEMND 过量风指令DEMND→demand 2117 AUXILIARY AIR(2)辅助风(2)2117 AUX AIR OIL LVLS 辅助风(油层)LVLS→levels2117 OIL IN SERVICE 正在供油图号英文(缩写) 中文英文全称与注释2116 FUEL AIR 燃料风2116 A/B/C/D/E/F/ FUEL AIR 燃料风(A/B/C/D/E/F)第二部分风烟部分图号英文(缩写) 中文英文全称与注释2215 FUEL GAS SYSTEM 烟气系统2215 AH A/B 空预器A/B AH→air heater2215 AH A/B OUT/IN DP 空预器出口/进口差压DP→differentialpressure2215 A/B SIDE A/B侧2215 EP A/B 电除尘器A/B EP→electricalprecipitator 2215 FURNACE ECON PRESS:电炉膛省煤器出口压力ECON→economizer OUTLET GAS PRESS→pressure 2215 IDF A/B 引风机A/B IDF→induced draft fan 2220 FD FAN A OIL 送风机A油系统2220 OIL TANK 油箱2224 AIR HEATER A 空预器A2224 AUX MOTOR 辅助电机2224 COLD FUEL GAS 冷烟气2224 COLD PA/SA 冷一次风/二次风2224 HOT FUEL GAS 热烟气2224 HOT PA/SA 热一次风/二次风PA→primarySA→secondary air 2224 MAIN MOTOR 主电机2226 FURNACE FUEL GAS PARAMETER 炉膛烟气参数2226 CWPSH 隔屏过热器其中WPSH→wallplaten super heater 2226 ECO 省煤器ECO→economizer2226 FURNACE OUTLET TEMP SENSOR 炉膛出口温度探针TEP→temperature 2226 FRH 末级再热器FRH→final reheater 2226 FSH 末级过热器2226 LSH 低温过热器LSH→low superheater 2226 PRH 前屏再热器PRH→plate reheater2226 RPSH 后屏过热器RPSH→rear platesuper heater 2253 GAS FLUE SYSTEM 烟气系统2253 SAF 密封风机SAF→seal air fan 2253 TOTAL OIL 总油量图号英文(缩写)中文英文全称与注释2101 FURNACE PRESSURE/AIR FLOW 炉膛压力/风量2101 BIAS 偏差2101 FURNACE PRESSURE 炉膛压力2101 OXYGEN TRIM 氧量第三部分汽水系统图号英文(缩写) 中文英文全称与注释2202 STEAM SYSTEM 蒸汽系统2202 COND 凝汽器COND→condenser 2202 FROM BFP OUTLET 来自给水母管BFP→boiler feeder pump 2202 FROM BFP SPARY WATER 来自给水泵喷水2202 FINAL RH/SH 末级再热器/过热器2202 HP 高压缸HP→higher pressure 2202 IP 中压缸IP→immediate pressure 2202 LP 低压缸LP→lower pressure 2202 L TEM SH 低温过热器L→lowerTEM→temperature 2202 PLATEN RH/SH 屏式再热器/过热器2202 WALL RH 壁式辐射再热器2203 DRUM METAL TEMP 汽包金属温度2203 DRUM PRESS 汽包压力2203 WATER LEVEL 汽包水位2204 SUPERHEAT STEAM SYSTEM 过热蒸汽系统2204 FROM DRUM 来自汽包2204 PRIMARY SPRAY 一级喷水2204 SECOND ARY SPRAY 二级喷水2204 TO TURBINE 至汽机2205 REHERT STEAM SYSTEM 再热蒸汽系统2205FROM HP TURB COLD RH STM 来自高压缸的冷段再热蒸汽TURB→turbineSTM→steam2205 F RH HEADER 末级再热器出口/进口联箱F→finalRH→reheater2205 TO IP TURB HOT RH STM 至中压缸的热段再热蒸汽2205 WALL PLATEN REHEATER 壁式辐射再热器2206 BOILER WATER SYSTEM 锅炉水系统2206 ECON 省煤器ECON→economizer 2206 FROM HP HTR FEED WATER 来自高压加热器给水HTR→heater图号英文(缩写) 中文英文全称与注释2206 TO PER BD TANK 至定排箱PER→periodBD→blowdown2206 TO ROOF SH INLET 至顶棚过热器进口2228 TURBINE STEAM SYSTEM 主蒸汽系统2228 BFP 锅炉给水泵BFP→boiler feeder pump 2228 CL STM 冷却蒸汽CL→coolingSTM→steam2228 COND WTR 凝结水2228 MAIN STEAM 主蒸汽2228 RH COLD/HOT 再热冷/热段2228 TO EMER FLASH TANK至紧急疏水扩容器EMER→emergency紧急情况2229 EXTRACT STEAM SYSTEM 抽汽回热系统2229 DRAIN SYSTEM 疏水系统2229 ECCD 抽汽逆止门总操ECCD→extract checkvalves control demand2229 HP HTR SYS 高加系统2229 LP HTR SYS 低加系统2229 RH STEAM 再热蒸汽2229 TO BFPT 至汽动给水泵2229 TO DEAE 至除氧器汽机DEAE→deaerator 2230 BFPT A&B STEAM SYSTEM 汽动给水泵汽机BFPT→boiler feederA和B蒸汽系统pump turbine汽动给水泵汽机2230 BFPT A/B OIL 汽动泵汽机A/B润滑油2230 GLAND STEAM 轴封蒸汽2230 4 EXTR STEAM 四段抽汽EXTR→extract2231 AUXILIARY STEAM SYSTEM 辅助蒸汽系统2231 FROM CRH STM 来自冷段再热蒸汽2231 FROM START BOILER STEAM 来自启动锅炉蒸汽2231 TO AH SYS 至空预器系统2231 TO GLAND SYS 至轴封系统2231 TO MILL SYS 至磨煤机系统2231 TO UNIT 2 至2号机组2232TURBINE GLAND STEAM 汽机轴封蒸汽系统SYSTEM22322232 GLAND HEATER 轴封加热器2232 HI—IP CYL MET 高压—中压缸金属温度CYL→cylinderMET→metal2232 TURB LUB OIL SYS 汽机润滑油系统LUB→lubricate 图号英文(缩写) 中文英文全称与注释2233 TURBINE DRAIN WATER SYSTEM 汽机疏水系统2233 CRH 冷段再热器疏水其中C→cold2233 HRH 再热器热段汽管道其中H→hot2233 MS 主蒸汽MS→main steam 2233 TO EMER DRAIN TANK至紧急疏水箱2234 HP-IP CYLINDER 高压—中压缸金属温度CAS→casing缸METAL TEMPERATURE2234 IP BOT—CAS EXTR METAL TEMP 中压缸下缸抽汽端金属温度2234 IP EXTR MET T BETWEEN 中压缸抽汽端上下缸BOT→bottom TOP&BOT 金属温差底部的2234 IP GEN—SIDE BOT-CAS 中压缸发电机端下缸METAL TEMP 金属温差2234 IP GEN—SIDE MET T 中压缸发电机端上下缸BETWEEN TOP&BOT CAS 金属温差2234 IP GEN —SIDE TOP—CAS 中压缸发电机端上缸METAL TEMP 金属温度2234 IP STATOR BLADE MET 中压缸静叶金属温度TEMPERATURE2234 HP GOV—SIDE BOT-CAS 高压缸调节级端下缸GOV→governor METAL TEMP 温度节流调节器2234 HP GOV-SIDE MET T 高压缸调节级端上下缸BETWEEN TOP&BOT CAS 金属温差2234 HP GOV—SIDE TOP—CAS 高压缸调节级端上缸METEAL TEMP 金属温度2234 HP BOT—CAS EXTR 高压缸下缸抽汽段METAL TEMP 金属温度2234 HP GOV—SIDE MEATL T 高压缸调节级端金属温度2234 HP GEN—SIDE METAL T 高压缸发电机端金属温度2234 HP TOP—CAS EXTR METAL TEMP 高压缸上缸抽气端金属温度2234 TURBINE A/B—SIDE IV 汽机A/B侧中压调门IV→immediate valve METAL 金属温度中间门2234 TURBINE BOT BALANCE 汽机下端平均孔漏汽PISTON LEAK STM T 蒸汽温度2234 TURBINE FRONT/REAR 汽机前后侧推力轴承TH——BGR CEN→TH—BRG CEN 中心金属温度turust bearing center 2234 TV-A/B DEEP METAL T 主汽门A/B内壁金属温度TV→throttle valve 2234 TV—A/B METAL TEMP 主汽门A/B金属温度2234 TV—A/B T BETWEEN 主汽门A/B内外壁INN→inner INN&OUT MET TEMP 金属温差OUT→outer2235 EH SUPPL Y OIL SYSTEM 抗燃油系统2235 COOLER A/B 冷却器A/B图号英文(缩写)中文英文全称与注释2235 EH OIL PUMP A/B 抗燃油泵A/B2235 EH OIL TANK 抗燃油箱2236 TURBINE LUBE OIL SYSTEM 汽机润滑油系统2236 EXC 励磁机EXC→exciter2236 LUOB OIL TANK 润滑油箱2236 LP SLG OIL 顶轴油泵用油SLG→supportinglift gear2236 PLANT HEAT CIRCLE—EFF 厂热循环效率EFF→efficiency2236 SPECI COAL CONSUMPTION 实际耗煤量2236 SPECIFIC STM CONSUMPTION 实际耗汽量2236 TO ETS 至汽机紧急跳闸系统ETS→emergency tripsystem2237 BFPT A/B LUBE OIL SYSTEM 给水泵汽机A/B润滑油系统2237 EH OIL 抗燃油2237 LUB OIL TANK 润滑油箱2237 TO EH TAK 至抗燃油箱TAK→tank2242 CIRCULATING WATER SYSTEM 循环水系统2242 CONDENSER 凝汽器2242 CIRCU WATER INLET 循环水进水2242 CIRCU WATER OUTLET 循环水回水2243 CONDENSER V ACUUM 凝汽器抽真空系统EXTRCTION SYSTEM2243 CLOSED COOLING WATER 闭式冷却水2243 COND WATER 凝结水2243 EMER FLA TANK 紧急疏水箱FLA→flash2243 FROM BFPT A/B 从小汽机A/B排汽来2243 FROM COND 从凝结水来2243 FROM LP BP 从低压旁路BP→bypass2243 LP EXH 低压缸排汽水EXH→exhaust2243 V ACUUM PUMP A/B 真空泵A/B2244 CONDENSATION&FEED 凝结和给水系统WATER SYSTEM2244 SFPT A/B 小汽机A/B排汽2244 COND 凝汽器COND→condenser 2244 DEAE 除氧器DEAE→deaerator 2244 DRUM 汽包2244 ECON 省煤器ECON→economizer 2244 LP EXT 低压缸排汽EXT→extract2244 LPH 低加LPH→low pressu heater 图号英文(缩写) 中文英文全称与注释2244 HPH 高加2244 MAKE-UP WATER TANK 凝结水补水箱2244 TO DEAE 至除氧器2244 TO EDT 紧急疏水箱EDT→emergencydrain tank2244 TO LP CYL SPRAY 至低压缸喷水2245 CONDENSATION AND 凝结和补水系统MAKE—UP WATER2245 FROM CHE WATER 从化学水来CHE→chemical2245 TO BOI 至锅炉BOI→boiler2246 LOW PRESSURE HEATER 低压加热器系统SYSTEM2246 5/6/7/8 EXTR STM 五/六/七/八段抽汽2247 DEAERATOR SYSTEM 除氧器系统2247 FROM 5 LP HTR 从#5低加来2247 FROM HP HTR DRAIN 从高加疏水来2247 RECIR PUMP 再循环泵2247 TO DRAIN TANK 至疏水扩容器2247 TO PERI BLOWDOWN TANK 至定排水箱PERI→period2247 TO TBFP A/B 至汽动泵A/B2247 TO MBFP 至电动泵2248—T FEED WATER PUMP 汽动给水泵A/B系统2249A/B SYSTEM2248—FROM MS 从主蒸汽来22492248—GLAND STEAM 轴封蒸汽22492248—OIL COOLER 润滑油冷却器22492250 MOTOR BOILER FEED 电动给水泵WATER PUMP SYSTEM2250 AUX O.P。
摘要摘要随着电力工业的发展,火力发电机组的装机容量日益增大,300MW、600MW 机组已成为电网中的主力机组,这部分机组运行质量的优劣对整个电网运行的可靠性、经济性有着非常重要的影响。
过热器和再热器作为锅炉机组重要的部件,其可靠运行无疑对整个机组的安全运行有着非常重要的意义。
随着机组容量的增大,锅炉过热系统因热偏差引起的超温爆管事故频频发生,严重影响了发电厂的安全、经济运行。
鉴于上述原因,关于热偏差的成因及热偏差、壁温计算方法的研究就具有非常重要的实际意义。
但多数人员对热偏差成因的研究多侧重于某一方面,很少对热偏差的成因进行全面、系统的理论分析;而且我国许多锅炉制造厂普遍采用原苏联热力计算标准方法来计算壁温,这种方法对于过去容量小、参数低的锅炉机组来说,计算结果还比较准确,但是对于现代大容量、高参数的电站锅炉来说,不可避免地带来一些问题。
因此,论文在关于热偏差成因的综合理论分析基础之上,建立受热面合理的蒸汽流量分配计算模型、热偏差计算模型和壁温计算模型,摒弃原有计算方法中的不足,采取适于工程应用的计算方法,以实现准确地反映受热面出口汽温和管子壁温分布情况。
同时,依据热偏差的成因提出相应的减小措施或预防对策。
论文以吉林江南热电330MW亚临界锅炉机组为例,对建立的计算模型进行了实际应用,对引起热偏差的主要因素进行了分析。
计算结果证明本文采用的计算方法较为合理,能够反映受热面的实际热偏差状况,对于过热系统受热面的优化设计、事故分析提供了一定的参考价值和实际指导意义。
关键词:锅炉;过热器;热偏差;壁温;超温爆管摘要Title330MW boiler superheater deviation characterizationABSTRACTWith the development of the electrical industry, the installed capacity of the thermal power generating unit is augmenting increasingly. The generating units of 300MW and 600MW have been the main ones in the power network. Whether these generating units′operation is s uperior or not will have a great influence on the dependability and efficient performance of the power network operation. The reliable operation of the superheater and reheater that are the key components of the large-capacity power station boiler is very significant for the whole units without doubt. With the enlargement of the installed capacity,the overheating and tube rupture of the boiler superheat system frequently happen because of thermal deviation, which seriously affects the safe and economy operation of generating plant.On account of the related fact above, research into the causes of the thermal deviation, the calculation method of the thermal deviation and the wall temperature are greatlyimportant. But most researches into the causes of the thermal deviation often are thrown into some a side, few carry out an all-round and systematic theoretical analysis, and many manufactures calculate the wall temperature popularly according to the old standard method about the heat calculation of the Soviet Union, this method is suitable for the last boiler unit of small capacity and low parameter, but as to large-capacity and high parameter power station boilers today, it will bring some problems inescapably. At the same time,according to the causes of the thermal deviation, the measures or schemes to decrease the thermal deviation have been put forward.This dissertation puts the calculation patterns established into practical use, taking the thermal condition of the 330MW subcritical pressure concurrent boiler of the Jilin Jiangnan Power Plant as an example, and gives a profound analysis on the main causes of the thermal deviation. The calculation results of the thermal deviation prove it appropriate that the calculation method is taken, for the results can accord with the factual thermal deviation condition. So this dissertation can provide a certain reference value and practical direction for the optimum design of the摘要heat-exchanger surface and the accident analysis.Key words: Boiler;Superheater;Thermal deviation;Wall temperature;Overheating and tube rupture目录目录摘要 (I)ABSTRACT (II)目录 (III)第1章绪论 (1)1.1 课题背景 (1)1.2 国内外研究成果和发展动态 (2)1.3 课题研究的内容与方法 (3)第2章过热器系统的热偏差理论分析 (1)2.1 概述 (4)2.2 过热器热偏差概念叙述 (4)2.3 烟气侧热偏差的原因 (5)2.4 蒸汽侧流量偏差原因 (8)第3章过热器热偏差基本计算方法 (11)3.1 概述 (11)3.2 热负荷不均系数计算 (11)3.3热偏差计算相关参数的确定 (14)3.4 并联管组流量偏差计算 (17)3.5 热偏差系数计算 (22)3.6 金属壁温计算 (23)3.7 实例锅炉介绍 (25)3.8 实例应用计算结果 (26)第4章减小热偏差的措施 (29)4.1减小烟温偏差的措施 (29)4.2 减少蒸汽侧偏差的措施 (32)结论 (32)致谢 (33)参考文献 (36)第1章绪论第1章绪论1.1 课题背景随着我国电力工业的发展,火力发电机组的装机容量不断增大,300MW、600MW 机组已成为电网中的主力机组,这部分机组运行质量的优劣对整个电网运行的可靠性、经济性有着非常重要的影响。
锅炉boiler锅炉机组boiler unit固定式锅炉stationary boiler蒸汽锅炉steam boiler电站锅炉power station boiler 工业锅炉industrial boiler生活锅炉domestic boiler热水锅炉hot water boiler船用锅炉marine boiler快装锅炉package boiler组装锅炉shop-assembledboiler散装锅炉field-assembled boiler常压热水锅炉atmospheric pressure hot water boiler低压锅炉low pressure boiler中压锅炉medium pressure boiler高压锅炉high pressure boiler 超高压锅炉superhigh pressure boiler亚临界压力锅炉subcritical pressure boiler超临界压力锅炉supercritical pressure boiler超超临界锅炉ultra supercritical boiler自然循环锅炉naturalcirculation boiler强制循环锅炉forced circulation boiler直流锅炉once-through boiler复合循环锅炉combinedcirculation boiler低循环倍率锅炉low circulation boiler 火管锅炉fire tube boiler水管锅炉water tube boiler固体燃料锅炉solid-fuelfiredboiler液体燃料锅炉liquid-fuelfiredboiler气体燃料锅炉gas-fuel fired boiler余热锅炉exhaust heatboiler余热锅炉(HRSG)电热锅炉electric boiler锅壳式锅炉shell boiler水火管锅壳式锅炉water-firetube shell boiler卧式内燃锅炉horizontal internal-combustion boiler角管式锅炉corner tubeboiler立式锅炉vertical boiler小型锅炉low-capacity boiler铸铁锅炉cast-iron boiler固态排渣锅炉boiler withdry-ash furnace液态排渣锅炉boiler withslag-tap furnace火床燃烧锅炉boilergrate firing链条炉排锅炉boilertraveling grate抛煤机链条炉排锅炉spreader-stoker-firedboiler 火室燃烧锅炉boiler 煤粉燃烧锅炉firedboiler 水煤浆燃烧锅炉suspension firingpulverized coalcoal-waterslurrty fired boiler 流化床燃烧锅炉fluidized bed boiler循环流化床锅炉circulating fluidized bed boiler 增压循环流化床锅炉pressurized fluidized bedboiler微正压锅炉pressure firedboiler增压锅炉supercharged boiler辐射式锅炉radiant boiler通用压力锅炉universal-pressure boiler汽水两用锅炉multifunctional boiler (steam and hot water)盘管式锅炉coil tube boiler真空相变热水锅炉vacuumphase-change hot water boiler有机热载体炉organic heat transfer material heater锅炉本体boiler proper受热面heating surface辐射受热面radiant heatingsurface对流受热面convection heating surface附加受热面auxiliary heating surface受压部件pressure part受压元件pressure part管屏tube panel垂直上升管屏up flow riser tubepanel回带式管屏ribbon panel水平围绕管屏spirally-wound tube panel 管束tube bank错列布置管束staggered bank 顺列布置管束in-line bank 对流烟道convection pass 并联烟道parallel gas passes 风道air duct 炉膛(燃烧室)furnace 水冷炉膛water cooled furnace 绝热炉膛insulating furnace炉胆furnace 波形炉胆corrugated furnace 回燃室reversal chamber 冷灰斗water-cooled hopper bottom 卫燃带refractory belt折焰角furnace arch 炉拱arch 前拱front arch后拱rear arch燃烧器burner 煤粉燃烧器powdered coal burner 旋流式煤粉燃烧器cyclone type burner 直流式煤粉燃烧器impellerless burner 低氮氧化物燃烧器low nitrogen oxide burner 点火装置flame ignitor油燃烧器oil burner油雾化器oil atomizer机械雾化油燃烧器(压力雾化油燃烧器)mechanical atomizing burner 气流雾化油燃烧器gas atomizingburner 轴流式分离器turbo separator 气体燃烧器gas burner 百叶窗分离器corrugated调风器register scrubber炉排grate 钢丝网分离器screen separator 链条炉排traveling grate 多孔板perforated distribution stoker plate链带式炉排chain belt type 集汽管dry pipegrate stoker 排污管blowoff pipe横梁式炉排crossgirder grate 下降管downcomerstoker 加药管chemical feed pipe鳞片式炉排flake type grate 蒸发受热面evaporating heatingstoker surface往复炉排reciprocating grate 水冷壁water-cooled wall倾斜式往复炉排inclined 膜式水冷壁membrane wall reciprocating grate 双面水冷壁division wall振动炉排vibrating stoker 防渣管(凝渣管)boiler slag抛煤机spreader stoker screen锅筒drum 锅炉管束boiler convection上锅筒steam drum tube bank下锅筒water drum 烟管(火管)fire tube锅壳shell 螺纹烟管spirally corrugated筒体cylindrical shell tube封头head 内螺纹管ribbed tube凸形封头convex head 旗式受热面flag pattern椭圆形封头ellipsoidal head surface半球形封头hemispherical head 过热器superheater平封头flat head 辐射式过热器radiant管板tube plate superheater孔桥(管孔带)ligament 墙式过热器wall superheater 人孔manhole 屏式过热器platen superheater 手孔handhole 对流式过热器convection集箱(联箱)header superheater端盖head 包墙管过热器steam-cooledwall锅筒内部装置drum internals 顶棚管过热器(炉顶过热清洗装置steam washer 器)steam-cooled roof旋风分离器cyclone separator 悬吊式过热器pendantsuperheater 水平式过热器horizontal superheater 再热器reheater 辐射式再热器radiant reheater对流式再热器convection reheater 减温器desuperheater 、attemperator 表面式减温器drum type surface attemperator 喷水减温器spray type attemperator 烟气挡板(旁路档板)smoke damper 烟气再循环装置gas recirculation equipment 汽——汽热交换器steam-steam heat exchanger 省煤器economizer 沸腾式省煤器steaming economizer 非沸腾式省煤器nonsteaming economizer 钢管式省煤器steel tube economizer 鳍片管式省煤器finned tube economizer 铸铁肋片管式省煤器cast-iron gilled tube economizer 可分式省煤器(独立式省煤器)separated economizer 悬吊管pendant tube 空气预热器air heater 钢管式空气预热器tubular air heater再生式回转空气预热器rotary regenerative air heater 受热面转动型再生式空气预热器rotating-plate type regenerative air heater 风罩转动型再生式空气预热器stationary-plate type regenerative air heater 板式空气预热器plate type recuperative air heater 铸铁肋片管式空气预热器cast-iron gilled tube air heater 暖风机steam air heater锅炉构架boiler structure 支承式锅炉构架bottom-supported structure悬吊式锅炉构架top-supported structure by hangers 框架式锅炉构架frame type boiler structure 桁架式锅炉构架trussed typeboiler structure 刚性架buckstay 锅炉炉墙boiler setting 重型炉墙bottom supported heavy wall 轻型炉墙sectional supporting water cooled wall 敷管炉墙top supported water cooled wall 炉墙护板boiler casing 锅炉汽水系统boiler steam and water circuit 锅炉范围内管道boiler external piping安全阀safety valve静重式安全阀direct-loadedsafety valve弹簧式安全阀spring-loadedsafety valve杠杆式安全阀deadweightsafetyvalve脉冲式安全阀pulsed safety valve电磁控制式安全阀electricrelief valve水封式安全装置water-sealed safety equipment水位表water gauge玻璃水位计glass water gauge双色水位计double-colourwatergauge高低水位报警器high-low water level alarm低置水位计remote water level indicator防爆门explosion door排污阀blowdown valve疏水阀(疏水器)bleeder点火程序控制装置ignitioncontrolwater program熄火保护装置flame failureprotection额定蒸发量nominal capacity最大连续蒸发量maximumcontinuous rating额定供热量rated heatingcapacity额定蒸汽参数nominal steamparameter额定蒸汽压力nominal steampressure 额定蒸汽温度nominal steam temperature 额定热水温度nominal hotwater temperature 给水温度feedwatr temperature3.2.2.1.9 回水温度r eturn watertemperature 排污率rate of blowdown 锅炉热力计算thermal calculation forboilers 锅炉水动力计算hydrodynamic calculation for boilers 锅炉烟风阻力计算flue-gas andair resistance calulation for boilers 锅炉受压元件强度计算strength calculation of pressure parts for boilers 锅炉水循环boiler circulation 循环回路circulationcircuit 蒸汽品质steam quality蒸汽污染steam contamination机械携带mechanical carry-over 溶解携带vaporous carry-over蒸汽净化steam purification 蒸汽湿度moisture in steam分段蒸发stage evaporation气温调节steam temperaturecontrol 给水feed water 补给水make-upwater 锅水boiler water 给水品质feedwater condition 锅水浓度boiler相对碱度relative alkalinity 负压燃烧negative-pressure firing压力燃烧pressurized firing自然通风natural draft 机械通风mechanical draft 平衡通风balanced draft 分段送风zone control draft 燃料消耗量fuel consumption 计算燃料消耗量calculated fueltheoretical air excess airratio theoreticalcombustiontemperature 炉膛出口烟气温度furnaceoutlet gas temperature 排烟温度exhaust gas temperature 锅炉热效率boiler efficiency 保证效率guarantee efficiency 燃烧效率combustion efficiency 锅炉热损失boiler heat loss 排烟热损失heat loss due to exhaust gas 气体不完全燃烧热损失heat loss due to unburned gases 固体不完全燃烧热损失heat loss due to unburned carbon in refuse 炉渣可燃物含量(炉渣含碳量)unburned combustible in slag漏风系数air leakage factor 热风温度h ot air temperature一次风(一次空气)二次风(二次空气)三次风(三次空气)炉膛容积热负荷heat release rate 炉膛截面热强度cross-section heat release rate 辐射受热面热流密度(炉壁热流密度)furnace wall heat flux density 炉排面积热负荷grate heat release rate 炉排通风截面比percentage of airspace 水动力特性hydrodynamics 循环倍率circulation ratio循环水速circulation velocity运动压头available static head有效压头available head质量流速mass velocity 质量含汽率steam quality by mass 临界含汽率critical steam quality沸腾换热恶化boiling crisis 过冷沸腾subcooled boiling计算压力calculated pressure计算壁温calculated metal temperature 最高允许工作压力maximum allowable working pressure 安全系数safety factor 许用应力allowable stress 理论计算壁厚theoretical calculated thickness 最小需要壁厚minimum required thickness 公称concentration总硬度total hardness 总碱度total alkalinity悬浮固形物suspended solid matter溶解固形物dissolved solid 散热损失radiationheat loss due tomatter 灰渣物理热损失heat loss due to sensible heat in slag 飞灰可燃物含量(飞灰含碳量)unburned combustible in flue dustconsumption 理论空气量过量空气系数理论燃烧温度primary airsecondary airtertiary air furnace volumefurnace壁厚(名义壁厚)nominal thickness 有效壁厚effective thickness 应力集中系数stress concentration factor 孔桥减弱系数ligament efficiency 焊缝减弱系数weld efficiency 开孔补强reinforcement of openings 表面清理surface cleaning 喷丸(砂)处理shot-rain cleaning 封头成型head forming冲压成型press forming旋压成型spin forming 爆炸成型explosion forming边缘加工edge processing 去毛刺deburring 卷板plate rolling 冷态卷板cold rolling 热态卷板hot rolling 矫形shape righting矫圆round set板边预弯preliminary rolling弯管tube bending 冷态弯管cold bending胀管tube expansion胀管率expansion efficiency成排焊接panel welding成排弯管panel bending不圆度out-of-roundness直线度straightness/alinement偏心度eccentricity管端倾斜度gradient oftube-end通球试验ball passing test 锅筒起吊drum lifting砌墙walling烘炉furnacedrying煮炉boiling out补炉fetting挖补修理remedy除垢descaling机械除垢mechanicaldescaling化学清洗chemical cleaning碱煮除垢alkali descaling酸洗除垢acid descaling钝化处理passivating冲管flushing吹管steam-line blowing 锅炉改造boilerreforming 炉拱改造arch reforming 循环系统改造circulation circuit reforming 锅炉启动start-up 上水filling 水位waterlevel 炉内清扫purge点火fire 停炉shutdown升压raising pressure 定压运行constant pressure 疏水drain operation并汽bring a boiler onto the 变压运行variable pressure line operation启动压力start-up pressure 经济运行economicaloperation启动流量start-up flow rate 停炉保养preservation滑参数启动variable parameter 湿法保养wet preservation start-up 干法保养dry preservation 排污blowdown 充气保养gas-filled定期排污periodic blowdownpreservation连续排污continuous blowdown 外部检查visual inspection吹灰soot blowing 内部检查internal inspection 压缩空气吹灰compressed air 宏观检验macroscopic blowing examination蒸汽吹灰steam blowing 漏风试验air leakage test药物清灰chemical deashing 堵灰clogging压火banking fire。
火电厂常用英语词汇总结注:以下内容为根据实际工作经验总结的常用词汇,不求专业,但求实用。
火电厂组成堆取料机Stacker —reclaimer斗轮机Bucket wheel machine吹灰器soot blower省煤器Economizer除氧器deaerator汽轮机steam turbine高压缸HP cylinder/casing中压缸IP cylinder/casing低压缸LP cylinder/casing发电机electric generator锅炉boiler炉膛furnace二次风机secondary air fan一次风机primary air fan引风机induced draft fan送风机forced draft fan加热器heater再热器reheater过热器superheater空气预热器air preheater燃烧器burner空压机air compressor给水器water feeder冷凝器condenser凝结水condensate water凝结水泵condensate pump静电除尘器electrostatic precipitator(ESP)变电站substation变压器transformer励磁机exciter输煤机coal conveyor转运站transfer tower碎煤机coal crusher磨煤机pulverizer干煤棚coal shed除渣系统slag handling system除灰系统ash handling system飞灰flyash灰库ash silo循环流化床CFBC(circulating fluidized bed combustion) 油箱diesel fuel tank灰斗ash hopper煤仓间coal bunker汽包steam drum给煤机coal feeder旁路系统bypass system制氯间electrolytic chlorine house泡沫消防间foam fire-fighting room变频器室frequency converter room化粪池septic tank车辆调度中心motor pool化学药品仓库chemical storage house转运站transfer tower灰场ash pond冷却塔cooling tower工程土建类螺丝screw螺丝刀screw—driver螺母/螺帽nut螺栓bolt垫圈gasket/washer锤子hammer扳手wrench老虎钳plier/vice切割机/砂轮机grinder/sander砂纸emery paper/sand paper麻袋sack铁锹shovel/spade喷枪spray gun零部件components焊接weld电焊工electrical welder铆工riveter钳工benchworker管工/水暖工plumber瓦工mason砌筑masonry推土机/推煤机bulldozer铲车loader板车handcart挖掘机backhoe/excavator搅拌机mixer搅拌站batching plant叉车forklift truck吊车crane/hoist电动葫芦electric hoist龙门吊gantry crane轮胎tire配重counterweight压路机road roller油罐车oil tank truck脚手架scaffolding枕木sleeper/cushion三合板three—ply board称scale热熔器heater地漏floor drain雨棚rainshed/canopy/rain shelter 铁丝网wire mesh带刺铁丝barbed wire刀刺网(铁圈形)combat wire夯实compact振动棒/振捣器vibrator减震平台vibration absorber钢筋steel bar钢板steel plate槽钢channel steel镀锌扁铁galvanized flat steel钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 碎石gravel沥青asphalt砂浆mortar石膏板plasterboard石灰石limestone空心砖hollow block/brick焦石料coke stone瓷砖ceramics/tile底漆primer/undercoat安装installation建造erection装配fabrication/assemble支模,拆模form work卸货unload/discharge拆take apart/ disassemble模具mould/mold打桩piling work回填backfill窗户铁栏杆window metal grill保温层heat preservation/insulation layer 路肩shoulder路堤embankment地基foundation基床bedding地下室basement排水沟drainage ditch化粪池septic-tank/digestion tank隧道tunnel涵洞culvert码头jetty/pier/dock/wharf挡土墙retaining wall路缘curb绿化landscaping护坡slope protection滑坡landslide通风Ventilation格构waffle停机坪helipad省道provincial road铺砌pavement梁beam柱column漏水leakage直径diameter半径radius标高elevation宽度width地震带seismic belt门廊(门前小屋檐)porch隔墙partition风道air duct天花板ceiling百叶窗louver/shutter/blind瞭望塔watching tower/tower sentry集水坑sump pit污水sewage/wastewater细骨料fine aggregate粗骨料coarse aggregate钻孔drilling铸造/浇筑casting围网perimeter fence隔离网seclusion fence油漆涂料类粘合剂bonding joint面漆finishing coat/topcoat稀释剂thinner催化剂catalyst防腐剂preservative玻璃胶silicon sealant抹灰plastering灌浆/灰浆grout粘合剂/胶adhesive树脂resin自流平self-levelling裂缝crack腻子putty刮刀scraper刮scrape石膏gypsum修琢打毛chip针needle/pin刺n. thorn刺V。
中国安全科学与工程国际学术研讨会,2012关于电厂过热器爆管事故的分析摘要:火电厂管道故障(爆破)事故频发,严重影响了发电机组的安全经济运行。
作者分析了锅炉中过热器爆管可能的原因和特点,以电厂过热器爆管事故为例后,进行了宏观形貌分析、运行环境分析、金相分析、膨胀管的化学成分分析和强度分析。
得出结论:过热器爆管是由于过热,并表明,破裂的裂纹缺陷没有在定期检查中发现的引起。
2012由Elsevier公司出版,由首都经济贸易大学选择和/或同行评审,中国安全生产科学研究院。
电站锅炉管的失效是一种常见的锅炉事故和爆炸事故,并且省煤器、过热器、再热器、水冷壁(俗称四爆管)约占锅炉事故的发生的40%。
管道失效严重影响火电厂安全和经济运行。
一旦管道发生泄漏,这不仅会带来计划外的停机导致的经济损失而且会发展成重大事故。
锅炉管道的安全运行取决于钢管质量、设计合理、制造工艺、安装工艺、运行和检修水平等方面的保证。
因此,我们要分析管道爆裂和爆裂事故的原因,以保证锅炉和发电机组的安全运行。
2.锅炉爆管事故2号机组锅炉由东方锅炉有限公司生产的型号dg1025 / 18.2ii4,它属于亚临界锅炉。
锅炉切圆自然循环汽包锅炉,它有一个开放式的布局п形单底,这是燃用烟煤的主要中间再热、平衡通风、固态排渣的地方,是全钢框架和全悬浮结构,并在其顶部具有金属雨屏。
锅炉的主要参数如下:过热蒸汽,蒸发率为1025吨/小时,出口压力为17.4 MPa(G),出口温度为540°C;再热蒸汽流量844.1吨/小时,入口/出口压力分别为3.8/3.62 MPa(g),进口/出口温度分别为327 / 540°C;给水温度为280°,在当锅炉额定负荷下,包覆过热器压力为17.4 MPa、进料介质的温度是350°C和输出介质的温度455°C包覆过热器管的尺寸为Ф57×7并且材料为SA-210C,15CrMoG和12Cr1MoVG。
火电厂设备涉及到的英语单词boiler house: 锅炉房coal conveyor 输煤装置coal bunker: 煤仓coal mill磨煤机steam boiler, water boiler tube 蒸汽锅炉,管式锅炉furnace(combustion chamber): 炉膛 ( 燃烧室 )water tube: 水管ash pit 灰坑superheater: 过热器water preheater: 水预热器air preheater: 空气预热器gas duct(flue): 烟气管, 烟道dust collecting plant: 集尘室electrical precipitation plant:电气除尘室induced draught fan: 引风机chimney: 烟囱deaerator: 除氧器feed water tank: 供水箱boiler feed pump: 给水泵switchgear: 开关设备cable tunnel: 电缆通道cable cellar: 电缆槽turbine room: 汽轮机室steam turbine with alternator: 蒸汽汽轮发电机组 economizer: 省煤器steam drum: 汽包surface condenser: 表面凝汽low-pressure preheater: 低压预热器circulating water pipe(pump): 循环水管control room: 控制室electrostatic dustremover(precipitator): 静电除尘器 pulverizer 磨煤机slag pump 灰渣泵thermal cycle: 热力循环(net)heat rate: (净)热耗率Assemblie: 集合,集结,组装comment 注释,评论module : 模块 standby: 备用proximity 相近,接近,亲近detector: 探测器 bracket: 支架interlocks 互锁,联锁 axial: 轴向的surge conditions: 喘振 : accessory: 附件 pulsation: 有节奏的跳动,跳动fossil fired: 燃煤 intent: 意图,目的,意向intend: 意指,想要,打算consistent: 一致的,调和的practice: 惯例,实习,实践intrinsic: 固有的,内在的procurement 获得,获取fabrication: 制作,构成,伪造物vent: 通风孔,出烟孔,出口,放出,排出, noncondensible gas: 不凝结气体intermittent 间歇的,断断续续的blowdown : 排污 tank: 桶,箱,罐diagram: 图表 deaerator: 除氧器corrosion : 侵蚀,腐蚀状态concentration 集中,集合,浓缩,浓度recommend 推荐,介绍,托付,劝告abnormal and normal conditions: 变工况和额定工况 warm up: 暖机acid wash: 酸洗scale: 范围,水垢,水锈,比例,刻度sludge :: 污泥,淤泥foreign matter: 不相关的物质 facilitate:推动,促进,使简化multistage: 多级的remote control: 遥控safety relief valve: 安全卸压阀gauge: 量规,量表,测量manhole: 人孔,检修孔equivalent: 等价物,相等的forging:: 锻造 seat: 部位,座socket welding: 管座焊接enthalpy: 焓estimate: 评价,评估,估价parameters 参数,参量nominal : 名义上的,额定的,标称的MS — Main Steam : 主蒸汽Cycle:: 循环Intercept: 截止Fetting: 附件Gage:: 规,表,压力计Taps: 接头test wells: 测点插孔stress-relieved: 应力消除thermometer: 恒温计steam purge system: 蒸汽吹扫系统centrifugal type pumps: 离心式泵friction losses: 磨擦损失solenoid: 螺线管modulat: 调整,调节criteria: 标准wrenches: 扳手pipe taps: 管接头 .A List of Abbreviations and Symbols in English-ChineseA ::Ash Handling System: 除灰系统AH :Air Heater: 空气预热器AAh :Analyzer, Alarm High : 分析器,高值报警 :: AIV :Air Intake Valve: 进气阀ALIGN Alignment: 校正ALKF :Airlock Feeder: 锁气器AP ::Ash Slurry Pump: 灰浆泵ATM :Atmosphere 大气AC ::Air Conditioner: 空气调节器AFT :Atmosphere Flash Tank: 大气扩容器 AC :Alternating Current: 交流电ALM :Alarm:: 报警AMP :Ampere: 安培AX THR BRG :Axis Thrust Bearing:轴向推力,轴承 ATMZ :Atomizing:雾化AUTO :Automation 自动AUX :Auxiliary: 辅助的BA :Bottom Ash 底灰BAH ::Bottom Ash Hopper: 底灰斗BLR ::Boiler: 锅炉BSD ::Boiler Shut Down: 停炉BUSH :Bushing: 衬套BYPS :Bypass:: 旁路BVD ::Boiler Vents and Drains:: 锅炉疏水放气 BFP :Boiler FeedwaterPump :: 锅炉给水泵BFPT:BoilerFeedwater Pump Turbine: 锅炉给水泵汽机 BFW ::Boiler Feedwater: 锅炉给水BM :Boiler Master 锅炉主控BMCR:Boiler Maximum ContinuousRating: 锅炉最大连续出力 BFBP::Boiler Feed Booster Pump: 锅炉给水增压泵 BNR :Burner: 燃烧器BOP :Balance Of Plant: 电厂辅机设备BPC :Blade Pitch Control: 叶片节距控制 BT :Boiler Tube: 炉管CH: Crusher House: 碎煤房COMB ::Combustion 燃烧COMP ::Compressed Air: 压缩空气CONV ::Conveyer: 输送机CPL :Control Pannel Local: 就地控制盘CPM :Control Pannel Main: 主控盘CRT :Cathode Ray Tube: 阴极射线管 :CT Current Transformer: 变流器CYCL :Cyclone: 旋风分离器CAS :Casing:: 缸、壳CB Circuit Breaker: 断路器COMP :Complete: 完成CCCW :Closed Circulating Cooling Water: 闭式循环冷却水CCW :Cycle Cooling Water: 循环水CCWHF ::Closed Cooling Water Heater 闭式冷却水冷却器CCWP :Closed Cooling WaterPump: 闭式冷却水泵 CS :Closed CoolingWater System 闭式冷却水系统 CHCoal Handling 煤的装卸CHK VLV :Check Valve: 逆止阀CIRC: Circulation: 循环CLR Cooler: 冷却器CLOW :Cooling Water: 冷却水CMPR :Compressor: 压缩机CNTL :Control: 控制CNTLE :Controller:: 控制器COND :Condensate: 凝结水CONDTY :Conductivity: 导电率CP: Condensate Pump: 凝结泵CIR: Circuit: 回路COUPI :Coupling: 联轴器CP: Condensate Polisher: 除盐装置CS: Control Switch 控制开关CRSV :Cold Reheat Safety Valve: 再热器冷段安全阀 CV: Control Valve :控制阀CWP: Circulation Water Pump: 循环水泵DMPR: Damper : 挡板DP Difference Pressure: 差压DPIC: Differential PressureIndicating Controller压差指示控制器DPT: Differential PressureTransmitter 压差变送器DRN:Drain: 疏水DV Drain Valve:: 疏水阀DC Direct Current: 直流电DSH: Desuperheater: 减温器DCA: Drain Cooler Approach: 疏水冷却器通道DEAER Deaerator: 除氧器DEV: Deviation: 偏差DIFFRLY: Differential Relay: 差动继电器DISCH VLV :Discharge Valve 排放阀DIST: Disturbance:: 故障、扰动DSCH: Discharge: 排出ECON: Economizer:: 省煤器EP Electrical Static Precipitator: 静电除尘器ECC Eccentricity :: 偏心EFF Efficiency: 效率EHC Electric Hydraulic Control: 电液控制EO Electric Operate: 电气操作EQ Equipment: 设备ER Error: 误差ES :Extraction System 抽气系统ESC Escape: 逃逸、超出ESS Engineering Safety System: 保安系统EU Engineering Unit : 工程单位EXH Exhaust: 排汽EXT Extract: 抽出FA :Fine Ash: 细灰FDR Feeder: 给料机FE :Flow Element:: 流量元件FI :Flow Indicator:: 流量指示件FDBK: Feedback: 反馈FITG Fitting: 连接件FLW Flow 流量FO :Fail Open: 故障时自动打开FT: Flow Totalizer: 流量累加器FT :Flow transmitter: 流量变送器FV :Flow Control Valve 流量控制阀FY :Flow Relay or Valve 流量传送器FA: Failure Alarm: 故障报警FD :Forced Draft : 强制通风FDF Forced Draft Fan: 送风机FIC :Flow Indicate Controller: 流量指示控制器 FLT :Flash Tank : 扩容箱FLD :Field 磁场FLG :Flange: 法兰FLM Flame: 火焰FWH Feed Water Heater 给水加热器FO :Fuel Oil: 燃油FREQ Frequency: 频率FURN Furnace: 炉膛GLD Gland: 密封GRDR Grinder: 碎渣机GND Grounding: 接地GC :Generator Cooling: 发电机冷却GESE Gland Steam Condenser Exhauster: 轴加风机GMT Generator Main Trandformer: 发电机变压器 GRAD Grandient: 梯度GS :Gland Steam: 轴封蒸汽GSC :Gland Steam Condenser: 轴封加热器 GV :Governor Valve: 高压调门H ::Heat Conservation 保温HS: Hand Switch:: 手动开关HTR Heater: 加热器HV: Hand Control Valve: 手动控制器HY: Hand Relay or Transducer 手动继电器(转换器) H :Hand: 手动的HB :Heat Balance: 热平衡HD :Heater Drain:: 加热器疏水HDR :Header: 联箱HL ::Heat Loss: 热损失HMDY Humidity: 湿度HPH: High Pressure Heater: 高压加热器HPR :Hooper: 漏斗HPT :High Pressure Turbine: 高压汽机HR: Hot Reheat: 再热器热段HR: Heat Rate: 热耗率HSV: Hot Reheat Safety Valve: 再热器热段安全阀HVAC :HeatingVentilation & AirConditioning:: 暖通 HW :Hotwell:热井HV ::Hand Control Valve: 手动控制器 HYD :Hydraulic: 液力的INTLK :Interlock : 联锁IC :Instrument and Control:: 仪表与控制(热工) ICV ::InrtermediateControl Valve 中压控制阀ID :Induced Draft 抽风,引风IDF ::Induced Draft Fan: 引风机IGN ::Ignition: 点火装置INLT :Inlet: 入口IPR ::Initial Pressure: 初压INST :Instrument: 仪表INVR :Inverter: 逆变器I /O:: Input/Output 输入 / 输出IP :Intermediate Pressure: 中压ISV ::Intermediate Pressure Turbine Steam Valve: 中压缸进汽阀JP :Jet Pump: 喷射器LG :Level Gauge 液位计LVL ::Level: 水位,液位LA :Level Alarm: 液位报警LIM(LMIR): Limiter: 限制器LKG:: Leakage:: 泄漏LP :Low Pressure 低压L.P :Low Point : 低位LPH: Low Pressure Heater: 低压加热器LSH: Local Switch Hand: 就地开关LUB: Lubricating Oil: 润滑油M :Mechanical: 机械M :Motor: 马达MAG:: Magnetic: : 磁性MOD ::Mode: 方式 :M/A :Manual/Automatic: 手动 / 自动 MAN ::Manual :: 手动MARG: Margin:: 裕量MAX ::Maximum: 最大的,最大值的MCR ::Maximum Continuous Rating最大连续出力 MCV:: Main ControlValve: 主控制阀MD :Modulation Damper: 调节挡板MDBFP: Motor Driven BoilerFeedwater Pump: 电动给水泵MEAS ::Measure : 测量MFT: Master Fuel Trip: 主燃料跳闸MIN :Minimum: 最小的MKUP (MU) Make-up: 补充ML :Mill: 磨煤机MN :Main: 主要的M.O. :Manual Operation: 手操MPT :Main Power Transformer: 主变压器MS :Main Steam 主蒸汽MSV :Main Steam Valve: 主汽阀NOZ: Nozzle: 喷嘴NPSH :Net Pump Suction Head: 泵的静吸压头OL: Overload: 过载OLR :Overload Relay: 过载继电器OPER :Operation: 运行OSC :Oscillograph: 示波器OTLT: Outlet: 出口PA: Primary Air: 一次风PAF :Primary Air Fan: 一次风机PAH :Pressure Alarm High: 高压报警PAL :Pressure Alarm Low: 低压报警PB: Push Button 按钮PC :Power Centre: 动力中心PC: Pressure Controller: 压力控制器P.C. :Pressure Control: 压力控制PCP :Precipitator 除尘器PCV :Pressure Control Valve:: 压力控制阀PDI :PressureDifferential Indication: 差压指示PDT :Pressure DifferentialTrandsmitter: 差压变送器PED :Pdestal:: 轴承座PERF CALC PerformanceCalculation:: 性能计算 PF: PowerFactor 功率因数PHTR: Preheater: 预热器PMP :Pump: 泵PNEU :Pneumatic: 气动的PR: Pressure Recorder: 压力记录计PRG :Purge: 吹扫PRV :Pressure Relief Valve: 泄压阀PRO :Protection: 保护PROGR:: Program: 程序PT: Pressure Transmitter: 压力变送器PULV: Pulverizer: 磨煤机PVSV :Pressure Vacuum Safety Valve压力真空安全阀 PW: Plant Water 厂用水PY: Pressure Relay: 压力继电器QA: Quality:: 质量,性能RB: Run Back: 快速降负荷RCV :Recovering: 回收RECIRC:: Recirculation 再循环RECT :Rectifier: 整流器RET :Return: 返回RH: Reheater: 再热器RO: Restriction Orifice: 节流孔板ROT :Rotor: 转子RTU :Remote Telemetry Unit:: 遥测装置 SA :Secondary Air: 二次风SAT: Saturate: 饱和的SC :Steam Coil Air Heater:: 暖风器SCAV :Scavenge: 吹扫SD: Shut-off Damper: 关断挡板 : Shut-Down 停机SEP :Separator 分离器SG: Switchgear 开关装置SH: Superheater: 过热器SLS :Seals:: 密封SO: Shut Off: 关闭SPD :Speed: 转速SPRA: Spray: 喷水SPT :Support: 支持 :ST: Start: 启动,开始STD-BY :Stand By: 备用ST: System:: 系统STM :Steam: 蒸汽STR: Stator:: 定子STRNR: Strainer: 滤器SU: Start Up: 启动SV: Solenoid Valve: 电磁阀SUCT: Suction: 吸入SW: Switch: 开关 :Steam Water: 汽水SBLWR: Soot Blower 吹灰器TBFP Turbine Drive BoilerFeedwater Pump 汽泵TCV :Temperature Control Valve 温度控制T.B.: Transfer Damper: 转换挡板TE: Temperature Element: 温度元件TG: Turbine-generator: 汽轮发电机Turbine-gear: Turbine-gear: 汽机盘车 THERM :Thermal 热力的TMS: Turbine Master System: 汽机主控系统 TRANS :Transfer: 转换TRBL: Trouble: 故障TRKG: Tracking: 跟踪TT: Temperature Transmitter: 温度变送器TTD: Terminal Temperature Difference: 温度端差TW: Thermowell: 热电偶套管UAM :Unit Automatic Master: 机组自动系统VAC: Vacuum: 真空VAL: Value: 数值VB: Vibration 振动 VLV: Valve: 阀门WH: Watthour 瓦小时WP: Working Point: 工作点WW: Water Wall 水冷壁WX: Watt Transducer: 功率转换器COVER :Crossover 切换管CV: Control Valve: 控制阀英汉对照表A/H : AUTOMATION/HAND : 自动 /手动 ;A/M : AUTOMATION/MANUAL: 自动 /手动 ;ALARM 报警 ;AUX : AUXILIARY :: 辅助 ;BYPASS 旁路CLOSE 关(状态,常指阀门) ;CODE: 代码;编码COLD START — UP: 冷态启动COMPUTER : 计算机CURVE , LINE: 曲线,线DATA: 数据;文件;资料DECREAS : 减少DESK: 台,桌DIGIT: 数字DISK: 磁盘DYNAMIC ; DYNAMICAL: 动态F : FLOW 流量 ;FAST: 快FIGURE: 图示HIGH: 高HOT START — UP: 热态启动I&C :INSTRUMENT AND CONTROL 仪表与控制INCREAS: 增加INDICATION ; DISPLAY : 指示;显示 ;INLET 入口 ;INPUT 输入 ;INTERMEDIATE 中KEYBOARD: 键盘KW : KILOWATT 千瓦L : LOAD 负荷,负载 ;LOC : LOCAL : 就地LOW: 低MCS :MANAGMENT COMMAND SYSTEM 管理命令系统MODE : 方式,模式MW : MEGAWATT 兆瓦NORMAL: 正常OFF : 关(状态) ;ON : 开(状态) ;OPEN: 开 ( 状态,常指阀门 ); OPERATE : 运行;操作 ; OUTLET 出口 ; OUTPUT 输出 ;P : PRESSURE: 压力 ;PANEL 盘PARAMETER : 参数PIPE ; TUBE: 管道,管子PLANT: 厂,站POWER: 功率,电源 ;PRINT: 打印R : RATE : 比率,速率 ;R : RESISTANCE: 电阻 ;REM : REMOTE : 摇控 ;RESET 复位ROOM : 室RPM:: 转 / 分 ;S : SPEED 速度 ;SELECT 选择SET POINT 设定点SHUTDOWN : 停机 ;SIDE (某)侧,边 ;SILENCER 消音器SLOW : 慢STAND BY: 备用 ;START : 启动 ;STARTUP : 起动;启动 ;STATIC 静态STATION 站STOP: 停止 ;SYMBOL 符号SYSTEM: 系统T : TEMPERATURE:: 温度 ;TEST: 试验 ;TRANSMITTIER;TRANSDUCER: 变送器;传感器TRIP 跳闸 ;TRIP ACKNOW: 跳闸确认UNAVAIL 不允许 ( 不能投用的 ) UNIT : 单元、机组VALVE 阀门WARM START — UP: 温态启动ZOOM: 摄像机镜头锅炉部分ACTUAL MEGAWATT: 有功AIR DRAFT SEQUENCE: : 风机程序控制(顺控)AIR HEATER A MOTER: 空预器马达A AIR HEATER LOC/REM SELECT: 空预器就地 / 遥控选择AIR HEATER MOTOR LEAD: 空预器马达选择AIR HTR A SEC AIR OUT TEM 空预器 A二次风出口温度AIR PREHEATER: 空预器AIR SVCE SUPPLY: 服务空气ALARM LIMITS: :: 报警限制ALL AIR HTRS RUNNING 各空预器运行ALL PULV GRP SHUTDOWN 所有磨组停运ASH — HOPPER: : 灰斗ATTEMPERATOR: : 减温器AUX .ST: SPLY FOR ATOMIZ 辅助蒸汽供雾化蒸汽BOIL MILL A BNR MET TEMP 炉 A 磨组喷燃器金属温度BOIL MILL A GR1 WDBOX PR 炉 A 磨组第一组风箱压力BOILER AIR REQUIRED 锅炉风量需求( >30% )BOILER EFFLUENT STORAGE: POOL 锅炉废水池BOILER FOLLOW MODE: 炉跟随方式BOILER MASTER: 锅炉主控器BOILER TRIP RESET: : 锅炉跳闸复位BOILER: 锅炉BURNNER: : 燃烧器CHIMNEY ; STACK:: : 烟囱CLEAN: 清扫COAL BANKER: :: 煤仓COAL FEEDER : 给煤机COMBUSTION : 燃烧CONVEYOR: 皮带机COORDINATE MODE 协调方式CRUSHER: 破碎机DECR/INCR PRESS AT FIX LOAD:: 固定负荷方式增减压力DOWM COMER:: 下降管DRAIN & VENT: 疏水和排气ECONOMIZER : 省煤器EITHER FAN RUNNING : 任一风机运行EITHER ID FAN RUNNING 任一吸风机运行ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR : 静电除尘器FD FAN A FLOW:: A 送风机流量FD FAN/ID FAN A CONT DAMPER A 送 /吸风机控制挡板FEED WATER FLOW: 给水流量FEEDER LOCAL SELECT: 给煤机就地控制选择FEEDER REMOTE SELECT: 给煤机遥控选择FLUE GAS: 烟气FORCED DRAFT FAN : 送风机FUEL GAS ID FAN A OUTLET PRESS A 吸风机出口压力FURNACE PRESS: 炉膛压力FURNACE: 炉膛GAS COAL: :: 烟煤HEADER : 联箱、母管IGNITOR: : 点火器,油枪INDUCED DRAFT FAN : 引风机INDUCED&FORCED DRAFTS: 吸送风机INITIATE: 启动、引燃、激发、触发ISOLATION: 隔离;绝缘LFO .DISCH .PRESS : 轻油出口压力LIGHT OIL SEL GRP 1: 第一组轻油枪选择LIGHT OIL: 轻油LUB OIL PUMP:: 润滑油泵MAIN STEAM STOP VLV: 主蒸汽截止阀MAIN STEAM TEMP/PRESSURE/FLOW主汽温度 / 压力 / 流量MAINTAINED IGNITORS PULVERIZER A:磨煤机A油枪操作MANUAL LOAD SET/RATE:手动负荷设定/ 负荷率MANUAL MODE: 手动方式MANUAL THROTTEL PRESS SET POINT:手动节流压力设定值MILL A GROUP MASTER : A 磨组主控器MILL A LOAD: A 磨组负荷MILL A OUT TEMP CONT DAMPER : A 磨组出口温度控制挡板MIN MAX LOAD ( LIMITS ) : 最大最小负荷(限制)MMMC =MILLIMETER MERCURY ;MMH2O: 毫米汞柱;毫米水柱O 2 IN THE FUEL GAS 烟气含氧量OPEN/CLOSE SWING VLVS 摆阀开 / 关OPERATE MODE SELECT: 运行方式选择PENDANT: : 悬吊管PLATEN SPARY CONTROL VLVS SIDE A :屏过减温水 A 侧控制阀PLATEN SUPERHEATER: 屏过PRESSURE DIFFERENCE: 压差PRI AIR DUCT PRESS 一次风管压力PRI AIR FAN A CONT DAMPER: A 侧一次风机控制挡板PRI AIR FAN A OUTLET PRESS A 一次风机出口压力PRI AIR FLOW MILL A CONT DAMPER 磨组一次风控制挡板PRI/SEC AIR FLOW MILL A A 磨组一次 / 二次风流量PRIMARY AIR FAN: 一次风机PRIMARY AIR SEQUENCE: 一次风控制PULVERIZER : 磨煤机PULVERIZER EMERGENCE TRIP 磨煤机紧急跳闸PULVERIZER INERT MODE SELECT:磨煤机惰性方式选择PULVERIZER NORMAL MODE SELECT:磨煤机正常方式选择PULVERIZER SELECTION A :: 磨煤机A 选择PULVERIZER: M/A: SELECT 磨煤机手/ 自动选择PURGE 吹扫RH ; REHEATER: 再热器SAFETY VALVE:: 安全阀SCANNER BLOWERS: 火检吹扫器SEAL AIR FAN PRESS: 密封风机压力SEAL AIR FAN:: : 密封风机SEC AIR DUCT PRESS: 二次风管压力SEC AIR FLOW MILL A CONT DAMPER A 磨组二次风流量控制挡板SEC SH OUT STEAM TEM 二级过热器出口蒸汽温度SEC SH SPARY CONT VLVS SIDE A 二级过热器减温水 A 侧控制阀SECONDARY SH INLET TEMP 二级过热器进口温度SECONDARY: AIR 二次风SH ; SUPERHEATER: : 过热器SH STEAM ELECTR VLV: 过热器电磁阀SH STEAM TEMP SET POINT:: 过热温度设定点SH/RH SPARY WATER STOP VLVS:: 过热器 / 再热器减温水截止阀SH/RH SPRAY CONTROL VLVS SELECT 过热器 / 再热器减温水控制阀选择SLIDING PRESS MODE: 滑压运行方式SOOT BLOWER: 吹灰器SPARK 火花,点火花SPEED CHANGE (NOT) PERMISSIVE: 速度切换(不)允许SPRAY : 喷水STACKER RECLAIMER :: 堆取料机START IGNITOR GRP 1: 第一组油枪点火STEAM DRUM: : 汽包STEAM 蒸汽STONE COAL: 无烟煤STOP IGNITORS GRP 1: 第一组油枪停止STOP/START FEEDER 给煤机停止 /启动STOP/START IGNITORS: 油枪停止/ 启动STOP/START MILL: 磨组停止 / 启动STOP/START PA FLOW: 一次风停止/ 启动STOP/START PULVERIZER 磨煤机停止 / 启动STOP/START SEQUENCE PULVERIZER A: 磨煤机 A 程序停止 / 启动THROTTLE PRESS:: 节流压力TRANSPORT AIR SEQUENCE 风量程序控制(顺控)TURB FIRST STAGE PRESS 汽机第一级( 调节级 ) 压力TURBINE FOLLOW MODE: 机跟随方式TURBINE MASTER: 汽机主控器TWIN FLOW AIR HTR A CONT VLV: : 双流式空预器控制阀UNLOADER: :: 卸煤机WATER 水WATERWALL: : 水冷壁汽机部分:EMERG OIL PUMP: 事故油泵CICR PMP DISCHARGE VLV: 循环泵出口阀1ST STAGE PRESS: 第一级压力ACTUAL MEGA WATT: : 实际负荷数AMS : ADMISSION: MODE SELECTION 进汽方式选择AUX STEAM HEADER: : 辅汽联箱AUX STEAM TEMP CONTROL: 辅汽温度控制AUX STM HEADER PRESS CONTROL VLV 辅汽联箱压力控制阀BALANCE: : 平衡BEARING BRASS:: 轴瓦BEARING: : 轴承BLADE 叶片BOILER FOLLOW MODE: 锅炉跟随方式BOOSTER FEED PUMP: 前置给水泵CICR WTR PUMP: 循环泵CIRCULATING PUMP: : 循环泵CIRCULATING: 循环CLOSED COOLING WATER: 闭式冷却水CLOSED COOLING WTR PUMP: 闭式冷却水泵CMPTR: : 计数器CONDENSATE PUMP: 凝泵CONDENSER AIR SUCTION VLV: 凝汽器抽空气阀CONDENSER HOT WELL: : 热井CONDENSER LEVEL CONTROL VLV: 凝汽器水位控制阀CONDENSER: 凝汽器CONDS EXTR PUMP DISCH : 凝结水抽吸泵出口CONDS STOR TANK LEVEL: 凝结水储水箱水位COOLER: : 冷却器COOLNG WTR PUMP: 水冷泵COORDINATE MODE: : 协调方式CV : CONTROL VALVE 高压调门CYLINDER 、 CASING: 汽缸DEAERATOR LEVEL CONTROL VLV: 除氧器水位控制阀DEAERATOR: : 除氧器DECR PRESS AT FIX LOAD: 在负荷不变下减压DEMI WATER: 除盐水DISPATCH PARTICIPATION 调度(参与)指令DURM PRESSURE:: 汽包压力EJECTOR: 喷射器,抽气器EMERGENCY GOVERNOR 危急保安器EXHAUST: 排汽EXPANSION: 膨胀EXTR ST TO HP HTR 抽汽至高加EXTRACTION STEAM 抽汽FILTER: : 滤网FLANGE 法兰FUNCTION GROUP: 功能组FW CONTROL VALVE ' S BYPASS VLV: 给水控制阀的旁路阀FW FLOW 30% CONTROL VLV : 30% 给水控制阀FW FLOW MASTER CONTROL: 给水流量主控FW HP HTR DISCH TEMP: 给水高加出口温度FW PUMP RECIRCUL CONTROL VLV 给水泵循环控制阀FW VLV: 给水阀门GEARING: 盘车GOVERNOR: 调速器HP ATTEM PRESS CONTROL VLV: 高旁减温水压力控制阀HP ATTEMP BLOCK VLV: 高旁减温水闭锁阀HP BYPASS & HP ATTEMP VLVS: 高压旁路及减温水阀HP BYPASS PRESS CONTROL VLV 高旁压力控制阀HP BYPASS PRESS SET POINT: 高旁压力设定值HP BYPASS TEMP CONTROL VALVE 高旁温度控制阀HP&LP BYPASS COMMAND 高压及低压旁路指令HPH : HIGH PRESSURE HEATER : 高加HYDRAULIC OIL STATION PUMP: 液压油站泵INCR PRESS AT FIX LOAD: 在负荷不变下增压INT POS: 中间状态IV : INTERMEDIATE VALVE 中压联合汽门JACKING OIL PUMP 顶轴油泵LP HTR STOP VLV 低加截止阀LP & HP BYPASS PRESS SIDE A 低压或高压旁路A侧压力LP & HP BYPASS TEMP SIDE A 低压或高压旁路A侧温度LPH : LOW PRESSURE HEATER: 低加LUBE OIL PUMP: 润滑油泵MAKE - UP WATER: 补给水MANUAL LOAD RATE 手动负荷率MANUAL LOAD SET 手动负荷设定MANUAL Throttle Press Set Point手动节流压力设定值MEASURE SELECTION 测量选择站MOP : MAIN OIL PUMP: 主油泵MOTOR DRIVEN FEED WATER PUMP 电动给水泵MSV : MAIN STOP VALVE: 主汽阀NOZZLE 喷嘴OIL PURIFIER: 净油器OIL STORAGE TANK : 储油箱OPERATE MANUAL MODE: 手动方式OPERATE MODE SELECT: 运行方式选择PILOT VALVE: 错油门PLATEN SH INLET TEMP SIDE A: A侧屏过入口温度PRIMARY SH STOP VALVE: 一级过热器截止阀PUMP A DISCH PRESS : A 泵出口压力RH SPRAY BLOCK VLVSTRIP INIT 再热器喷水闭锁阀跳闸启动RH SPRAY WTR STOP VLVS: 再热器喷水截止阀。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院:能源与机械工程学院专业:热能与动力工程姓名:学号:外文出处:Thermal load deviation model for superheater and reheater of a utility boiler附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。
附件1:外文资料翻译译文电站锅炉的过热器和再热器的热偏差模型摘要:锅炉过热器和再热器的蒸汽温度产生的热偏差能严重影响其经济性及安全运行。
受热面热偏差是锅炉爆管事故的重要原因之一,约40%的电站强制断电都是由此导致的。
过热器和再热器的热偏差主要是在横向方向上。
这种变化在实验研究中很难实现。
在本文中,我们提出了一个热偏差模型是基于电厂热力学参数的热偏差理论和流量偏差理论的。
从我们模型的计算结果中发现其与实际测量的结果相符。
预测的锅炉爆管位置与无锡电厂的300MW电站锅炉再热器故障是相同的。
该模型也可以应用于不同的电站锅炉制造产品,并已成功地应用于锅炉爆管事故的预测和电站事故的预防。
1、介绍锅炉爆管事故往往发生在启机一段时间后运行中的电站锅炉过热器和再热器中,这对电站锅炉的经济性和安全性都有很大程度的影响。
通过观察发电站强制停运的约40%的原因都是锅炉爆管事故。
因此,锅炉爆管事故一直是电站锅炉强制停运的最大原因之一。
即使在美国,锅炉过热器与再热器管故障问题也是电站锅炉停运的首要因素。
消除锅炉爆管事故一年可以节省电力行业约5亿美元的资金。
据观察BTF(锅炉爆管事故)经常发生在同一锅炉部位的同一管段的同一材料部分。
为此,为了预防锅炉管事故,已经在锅炉制造及锅炉研发等方面做出了很大的努力。
电站锅炉在设计中横向方向上的缺陷是导致过热器和再热器爆管故障的主要原因。
例如,中国上海锅炉厂利用最近的(ABB-CE)专利技术设计制造的石横电厂1025t/h的蒸汽容量第五期电站锅炉。
该锅炉1987年6月30日开始商业化运行。
于1989年9月28日发生爆管事故,事故部位在过热器的锅炉管接头左手侧第55行最后阶段的焊接处。
此次锅炉爆管事故蒸汽流量图见图1。
1990年4月1日在同一位置又一次发生事故。
在另一种情况下,中国哈尔滨锅炉厂利用ABB-CE的最新的专利技术设计建立了第一个拥有评估工具的600MW平圩电厂锅炉。
此电站锅炉再热器管中的蒸汽温度偏差从左侧检测到右侧的范围为20-40℃(图1,编者注)。
其结果是蒸汽温度不能满足设计的要求,并影响电厂的安全和经济运行。
1992年8月10日在此设备的单独一个管上发生了爆管事故。
第三种情况,1988年9月23日,从日本进口的宝山钢铁公司电站锅炉也在经历着爆管事故。
事故发生位置是第五行右侧低焊接接头部位,并且原因是长期过热。
图1.无锡电厂300MW电站锅炉再热器蒸汽流程图值得提及的是,大部分的大容量电站锅炉使用的是四角切圆燃烧系统。
这种系统的主要优点是可以适应多样煤种,系统的高燃烧效率,稳定的热性能和低排放,这些都是四角切圆燃烧方式的固有优势。
这种类型的燃烧系统中,在炉膛内形成旋转型火焰并提供给每个炉壁均匀的热能,独立的单位负载及燃料输入。
切向燃烧锅炉所特有的功能是调节炉内蒸汽温度控制热量吸收,这是由倾斜喷嘴组件自动上下实现的。
因此过热器和再热器的温度偏差可以控制在对电厂热效率影响达到最小。
燃煤锅炉是与其他炉膛相比热吸收率和热利用率较高的一种。
它能够保证煤粉的完全燃烧以及最大的停留时间。
但是,四角切圆燃烧系统强劲的热负荷使涡紊流分布在水平气体通道中,从而增加了热负荷偏差。
随着大容量电站锅炉的发展,在高温高压的条件下操作,其结果是会提高锅炉横向方向上与水平方向上烟道的热偏差。
尽管四角切圆式燃烧系统有很多的有优点,但其具有的热偏差并不能完全消除。
为此随着其可用性的提高,这里提出了一个改进模型,对锅炉各管进行了设计变更,用以减轻热偏差的严重程度。
通过对许多电站锅炉过热器和再热器的的试验测量,其热偏差约在 1.15-1.25范围内。
实用程序中的四角切圆燃烧系统锅炉的热偏差分布几乎是相同的,基于ABB-CE计算标准,沿烟道横向方向上的最大热偏差取为1.12,其中包括各行之间的流量偏差。
图2.300MW电站锅炉流程图在本文中,我们提出了一个模型,是基于电厂热负荷偏差在现场的热力学参数、热偏差理论和流量偏差理论的。
该模型已被用于电站锅炉的设计,在设计阶段,预测可能出现的故障,并评估现有的设计。
该模型还可以用到不同类型的电站锅炉,并且已经成功的应用在电站锅炉爆管时间的预测和预防上。
在设计阶段,可以评估锅炉是否存在爆管风险,而并不能做任何避免这种情况的更改。
该模型可以识别某位置的最大温度偏差。
这里提到的ABB-CE计算标准只能识别最大温度偏差,但不能预测这个最大偏差的位置而且其最大热偏差小于试验测量值。
因此,提出此模型是非常必要的。
2、数学模型此电站锅炉过热器与再热器管系统的沿横向方向是平行布置的,示于图1-3。
此管系统是复杂的,并且其结构还取决于锅炉设计的实用程序类型。
文献[12,13]中提出了复杂的外表面转移的加热管热偏差理论计算。
介绍了锅炉过热器和再热器存在的几个不同的热传递模式,它包括前室气体辐射、后室气体辐射、管束辐射和对流热传递,示于图3。
将加热管分为不同的组,例如,第一和最后一个观众的流动方向、悬管、接触管、中间管和不同的间隔管。
在此模型中,每个管被划分在不同的锅炉管段。
文献[12]提出了流量偏差理论,用以解决复杂的锅炉管流速分布系统的热偏差。
图2为300MW电站锅炉的流程图。
再热器的每个管管排布置在图中也有详细指示。
图3也显示出蒸汽和烟气的方向。
图1是无锡电厂300MW电站锅炉再热器的蒸汽流量方向示意图。
图3.再热器最终管板与管排布置蒸汽入口和出口端口的分配集流管和三通接头收集数据图中也有显示。
从再热器的蒸汽流入的分配头通过四个三通接头。
从分配集流管的管子被分在再热器管列管组,示于图1,2. 一个管列的再热器分为两列管列。
最后的再热器加热管管行由60个管组装,示于图1,3此管组蒸汽流量与其他电站锅炉系统有所不同,流量结果与其他一些管相比较低。
里外管组过度过热可能导致水冷壁温高于可接受的范围,导致管烧坏。
热负荷模拟模型流程图提出的计算方法示于图4.热偏差模型包括三个部分,即模型的结构偏差、流量偏差、热负荷偏差。
通过电站锅炉数据库文件的帮助,结构偏差模型是用来描述过热器和再热器实际结构,并用于计算的结构偏差。
流量偏差模型模拟的是力量和每个锅炉管所吸收的热量。
热偏差模型用于计算管子外表面吸收的热量。
通过以下方式获得热风和偏差,一个迭代过程基础上的三个模型和原位数据。
2.1热偏差数学模型热偏差是加热管/行的焓升与过热器和再热器管平均焓升的比值。
热偏差系数ζ被表示为一个函数的热偏差系数th η,结构偏差系数st η,和流量偏差系数fl η如下: flst th av av avav av av G G F F q q G G Q Q i i ηηηζ⨯=⨯=⨯=∆∆= (1)图4.模拟计算算法流程图基于热偏差理论将每个锅炉管分为数段。
每个管段保持一个能量平衡,例如,一个管段A 吸收的总能量a Q 通过能量平衡计算前气室吸收的总辐射能量a fr Q ,后气室吸收的辐射能量a rr Q ,管束辐射能量a mr Q ,和管束对流热量a mc Q 。
a mc a mr a fr a Q Q Q Q ++= (2)前烟气室管段A 吸收的辐射能量afr Q :a a fr a fr fr fr l a fr a fr F q xf s l q Q ⨯⨯=⨯⨯⨯⨯=ξτ (3)后烟气室管段A 吸收的辐射能量,a mr Q ,被定义为:a a rr a rr rr rr l a mr a mr F q xf s l q Q ⨯⨯=⨯⨯⨯⨯=ξτ (4)管段A 的管束辐射能量,a mr Q ,被定义为:a a mr a mr a mr a mr F a xf s l q Q ⨯⨯=⨯⨯⨯=ξ22 (5)管段A 的管束对流换热能量,a mc Q ,被定义为如下式子:a a mc a mc a mc a mc F q l d q Q ⨯⨯=⨯⨯⨯=ξπ (6) 管段A 所吸收的总能量,a Q ,可以通过它们的和表示:a mc a mc a mr a mr a rr a rr a fr a fr a a mc a mr a a fr a q q q q F Q Q Q Q Q ξξξξττ⨯+⨯+⨯+⨯⨯=+++=( (7)热偏差在水平和垂直方向上的能量a wh Q 用热偏差系数w th η定义,在垂直方向上的热偏差系数如下:a h th w th a wh Q Q ⨯⨯=,,ηη)(,,a mc a mc a mr a mr a rr a rr a fr afr a h th w th q q q q F ξξξξηη⨯+⨯+⨯+⨯⨯⨯⨯= (8)考虑到计算出的管段温度的不同,并且平均直径的不同,为保证计算管段A 吸收总热量的质量,式子可改写如下:h th w th ava wh a tot t t Q Q ,,ηη⨯=∆∆⨯= av a mc a mc a mr a mr a rr a rr a fr a fr a t t q q q q F ∆∆⨯⨯+⨯+⨯+⨯⨯⨯)(ξξξξ (9) 每个管吸收的总能量如下表示:∑==++++=ni i tot d totc tot b tot a tot tot Q Q Q Q Q Q 1... (10) 其中将不同管段分为A ,B ,C ...等。
图5.300MW 电站锅炉再热器出口外墙金属温度分布图2.2热偏差的因素表1示出了管束辐射传热偏差,以及前后烟气室对流换热偏差的影响因素。
⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+=-5.022212201cos 12s d s d s d d S E (11) 2.3流量偏差的数学模型根据流量偏差理论,在Z 型排列的分配集流管中的x 位置,静态压力用x d p ,表示,见如下式子:()[]()[]⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧-----=32,11311176.0x x H p d d x d α (12) Z 型布置的过热器管顶部任意位置x 的静压分布被定义为:()[]()[]⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧--+--=32,1131112x x H p c c x c α (13) 假设一复杂的过热器系统由n 行管头构成,其流量偏差及计算方程如下: 2111,1,G k p p c d ⨯=-..2,,i i i c i d G k p p ⨯=-..2,,n n n c n d G k p p ⨯=-∑==ni i G G 1 (14)其中i c i d p p ,,-是分配集流管合采集管的第i 个管排的压力,2i i G k ⨯是第i 个管排的压降。