The positive functions of ambiguity in language

不完备法律（上）—一种概念性分析框架及其在金融市场监管发展中的应用①卡塔琳娜·皮斯托②许成钢111不完备性对立法和执法制度的设计有深刻的影响。

法律不完备时，剩余立法权及执法权的分配方式会影响执法的有效性。

在不完备法律下，对立法及执法权最优分配的分析，集中于可能作为立法者的立法机构、监管者和法庭，以及可能作为执法者的监管者和法庭。

我们认为，剩余立法权及执法权的最优分配取决于法律不完备性的程度及性质，对导致损害的行为进行标准化的能力，以及此种行为产生的预期损害和外部性的大小。

在高度不完备的法律下，如果损害行为能加以标准化，并且该行为继续下去会产生大量的外部性，此时监管者优于法庭。

重大的证券欺诈导致投资者对金融市场丧失信心便是一例。

除此之外，由法庭拥有立法及执法权是最优的。

这类例子包括公司法中有关信义义务原则的判决。

我们用这一框架分析了19世纪中期之后英国金融市场监管的发展，同时参考了美国及德国的发展。

这些用于比较的证据显示，在这三个国家，金融市场监管者都是为了解决高度不完备法律下司法机构执法效率低下问题而出现的。

第一部分导言本文提出了一种分析框架以解释和评估立法及执法权在不同机构间的分配。

我们从一种简单的观察现象开始我们的论述，即在当今复杂的法律体系内，立法及执法权是由不同的机构行使的。

①尤其是，我们注意到，在许多法律领域内（虽然并非全部领域），除法庭之外，监管者是主要的立法和执法者。

尽管立法、行政、司法三权分立作为一种原则已经得到确认，但很多情况下，立法及执法权常由同一个机构来行使。

②112比较（第三辑）Comparative Studies将要论述，不完备法律理论有助于解释为何立法及执法权会扩散到立法者和法庭之外，尤其有助于解释，在如今大部分经济体中，为何监管者会充当如此重要的立法及执法者的双重角色。

同时，该理论还解释了在特定领域内不存在监管者的原因。

一言以蔽之，我们提出了在法律内在不完备的前提下立法及执法权最优分配的理论。

新视野大学英语(第三版)读写教程第三册习题及答案Unit 11.Most cities in the country have introduced “Clean Air Zones”whereby factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.2.He knows that the pursuit of social status can consume vast amounts of his time and effort.3.The doctors are at a loss because so far no medicine has been found to inhibit the spread of the disease.4.We see many special education directors trying to maintain the quality of their programs with much less money and much smaller staff.5.People there are told it is their patriotic duty to support the national economy by buying their own products.6.Darwin’s thinking both drew upon and transcended the conventional ideas of his time.7.In spite of all your endeavors , there may be times when you encounter difficulties in the training process.8.My advice to Mr. Stewart is to think carefully before entering into a career in medicine, as this is a field which requires a lot of dedication and long working hours.9.Most Chinese parents would prefer to choose some professions that are stable and could bring prestige and economic benefits.10. It’s legally possible for an elderly person to nominate someone to act for them, should they become incapable of looking after themselves.Unit 21.Kids are more likely to intervene in a situation if they believe their parents expect them to help.2.The first lesson I learned as a newcomer for the company was never to underestimate the degree of difficulty I would face in career advancement.3.Just as I started to think that I was never going to get well, the illness began to recede .4.Whatever the decision is, I would like you to know that your department is my first choice and I deem it a great honor if I could study in your department.5.During one particularly bleak moment in my career, a senior colleague of mind said to me, “If you follow your dreams, the money will come. Follow the money, and you’ll lose your dreams.”6.Unless we can find a way to appraise nature and then invest in protecting it, our basic life-support systems are going to collapse.7.The blizzard(暴风雪) moved south, turning into an icy rain that paralyzed the airports for three days.8.In this introduction we have diagnosed some of the causes of the illness and, in the following chapters, we will draw attention to its various unpleasant symptoms.9.In those days, divorce under any circumstances was socially unacceptable and there was great dismay in the family who went through it.10.Every time she talked about being rejected in her hunt for a job, she seemed on the brink of tears, and I would quickly switch the conversation to another topic.Unit 31.As a number of authors point out, the urge to migrate is a(n) integral part of human nature.2.Children should be allowed to cherish those few years of innocence before they have to learn the truth about the real world.3.He has been afflicted by a horrible disease, from which one of his best friends died two weeks ago.4.The results of the survey are noteworthy and useful despite being from a small sample.5.The director said that they needed a young actress who could portray someone who was both unbalanced and confident at the same time.6.Praise must be used wisely to compliment students who perform up to expectations and to and to encourage students to perform to maximum levels.7.In the domain of research, it is an accepted fact that scientific publications have to be written or translated into English to get published, acknowledged, and cited.8.He received a(n) anonymous call threatening to disclose details of his affair if he didn’t pay the money.9.The movie presents Lincoln as a strong-willed, conscientious man who led the US through a moral, constitutional and political crisis.10.It is understandable that the health and welfare of their family is a(n) perpetual concern for this young couple.Unit 41.Although secondary education is compulsory, parents are not required to send their children to state schools.2.The economic situation has been worsening, causing economists to contemplate whether the present policies are sustainable.3.He was found guilty and was imprisoned in the Tower of London, where he died very quickly, aged only 47.4.It is obvious that the future of the Internet is to globalize more and more areas of the world, and that e-commerce and e-entertainment are going to go for more and more markets.5.However, your current losses should soon be offset by gains; the fund will producea positive return of percent over a nine-month period.6.Because she was so tall and slim, all the clothes looked marvelous on her and the other girls would groan their envy.7.This can be a helpful approach in discussion-someone may regard you as stubborn since you never want to change your mind, whereas you see yourself as determined.8.On weekends, the school parking lot is almost empty except that a few cars cluster near the entrance.9.In the photographer’s finest pictures there is also a degree of ambiguity, whichallows them to be interpreted in a variety of ways.10.Tim stretched out a hand in apology for his thoughtless remarks and was consoled by a firm handshake from Mark.Unit 51.The general considered all the information that had been gathered and gauged what possible moves the enemy might make before issuing his orders.2.The new president said she would dedicate herself to protecting the rights of the old and the homeless, who are otherwise helpless and vulnerable.3.Cell phone conversations, which are fairly commonplace on commuter trains, can be annoying to fellow commuters.4.Ask your doctor whether a low-fat diet and a daily walk will suffice to reduce your high blood pressure.5.The revenue from tourism is the biggest single contribution to GDP in the Maldives; every year many tourists from all corners of the world spend their holidays there.6.Since the beginning of this century, China has built many modern conference centers with underground parking, air-conditioning and simultaneous translation systems.7.While advertising offers a stimulus(刺激) to buy, sales promotion offers a(n) incentive to buy, but consumers must have their own reason to buy.8.In general, smokers living in cities are slightly more prone to lung cancer than smokers who are living in the country.9.A large proportion of important innovations are brought about by people who step outside of conventional categories or traditional assumptions.10.The habit of going to coffee houses was fostered by the city’s relatively small size, safe streets, good public transportation, and moderate climate.Unit 11.When Francis got back after Easter, he was far behind his classmates and he wasremoved from the second into the third class at his own desire.2.The president acknowledged that he had somehow failed in his ability to communicate to the American people.3.Unfortunately, as history has shown, some of the companies are guilty of misconduct in the pursuit of profit.4.The ship deviated from the agreed voyage and arrived about 10 days late and in the meantime the price of sugar had fallen and the merchants lost over ￡4,000.5.Because the transcript is still under seal, the law precludes them from reading and discussing the evidence in detail.6.In carrying out the plan we are likely to come across difficulties, but we are determined to triumph over them all.7.Without increasing investment in education, it will be increasingly difficult for low-income people to work their way into the middle class.8.All the passengers in the plane that crashed in the middle of the Andes Mountains a week ago were written off as dead.Unit 21.When the bus pulled to a stop and I got off, I was relieved because I had finished school and I had the weekend ahead of me to enjoy myself.2.When my car crashed into the big tree, I could feel the blood draining from my face and I wondered whether I was about to black out.3.All kinds of questions concerning the soaring housing price begin to pop up on cable television and the blogosphere(博客圈) .4.The soldiers’ rapid march was stopped short by the general’s command; they were uncertain whether to go back or forward.5.A car crashed into the side of a house after the drive lost control and plowed through a hedge(树篱).6.Charles reappeared, after half an hour’s absence, and threw himself into an armchair, where he lay back for some time with his eyes shut.7.No special equipment is needed other than inspiring, motivating music that you can dance passionately to and let yourself go.8.As her door began to open, she grabbed for the telephone, and then dropped the receiver as Luke walked in.Unit 31.Clearly, most of the students there are full-time workers who would not otherwise have been able to embark on sustained further study.2.The court ruled that this man be deprived of his political rights for a further four years after he has served his 13-year sentence.3.I would love to have kids. I would turn down an Oscar to see my boy at a baseball game or my girl at a song recital.4.Richard was finally released on February 4, one year and six weeks after he’d been taken captive.5.She hoped Vincent would understand that her life had not been empty, because her love would live on.6.All people, whether they be rich or poor, strong or weak, privileged or deprived, are interdependent, and share in the common task of seeking to achieve mankind’s full potential.7.In September 1944 he was able to return to his academic duties, but soon after the war ended he was stricken by a serious illness and did relatively little research thereafter(从那以后).8.She retired from the company where she has led by example and been a source of encouragement to others.Unit 41.Virginia was a perfectionist. She was just not prepared to settle for anything that was second best.2.He could be quite casual in his attitude to his wife’s anxiety, and more often than not failed to let her know when he would be back from a business trip.3.“You’ll kill yourself with those things”, Arty said in a tone i n which disappointment was mingled with disgust.4.Thanks to modern transportation, agricultural products in these remote mountainous regions can also be traded for other goods.5.As the market was saturated with a wide variety of goods, the economy became more balanced and the competition forced the prices down.6.Going with the flow doesn’t mean that we don’t know where we’re going; it meansthat we are open to multiple ways of getting there.7.The athlete had been endowed with long legs and a persistent temperament so he was very successful.8.The wrongly accused man asked for extra compensation to made up for the street he had suffered during the case.Unit 51.The result of this experiment do not correlate with those of the studies that the team of scientists had conducted previously.2.It was a moment of overwhelming excitement when Steve was given the first prize; Tiffany couldn’t refrain from hugging and kissing him.3.As we count down to tonight’s presidential debate, it’s time to go over the political agendas which the candidates are trying to promote.4.She spent the next 10 years taking in washing, slaving away to pay back the money they had borrowed from the bank.5.Indeed, it seems that the upward shift in the rate of economic growth in the mid-1990s coincided with a sudden, substantial,and rapid decline in the prices of computers.6.As Crawford contended with heartbreak in his private life, his career soared to greater heights than he could have ever dreamed of.7.I am assuming that you have adequate health insurance, but someone should be designated as successor to take over your financial and domestic affairs if you become unable to cope with them yourself.8.Formal consent for this new type of treatment was obtained from each patient and the study conform to our inst itution’s guidelines concerning medical ethics(伦理). Unit 1Where there is a will, there is a way. This proverb means that if you are really determined to do something, however difficult it might be, you will 1)F.eventually find a way to do it well. The2) point is that you must have the will to achieve success. Ninety percent of the failures that occur are due to the fact that there is no strong will involved. Many people simply say that they want something, but they do not make any 3) to achieve it. So, instead of getting it, they use the poorest excuse to explain the situation away.On many occasions, people tend to 4) every minute obstacle, making the objective impossible to attain. In reality, if they have the will to succeed, they can get rid of the 5) and achieve their goals.Only those with a(n) 6)N. committed and focused will and spirit can fight their way to final victory. Many a famous man has the same experience. They have 7)their prestige because they have had the will to 8)apparently insuperable (无法克服的) obstacles. Many artists, statesmen, writers and inventors have manged to succeed because they possess a fierce will, which has helped them to accomplish major 9)K. feats.Therefore, we can see that the main thing which one needs is a strong will. Weak-willed people never climb to the top. They collapse at the 10) use of force against them. Strong-willed people, on the other hand will stand up against all odds and will make it a point to succeed.Unit 2实现中华民族伟大复兴（rejuvenation）是近代以来中国人民最伟大的梦想，我们称之为“中国梦”，其基本内涵是实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福。

AAdvantagesThe part of the affirmative case about policies that demonstrates the positive effects of the affirmative’s plan.AmbiguityA fallacy of language that occurs when a word in an argument has two or more possible meanings and the listener has no means to determine adequately which meaning the arguer intends.AnalogyAn argument that supports associations between things based on their similarity or dissimilarity.Appeal to fearA fallacious argument that occurs when an arguer uses irrelevant appeals to fear to take the focus off the arguer’s original argument.Appeal to popularityA fallacious argument that occurs when a debater uses the popularity of a person, product, or belief to justify a favorable conclusion about that person, product, or belief.Appeal to traditionA fallacious argument made when a debater argues in favor of a particular action on the grounds of tradition rather than on the basis of that action’s merits.ArgumentA controversial statement, frequently called a claim, supported by evidence and a warrant. The standards of a logically good argument include acceptability, relevance, and sufficiency.See also Standard of acceptability, Standard of relevance, standard of sufficiency.ArgumentationThe uniquely human use of reasoning to communicate.Argument ad hominemA fallacy that occurs when an arguer attacks a person’s character or background, which is irrelevant to the claim.Argument by exampleAn argument that supports an association between specific examples and a general rule.Argument by incompatibilityAn argument designed to reject something because it is incompatible with something else.Argument by principleAn argument that supports a certain action based on the connection between that action and a general principle.Argument sphereA community within which arguments are made.Argument structureThe way evidence and warrants are arranged to support a claim.See also Convergent argument structure; Independent argument structure; Simple argument structure.ArrangementThe organization of arguments in a speech.AuthorityAn argument that supports a claim with the opinion of experts in the field.BBallotA document on which the judge records the decision, the reasons for the decision, and speaker points awarded to each debater.Begging the questionA fallacy of acceptability that occurs when a debater introduces evidence that is the same as the claim.CCaseOne or more arguments sufficient to support a proposition.Causal argumentAn argument that supports associations between causes and effects.See also Contributory causal argument; Intervening and counteracting causal argument; Necessary causal argument; Sufficient causal argument.Cause-and-effect propositionA proposition that asserts that one object causes a specific outcome.Cause-and-effect reasoningThe type of reasoning that examines the reasons certain actions, events, or conditions (causes) create specific consequences (effects).ClaimA controversial statement an arguer supports using reason. Claims are divided into four general categories: definitional descriptive, relational, and evaluative.Comparative advantages caseA method used for developing a case about policies that advocates the adoption of the plan based on its advantages compared with the status quo or some other policy.Comparative policy propositionCompares two or more policies.Comparative value propositionCompares two or more objects with respect to some value.Constructive speechA speech that presents a debater’s basic arguments for or against the resolution.Contributory causal argumentAn argument that states that the purported cause is one of several contributors to the effect.Convergent argument structureTwo or more bits of evidence that, in combination with one another, support a claim.CounterplanA plan proposed by the negative team as an alternative to the affirmative plan.Cross-examinationA period during the debate when a member of one team asks questions of a member of the opposing team.DDebateThe process of arguing about claims in situations where an adjudicator must decide the outcome.DissociationAn argument that creates new categories by dividing an old category into two new ones.EEquivocation(as Ambiguity)A fallacy of language that occurs when a word is used in two different senses and the meaning of the word is shifted during the argument.EvidenceDifferent types of information (facts, statistics, theories, opinions, or narratives) that are used to support arguments. Evidence can be divided into two categories: that relating to reality (facts, theories, and presumptions) and that relating to preference (values, value hierarchies, and value categories).See also Facts; Presumption; Theory; Value; Value categories; Value hierarchy.FFacts (evidence)Observed or observable data.FallacyAn argument that fails to meet any one of the standards of acceptability, relevance, and sufficiency.See also Argument ad hominem; Ambiguity; Appeal to fear; Appeal to popularity; Appeal to tradition; Begging the question; Equivocation; Fallacy of composition; Fallacy of division; Fallacy of incompatibility; Faulty analogy; Hasty conclusion; Improper appeal to practice; Loaded term; Poisoning the well; Post hoc fallacy; Problematic premise; Red herring; Slippery slope argument; Straw person fallacy; Two wrongs fallacy; Vagueness.Fallacy of composition(由部分推论整体)A fallacious argument where the evidence is drawn from some part of a whole but the conclusion is about the whole.Fallacy of division（由整体推论部分）An erroneous argument where the evidence is drawn from the whole, but the conclusion is made about the part.Fallacy of incompatibilityOccurs when a debater makes a statement as evidence that is at odds with another statement made by the debater, or when a debater’s argument is incompatible with some action she has performed or recommended elsewhere.Faulty analogyA fallacious argument that occurs when two cases are compared with each other but are not similar in terms of the relationship stated in the comparison.GGuilt by associationA fallacious argument that occurs when a person’s argument is attacked using that person’s association with groups and people rather than using issues pertinent to the argument.HHasty conclusionA fallacious argument that fails to meet the standard of sufficiency. It includes hasty generalization, irrelevant slippery slope arguments, fallacy ofcomposition, fallacy of division, faulty analogy, improper appeal to practice, post hoc fallacy, and two wrongs.Hasty generalizationA fallacy of reasoning by example that occurs when the examples selected to support the claim are either insufficient in number or in their representativeness.Improper appeal to practiceA fallacious argument that occurs when a debater suggests doing something because it is a common practice, even if that practice clearly is wrong.IIndependent argument structureSeveral pieces of evidence, any one of which can provide sufficient support for a claim.International debatingDebating that occurs between representatives of different countries, nations, or cultures.Intervening and counteracting causal argumentAn argument that demonstrates a cause that prevents the completion of a cause-and-effect sequence.Irrelevant reasonAn argument that fails to meet the relevance criterion. It includes ad hominem argument, appeal to fear, appeal to popularity, appeal to tradition, guilt by association, poisoning the well, red herring, and straw person.JJudgeAn observer of a debate who has the responsibility of deciding which team has done a better job of debating.KKarl Popper debate formatA debate format that matches two three-person teams against each other: one affirming the proposition and one opposing it. Each team has one constructive speech presenting its basic arguments for and against the proposition and two constructive speeches refuting the opposing team’s arguments and summarizing its own.LLoaded termA fallacy of language that occurs when the arguer labels something with a word that includes an evaluation and that evaluation plays a role in supporting the conclusion.MMethod of agreementA method of reasoning used in cause-and-effect analysis that examines more than one case where two elements are simultaneously present, concluding that one is the cause of the other.Method of correlationA method of reasoning used in cause-and-effect analysis that examines examples that demonstrate that as the amount of the cause increases (or decreases), the effect will also increase (or decrease).Method of differenceA method of reasoning used in cause-and-effect analysis that examines examples wherein both the purported cause and the purported effect are absent, concluding that one is the cause of the other.Minor repairA strategy the negative uses to defend the present system with minor changes.NNecessary causal argumentAn argument that states that without the suspected cause, the effect cannot occur, thus the cause is necessary to produce the effect.NeedThe part of the affirmative case about policies that identifies a certain problem in the status quo that the existing system cannot solve.Need-plan-benefit caseA method used for developing a case about policies that involves the identification of a need, proposal of a plan, and a demonstration of the advantages of the plan.PPlanA course of action proposed by the affirmative when debating a proposition of policy that proposes to solve the problems identified in the “need.”Poisoning the wellA fallacious argument that attempts to discredit a person or a source in advance of that person’s argument.Post hoc fallacyOccurs when a debater assumes that because one thing predates another, the first must have caused the second.Preparation timeThe time allotted to each team for preparation during the debate (eight minutes in Karl Popper debate).PresumptionThe assumption that current policies will be maintained until someone makes a case that another policy is a better option.Presumption (evidence)A statement concerning what people ordinarily expect to happen in the course of normal events.Problematic premiseA fallacious argument that fails to meet the acceptability criterion. It includes begging the question and the fallacy of incompatibility.PropositionA final claim made by a debater and supported by a combination of claims.Proposition of definitionAsserts that a certain definition should be applied to a certain category of things.Proposition of descriptionAsserts a proper way to describe an object or a number of objects.Proposition of evaluationAttaches a value to any object.Proposition of relationshipAssert a certain relationship between objects.Proposition of similarityAsserts that two objects are similar to each other.RReasoningThe process used to connect evidence to the claim.See also warrant.Rebuttal speechesThe speeches in the debate that challenge and defend arguments introduced in the constructive speeches.Red herring转移注意力的话，故意偏题A fallacious argument that shifts the focus from the original argument.RefutationThe process of attacking and defending arguments.ResearchThe process of locating and selecting evidence in preparation for debate.Reservation保留意见，疑惑An exception made to a claim. A reservation usually involves a situation in which the arguer does not wish to maintain the claim.SSimple argument structureA single claim leading from a single piece of evidence following along a single warrant.Simple policy propositionA proposition that urges adoption of a certain policy.Simple value propositionAttaches a value to a single object.Slippery slope argumentAn argument that connects a series of events in a causal chain that ultimately leads to disaster or calamity. Slippery slope arguments are fallacies if the series of events is improperly connected.Standard of acceptabilityDetermines whether the evidence is acceptable to those who judge the argument.Standard of relevanceDetermines whether the evidence is relevant to the claim it supports.Standard of sufficiencyDetermines whether all of the evidence taken as a whole is sufficient to support the claim.Standards of a logically good argumentStandards are acceptability, relevance, and sufficiency.StasisA system devised to determine the key issues of clash in a topic. These key issues can be used to develop a system of research.Status quoThe course of action currently pursued (i.e., the present system).Straw person fallacyOccurs when an arguer, intentionally or unintentionally, misinterprets an opponent’s argument, then proceeds to refute the misinterpreted argument as if it were the opponent’s actual argument.StyleThe use of language, voice, and body language used by a debater.Sufficient causal argumentAn argument that states that the presence of a cause virtually guarantees (is sufficient for) the presence of the effect.TTheoryA statement that explains other facts or that predicts the occurrence of events.Toulmin Model of argumentA model of argument developed by philosopher Stephen Toulmin. The basic model includes evidence, warrant, claim, and reservation.Two wrongs fallacyOccurs when a debater makes an argument urging the audience to accept, or condone, one thing that is wrong because another similar thing, also wrong, has been accepted and condoned.VVaguenessA fallacy of language that occurs when the meaning of some word or words in an argument is indeterminate and when such vagueness prevents listeners from assessing the argument.ValueEvidence based on the audience’s preferred value.Value caseA case supporting a proposition of value. Three principal elements of such a case are describing, relating, and evaluating.Value categories (evidence)An arrangement of values into groups so that a group (category) can be used as evidence.Value hierarchy (evidence)Evidence based on how values are arranged in relation to each other.WWarrantStated or unstated reasoning process that explains the relationship between the evidence and the claim.差等关系：subalternation矛盾关系:contradiction上反对关系：contrariety下反对关系: subcontrariety判断：proposition充分条件sufficient condition必要条件necessary condition充分条件假言直言推理sufficient conditional hypothetical syllogism必要条件假言直言推理necessary conditional hypothetical syllogism前件：antecedent后件: consequent肯定式：constructive mood否定式：destructive mood直接推理：immediate inference间接推理：mediate inference。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖南师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Professor Hawking is（）as one of the world’s greatest living physicists.问题1选项A.dignifiedB.clarifiedC.acknowledgedD.illustrated【答案】C【解析】dignify使高贵，授予荣誉；clarify澄清，阐明；acknowledge承认，认可；illustrate阐明，举例。

句意：霍金教授被公认是当今世界上最伟大的物理学家之一。

选项C符合语境。

2.翻译题参与并取胜，这就是奥林匹克精神。

他表现于弱者勇于向强者挑战，也表现于强者力争取得更好的成绩。

胜而又胜，优而更优，这种理想一直鼓舞着运动员奋力前进。

有人说竞技者终宄会是失败者，即使是最佳运动员也终将被更强者淘汰。

成千上万个失败者才涌现一个胜利者，这个胜利者最终仍将被取代，挤出光荣榜——这就是竞技运动的规律。

然而运动员却从不为这种不可避免的失败结局所沮丧，仍然力争最佳发挥。

【答案】To participate and to win—that is the Olympic spirit. It finds expression in the weak daring to defy the strong, and the strong striving for ever better performance. Ever better—the ideal always luring a sportsman forward. It is said that none of the competitors can avoid being defeated—even the best is bound to be surpassed by someone still stronger. Thousands of losers set off one victor who in turn will eventually be replaced by someone on the honor list. This is the rule of sports. However, undaunted by the inevitable failure, he is always striving to do the best he can.3.单选题He gave us an（）consent to take the apples, for he smiled when he saw us do it问题1选项A.exaggeratedB.implicitC.impartialD.extravagant【答案】B【解析】exaggerated夸张的；implicit含蓄的, 暗示的；impartial公正的；extravagant奢侈的, 浪费的。

In a 1984 book, Claire C.Robertson argued that,before colonialism, age was Line a more important indicator (5) of status and authority thangender in Ghana and inAfrica generally. Britishcolonialism imposedEuropean-style male-(10) dominant notions uponmore egalitarian localsituations to the detrimentof women generally, andgender became a defining (15) characteristic that weak-ened women’s power andauthority.Subsequent research inKenya convinced Robertson (20) that she had overgeneralized about Africa. Before colo-nialism, gender was moresalient in central Kenya thanit was in Ghana, although age (25) was still crucial in determin-ing authority. In contrast withGhana, where women hadtraded for hundreds of yearsand achieved legal majority (30) (not unrelated phenomena),the evidence regardingcentral Kenya indicated thatwomen were legal minorsand were sometimes treated (35) as male property, as wereEuropean women at thattime. Factors like strongpatrilinearity and patrilocality, as well as women’s inferior (40) land rights and lesserinvolvement in trade, madewomen more dependent onmen than was generally thecase in Ghana. However,(45) since age apparentlyremained the overridingprinciple of social organiza-tion in central Kenya, somesenior women had much(50) authority. Thus, Robertsonrevised her hypothesissomewhat, arguing thatin determining authority inprecolonial Africa age was a(55) primary principle that super-seded gender to varyingdegrees depending on thesituation.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q3:The primary purpose of the passage is to1.present evidence undermining a certain hypothesis2.describe a particular position and its subsequent modification3.discuss two contrasting viewpoints regarding a particular issue4.describe how a social phenomenon varied by region5.evaluate an assumption widely held by scholarsActing on the recommen-dation of a British governmentcommittee investigating theLine high incidence in white lead(5) factories of illness amongemployees, most of whomwere women, the Home Sec-retary proposed in 1895 thatParliament enact legislation(10) that would prohibit women fromholding most jobs in white leadfactories. Although theWomen’s Industrial DefenceCommittee (WIDC), formed(15) in 1892 in response to earlierlegislative attempts to restrictwomen’s labor, did not dis-count the white lead trade’spotential health dangers, it(20) opposed the proposal, view-ing it as yet another instanceof limiting women’s workopportunities. Also opposingthe proposal was the Society(25) for Promoting the Employmentof Women (SPEW), whichattempted to challenge it byinvestigating the causes of ill-ness in white lead factories.(30)SPEW contended, and WIDCconcurred, that controllableconditions in such factorieswere responsible for the devel-opment of lead poisoning.(35) SPEW provided convincingevidence that lead poisoningcould be avoided if workerswere careful and clean andif already extant workplace(40) safety regulations werestringently enforced. How-ever, the Women’s TradeUnion League (WTUL), whichhad ceased in the late 1880’s(45) to oppose restrictions onwomen’s labor, supported theeventually enacted proposal,in part because safety regu-lations were generally not(50) being enforced in white leadfactories, where there were nounions (and little prospect ofany) to pressure employers tocomply with safety regulations.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q20:The passage is primarily concerned with1.presenting various groups’ views of the motives of those proposing certain legislation2.contrasting the reasoning of various groups concerning their positions on certainproposed legislation3.tracing the process whereby certain proposed legislation was eventually enacted4.assessing the success of tactics adopted by various groups with respect to certainproposed legislation5.evaluating the arguments of various groups concerning certain proposedlegislationManufacturing site location is an important consideration in determining the optimal deployment of a firm’sproduction resources, but one that is usually given only limit ed attention.Most pre-1990 literature on businesses’ use of information technology (IT)—defined as any form of computer-based information system—focused on spectacular ITsuccesses and reflected a general optimism concerning IT’s potential as a resource for creating competitive advantage. But toward the end of the 1980’s, some economists spoke of a “productivity paradox”: despite huge IT investments, most notably in the service sectors, productivity stagnated.The idea that equipping homes with electrical appliancesand other “modern”household technologies would eliminate drudgery, save labor time, and increase leisure for women who were full-time home workersremained largely unchallenged until the women’s movement of the 1970’s spawned the groundbreaking andinfluential works of sociologist Joann Vanek and historian Ruth Cowan.In recent years, Western business managers have been heeding the exhortations of business journalists and academics to move their companies toward long-term,collaborative “st rategic partnerships” with their external business partners (e.g.,suppliers).Until recently, zoologists believed thatall species of phocids (true seals), a pin-niped family, use a different maternalLine strategy than do otariids (fur seals and(5) sea lions), another pinniped family. Motherotariids use a foraging strategy. Theyacquire moderate energy stores in theform of blubber before arriving at breedingsites and then fast for 5 to 11 days after(10) birth. Throughout the rest of the lactation(milk production) period, which lasts from4 months to 3 years depending on thespecies, mother otariids alternately for-age at sea, where they replenish their fat(15) stores, and nurse their young at breed-ing sites. Zoologists had assumed thatfemales of all phocid species, by contrast,use a fasting strategy in which motherphocids, having accumulated large energy(20) stores before they arrive at breeding sites,fast throughout the entire lactation period,which lasts from 4 to 50 days depending onthe species. However, recent studies onharbor seals, a phocid species, found that(25) lactating females commenced foragingapproximately 6 days after giving birth andon average made 7 foraging trips duringthe remain der of their 24-day lactationperiod.(30) The maternal strategy evolved byharbor seals may have to do with theirsmall size and the large proportion of theirfat stores depleted in lactation. Harborseals are small compared with other phocid(35) species such as grey seals, northern ele-phant seals, and hooded seals, all of whichare known to fast for the entire lactationperiod. Studies show that mother seals ofthese species use respectively 84 percent,(40) 58 percent, and 33 percent of their fatstores during lactation. By comparison,harbor seals use 80 percent of their fatstores in just the first 19 days of lactation,even though they occasionally feed during(45) this period. Since such a large proportionof their fat stores is exhausted despitefeeding, mother harbor seals clearly cannotsupport all of lactation using only energystored before giving birth. Though smaller(50)than many other phocids, harbor seals aresimilar in size to most otariids. In addition,there is already some evidence suggestingthat the ringed seal, a phocid species thatis similar in size to the harbor seal, mayalso use a maternal foraging strategy.Q34:The primary purpose of the passage is to1.present evidence that several phocid species use the maternal fasting strategy2.explain why the maternal strategy typically used by phocids is different from thematernal strategy used by otariids3.argue that zoologists’ current understanding of harbor seals’ maternal strategy isincorrect4.describe an unexpected behavior observed in harbor seals and propose anexplanation that may account for that behavior5.describe evidence concerning the maternal strategy of the harbor seal and suggest thatthe harbor seal belongs to the otariid rather than to the phocid familyRecent feminist scholarship con-cerning the United States in the 1920’schallenges earlier interpretations thatLine assessed the twenties in terms of the(5)unkept “promises” of the women’ssuffrage movement. This new scholar-ship disputes the long-held view thatbecause a women’s voting bloc did notmaterialize after women gained the right(10) to vote in 1920, suffrage failed toproduce long-term political gains forwomen. These feminist scholars alsochallenge the old view that pronouncedsuffrage a failure for not delivering on(15)the promise that the women’s votewould bring about moral, corruption-free governance. Asked whetherwomen’s suffrage was a failure, thesescholars cite the words of turn-of-the-(20) century social reformer Jane Addams,“Why don’t you ask if suffrage ingeneral is failing?”In some ways, however, thesescholars still present the 1920’s as a(25) period of decline. After suffrage, theyargue, the feminist movement lost itscohesiveness, and gender conscious-ness waned. After the mid-1920’s, fewsuccesses could be claimed by fem-(30) inist reformers: little could be seen inthe way of legislative victories.During this decade, however, therewas intense activism aimed at achiev-ing increased autonomy for women,(35) broadening the spheres within whichthey lived their daily lives. Women’sorganizations worked to establishopportunities for women: they strove tosecure for women the full entitlements(40) of citizenship, including the right to holdoffice and the right to serve on juries.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q2:The passage is primarily concerned with1.providing evidence indicating that feminist reformers of the 1920’s failed to reachsome of their goals2.presenting sc holarship that contrasts suffragist “promises” with the historical realitiesof the 1920’s3.discussing recent scholarship concerning the achievements of women’s suffrageduring the 1920’s and presenting an alternative view of those achievements4.outlining recent findings concerning events leading to suffrage for women in the1920’s and presenting a challenge to those findingsE． providing support for a traditional view of the success of feminist attempts toincrease gender consciousness among women during the 1920Some historians contend that con-ditions in the United States during theSecond World War gave rise to aLine dynamic wartime alliance between(5) trade unions and the African Americancommunity, an alliance that advancedthe cause of civil rights. They con-clude that the postwar demise of thisvital alliance constituted a lost oppor-(10) tunity for the civil rights movement thatfollowed the war. Other scholars,however, have portrayed organizedlabor as defending all along the rela-tively privileged position of White(15) workers relative to African Americanworkers. Clearly, these two perspec-tives are not easily reconcilable, butthe historical reality is not reducibleto one or the other.(20)Unions faced a choice betweeneither maintaining the prewar statusquo or promoting a more inclusiveapproach that sought for all membersthe right to participate in the internal(25) affairs of unions, access to skilledand high-paying positions within theoccupational hierarchy, and protec-tion against management’s arbitraryauthority in the workplace. While(30) union representatives often voicedthis inclusive ideal, in practice unionsfar more often favored entrenchedinterests. The accelerating develop-ment of the civil rights movement(35) following the Second World Warexacerbated the unions’ dilemma,forcing trade unionists to confrontcontradictions in their own practices.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q6:The passage is primarily concerned with1.providing a context within which to evaluate opposing viewpoints about ahistorical phenomenon2.identifying a flawed assumption underlying one interpretation of a historicalphenomenon3.assessing the merits and weaknesses of a controversial theory about a historicalphenomenon4.discussing the historical importance of the development of a wartime alliance5.evaluating evidence used to support a particular interpretation of a historicalphenomenonA small number of the forestspecies of lepidoptera (moths andbutterflies, which exist as caterpillarsLine during most of their life cycle) exhibit(5) regularly recurring patterns of popu-lation growth and decline—suchfluctuations in population are knownas population cycles. Although manydifferent variables influence popula-(10) tion levels, a regular pattern such asa population cycle seems to imply adominant, driving force. Identificationof that driving force, however, hasproved surprisingly elusive despite(15) considerable research. The com-mon approach of studying causes ofpopulation cycles by measuring themortality caused by different agents,such as predatory birds or parasites,(20) has been unproductive in the case oflepidoptera. Moreover, populationecologists’ attempts to alter cyclesby changing the caterpillars’ habitatand by reducing caterpillar popula-(25) tions have not succeeded. In short,the evidence implies that these insectpopulations, if not self-regulating, mayat least be regulated by an agent moreintimately connected with the insect than (30) are predatory birds or parasites.Recent work suggests that thisagent may be a virus. For manyyears, viral disease had beenreported in declining populations (35) of caterpillars, but population ecolo-gists had usually considered viraldisease to have contributed to thedecline once it was underway ratherthan to have initiated it. The recent (40) work has been made possible bynew techniques of molecular biologythat allow viral DNA to be detectedat low concentrations in the environ-ment. Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (45) are hypothesized to be the drivingforce behind population cycles inlepidoptera in part because theviruses themselves follow an infec-tious cycle in which, if protected from (50) direct sun light, they may remainvirulent for many years in the envi-ronment, embedded in durablecrystals of polyhedrin protein.Once ingested by a caterpillar,(55) the crystals dissolve, releasingthe virus to infect the insect’s cells.Late in the course of the infection,millions of new virus particles areformed and enclosed in polyhedrin (60) crystals. These crystals reenter theenvironment after the insect dies anddecomposes, thus becoming avail-able to infect other caterpillars.One of the attractions of this(65) hypothesis is its broad applicability.Remarkably, despite significant differ-ences in habitat and behavior, manyspecies of lepidoptera have populationcycles of similar length, between eight(70) and eleven years. Nuclear polyhe-drosis viral infection is one factor thesedisparate species share.Q36:The primary purpose of the passage is toA. describe the development of new techniques that may help to determine thedriving force behind population cycles in lepidopteraB. present evidence that refutes a particular theory about the driving forcebehind population cycles in lepidopteraC.present a hypothesis about the driving force behind population cycles inlepidopteraD.describe the fluctuating patterns of population cycles in lepidopteraE.question the idea that a single driving force is behind population cycles inlepidopteraScattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures(cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hotspot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability(inconstance).67.The author believes that _____ .A)the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interiorB)the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be trueC)the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directionsD)the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apartEthnohistoric documents from sixteenth-century Mexico suggesting that weaving andcooking were the most common productive activities for Aztec women may leadmodern historians to underestimate the value of women's contributions to Aztecsociety. Since weaving and cooking occurred mostly (but not entirely) in a domesticsetting, modern historians are likely to apply to the Aztec culture the modern Western distinction between "private" and "public" production. Thus, the ethnohistoric recordconspires with Western culture to foster the view that women's production was notcentral to the demographic, economic, and political structures in sixteenth-centuryMexico.A closer examination of Aztec culture indicates that treating Aztec women's productionin Mexico in such a manner would be a mistake. Even if the products of women's labor did not circulate beyond the household, such products were essential to populationgrowth. Researchers document a tenfold increase in the population of the valley ofMexico during the previous four centuries, an increase that was crucial to thedeveloping Aztec political economy. Population growth--which could not haveoccurred in the absence of successful household economy, in which women's work was essential--made possible the large-scale development of labor-intensive chinampa(ridged-field) agriculture in the southern valley of Mexico which, in turn, supportedurbanization and political centralization in the Aztec capital.But the products of women's labor did in fact circulate beyond the household. Aztecwomen wove cloth, and cloth circulated through the market system, the tribute system, and the redistributive economy of the palaces. Cotton mantles served as a unit ofcurrency in the regional market system. Quantities of woven mantles, loincloths,blouses, and skirts were paid as tribute to local lords and to imperial tax stewards and were distributed to ritual and administrative personnel, craft specialists, warriors, and other faithful servants of the state. In addition, woven articles of clothing served asmarkers of social status and clothing fulfilled a symbolic function in politicalnegotiation. The cloth that was the product of women's work thus was crucial as aprimary means of organizing the flow of goods and services that sustained the Aztecstate.26The passage is primarily concerned with(A) using modern understanding of cultural bias to challenge ethnohistoric documents(B) evaluating competing descriptions of women's roles in Aztec society(C) comparing the influence of gender on women's roles in Aztec society and in modern society(D) remedying a potential misconception about the significance of women's roles in Aztec society(E) applying new evidence in a reevaluation of ethnohistoric documents。

英语词汇学自考题模拟21(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Ⅰ.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers．Choose the one that **pletes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.1."I"m certain that she **e tomorrow."There are ______ content words in the above sentence.SSS_SINGLE_SELA 2B 3C 4D 5分值: 1答案:B[解析] 实词是短语或句子中意义比较具体、明确的词。

英语中的实词主要是表示事物、行为、性状、程度和范围的名词、动词、形容词、副词和数词。

据此，我们可以判断出这个句子中的实词是“am”，“certain”，“come”。

2.Which of the following is NOT a new word brought about by growth of science and technology?SSS_SINGLE_SELA Earthrise.B Chemistry.C Astrobiology.D Megavitamin.分值: 1答案:D[解析] 题目中的四个词都是新词，但是D项“megavitamin”不是在科技发展的直接影响下产生的新词。

3.There are ______ morphemes in the word denaturalization.SSS_SINGLE_SELA 2B 3C 4D 5分值: 1答案:D[解析] 题目中“denaturalization”一词是由“de-”，“nature”，“-al”，“-ize”和“-ation”这五个词素构成的。

学术英语词汇大赛一、基础词汇。

1. analyse /ˈænəlaɪz/ (v.)- 例句：Scientists often analyse data to draw conclusions.（科学家经常分析数据以得出结论。

）2. approach /əˈprəʊtʃ/ (n. / v.)- 作为名词：His approach to the problem was very creative.（他解决这个问题的方法很有创意。

）- 作为动词：We should approach this task carefully.（我们应该小心地处理这项任务。

）3. benefit /ˈbenɪfɪt/ (n. / v.)- 作为名词：The new policy brings many benefits to the people.（新政策给人们带来很多益处。

）- 作为动词：Exercise can benefit your health.（锻炼对你的健康有益。

）4. concept /ˈkɒnsept/ (n.)- 例句：The concept of time is very difficult to define precisely.（时间的概念很难精确地定义。

）5. data /ˈdeɪtə/ (n.)- 例句：We need to collect more data for our research.（我们需要为我们的研究收集更多数据。

）6. evidence /ˈevɪdəns/ (n.)- 例句：There is no evidence to support his claim.（没有证据支持他的主张。

）7. factor /ˈfæktə(r)/ (n.)- 例句：There are many factors that can affect the result.（有很多因素会影响结果。

IntroductionTransition words, often referred to as linking or connecting words, are linguistic devices that serve as conduits between ideas, sentences, and paragraphs. They facilitate the smooth flow of thoughts, enhance clarity, and strengthen the logical coherence of written or spoken discourse. These seemingly inconspicuous words play an indispensable role in shaping the structure, organization, and overall effectiveness of communication in the English language. This essay provides a comprehensive, multi-faceted analysis of the functions of transition words, delving into their significance from various perspectives and underscoring their paramount importance in achieving high-quality, coherent writing.1. Enhancing Logical CoherenceOne of the primary functions of transition words is to establish clear relationships between ideas, ensuring that readers can effortlessly follow the progression of thought. By signaling cause and effect (e.g., "therefore," "consequently"), contrast (e.g., "however," "on the other hand"), similarity (e.g., "likewise," "similarly"), or sequence (e.g., "firstly," "next"), transition words create a logical bridge between separate sentences or paragraphs. They help readers anticipate the direction of the argument, enabling them to comprehend complex information more efficiently. Furthermore, transitions clarify the hierarchy of ideas, indicating whether a new point is being introduced, an example is being provided, or a conclusion is being drawn. This logical coherence not only enhances readability but also fortifies the persuasiveness and credibility of the writer's argument.2. Facilitating Paragraph Unity and CohesionIn the realm of paragraph construction, transition words serve as vital tools for maintaining unity and cohesion. They bind together the sentences within a paragraph, ensuring that each sentence contributes to the development of the central topic or main idea. Transitions such as "in addition," "furthermore," and "moreover" introduce supplementary information, while "for instance,""specifically," and "to illustrate" introduce examples that support the main point. By seamlessly integrating these elements, transition words prevent the paragraph from becoming a mere collection of disparate statements, fostering instead a cohesive, unified whole. This unity, in turn, enables readers to grasp the essence of the paragraph without getting lost in a sea of disconnected details.3. Enhancing Textual Flow and RhythmTransition words contribute significantly to the aesthetic dimension of writing, imbuing it with a natural, harmonious flow. They act as syntactic signposts, guiding readers through the text and mitigating potential disorientation caused by abrupt shifts in focus or tone. For instance, temporal transitions like "meanwhile," "subsequently," and "eventually" help narrate events in a chronological order, while spatial transitions like "adjacent to," "beyond," and "surrounding" assist in describing spatial relationships. Additionally, transition words can soften the impact of contrasting ideas or opposing viewpoints, employing phrases like "although," "despite," or "in spite of" to introduce counterarguments or qualifications smoothly. This seamless progression of ideas not only enhances the reader's experience but also bolsters the rhetorical power of the text.4. Strengthening Argumentation and PersuasionIn persuasive or argumentative writing, transition words play a critical role in structuring and reinforcing the writer's position. They help articulate the logical connections between premises and conclusions, making the reasoning process transparent to the reader. Transitions like "since," "because," "hence," and "thus" establish cause-and-effect relationships, while "in conclusion," "therefore," and "ultimately" signal the drawing of final inferences. Moreover, contrastive transitions like "although," "while," and "yet" can effectively highlight the weaknesses in opposing arguments or alternative viewpoints, bolstering the writer's stance. By using transition words judiciously, writers can construct compelling, well-supported arguments that are more likely topersuade their audience.5. Improving Clarity and PrecisionTransition words contribute to the precision and clarity of language by specifying the nature of the relationship between ideas. They eliminate ambiguity, ensuring that readers understand exactly how different pieces of information relate to one another. For example, using "nevertheless" or "nonetheless" makes it clear that a contrasting idea is being presented despite the preceding statement, whereas "in contrast" or "on the contrary" signals a direct opposition. Similarly, transitions like "in other words," "that is," or "namely" serve to clarify or rephrase complex concepts, making them more accessible to the reader. By enhancing precision and clarity, transition words help writers convey their intended meaning accurately, reducing the likelihood of misinterpretation or confusion.6. Enabling Effective Summarization and Conclusion FormationTransition words are instrumental in summarizing key points and drawing effective conclusions. Phrases like "in summary," "to sum up," or "overall" clearly indicate the beginning of a summary, while "in conclusion," "finally," or "thus" signal the presentation of the writer's final thoughts or recommendations. These transitions help readers recognize when the writer is synthesizing information, reiterating crucial points, or formulating overarching insights. In doing so, they facilitate the retention of information and reinforce the message's impact, leaving a lasting impression on the reader.7. Promoting Academic Writing StandardsIn academic writing, where rigorous organization, clarity, and precision are paramount, transition words are indispensable. They help writers adhere to established conventions, such as the use of topic sentences, supporting evidence, and logical transitions between paragraphs. Transitions like "in light of," "given," and "considering" introduce evidence or background information, while "according to," "as stated by," or "as demonstrated in" cite sources appropriately. Moreover, transition words facilitate the integration ofopposing views or counterarguments, demonstrating a writer's awareness of diverse perspectives and enhancing the intellectual rigor of their work. By consistently employing transition words, academic writers demonstrate their mastery of disciplinary discourse, earning credibility and enhancing the overall quality of their research.ConclusionTransition words, though seemingly modest in stature, wield immense power in shaping the structure, clarity, and effectiveness of communication in the English language. Their multifaceted functions – enhancing logical coherence, facilitating paragraph unity and cohesion, improving textual flow and rhythm, strengthening argumentation and persuasion, promoting clarity and precision, enabling effective summarization and conclusion formation, and upholding academic writing standards – attest to their indispensable role in producing high-quality, coherent writing. As such, a conscious, strategic use of transition words should be an integral part of any writer's toolkit, serving as a cornerstone for clear, compelling, and impactful communication across various genres and contexts.。

英语论文题目300个英语论文题目300个英语论文题目（一）：1、Characterization in Charles Dickens’ Novels 狄更斯小说中的人物塑造2、A Study of Student-Centered English Vocabulary Teaching以学生为中心的英语词汇教学3、On Teacher-Learner Classroom Communication 论教师与学生之间的课堂交流4、The Cognitive and Affective Factors in Task-based English Teaching英语任务型教学中的认知和情感因素5、Methods and Procedures in Language Teaching 语言教学的方法及过程6、On the Feasibility of Communicative Approach in China谈交际法在中国的可行性7、Rhetorical and Narrative Devices in A Farewell to Arms《永别了，武器》的修辞与描述手法8、The Use of Nouns in English 英语中名词的使用9、Sex Differentiation and Sexism in English Language论英语中的性别现象及性别歧视10、Semantic Analysis of Nominalization in EST 科技英语名词化语义分析11、A Study of the Translation of Sports Terms 体育专有名词的翻译12、Relations of Speed and Understandability in Reading Comprehension阅读理解中速度与理解性之间的关系13、Points of View and the Mode of Discourse in Vanity Fair论《名利场》的观点及言语方式14、Information Theory and Translation 信息论与翻译15、A Probe into the Feminist Idea of Jane Eyre 《简爱》男女平等思想的探索16、The Translation of Proper Names 专有名词的翻译17、On the Words and Expressions Belittling the Female 蔑视女性的词汇和表达法18、Influence of Mark Twain’s Works in China 马克吐温的作品在中国的影响19、The Application of Communicative Approach Techniques in Modern Foreign Language Teaching and Learning 交际法的教学手段在现代外语教学中的运用20、A Brief Comment on O’Henry Short Stories 亨利的短篇小说述评21、A Comment on Hardy’s Fatalism 评哈代的宿命论22、The Negation in Translation 论正说反译和反说正译23、On the WritingTranslation of Foreign Trade Contracts论涉外经济合同写作翻译24、Linguistic Features of Business Contracts 商务合同的语言特征25、On the Learning Strategy of English as a Foreign language 谈英语的学习策略26、A Brief Analysis of the Heroine Personality in Jane Eyre《简爱》的主人翁个性分析27、Relationship between … Theory and Language Research论…理论与语言研究的关系28、Cross-culture Failures by Chinese learners of English中国英语学习者跨文化交际中的误区29、The EC Translation of Metaphors 暗喻的英汉翻译30、On the Poetry of William Wordsworth (-) 评议沃兹沃斯的诗歌31、The Ways of Expressing Emphatic Ideas in English英语中强调语气的表达方式32、Euphemistic Expressions in Foreign Affairs 外事用语中的委婉表达33、Humor and Satire in Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》的幽默与讽刺34、Personality Factors to the Success of Foreign Language Learning个性因素在外语学习中的作用35、Translation of Rhetoric Devices in EST (English for Science and Technology)论科技英语中修辞格的翻译方法36、The Theory of “Dynamic Equivalence” and its Application in EC Translation等效翻译理论及其在英汉翻译中的应用37、On the Tragedy of Loman’s Family in Death ofA Salesman《推销员之死》中罗曼一家的杯具38、On Winston Churchill’s Prose Writing 评邱吉尔的散文写作39、On the Principles for Translation 浅议翻译原则40、On Translation of Trade Names and Names of Export Commodities论商标出口商品名称的翻译41、On Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning论第二语言学习的态度及动机42、A Comparison between the Themes of Pilgrimage to the West and Pilgrim’s Progress《西游记》与《天路历程》主题的比较43、On the Development of Jane Eyre’s Character 论简爱的性格发展44、The Characteristics of Computer Language Vocabulary 计算机语言词汇的特点45、A Study of Native American Literature 美国本土文学的研究46、The Linguistic Charms of the Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆索亚历险记》的语言魅力47、Choice of Correct Words in Translation在翻译中如何准确选词48、Lexical Gaps in Chinese and English Inter-Translation 英汉互译的词义差异49、On the Criteria of Translation 议翻译标准50、On the Importance of Translation Theory 翻译理论的重要性51、About Transform of Parts of Speech in Translation 论翻译中词性的转换52、Relationship of Age to SLA (Second Language Acquisition)论年龄与第二语言习得的关系53、Study of “Hemingway Style” 论“海明威风格”54、Cultural Differences and Idiomatic Expressions in Translation论翻译中的文化差异及习惯表达法55、Body Language Difference in Meaning in Cross-cultural Communication体态语在跨文化交际中的意义差异56、Comment on Bernard Shaw’s Dramatic Art 评肖伯纳的戏剧艺术57、Parallelism in English英语中的排比现象58、Error Analysis in English Learning as a Foreign Language英语学习中的错误分析研究59、On the Vividness and Images in Poem … 论《…》诗文的生动性与比喻60、Linguistic Taboos in Chinese and English Languages 谈汉英语言中的禁忌现象61、Syntax in John Milton’s Paradise Lost 弥尔顿的《失乐园》的句法探讨62、Influence of Science and Technology on English Vocabulary科学技术对英语词汇的影响63、The Understanding and Translation of Attributive Clause定语从句的理解与翻译64、Pragmatic Failures in the Cross-cultural Communication跨文化交际中的语用失误65、Similarities and Dissimilarities of British and American English论英式英语和美式英语的异同66、The Function of Grammar in English Study 英语学习中语法的功能67、On the Poetry of Robert Frost (-) 评议弗罗斯特的诗歌68、English Classroom Teaching: Teacher-dominant or Student-centered英语课堂教学——教师主宰还是学生中心69、On the Functions of Ambiguity in English 论英语歧义的功能70、Jane Austen and the Heroine in Pride and Prejudice简奥丝丁和《傲慢与偏见》的女主人71、On T。

英语论文参考文献[1] samour, l.a. and r.e porter. intercultural communication: a reader (5thed) [m].wadsworth publishing co., 1988.[2] goodman k. s. reading: a psycholinguistic guessing game [j]. journal of reading, 1976.[3] anderson rc. frame works for comprehending discourse [j]. american educational research journal, 1997,14: 369.[4] 胡文仲小编. 文化艺术与人际交往[m]. 北京市:外语教学与研究出版社,1994.[5] 肖健硕. 英文学习方法[m]. 北京市:现代出版社,1997.[6] 马博森. 课堂教学中的话语分析方式,外国语教育探索[m]. XX年第2期63-66页.[7] 廖道胜.中国学生英文阅读中的人文阻碍,英语教学[m]. XX年第4期73-77.biographical datawang lin, holds a doctorate in comparative literature and is vice-professor and dean of the english department of foshan university. he specializes in english literature and translation. he teaches english reading, translation, english literature, english poetry and has translated more than twenty english fictional and non-fictional works, such as aesops fables, the black pearl, the naturalism, the president lady, and oscar wilde and his fairy tales. he has published over ten academic papers, among the major ones; a study on dubin's life, a study on translating criticism of creation society, oscar wilde and tian han,and a plan to explore the oral english teaching for students of non-english major.英语专业论文论文选题可分成下列好多个课程方位一、词汇学(语言学一般基础理论的科学研究);二、英美文学(英美文学的文化教育、著作研究等);三、翻译学(翻泽理论和实际讨论、译版科学研究及其名人名篇翻泽著作比照科学研究等);四、英美文化(美国英国加澳新等欧美国家文化艺术及其与中国文化的比较研究);五、教学方式(英语教学法、检测学等领域的科学研究)。

语言学方向论文选题1.浅谈英汉句子结构差异2.诗意的美和喜剧性幽默3.英汉禁忌语、委婉语的对比研究4.英汉数字习语的对比研究5.词义演变的原因与方式6.名词化的语篇功能7.诺曼时期法语对英语词汇的影响8.浅谈英语虚拟语气及其语用功能9.隐喻与一词多义的关系10.英汉被动句对比研究11.英汉宾语类型差异的认知原因12.英汉动词非谓语用法比较研究13.英汉否定问句的答句对比研究14.英汉合成词构词对比研究15.英汉名词短语修饰模式比较16.英汉拟声词异同探讨17.英汉人称代词运用对比研究18.英语复合词的语义分析及其类型19.英语委婉语的使用原则与策略20.语境对词义的制约作用21.汉英色彩词汇的对比研究及其象征意义22.中英恭维语对比研究23.委婉语的礼貌原则研究及策略24.汉英“山丘”对比研究25.英汉颜色词跨域对比分析—以RED和红为例26.英语道歉方式的策略及研究27.英语拒绝言语行为研究28.英语委婉语的寒暄功能29.英语请求言语的策略研究30.英语课堂教师提问的策略研究31.会话得体：会话者的立场语境运用研究32.英语课堂学生提问的策略研究33.英语课堂的焦虑现象及策略研究34.广告口号语的语言特点35.从礼貌原则看短信语言36.从合作原则看课堂师生互动37.浅析中英言语行为中的礼貌原则38.中英政治新闻报道中的模糊语言研究39.言语错误分析理论在教学中的应用40.英汉颜色词的引申义的文化差别41.外语学习中应该重视中介语的作用42.浅谈英汉句子结构差异43.副词EVER的句法环境和语义特征44.论文化差异与英语教学中的文化导入45.学习者的动机因素对外语学习的影响46.浅谈词汇搭配错误分析及其应对策略47.浅析英语语言中的性别歧视现象48.礼貌原则在商务英语写作中的应用49.中英文性别歧视习语的对比研究50.称谓语使用中的性别差异51.从认知角度看隐喻在经济语篇中的应用52.浅析广告语言的特点53.浅谈英语新词的产生、构成及翻译54.浅谈网络英语中的缩略语。

黄冈师范学院本科生毕业论文论文题目：On the Functions of Ambiguity in English作者：专业班级：指导教师：学号：2008131403232012年3月28日郑重声明本人的毕业论文（设计）是在指导教师向先兰的指导下独立撰写完成的。

毕业论文（设计）没有剽窃、抄袭、造假等违反学术道德、学术规范的侵权行为，本人愿意承担由此产生的各种后果，甚至法律责任；并可以通过网络接受公众的质疑。

特此郑重声明。

毕业论文作者：魏然2012年43 月28 日AbstractIn the course of using language, people often request the precision, paying attention to the conciseness and comprehensiveness of language. However, language phenomenon are complex. Sometimes, what communicators say is not really what they mean, which will cause some misunderstanding. Ambiguity is a feature of any language. English exists with this feature-ambiguity. When a word has more than one meaning ,a structure manifests more than one structure relation and an utterance shows different intentions, ambiguity will occur.Traditionally people regard ambiguity as misuse of language, however, it is not really the case. On the contrary, it has positive functions. First this article gives a brief definition of English ambiguity. Then this article mainly discusses the positive and negative functions of English ambiguity.in several aspects. The positive functions include the discourse function, rhetoric function,and the aesthetic function. (In discourse function, in communication, ambiguity serves as reconciling conflict, transferring topics, providing information, indirect requirement and self-protecting. In rhetoric function, as in literary works, writers usually use pun; in advertisement,advertisers focus on ambiguity to attract customers;in complex diplomatic affairs for a country, sometimes diplomat makes full use of ambiguous sentence deliberately . In aesthetic function, there are beauty from situation, rhyme and thyme, reservation and irony.) The negative functions include communication failure and understanding. Finally, this article presents some suggestions to use the positive functions of ambiguity to communicate freely to create a particular effect and to avoid the negative functions of ambiguity in English in my particular experience.Key words: ambiguity, positive functions of ambiguity, negative functions of ambiguity, avoidance of negative ambiguity摘要人们运用语言时常要求“准确”，讲究言简意赅。

1. What are the categories of lexical meaningLexical meaning includes: a) referential meaning (also denotative meaning). b) Associative meanings. Referential meaning is the central meaning and it is more stable and universal. Associative meanings are meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meaning, which are less stable and more culture-specific.Types of associative meanings: connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, collective meaning2. What are the components of metaphorThere are two positions on the function of metaphors: a) the classical view sees metaphor a rhetorical device; b) another view holds metaphor a cognitive device. Metaphors 一s possible precisely because there are metaphors in a person’s conceptua l systems.All metaphors are composed of two domains: target domain (also tenor) and source domain (vehicle).3. How does transformational grammar account for sentence- relatedness1) According to Chomsky, a grammar as the tacit shared knowledge of all speakers is a system of finite rules by which an infinite number of sentences can be generated. He attempts to account for this aspect of syntax by postulating that deep structures and surface structures.2) Deep structures are the basic structures generated by phrase structure rules.3) Surface structures are derived structures, the structures of sentences that we actually speak. Surface structures are derived from deep structures through transformational rules which include replacement, insertion, deletion and coping, etc.4. On what basis do linguists regard human language as species-specific (unique to humans) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Many philosophers and linguists believe that language is unique to man. Language is a human trait that sets us apart from other living creatures. They spell out a number of features of language which are not found in animal communication systems. These features: creativity, duality, arbitrariness, displacement, cultural transmission, interchangeability and reflexivity. These are universal features possessed by all human languages. Although someanimal communication systems possess, to a very limited degree, one or another of these features except creativity and duality, none is found to have all the features. On this basis linguists tend to conclude that human languages are qualitatively different form animal communication systems.5. What part of syntax can phrase structure rules account for and what they cannot Phrase structure rules are rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. These rules are part of speakers’ syntactic knowledge, which govern the construction of sentences.There are a lot of part of syntactic knowledge, including structural ambiguity (which strings of words have more than one meaning), words order (different arrangements of the same words have different meanings), grammatical relations (what element relates to what other element directly or indirectly), recursion (the repeated use of the same rules to create infinite sentences), sentence relatedness (sentences may be structurally variant but semantically related), and syntactic categories (a class of words or phrases that can substitute for one another without loss of grammaticality) etc. Phrase structure rules can account for structural ambiguity, word order, grammatical relations, recursion, and syntactic categories; but they cannot account for sentence relatedness.6. How do sociolinguists classify the varieties of EnglishThe term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field. A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group. Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional dialects, sociolects and registers.A regional dialect is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area. The English language has many regional dialects. British English, American English, Australian English. Indian English, South African English, etc. are all regional varieties of the language. One dialect is distinctive from another phonologically, lexically and grammatically. 7. What are the functions of supra-segmental featuresThe phonetic features, distinctive or non-distinctive, that we have discussed so far may be properties of single segments. In this section we will look at features that are foundover a segment or sequence of two or more segments, which are called suprasegmental features. These features are also distinctive features. They are found in such units of syllables, words, phrases and sentences. The most widely found suprasegmental features are stress, intonation and tone.Stress is defined as the perceived prominence (comparative loudness) of one or more syllable elements over others in a word. This definition implies that stress is a relative notion. Intonation: when we speak, we change the pitch of our voice to express ideas. The same sentence uttered with different intonation may express different attitude of the speaker. In English, there are three basic intonation patterns: fall, rise and fall-rise. Tone is the variation of pitch at the word level to distinguish words. The same sequence of segments can be different words if uttered with different tones. English is not a tone language. Chinese is a typical tone language.Intonation and stress generally occur simultaneously in utterance. When intonation contour falls on a syllable, the nucleus is stressed and the vowel is naturally lengthened a bit. In the meantime, there is a little pause after the syllable. This simultaneous functioning of the features serves to highlight the information focus, or to eliminate ambiguity (double interpretations of the same phrase or sentence).8. What are aspects of syntactic knowledgeSyntactic knowledge is the knowing of which strings of words are grammatical and which are not. In addition, it includes: 1) structural ambiguity 2) word order 3) grammatical relations 4) recursion 5) sentence relatedness 6) syntactic categories.9. The advantages and disadvantages of componential analysis1st, it is a breakthrough in the formal representation of meaning. Once formally represented, meaning components can be seen. 2nd, it reveals the impreciseness of the terminology in the traditional approach to meaning analysis. Looking at the semantic formula of man and woman again you can see that it is not true that the total meaning of one word contrasts with that of the other. It is merely in one semantic feature that the two words contrast. When we look at the semantic formulae of man and father, we find that all the semantic features of man are included in the semantic formula of father. Then wereach a different conclusion from common sense in regard to the relation between man and father. Is this contradictory The answer is No. The obvious fact that man includes father is derived from the perspective of reference. Componential analysis examines the components of sense. The more semantic features a word has, the narrower its reference it is.The limitations of componential analysis are also apparent. It cannot be applied to the analysis of all lexicon, merely to words within the same semantic field. It is controversial whether semantic features are universal primes of word meanings in all language. Nevertheless, CA is so far a most influential approach in the structural analysis of lexical meaning.11. Why is linguistics a vast field of studyLinguistics is a broad field of study, because language is a complicated entity with many layers and facets. There are a number of divisions of linguistics, which can be put into two categories. 1) Intra-disciplinary divisions: the study of language in general is often termed general linguistics. It is based on the view that language as a system is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning. 2) Inter-disciplinary divisions. a) Sociology deals with language and culture. b) Psycholinguistics deals with the relation between language and mind c) applied linguistics is concerned with the application of linguistic theories and descriptions in other fields. All above three belong to sociolinguistics.12. How is linguistics different from traditional grammar1) Traditional grammar is prescriptive and modern linguistics is descriptive.2) Traditional grammatical categories are merely based on European language but linguistic studies all languages.3) Traditional grammar lacks a theoretical framework, while modern linguistics is theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented.13. How are speech sounds describedThe study of speech sounds is phonetics which includes 3 parts: 1) articulatory phonetics 2) acoustic phonetics 3) auditory phonetics. Articulatory phonetics is the primary concernin linguistics, in which speech sound is described within 3 sides:The description of consonants: a) place of articulation b) manners of articulation c) voicing d) aspirationThe description of vowels: a) monophthongs b) diphthongs c) lip rounding d) tensity 14. Difference between linguistic competence and communicative competence1) Linguists like Chomsky who are not concerned with language use propose the term linguistic competence to account for a speaker’s knowledge of his or her language.2) Sociolinguists like Dell Hymes propose communicative competence as the most general term to account for both the tacit knowledge of language and the ability to use it. According to Hymes, there are 4 parameters that underlie a speaker’s communicative competence, namely the ability to judge: a) whether sth is possible. b) feasible c) appropriate 4) done.15. How are words decomposed into their constituents1) Words are composed of one or more than one morphemes.2) Morphemes are the smallest meaningful unit of language.3) Morphemes can be categorized into 2 kinds. a) free morphemes( they constitute words by themselves) b) bound morphemes( they are never used independently)4) Bound morphemes include inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes.16. What are aspects of syntactic knowledgeSyntactic knowledge is the knowing of which strings of words are grammatical and which are not. In addition, it includes: 1) structural ambiguity 2) word order 3) grammatical relations 4) recursion 5) sentence relatedness 6) syntactic categories.17. What are the two classes of phonetic features What is the fundamental difference The two classes of phonetic features are distinctive features and non-distinctive features. Features that distinguish meaning are called distinctive features, in other words, those distinguishing phonemes. Non-distinctive features do not distinguish meanings, . the features belong to allophones. However, whether a phonetic feature is distinctive or non-distinctive varies from one language to another language.18. How do you account for the relation between phonetics and phonologyPhonology and phonetics are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but the two differ in perspectives. Phonetics, particularly articulatory phonetics, focuses on how speech sounds are produced, what phonetic features they have, and how to transcribe them. In phonetics, sound segments are assumed to be invariable; variations are overlooked. Phonology focuses on three fundamental questions. What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular language What sounds vary in what ways in what context What sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular language 19. What are the components of communicative competenceAccording to Hedge, there are mainly five components of communicative competence. They are linguistic competence, pragmatic competence, discourse competence, strategic competence, and fluency.1. Analyze the sentence in terms of type of process, mood structure, and theme and rheme: The academician will address the issue of the legitimacy of cloning at the conference. It is the verbal process. In this sentence, the sayer is the academician, the receivers are the people at the conference though it is not mentioned but we can infer it from the sentence. The verbiage is the issue of the legitimacy of cloning.This sentence is the realization of linguistic interaction, it is the giving of information. Its syntactic form is statement. The subject is the academician, the finite is the verbal operator “will”.The constituent that stands for the starting-point for the message is termed theme; all the rest of the sentence is labeled rheme. In this sentence, the theme is the academician and “the issue of the legitimacy of cloning at the conference” is the rheme.2. Analyze the two English sound segments【K】and 【Kh】in terms of distribution and the phonetic feature that distinguish them.1) Both are in complementary distribution. They are the allophones of the phoneme【K】. 【K】: fricative, voiceless, alveolar.【Kh】: elsewhere2) the phonetic feature that distinguish them is aspirationWhat are aspects of syntactic knowledgeSyntactic knowledge is the knowing of which strings of words are grammatical and which are not. In addition, it includes: 1) structural ambiguity 2) word order 3) grammatical relations 4) recursion 5) sentence relatedness 6) syntactic categories.3. Point out the semantic problem of the sentence "the orphan is staying with his parents There are some sentences which sound grammatical but meaningless. The sentence "the orphan is sta ying with his parents” is just one example. This sentence is always false which is called contradiction. An orphan is a child whose parents are dead, or a child who has been deprived of parental care. The theme (the orphan) and the rheme (is staying with his parents) are incompatible.4. Analyze the change of feature concerning the liquids and nasals in flight, snow, smart, pray and generalize the rule.Liquids /l/ /r/ appear after a voiceless consonant /f/ and /p/ respectively, they are devoiced.Nasals /nRule: Devoice a voiced consonant after a voiceless consonant.Or: When the English liquids, glides and the two anterior nasals appear after a voiceless consonant, it is devoiced. This rule can be expressed as follows: devoice a voiced consonant after a voiceless consonant，that is, [+voiced+consonantal] [-voiced] / [-voiced+consonantal]-. The phonology /l/ /r/ belong to liquids, and /m/ /n/ belong to anterior nasals. All these four are voiced consonant, but in these words, they change to the voiceless, for they appear after voiceless consonants.6. Analyze the cooking term stew as a verb by way of componential analysis and mark the feature that you think is distinguisher.stew: +cook +hot +close dish +juice (+ juice: semantic distinguisher)7. Analyze the cause of the error that some Chinese speakers of English use although and but within one sentence.In the process of analyzing learners' language, error analysis is a milestone. Explaining errors is the final but very important step in error analysis. In terms of sources, errors are divided into interlingual errors and intralingual errors. Interlingual errors are caused by mother tongue interference which means the negative role one's knowledge of L1to L2 learning. In Chinese, we can use “不但”，“而且”in the sam e sentence, so some Chinese speakers transfer this expression directly to English. But according to English grammar, “although” and “but” can not appear in the same sentence. This phenomenon is a kind of negative transfer of learners' syntactic knowledge. This is a typical phenomenon of interference in learning.9. Analyze the semantic properties of the given cooking terms, using the features [+/- WATER], [+/-FAT], [+/- PAN], [+/- POT], [+/- OVEN], [+/- SIEVE], etc.boil: [+WATER] [-FAT] [- PAN] [+ POT] [- OVEN] [- SIEVE]fry: [- WATER] [+FAT] [+ PAN] [- POT], [- OVEN] [+SIEVE]steam: [+WATER] [-FAT] [- PAN] [+POT] [-OVEN] [- SIEVE]stew: [+WATER] [+FAT] [- PAN] [+ POT] [- OVEN] [- SIEVE]bake: [- WATER] [+FAT] [- PAN] [- POT] [+ OVEN] [- SIEVE]10. Write the type of reference of it in each of the following sentences:(1) It is rather foggy these days.(2) It is so far hard to tell how many lives are claimed in the catastrophe..(3) The most powerful earthquake triggered massive tidal waves that slammed into coastlines across Asia yesterday. It killed over 30,000 people in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Bangladesh and Maldives.(1) “It” here refers to the weather. It is an exphoric reference, referring to the world outside linguistic forms.(2) “It” refers to the following expression, “how man lives are claimed in the catastrophe”, which is a linguistic form.. Thus, it is an endophoric reference, specifically, cataphoric reference (cataphora).(3) “It” refers to the preceding expression, that “massive tidal waves slammed into coastlines across Asia yesterday”. Therefore, it is an endophoric reference, specifically, anaphoric reference (anaphora).11. Analyze the ambiguity of the two sentences, telling the difference:(1)Flying planes can be dangerous.(2)She cannot bear children.1. a. The behavior of flying planes can be dangerous.b. Planes which is flying can be dangerous.2. a. She cannot endure children.b. She cannot give birth to children.1 Analyze the relation of –er –est and more most in English and generalize their distribution.-er est are the inflectional affixes of adj. or adv . –er and more are allomorphs of a same morpheme indicating comparative. –est and most are allomorphs of a same morpheme indicating superlative. Distribution of more most is before a adj. which has at least two syllables. –er –est are used as the affixes of adj. and adv. which has one ore two syllables.2 analyze the semantic difference of father and daddy in the given sentence, using Leech `s classification of lexical meanings.Classification: connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning and collocative meaning. Daddy has an affective meaning. When you use the term, you are in intimate relationship with your father. So a father is just who has a child, but daddy is the one loved by his child.3 analyze the difference between summon and call in terms of register.Register refers to varieties according to use. Summon is a formal word, used in court of law to order sb to appear, while call is widely used in daily life.4 point out the maxim flouted and the implicature of B `s utterance:A: Did you notice something odd between the host and hostessB: Have another glass of beerIt flouted the maxim of relevance. The implicature of B` s utterance : the hearer doesn `t want to gossip about those people .5 point out the degree of formality of :It is gratifying that the cooperative program has been proceeding smoothly formal.6 what is distinctive featureDistinctive features are features that distinguish meanings.7 How do you account for the relation between semantics and pragmatics.They are two separate fields. Both study meaning, but semantics studies the conventional meaning of a word while pragmatics studies the international meaning, the meaning in use. Semantics is bilateral while pragmatics is trilateral. Semantics studies the relationship between sign and meaning, but pragmatics studies the sign, meaning and user.8 What are the two main schools of contemporary western linguistics What are the fundamental differences between themTG grammar systematic-functional grammarTG based on UG, studies the general principles while systematic-functional grammar studies language functions.。

英语论文选题英语语言学1. A Study of Adverbs in Legal English2.Linguistic Features of Legal English3.On Cultural Context in Legal English Articles4.Sources of Chinese and English Legal Terms5.Characteristics of Legal Terms6.Functions of Languages in Legislation7.Killing and its Hyponyms in Legal English8.Punctuation in Legal English: for instance, comma, period, colon, etc.9.Abbreviations in Legal English10.Transitional Words in Legal English11.The Application of the Fuzzy Words in Legal English法律语言模糊性词语的运用12.The Differences of the Legal Discourse in Chinese and English英汉法律语篇的结构差异13.On Abbreviations in Business English谈经贸英语中的缩略语现象14.On the Multi-discipline of the Economic English V ocabulary论经济英语语汇的多学科性15.On the Features of Business English Letters浅谈外经贸英语信函的写作特点16.Adjusting the Tone in International Business English经贸英语缓和口吻表达方法探究17.The Stylistic Features of the Contract English协议、合同英语的文体特点18.On Modifiers of Nouns in English for Foreign Economy & Trade略谈外经贸英语中的名词修饰语19.The Negative and Active Function of Fuzzy Language in Business Writing论模糊语言在经贸英语写作中的作用20.The Application of PP (Polite Principle) in Business English Communication21.CP（Cooperative Principle）and Business English Interpretation22.Sexism as Reflected in the Chinese and English Languages23.Lexical Items as Means of Cohesion in English Texts24.Remarks on Modern American Slang25.Stylistic Comparison Between Broadcast News and Newspaper News26.News Headlines: Their Features and Style27.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Prepositions28.Death Metaphors in English29.The Pragmatic Functions of Intonation for Language Acquisition30.The Change of English Word Meaning: Factors and Types31.A Study of Transitional Words and Expressions 过渡词及表达法的研究32.Euphemistic Expressions in Foreign Affairs 外事用语中的委婉表达33.Features of Network English 网络英语的特点34.Influence of Science and Technology on English V ocabulary 科学技术对英语词汇的影响35. Linguistic Features of Abraham Lincol n’s Addresses 论林肯演说词的语言特征36.Linguistic Features of Business Contracts 商务合同的语言特征37.Linguistic Taboos in Chinese and English Languages 谈汉英语言中的禁忌现象55. On the Functions of Ambiguity in English 论英语歧义的功能64. On the Similarities and Differences of the Speeches by Elder and Younger Bush 论老布什、小布什语言风格的异同38.Parallelism in English英语中的排比现象39.Pragmatic Failures in the Cross-cultural Communication 跨文化交际中的语用失误40.Relationship of Age to SLA (Second Language Acquisition) 论年龄与第二语言习得的关系41.Semantic Analysis of Nominalization in EST 科技英语名词化语义分析42.Analysis of the Speech Acts of Characters I Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》中人物言语行为的分析43.Lexical Relation and Their Cognitive Motivation词汇关系及其认知理据44.An Interpretation of Speech Acts in Death of a Salesman,《推销员之死》言语行为分析45.Effects of Nonverbal Communication on Daily Life 非言语交际对日常生活的影响46.浅析英汉人体隐喻的异同47.论“心”的隐喻认知系统48.从《老友记》的对话看礼貌策略使用的性别差异49.英语中法语借词的历史演变50.英语中“笑”类动词的语义成分分析51.从礼貌的视角比较英汉称赞语52.浅谈英汉中的借词差异及英语借词对汉语的影响53.死亡委婉语的应用及其文化内涵54.探索《傲慢与偏见》中的委婉语55.政治委婉语在伊拉克战争中的使用56.“死亡”委婉语变异的语境分析tin’s Influence on the English V ocabulary in the History P erspective58.The Recognition of Componential Analysis and Its Application59.模糊语的交际/语用功能分析60.The Ways of Expressing Emphatic Ideas in English 英语中强调语气的表达方式61.A study of the Code-Switching in Internet Communication 网络交际中的语码转换研究62.On Metaphors in Advertising English英语广告中的暗喻e of English abbreviations in Chinese news reports汉语新闻报道中的英语缩略语运用e of English abbreviations in Chinese advertisements汉语广告中的英语缩略语运用65.Chinese-English Code-switching in daily communication日常交际中的英汉语码转换66.Chinese-English Code-switching in net communication网络交际中的英汉语码转换67.Gender Differences in English Communication英语交际中的性别差异68.Sexism in English Proverbs英语习语中的性别歧视69.Economy Principle and Noun-Verb Shift 论语言经济原则与名词动词化70.English Abstract Nouns and Their Translation into Chinese 论英语抽象名词及其汉译71.Rules-Breaking in the Language of Advertising 论广告中的反语法规则现象72.A Comparative Study of Ambiguous Sentences in English and Chinese 英汉歧义句对比研究73.A Comparative Study of Spouse-seeking Notice in English and Chinese英汉征婚启事对比研究74.A Comparative Study of Humor in English and Chinese英汉幽默语用研究75.The Formation and Metabolism of English Euphemisms英语委婉语的构造法及其变化规律76.A Brief Research into the Deviation of Punctuation Marks& Aesthetic Value 浅议标点符号的变异使用及其审美功能77.Presupposition and its Application in Advertising 论预设及其在广告语中的运用78.Polite Principles in Business English and Their Use商务英语中的礼貌原则及运用79.An Analysis of the Characteristics of Abbreviations and Their Original Words in OnlineChatroom网络聊天室缩略语及其原词语的特点分析80.A Survey on the Non-Chinese Expressions on BBS of Chinese Universities高校网络媒体BBS 上非汉语词汇用语的调查研究81.Politeness and Business English Letters礼貌与商务英语信函82.A Historical Analysis on Constitution Particularity of American English 从历史角度简析美国英语形成的历史特殊性83.A Contrast Between Chinese and English Compliments中英称赞语对比84.Interpretation of Advertising Language from the Relevance Theory 广告语的关联理论分析85.Pragmatic Strategies in Business Negotiations商务谈判中的语用策略86.An Analysis on Ideational Function of English News 英语新闻的概念功能分析教学法87.Relationship of Age to Legal English Learning88.Legal English V ocabulary Teaching89.The Application of Schema Theory in Reading Comprehension90.Collaborative Learning: Group Work91.Cognitive Approach in Oral English Teaching92.English Songs—An Effective and Supplementary Medium of English Teaching25. Effects of Learner’s Motivation in Foreign Language Learning 外语学习中学习动机的影响27. Error Analysis in English Learning as a Foreign Language 英语学习中的错误分析研究43. Logical Fallacies in English Writing 英文写作中的逻辑谬误46. Needs Analysis of Language Learners 语言学习者的需求分析47. On Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning 论第二语言学习的态度及动机93. Personality Factors to the Success of Foreign Language Learning 个性因素在外语学习中的作用94.The Cognitive and Affective Factors in Task-based English Teaching英语任务型教学中的认知和情感因素95.On the Differences between Children and Adults in the Effects of Mother Tongue on SecondLanguage Acquisition儿童和成年人在母语对二语习得影响方面的差异96.Analysis and Exploration of Oral English Teaching and Learning Method in UniversityClassroom大学课堂中对英语口语教学学习方法的分析和研究97.图式理论在英语听力教学中的应用98.图式理论及其对高中英语阅读教学的启示99.对高中英语课堂阅读现状的调查和分析100.多媒体技术在中学英语教学中运用现状的分析101.浅谈私立高中英语课堂中的师爱教学102.背诵在英语学习中的作用103.言语行为语用能力培养在英语课本中的实现——以《新概念英语》为个案104.关于英语课堂中教师反馈情况的调查分析研究105.用英语电影辅助高中英语教学106.同伴纠错在英语写作课堂中的应用107.大学英语教师课堂话语策略个案研究108.关于高中生英语学习中焦虑问题的调查研究109.论任务式英语口语教学中的合作学习110.合作学习在高中英语写作教学中的应用111.中国大学生英语写作中汉语词法的负迁移112.英语专业学生听力学习中元认知策略使用状况的调查113.语篇衔接以及写作中的衔接错误114.英汉亲属称谓语的差异及其互译115.A Study on the Elements in Improving English Listening Ability under Computer-and-Internet-Assisted Circumstance计算机网络下的英语听力能力提高的元素116.Obstacles in Understanding American English Idiomatic Statements for Chinese Students中国学生对含成语的美国英语表述理解的障碍117.On the Training of English Listening-Awareness英语听力意识的训练118.Effects of Discourse Structure on Listening Comprehension of Aural English 语篇结构对英语听力理解的影响119.Effects of Stereotypes on Intercultural Communication文化成见在跨文化交际中的影响120.The Influence of Web Technology on University English Teaching Modes / English Listening / Oral English / English Lexical Teaching 网络环境对英语教学模式/听力/口语/词汇教学的影响121.Backwash of Tests on English Teaching and Learning测试对英语教学的反拨作用122.The Differences in English Study between Boy Students and Girl Students in Senior Schools 高中男女生英语学习差异的研究文化123.Relationship between Culture and Law124.Cultural Distinctiveness in Legal English Translationparison of Chinese and English Forms of Addresses126.Hierarchies in American and Chinese Address Forms127.The Role Played by the American Blacks in the History of America128.The Cults in Modern American Society129.Chinese and Western Culture Values in Advertising Language130.Deep-structure Transfer in Cross-cultural Communication131.Cultural Differences in Nonverbal Communication132.Religious Cultural Factors Affecting the Differences of Meanings of Words133.A Comparison of Intercultural Usages between Chinese and Western Courtesy Languages 134.19. Cross-culture Failures by Chinese learners of English135.中国英语学习者跨文化交际中的误区136.The Comparison Between Taoism and Transcendentalism道家文化与超验主义的比较研究137.The comparative studies between Buddhism and Christianity on cultural level 佛教与基督教在文化层面上的对比研究138.The Sino-US Cultural Differences Reflected in Movies 看中美电影中的文化差异139.英汉数字习语文化比较140.Linguistic and Cultural Comparison between Chinese“狗”and English “dog”中西“狗”的语言文化比较研究141.中国牡丹和英国玫瑰折射出的文化差异文学142.Hamlet: His Characters as a Humanist143.Parallelism and Contrast of Shakespeare’s Dramatic Language144.On the Structure of Dickens’s Hard Times145.Jane Austen’s Art of Irony and Its Rhetoric Effects146.The High Class as Seen in Thackeray’s Vanity Fair147.From Pastoral Stories to Great Tragic Novels: An Analysis of Hardy’s Novels148.Remarks on wrence’s Psychological Analyses149.Social Reality as Reflected in the Poetry of William Blake150.Edgar Allan Poe and the World Literature151.The Tragic Color of Earnest Hemingway’s Novels152.A Critical Study of William F aulkner’s A Rose for Emily:Its Narrative Techniques and Structure153.Some Features of Steinbeck’s Literary Style154.Emily Dickinson and Her Unique Poetry155.Symbolism in O’Neill’s Major Plays156.The Modern American Society and The Death of the Salesman157.A Comparative Study of Empathy in English and Chinese Poetry158.A Comparative Analysis of Sentence Structures in English and Chinese Poetry159.The Realism of the Adventure of Huckleberry Finn160.Heroism in Hemingway’s Works161.The Light of the Dark：The Greatest Works of Conan and Agatha162.On Wordsworth’s View of Nature163.On the Symbolism of D.H. Lawrence’s The Rainbow164.Analysis of Characters of Don Quxiote165.On the Author and the Major Characters of The Pearl166.Social Reality Reflected in Ode To the West Wind167.Hamlet and His Delay168.The Cuban Culture Contest of The Old Man and the Sea169.Gothic Features in Wuthering Heights170.The Comparison of the Character of Carrie Meeber and Jennie Gerhardt171.The Philosophy of Life in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea172.Mark Twain---The Pessimist Who Brought Laughter to The World173.Humor and Realism of Mark Twain’s The Celebrated Jumping Frog of California County 174.Robinson Crusoe and the Colonial Empire175.A Probe into the Ambiguity and Symbolization of Eliot’s Poetry176.The Realism of Adventure of Huckleberry Finn177.A Farewell to Arms—A Clear Mirror178.Gone with the Wind and the Awakening of Women179.Hemingway and Hemingway Heroes180.The Sound of Heart-Reverie and Melancholy in Emily Dickinson’s Poemsment on the Biblical Images in Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes parison of Gone with the Wind and The Collector—An Analysis of Women’s Problem 183.Satire in Catch—22184.Love, Equality and Tolerance—On the Nature of Love of Jane and Tess185.On the Endings and Features of O ·Henry's Short Stories186.Paradise Lost—The War in the Heaven187.The Attractions of The Waste Land188.On the Religious Color of Characterization in Uncle Tom's Cabin189.Thoreau's Walden: A Book of Inward Exploration190.Beautiful Women—Analysis of Female Characters in The Merchant of Venice191.The Great Gatsby and the Collapse of the American Dream192.The Influence of Edgar Allan Poe's Life on his Writing193.The Biblical Allusions and Symbols in The Grapes of Wrath194.A Journey of Outward and Inward Exploration—A Brief Analysis of Walden195.The Duality in Robinson Crusoe's Character196.On the Characterization and Writing Techniques in Rebecca197.Wordsworth: Nature's Favorite Son198.Two Aspects Reflected from Robinson Crusoe: Society and Nature199.The Superman Complex in Love of Life200.3. A Comm ent on Hardy’s Fatalism 评哈代的宿命论201.4. A Comparison between the Themes of Pilgrimage to the West and Pilgrim’s Progress 202.《西游记》与《天路历程》主题的比较203.49. On T.S. Eliot’s Mythological Consciousness 论艾略特的神话意识204.On the Tragedy of Loman’s Family in Death of A Salesman 《推销员之死》中罗曼一家的悲剧205.Points of View and the Mode of Discourse in Vanity Fair 论《名利场》的观点及言语方式206.Rhetorical and Narrative Devices in A Farewell to Arms 《永别了，武器》的修辞与描写手法207.Scarlet and Black in The Scarlet Letter 《红字》中的红与黑208.Robinson Crusoe--Representative of the New Capitalist鲁滨逊—新兴资产阶级的代表209.The Women World in The Thorn Birds---Same World，Different Destiny《荆棘鸟》中的女性世界---同一世界, 不同命运210.The Transformation of Buck in The Call of the Wild小说《野性的呼唤》中巴克的转变211.Rebecca Sharp---The Real Heroine in Vanity Fair丽蓓卡·夏泼---《名利场》的真正主人公212.The Conflict between Greed and Human nature ---- on An American Tragedy从《美国悲剧》看贪婪与人性的冲突213.What is Small and What is Big in Great Expectations《远大前程》中的“大”与“小214.A Contrastive Study between "White" and "Black" in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》中“白”与“黑”的对比研究215.Black Humor in Catch-22《第二十二条军规》中的黑色幽默216.A Contrastive Study of the Influence of Religion upon Tess and Prynne宗教对苔丝和白兰命运的影响的对比分析217.On Symbolism in Lord of the Flies 象征手法在《蝇王》中的运用218.Analysis of Christianity Theme on The Name of the Rose《玫瑰之名》的宗教主题分析219.Christianity in Uncle Tom's Cabin小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中的基督教220.On the Intercultural Conflicts in The Portrait of a Lady《贵妇画像》中跨文化冲突的分析221.On the Theme of Struggle for Survival in Sister Carrie Base on the Character Analysis从人物分析研究《嘉莉妹妹》中人们为生存挣扎的主题222.An Analysis of Scarlett's Intelligence and Capability in Gone with the Wind论小说《飘》中斯佳丽的智慧和能力223.An Analysis of the Image of "Hunter" in Moby-Dick and The Old Man and the Sea《白鲸》和《老人与海》中的“猎者”形象分析224.Naturalism in Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser德莱塞《嘉莉妹妹》的自然主义解析225.On the Meaning of Symbols in Beloved析《宠儿》中的象征意义226.Individuality, the Limitation of Ideology and Symbolism in Invisible Man浅析《看不见的人》中的自我个性，意识形态局限性和象征主义227.Female Image Comparison between Scarlett and Meggie斯佳丽与梅吉的女性形象比较228.A Study of Invisible Man from An Existential Perspective从存在主义视角看《隐形人》229.A Feminist Study of the Effect of American Civil War upon the Female World in American Society Seen from Gone with the Wind 从女权主义视角看<<飘>>所反映的美国内战对美国女性世界的影响230.A Social Cultural Contrastive Stuy of Scarlett O'Hara and Wang Xifeng郝思佳和王熙凤的社会文化对比研究231.The Marriage of Mr. Collins and Charlotte Lucas in Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》中柯林斯与夏洛蒂•卢卡斯的婚姻232.Miserable World in the Humor---A Comparison of the Works of Mark Twain and O. Henry幽默中的悲惨世界---马克吐温和欧亨利作品的比较233.A Comparison of Conflicts in Desire Under the Elms and Thunderstorm《榆树下的欲望》和《雷雨》戏剧冲突的比较234.The Art of Satire in Gulliver's Travels论《格列佛游记》中的讽刺艺术235.Ａcomparative Study of Abbie and Fanyi in Desire Under the Elm and Thunderstorm＜榆树下的欲望＞和＜雷雨＞中爱碧和繁漪的对比研究236.Exotic Flowers in East and West —Comparison between Romeo and Juliet and Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai（中西方的艺术奇葩——比较《罗密欧与朱丽叶》与《梁山伯与祝英台》）237.An Elegy of Humanism—An Analysis of the Causes of The Tragedy of Othello（人文主义的悲歌——《奥赛罗》悲剧成因之探析）238.A Comparison between the Themes of Pilgrimage to the West and Pilgrim’s Progress 《西游记》与《天路历程》主题的比较239.A Comparative Study of Tao Yuan-Min and William Wordsworth240.The Images of the West Wind in Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind 雪莱《西风颂》中西风的意象241.Ode to a Nightingale: An Integration of Aesthetics and politics<夜莺颂》诗歌美学与政治意识的结合242.A Contrastive Study of Images in English and Classical Chinese Poems英诗和中国古典诗歌中的意象比较243.Five Natural Elements in Wordsworth’s Poems华兹华斯诗中的五种自然元素翻译理论与实践244.Translation of Complex Sentence in the Legal Language245.The Influence of Cultural Elements on the Translation of the idioms in Commercial English 试论文化因素对经贸领域中习语翻译的影响mercial English: its characteristics and translation经贸英语的特点与翻译247.The Characteristics of Business Contract Wording in English &amp; its Translation英语经贸契约的用词特点与翻译248.On the Usage and Translation of Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases in Business Contracts in English英语经贸契约介词和介词短语的用法及翻译249.Understanding and Translation of the Divisional Phenomena in English Economic Contracts 英语经贸契约分隔现象的理解与翻译250.Lexical Features of Business Contract English and Its Translation经贸合同英语词法特征及其翻译251.Characteristics and Distinctive English Translation of Words in Business Contracts商务合同英语用词特点及翻译的特色标记252.The Characteristics and the Present Situation of Foreign trade English Translation对外经贸翻译的特点与现状253.On the Translation of Commercial Advertisement谈商业广告的翻译254.On the Role of Social Context in Business English Translation浅议经贸英语翻译中语境因素的作用255.On the Criteria of Translating English in to Foreign- oriented Economy and Trade Affairs试论经贸英语翻译的标准256.Translation Characteristics of Economy and Trade English经贸英语的翻译特点257.Understanding and Translation of the Divisional Phenomena in English Economic Contracts 英语经贸契约分隔现象的理解与翻译258.On the Strategies of the Mistranslation in Business English论经贸英语误译的对策259.Multi-angle Views On Business English Translation经贸翻译的多视角260.A Classification & Translation of Words Denoting Major Positions in Business English经贸英语中主要职务用词的分类与翻译261.The Classification and Translation of the Business English Terms with the Reference of "Money"经贸英语中含有"钱款"意义词汇的分类及翻译262.Word Diction in Economy and Trade Translation经贸翻译的词义选择263.On Translation of English Advertisement广告英语的翻译264.Advertisement English Translation in Cross-cultural Background跨文化背景中的广告英语翻译265.On Translation of the Dates, Amount and Numbers (Figures) in the Economic & Trade Contracts经贸契约中日期、金额和数字的翻译266.Translating Strategy of Modern Business English现代商务英语翻译策略267.Methods and Principles of Trade Mark Translation商标翻译的方法及应遵循的基本原则268.The Language Characteristics and Translation Stragegy of English Advertisements广告英语语言特点及其翻译策略269.How to Correctly Understand & Translate the Compound Words Formed from Here-, There- and Where- in Economic & Trade Contracts 如何正确理解和翻译经贸契约中Here,There-和Where构成的复合词270.On the Rhetoric Character and Translating Method of Advertising English浅析广告英语的修辞特点和翻译方法271.On Metaphors in Business English and Translation商务英语中的隐喻及其翻译272.On "Faithfulness" and "Innovation" in Foreign Trade English Translation外贸英语翻译的"忠实"与"变通"273.The Stralegies of Domestication and Dissimilation on Advertising English Translation广告英语翻译的"归化"和""异化"策略274.Cross-cultural and Cross-linguistic Factors in English Advertisement Translation英语广告翻译中的跨文化、跨语言因素275.Nominalization application in business English letter writing and its translation名词化结构在商务英语信函中的应用和翻译276.On the Art of Rhetoric and Translation Approaches in Advertising English论广告英语的修辞艺术和翻译方法277.Principles of Translating Economic Literature of Enterprises from Chinese to English企业外宣资料汉英翻译原则278.English-Chinese Translation of Trademarks: Its Principles and Strategies英语商标的汉译原则及策略279.The Puns in English and Chinese Advertisements and the Translation of Them英汉广告中的双关语及其英汉互译280.The Pragmatic Analysis and Translation Strategies of Long Sentences in English Business Contracts英语商务合同长句的语用分析及翻译策略281.Influence of Cultural differences on the Chinese-English Translation of Business Writing文化差异对商务汉英翻译的影响282.On Equivalence of Cultural Message in the International Business English Translation国际商务英语翻译中的文化信息等值研究283.On the Principles of Equivalence in Literary Translation284.Cultural Gaps and Untranslatability285.The Chinese V ersion of Jude the Obscure: An Outstanding Example of Artistic Recreation 286.Translating the Style of Literary Works—A Preliminary Study of Wu Ningkun’s Version of The Great Gatsby287.A Comparative Study of Two Chinese Versions of The Merchant of Venice288.A Reading of Fang Zhong’s Translation of The Canterbury Tales289.On the English Versions of Some of Du Fu’s Poems290.Translating the Titles of Chinese Classic Poetry291.How to Deal with Ellipsis in Translating292.The Translation of Trade Marks and Culture293.Onomatopoeia and its Translation294.On the Cross-Culture Pragmatic Failure in English Translation295.On Translating the Passive Voice in Scientific and Technology English into Chinese296.A Comparative Study of Two English Version of the Chang Ganxing297.Review on the Translation of Movie Titles298. A Study of the Translation of Sports Terms 体育专有名词的翻译299. About Transform of Parts of Speech in Translation 论翻译中词性的转换300.On Translation of Computer Terms 论计算机的术语翻译301.On Translation of Tourist Guide 论旅游指南的翻译302. On Translation of Trade Names and Names of Export Commodities 论商标、出口商品名称的翻译303.The Understanding and Translation of Attributive Clause 定语从句的理解与翻译304.On the Translation of Long Sentences and Attributive Clauses in A Tale of Two Cities浅析《双城记》中长句与定语从句的翻译技巧305.The Understanding and Translation of Attributive Clause 定语从句的理解与翻译306.Differences Between Chinese Headline and English Headline as well as Their Translation 论中英文新闻标题的差异与翻译307.On Brand Name Translation Strategies from the View of Consumer Psychology从消费心理学角度浅谈商标翻译策略308."Fu Donghua’s Gone With the Wind and Functional Translation Theory 傅东华的《飘》和功能翻译理论309.The Subjectivity of the Translator in Literary Translation 文学翻译中的译者主体性310.Cultural Differences and Transplantation in Translation文化差异和翻译中的文化移植311.Idioms’Practice and Translation in Advertising 习语在广告中的应用与翻译312.On the Impact of Translation on Chinese Culture--- To Cherish Chinese Culture 翻译对中国文化的影响--- 保护中国文化313.A Comparative Study of Two English Versions of One of Tao Yuanming’s Set Poems Drinking Wine 对陶渊明《饮酒》组诗之一的两个英译本的比较研究314.论儿童文学的翻译315.例析俚语的英译汉。

英语专业论文题目英语专业论文题目导语：对于英语专业，有哪些题目可以作为论文参考题目呢？下面是小编整理的英语专业论文题目，供各位参考。

1. A Brief Analysis of the Heroine Personality in Jane Eyre《简爱》的主人翁个性分析2. A Brief Comment on O’Henry Short Stories 亨利的短篇小说述评3. A Comment on Hardy’s Fatalism 评哈代的宿命论4. A Comparison between the Themes of Pilgrimage to the West and Pilgrim’s Progress《西游记》与《天路历程》主题的比较5. A Probe into the Feminist Idea of Jane Eyre 《简爱》男女平等思想的探索6. A Study of Native American Literature 美国本土文学的研究7. A Study of Student-Centered English Vocabulary Teaching 以学生为中心的英语词汇教学8. A Study of the Translation of Sports Terms 体育专有名词的翻译9. A Study of Transitional Words and Expressions 过渡词及表达法的研究10. About the Breaking of American Dream from the Great Gatsby从《了不起的盖茨比》看美国梦的破碎11. About the Quality-oriented Education in English Language Teaching英语教学中的素质教育12. About Transform of Parts of Speech in Translation 论翻译中词性的转换13. Application of English Idioms in Daily Life 英语习语在日常生活中的运用14. Body Language Difference in Meaning in Cross-culturalCommunication体态语在跨文化交际中的意义差异15. Characterization in Charles Dickens’ Novels 狄更斯小说中的人物塑造16. Choice of Correct Words in Translation在翻译中如何准确选词17. Comment on Bernard Shaw’s Dramatic Art 评肖伯纳的戏剧艺术18. Comparing First and Second Language Acquisitions二语习得与母语的比较研究19. Cross-culture Failures by Chinese learners of English中国英语学习者跨文化交际中的误区20. Cultural Differences and Idiomatic Expressions in Translation论翻译中的文化差异及习惯表达法21. Cultural Factors and Limitations in Translation 翻译的文化因素局限性22. Developing Students’ Cultural Awareness through Foreign Language Teaching通过外语教学培养学生的文化意识23. Dialectics in Translation 翻译中的辩证法24. Differences between Audio-lingual Method and Functional Approach听说法与交际法的区别25. Effects of Learner’s Motivation in Foreign Lan guage Learning外语学习中学习动机的影响26. English Classroom Teaching: Teacher-dominant or Student-centered英语课堂教学——教师主宰还是学生中心27. Error Analysis in English Learning as a Foreign Language 英语学习中的错误分析研究28. Euphemistic Expressions in Foreign Affairs 外事用语中的委婉表达29. Features of Network English 网络英语的特点30. Food Culture in America and China 中美饮食文化比较31. How to Appreciate English Prose: Traditional and Modern Ways如何欣赏英语散文——传统与现代方法比较32. Humor and Satire in Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》的幽默与讽刺33. Influence of Mark Twain’s Works in China 马克吐温的作品在中国的影响34. Influence of Science and Technology on English Vocabulary科学技术对英语词汇的影响35. Information Theory and Translation 信息论与翻译36. Inter-Translation of English and Chinese Proverbs 英汉谚语的互译37. Jane Austen and the Heroine in Pride and Prejudice简奥丝丁和《傲慢与偏见》的女主人38. Lexical Gaps in Chinese and English Inter-Translation 英汉互译的词义差异39. Linguistic Features of Abraham Lincoln’s Addresses 论林肯演说词的语言特征40. Linguistic Features of Business Contracts 商务合同的语言特征41. Linguistic Features of English Advertisements 英语广告的语言特征42. Linguistic Taboos in Chinese and English Languages 谈汉英语言中的禁忌现象43. Logical Fallacies in English Writing 英文写作中的逻辑谬误44. Metaphoric Expressions in Poem … 论《…》诗中的暗喻45. Methods and Procedures in Language Teaching 语言教学的方法及过程46. Needs Analysis of Language Learners 语言学习者的需求分析47. On Attitudes and Motivation in Second LanguageLearning论第二语言学习的'态度及动机48. On Charles Dickens Style in … 论狄更斯的《…》中的语言风格49. On T.S. Eliot’s Mythological Consciousness 论艾略特的神话意识50. On Teacher-Learner Classroom Communication 论教师与学生之间的课堂交流51. On the Character of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice论《威尼斯商人》中的人物夏洛克52. On the Criteria of Translation 议翻译标准53. On the Development of Jane Eyre’s Character 论简爱的性格发展54. On the Feasibility of Communicative Approach in China 谈交际法在中国的可行性55. On the Functions of Ambiguity in English 论英语歧义的功能56. On the Humour of Mark Twain 马克吐温的幽默观57. On the Importance of Translation Theory 翻译理论的重要性58. On the Learning Strategy of English as a Foreign language 谈英语的学习策略59. On the Linguistic Features of the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利费恩历险记》的语言特点60. On the Poetry of Robert Frost (1874-1963) 评议弗罗斯特的诗歌61. On the Poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1885) 评议沃兹沃斯的诗歌62. On the Principles for Translation 浅议翻译原则63. On the Relations of Basic Language Skills 基本语言技能的关系64. Translation T echniques of Proverbs, Loanwords and Colloquialisms谚语、外来语和俗语的翻译技巧65. On the Style of Withering Heights 《呼啸山庄》的文体分析66. On the Tragedy of Loman’s Family in Death of A Salesman《推销员之死》中罗曼一家的悲剧67. On the Vividn ess and Images in Poem … 论《…》诗文的生动性与比喻68. On the Words and Expressions Belittling the Female 蔑视女性的词汇和表达法69. On the Writing / Translation of Foreign Trade Contracts 论涉外经济合同写作/翻译70. On Translation of Computer Terms 论计算机的术语翻译71. On Translation of Tourist Guide 论旅游指南的翻译72. On Translation of Trade Names and Names of Export Commodities论商标、出口商品名称的翻译73. On Winston Churchill’s Prose Writing 评邱吉尔的散文写作74. Parallelism in English英语中的排比现象75. Personality Factors to the Success of Foreign Language Learning个性因素在外语学习中的作用76. Points of View and the Mode of Discourse in Vanity Fair 论《名利场》的观点及言语方式77. Politeness and Indirect Speech Acts 礼貌与间接言语行为78. Pragmatic Failures in the Cross-cultural Communication 跨文化交际中的语用失误79. Professional Skills for Foreign Language Teachers in Chinese Middle Schools中国中学外语教师的专业技能80. Relations of Speed and Understandability in Reading Comprehension阅读理解中速度与理解性之间的关系81. Relationship between … Theory and Language Research 论…理论与语言研究的关系82. Relationship of Age to SLA (Second Language Acquisition)论年龄与第二语言习得的关系83. Rhetorical and Narrative Devices in A Farewell to Arms 《永别了，武器》的修辞与描写手法84. Scarlet and Black in The Scarlet Letter 《红字》中的红与黑85. Semantic Analysis of Nominalization in EST 科技英语名词化语义分析86. Sex Differentiation and Sexism in English Language论英语中的性别现象及性别歧视87. Similarities and Dissimilarities of British and American English论英式英语和美式英语的异同88. Social Context in the Foreign Language Teaching and Learning外语教学中的社会语境89. Study of “Hemingway Style” 论“海明威风格”90. Symbolism in Idiomatic Expressions 论习语中的象征手法91. Syntactical Features of Business English 谈商务英语写作的句法特征92. Syntax in John Milton’s Paradise Lost 弥尔顿的《失乐园》的句法探讨93. Techniques of Theme Production in Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》主题的表现手法94. The Application of Communicative Approach Techniques in Modern Foreign Language Teaching and Learning 交际法的教学手段在现代外语教学中的运用95. The Characteristics of Computer Language Vocabulary 计算机语言词汇的特点96. The Cognitive and Affective Factors in Task-based English Teaching英语任务型教学中的认知和情感因素97. The E/C Translation of Metaphors 暗喻的英汉翻译98. The Function of Grammar in English Study 英语学习中语法的功能99. The Influence of L1 on the Learning of a Foreign Language母语对外语学习的影响100. The Influence of Wars on American Literature 战争对美国文学的影响101. The Linguistic Charms of the Adventures of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆索亚历险记》的语言魅力102. The Negation in Translation 论正说反译和反说正译103. The Role of Grammatical Rules in English Language Learning语法规则在英语学习中的地位104. The Significance of Communicative Competence in Foreign Language Testing外语测试中交际能力的重要性105. The Theory of “Dynamic Equivalence” and its Application in E/C Translation等效翻译理论及其在英汉翻译中的应用106. The Translation of Proper Names 专有名词的翻译107. The Understanding and Translation of Attributive Clause 定语从句的理解与翻译108. The Use of Nouns in English 英语中名词的使用109. The Ways of Expressing Emphatic Ideas in English英语中强调语气的表达方式110. Thomas Hardy and his Tess of the D’Urbervilles 哈代和他的《苔丝》111. Translation of Rhetoric Devices in EST (English for Science and Technology)论科技英语中修辞格的翻译方法112. Translation Techniques of Idioms and Slangs 成语、俚语的翻译技巧。

CHAPTER 1I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:T 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.F 2. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.T 3. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a wholeT 4. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.T 5. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.T 6. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learningT 7 Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concreteF 8 Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not languageT 9. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of languageF 10. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitraryF 11. There is universal agreement about the origin of language.F 12. Pet dogs can speak human languages.F 13. All human infants can speak some language.F 14. By creativity we mean the creative use of language as often practiced by poets.F 15. With different cultures there will be different languages.T 16. Not all uses of language are meant to convey new information.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic2. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness3. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable4. The function of the sentence “water boil at 100 degrees centigrade”A interrogativeB directiveC informativeD performative5. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative6. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols for human __________.A contactB communicationC relationD community7. Languages is _______A instinctiveB non-instinctiveC staticD genetically transmitted8. A linguist regards the change in language and language use as _______A unnaturalB something to be fearedC naturalD abnormal9. Which of the following words is entirely arbitraryA treeB crashC typewriterD bang10. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the aboveCHAPTER 2I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:T 1. V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.F 2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.F 3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.F 4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.T 5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.T 6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.F 7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.F 8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.T 9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.F 10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.F 11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.T 12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.F 13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.F 14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.F 15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.F 16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.T 17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.F 18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.T 19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.T 20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesCHAPTER 3I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:T 1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.F 2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.T 3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.T 4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.T 5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.T 6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.T 7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.F 8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.F 9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.T 10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB.GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a rootCHAPTER 4I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:T 1. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.T 2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.F 3. An endocentric construction is also known as headed construction because it has just one headT 4. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.F 5. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.T 6. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun.T 7. Word order plays an important role in the organization of English sentences.T 8. Like English, modern Chinese is a SVO language.T 9. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.T 10. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1 The head of the phrase “the city Rome”is__________A the cityB RomeC cityD the city and Rome2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. PrepositionD. subordinator3 Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional4. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.5 The phrase “on the half” belongs to ________constructionA endocentricB exocentricC subordinateD coordinate6 . The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.7 The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. compelD. both linear and hierarchical8. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite9. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational10 The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves” is a____________sentenceA simpleB coordinateC compoundD complexCHAPTER 539. Interrogative and imperative（祈使）sentences do not have truth value. T40. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word cannot be dissected （切分）into meaning components, called semantic feature. F (… can be …)41. One merit of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning. T 42. Hyponymy is a matter of class membership, so it is the same as meronymy. F(Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship.)43. Two sentences using the same words may mean quite differently. T44. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situationswhile linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. F45. An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true. T46. Conceptualists maintain that there is no direct link between linguistic form and what it refers to. This view can be seen by the Semantic triangle. T47. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. T48. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. T49. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. F50. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. T51. “it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. T52. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis ofa sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. TCHAPTER 6I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:F 1. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communicationF 2. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.T 3. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.T 4. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.F 5. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.F 6. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.F 7. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.F 8. Utterances always take the form of complete sentencesF 9. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.T 10. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.T 11. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.F 12. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept26. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.A. contextualB. behaviouristicC. intrinsicD. logical27. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning_________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context28. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual29. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive30. Which of the following is true?A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.31. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century.32. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act33. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs.34. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.A. in their illocutionary acts.B. in their intentions expressedC. in their strength or forceD. in their effect brought about35. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle36. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicatures。

英语语法修正When it comes to English grammar, it is essential to have a solid understanding of the rules and principles that govern the language. Correct grammar usage can significantly enhance communication skills and make a positive impression on both written and spoken communication. In this article, we will cover some common grammar mistakes and provide tips on how to avoid them.One of the most common grammar errors is the misuse of apostrophes. Apostrophes are primarily used to indicate possession or contraction. For example, "The cat's bowl" indicates that the bowl belongs to the cat, and "don't" is a contraction of "do not." However, some people mistakenly use apostrophes to make a word plural, which is incorrect. For instance, "apple's" should be "apples," and "book's" should be "books."Another frequent mistake is subject-verb agreement. It is important to ensure that the subject and verb agree in terms of number. For instance, if the subject is singular, the verb should also be singular, and if the subject is plural, the verb should also be plural. For example, "The dog barks loudly" is correct as the subject "dog" is singular. Meanwhile, "The dogs bark loudly" is correct as the subject "dogs" is plural. This rule can be challenging when dealing with compound subjects or subject phrases, so it is important to pay attention to the subject-verb agreement.Furthermore, sentence structure is another area where mistakes are commonly made. A sentence should generally have a subject, a verb, and express a complete thought. It is important to avoid sentence fragments or run-on sentences. A sentence fragment is anincomplete thought that lacks a subject or verb, while a run-on sentence combines multiple complete thoughts without proper punctuation or conjunctions. It is important to ensure that each sentence is complete and properly structured for clarity and coherence.Punctuation errors are also prevalent in written communication. One common mistake is the misuse of commas. Commas have various functions, including separating items in a list, setting off introductory phrases, or separating clauses. It is important to use commas appropriately to avoid confusion or ambiguity. For example, in the sentence "I love cooking my family and my friends," adding a comma after "cooking" would clarify that "cooking" is a separate action from spending time with family and friends.Additionally, the proper use of pronouns is crucial to maintain clarity and avoid ambiguity. Pronouns are used to replace nouns in a sentence, but they must agree in number and gender with the noun they are replacing. For example, using "he" or "she" when referring to a non-specific or unknown gender is incorrect. Instead, the gender-neutral pronouns "they" or "them" should be used. For instance, "If someone needs help, they should ask for assistance." In conclusion, having a solid understanding of English grammar is crucial for effective communication. By avoiding common grammar mistakes such as apostrophe misuse, subject-verb agreement errors, sentence structure problems, punctuation mistakes, and pronoun errors, one can improve their language proficiency. Consistent practice, careful proofreading, and seekingfeedback can all contribute to mastering the correct usage of grammar in both written and spoken English.。