金融经济学Valuation and shareholder value
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金融经济学中的资产定价资产定价是金融经济学中的一个重要概念。
它涉及到确定资产的合理价格,以及为投资者提供有效的投资决策依据。
资产定价理论和方法在金融市场中具有广泛的应用,并对实际的金融运作和投资决策产生着重要影响。
本文将介绍资产定价的基本原理和常见方法。
1. 资产定价理论的基础资产定价理论的基础是风险和回报的权衡。
根据投资者所承担的风险不同,他们对预期回报的要求也不同。
理性的投资者会选择那些风险调整后的回报高于预期的资产进行投资。
因此,资产定价理论的关键是确定风险和回报之间的关系。
2. 常见的资产定价模型(1)资本资产定价模型(Capital Asset Pricing Model,简称CAPM)CAPM是现代金融经济学中最重要的资产定价模型之一。
它认为,资产的期望回报与市场风险相关,通过市场风险的度量来确定资产的预期回报。
CAPM模型考虑了市场风险可以被分散的特点,通过β系数的概念来度量资产相对于市场整体风险的敏感性。
(2)套利定价理论(Arbitrage Pricing Theory,简称APT)APT是CAPM的一个补充和扩展。
与CAPM不同,APT认为资产的回报受到多个因素的影响,而不仅仅是市场风险因素。
APT模型假设市场上存在套利机会,通过多个因素的组合来解释资产的定价和回报。
(3)期权定价模型期权定价模型主要用于衍生品的定价。
其中,最著名的是布莱克-斯科尔斯(Black-Scholes)期权定价模型。
该模型将期权的价值与标的资产的价格、执行价格、无风险利率、期权有效期和标的资产波动率等因素联系在一起。
3. 应用案例:国内股票市场的资产定价研究以国内股票市场为例,许多学者基于CAPM模型进行了资产定价的研究。
他们通过回归分析,计算不同股票的β系数,并据此对各股票的预期回报进行估计。
此外,还有学者将APT模型应用于股票市场,基于多个因素来解释股票的定价和回报。
4. 资产定价的局限性和争议尽管资产定价理论和方法在金融经济学中有着广泛的应用,但也存在一些局限性和争议。
最经典的50本金融书籍1.《证券分析》(Security Analysis)作者:Benjamin Graham,David Dodd,2008年版2.《货币金融学》(Monetary Theory and Practice)作者:Milton Friedman,2000年版3.《投资之道》(The Intelligent Investor)作者:Benjamin Graham,2006年版4.《证券市场分析》(The Analysis of Financial Statements)作者:Benjamin Graham,2004年版5.《股票投资艺术》(The Art of Investing)作者:Philip Fisher,1996年版6.《股票作手回忆录》(Reminiscences of a Stock Operator)作者:Edwin Lefevre,1923年版7.《价值投资:原理与技能》(Value Investing: Principles and Techniques)作者:James Montier,2007年版8.《古代的黄金法则》(The Ancient Rule for Investing)作者:George S. Clason,1926年版9.《证券分析与组合》(Security Analysis and Portfolio Management)作者:Donald E. Fischer,Ronald J. Jordan,2006年版10.《收入投资:股息股利的能力》(Income Investing: The Ability to Grow Dividends)作者:Richard S. Lehman,Lawrence G. McMillan,David M. Modest,2009年版11.《价值型股票投资》(Value Investing in Growth Companies)作者:RussellJ. Wild,2002年版12.《通货膨胀投资》(Inflation-Proof Your Portfolio: How to Protect Your Money from the Coming Government Hyperinflation)作者:David Voda,2007年版13.《证券分析与管理》(Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management)作者:Frank K. Reilly,Keith C. Brown,2008年版14.《投资神话》(Investing Myths, Legends and Other Tall Tales)作者:Alan Skrainka,Barry R. James,2004年版15.《升势股票的投资法则》(The Little Book That Beats the Market)作者:Joel Greenblatt,2005年版16.《个人投资的艺术》(The Art of Personal Investing)作者:John L. Marietta,2006年版17.《股票分析与筛选总论》(The Complete Guide to Fundamental Analysis)作者:Rajiv Jackson,2004年版18.《股东人本主义》(The Shareholder Value Myth: How Putting Shareholders First Harms Investors, Corporations, and the Public)作者:Lynn A. Stout,2012年版19.《领袖的经济学》(Leadership Economics)作者:Sam Allred,2003年版20.《散户投资指南》(The Individual Investor's Guide to the T op Mutual Funds and ETFs 2007-2008)作者:Morningstar,2007年版21.《股票市场分析方法》(Technical Analysis of Stock Trends)作者:RobertD. Edwards,John Magee,W.H.C. Bassetti,2006年版22.《金融政策》(Monetary Policy)作者:Axel Weber,2011年版23.《证券分析的寻找未来》(Looking Forward: The New Science of Financial Success)作者:Kenneth G. Winans,2002年版24.《超越普通股票评级》(Beyond the Wall Street Journal Guide to Understanding Money and Investing)作者:Byron R. Wien,2001年版25.《股票市场的历史》(A History of the Stock Market)作者:Mark R. Shenkman,2005年版26.《个人理财》(Personal Finance)作者:E. Thomas Garman,Raymond E. Forgue,2009年版27.《投资之道(译本)》(The Intelligent Investor)作者:Benjamin Graham,2006年版28.《投资学》(Investments)作者:Bodie/Kane/Marcus,2008年版29.《股票投资商》(Stock Investing for Everyone)作者:David Holt,2003年版30.《修建股票投资的基础设施》(Building the Stock Investing Infrastructure)作者:Brad R. Houk,2003年版31.《投资幸存指南》(Survival Guide for Investors)作者:Karen Lee,2009年版32.《股票市场不是超自然场所》(The Stock Market is Not a Supernatural Place)作者:Nicholas J. Darvas,2005年版33.《外汇交易从零开始》(Forex from Scratch: A Quick Course on Tradingthe Foreign Exchange Markets)作者:Alex Douglas,2004年版34.《利用技术分析的股票投资》(Stock Investing with Technical Analysis)作者:Bollinger John,2001年版35.《股票市场之心》(The Heart of the Stock Market)作者:Marvin Appel,2002年版36.《股票投机》(Stock Speculation)作者:Henry Clews,2005年版37.《理解股票市场》(Understanding the Stock Market)作者:Marc Chandler,2003年版38.《利用技术分析洞察股票行情》(Technical Analysis for the Trading Professional)作者:Constance M. Brown,2009年版39.《股票市场投资艺术》(The Art of Investing in the Stock Market)作者:Evans Alonzo,2008年版40.《投资新博弈》(The New Investment Superstars: 13 Great Investors and Their Strategies for Superior Returns)作者:Lois Peltz,1998年版41.《股票市场投资战略分析》(The Investor's Guide to Active Asset Allocation)作者:Kayes Neil,2008年版42.《金融与金融市场》(Finance and Financial Markets)作者:Keith Pilbeam,2006年版43.《英美经济史》(An Economic History of England: 1066-1990)作者:George Clark,2006年版44.《金融危机》(Financial Crises and What to Do About Them)作者:Barry Eichengreen,2002年版45.《马倌经济学家》(The Marek Fuchs Economist)作者:Marek Fuchs,2008年版46.《交叉货币汇率的利益与缺陷》(The Benefits and Flaws of Cross-Currency Exchange Rates)作者:Janet M. Gorrie,2009年版47.《股票交易时代》(Trading the Stock Market)作者:Tom Connor,2009年版48.《策略型股市投资》(Strategic Stock Trading)作者:Simon Vine,2002年版49.《稳盈股票交易》(Steady-State Stock Trading)作者:Keith Schap,2003年版50.《基于Silicon Valley思维的股票投资》(Venture Investing: Silicon Valley Thinking and Silicon Alley Investing)作者:David Kline,2009年版。
金融专业如何分析投资风险与回报率【导言】在金融领域中,投资者通常希望实现较高的回报率,而同样需要面临投资风险。
因此,了解如何准确地分析投资风险与回报率对于金融专业人士来说至关重要。
本文将介绍金融专业在分析投资风险与回报率时所采用的一些主要方法和工具。
【一、资产组合理论】资产组合理论是一种常用的分析投资风险与回报率的方法。
该理论认为,通过将投资分散于不同的资产类别和市场,可以最大限度地降低风险并实现回报率的稳定增长。
通过结合不同资产的相关性和预期回报率,金融专业人士可以设计出最优的资产配置方案,以最大程度地实现预期回报率并将风险降至最低。
【二、风险评估工具】在分析投资风险与回报率时,金融专业人士还可以借助各种风险评估工具来进行定量分析。
其中,价值-at-风险(VaR)是一种常用的风险评估指标。
VaR通过计算投资组合在给定置信水平下的最大预期损失来衡量风险水平。
通过使用VaR工具,金融专业人士可以更好地理解潜在风险,并制定相应的风险控制策略。
【三、历史回报率分析】分析历史回报率是评估投资风险与回报率的一种重要方法。
金融专业人士可以通过回顾过去某段时间的市场数据,计算出不同资产的历史回报率,并进行比较分析。
通过观察历史回报率的波动情况,了解不同资产的风险水平,从而为投资决策提供参考依据。
【四、概率分布与模型】使用概率分布与模型是金融专业人士进行投资风险与回报率分析的另一种常见方法。
根据统计学原理,金融专业人士可以通过建立适当的概率分布模型,对投资组合的未来回报率进行预测。
通过这种方法,可以更准确地估计回报率的期望值和标准差,进而为投资决策提供更有效的风险控制手段。
【五、基本面和技术分析】基本面分析和技术分析是金融专业人士常用的分析方法之一。
基本面分析通过评估经济、行业和公司基本面的因素,来判断未来回报率的潜在变动。
技术分析则主要通过研究市场价格走势图和交易量来预测投资回报率的变化。
这两种方法的结合可以提供一种全面的分析框架,用于识别投资机会并管理风险。
确定性:是指自然状态如何出现已知,并替换行动所产生的结果已知。
它排除了任何随机事件发生的可能性。
风险:是指那些涉及已知概率或可能性形式出现的随机问题,但排除了未数量化的不确定性问题。
即对于未来可能发生的所有事件,以及每一事件发生的概率有准确的认识。
但对于哪一种事件会发生却事先一无所知。
不确定性:是指发生结果尚未不知的所有情形,也即那些决策的结果明显地依赖于不能由决策者控制的事件,并且仅在做出决策后,决策者才知道其决策结果的一类问题。
即知道未来世界的可能状态(结果),但对于每一种状态发生的概率不清楚。
自然状态:特定的会影响个体行为的所有外部环境因素。
自然状态的特征:自然状态集合是完全的、相互排斥的(即有且只有一种状态发生)自然状态的信念(belief):个体会对每一种状态的出现赋予一个主观的判断,即某一特定状态s出现的概率P(s)满足:0≤p(s)≤1,这里的概率p(s)就是一个主观概率,也成为个体对自然的信念。
不同个体可能会对自然状态持有不同的信念,但我们通常假定所有的个体的信念相同,这样特定状态出现的概率就是唯一的。
数学期望最大化原则:数学期望收益最大化准则是指使用不确定性下各种可能行为结果的预期值比较各种行动方案优劣。
这一准则有其合理性,它可以对各种行为方案进行准确的优劣比较,同时这一准则还是收益最大准则在不确定情形下的推广。
期望效用原则:指出人们在投资决策时不是用“钱的数学期望”来作为决策准则,而是用“道德期望”来行动的。
而道德期望并不与得利多少成正比,而与初始财富有关。
穷人与富人对于财富增加的边际效用是不一样的。
即人们关心的是最终财富的效用,而不是财富的价值量,而且,财富增加所带来的边际效用(货币的边际效用)是递减的。
效用函数的表述和定义:不确定性下的选择问题是其效用最大化的决定不仅对自己行动的选择,也取决于自然状态本身的选择或随机变化。
因此不确定下的选择对象被人们称为彩票(Lottery)或未定商品(contingent commodity。
经济术语价格术语trade term (price term)运费freight单价price码头费wharfage总值total value卸货费landing charges金额amount关税customs duty净价net price印花税stamp duty含佣价price including commission港口税portdues回佣return commission装运港portof shipment折扣discount,allowance卸货港port of discharge批发价wholesale price目的港portof destination零售价retail price进口许口证inportlicence现货价格spot price出口许口证exportlicence期货价格forward price现行价格(时价)current price国际市场价格world (International)Marketprice离岸价(船上交货价)FOB-free on board成本加运费价(离岸加运费价)C&F-cost and freight到岸价(成本加运费、保险费价)CIF-cost,insurance and freight裙带资本主义(Crony Capitalism)道德风险(Moral Hazard)产权(property rights)公地悲剧(Tragedy of the commons)垄断(monopoly)逆向选择(adverse selection)常用经济学术语:economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 自由经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分,私营部门public sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的initial capital 创办资本frozen capital 冻结资金frozen assets 冻结资产fixed assets 固定资产real estate 不动产,房地产circulating capital, working capital 流动资本available capital 可用资产capital goods 资本货物reserve 准备金,储备金calling up of capital 催缴资本allocation of funds 资金分配contribution of funds 资金捐献working capital fund 周转基金revolving fund 循环基金,周转性基金contingency fund 意外开支,准备金reserve fund 准备金buffer fund 缓冲基金,平准基金sinking fund 偿债基金investment 投资,资产investor 投资人self-financing 自筹经费,经费自给current account 经常帐户(美作:checking account)current-account holder 支票帐户(美作:checking-account holder) cheque 支票(美作:check)bearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer 无记名支票,来人支票crossed cheque 划线支票traveller's cheque 旅行支票chequebook 支票簿,支票本(美作:checkbook) endorsement 背书transfer 转让,转帐,过户money 货币issue 发行ready money 现钱cash 现金ready money business, no credit given 现金交易,概不赊欠change 零钱banknote, note 钞票,纸币(美作:bill)to pay (in) cash 付现金domestic currency, local currency] 本国货币convertibility 可兑换性convertible currencies 可自由兑换货币exchange rate 汇率,兑换率foreign exchange 外汇floating exchange rate 浮动汇率free exchange rates 自由汇兑市场foreign exchange certificate 外汇兑换券hard currency 硬通货speculation 投机saving 储装,存款depreciation 减价,贬值devaluation (货币)贬值revaluation 重估价runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩capital flight 资本外逃stock exchange 股票市场stock exchange corporation 证券交易所stock exchange 证券交易所,股票交易所quotation 报价,牌价share 股份,股票shareholder, stockholder 股票持有人,股东dividend 股息,红利cash dividend 现金配股stock investment 股票投资investment trust 投资信托stock-jobber 股票经纪人stock company, stock brokerage firm 证券公司securities 有价证券share, common stock 普通股preference stock 优先股income gain 股利收入issue 发行股票par value 股面价格, 票面价格bull 买手, 多头bear 卖手, 空头assigned 过户opening price 开盘closing price 收盘hard times 低潮business recession 景气衰退doldrums 景气停滞dull 盘整ease 松弛raising limit 涨停板break 暴跌bond, debenture 债券Wall Street 华尔街short term loan 短期贷款long term loan 长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人creditor 债权人debtor 债务人,借方borrower 借方,借款人borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务funded debt 固定债务,长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款,提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴output 产出,产量producer 生产者,制造者productive, producing 生产的products, goods 产品consumer goods 消费品article 物品,商品manufactured goods, finished goods 制成品,产成品raw product 初级产品semifinished goods 半成品by-product 副产品foodstuffs 食品raw material 原料supply 供应,补给input 投入productivity 生产率productiveness 赢利性overproduction 生产过剩农业farming林业forestry畜牧业animal husbandry副业sideline production渔业fishing第一产业primary industry第二产业secondary industry第三产业tertiary industry生产资料means of production生活资料means of livelihood/subsistence生产关系relations of production生产力productive forces公有制public ownership私有制private ownership全民所有制ownership by the entire/whole people社会主义集体所有制socialist collective ownership厉行节约,反对浪费to practice strict economy and combat waste外资企业foreign-funded enterprise合资企业joint venture合作企业cooperative enterprise独资企业wholly foreign owned/funded ente。
金融市场的金融经济学理论金融市场是现代经济体系中的重要组成部分,其运行和发展对整个经济的稳定与繁荣起着重要作用。
金融经济学作为研究金融市场的一门学科,通过理论和实证研究来解释和预测金融市场的行为和现象,为参与者提供决策依据。
本文将介绍金融经济学的一些基本理论和方法。
一、有效市场假说有效市场假说是金融经济学的重要理论之一。
它认为金融市场价格已经充分反映了所有可得到的信息,投资者不能通过分析市场价格获利。
有效市场假说的核心思想是市场具有信息的高效性,市场上所有信息都能迅速被参与者获取并利用。
有效市场假说对投资者的投资策略、风险管理和资产配置等方面有重要影响。
二、现代资产定价理论现代资产定价理论是金融经济学研究的重要内容之一,它研究资产价格的形成和波动机制。
该理论以风险与收益的关系为基础,通过建立资产组合模型和预期效用理论,解释了资产的价格与风险之间的关系。
现代资产定价理论对资产定价和风险管理提供了理论支持,同时也为投资者提供了优化资产配置的方法。
三、金融市场的不完全信息理论金融市场的不完全信息理论认为市场参与者并不完全了解市场中的信息,存在信息不对称的情况。
信息不对称导致市场交易的不确定性和不稳定性,进而影响市场的运行。
为了克服信息不对称带来的问题,金融市场采取了各种制度和机制,如信息披露、监管和契约等。
不完全信息理论对解释金融市场中的投资行为、市场失灵和金融危机等问题具有重要启示。
四、金融风险管理的理论与方法金融风险管理是金融市场中的重要环节,它旨在通过各种手段对金融风险进行评估、控制和转移。
金融风险管理的理论与方法主要包括价值 at Risk(VaR)、条件风险模型和相关性分析等。
通过这些理论和方法,金融机构可以降低金融风险,保证金融市场的稳定和健康发展。
五、行为金融学的兴起行为金融学是近年来金融经济学领域的一个新兴学科,它研究投资者的行为和心理对金融市场的影响。
传统金融理论假设投资者都是理性的,但实际上投资者的行为常常受到情绪和认知的影响,导致市场价格偏离真实价值。
引言概述:金融学涉及到许多专业术语和概念,对于金融从业人员和学习金融学的人来说,了解和掌握这些名词解释是十分重要的。
本文将继续介绍一些金融学名词的详细解释,以帮助读者更好地理解和应用这些概念。
正文内容:一、投资组合理论1. 随机投资组合:是指根据一定的分配方式将资金投资于不同的资产上,以达到最佳风险和收益平衡的组合。
2. 效用函数:衡量投资者在不同风险和收益条件下的效用水平函数,用于评估投资者的风险偏好。
3. 马科维茨模型:是一种通过计算投资组合的风险和收益来进行优化配置资产的模型。
4. 有效边界:是指在给定预期收益率下,能实现最低风险的投资组合。
5. 协方差:反映两个变量之间线性关系的统计指标,用于衡量投资组合中不同资产之间的相关性。
二、金融市场理论1. 集中市场:指交易所式市场,即在特定场所和时间内进行交易的市场。
2. 场外市场:指非交易所式市场,交易通过经纪人或交易平台进行。
3. 市场深度:用于衡量市场中买卖双方的数量和交易量,反映市场的流动性。
4. 跳空:指市场价格在连续两个交易日之间出现大幅度的波动,即开盘价与前一日收盘价有较大差异。
5. 收益率:指资产或投资组合在一定时间周期内的收益率,用于衡量投资的回报率。
三、金融衍生品1. 期权:是指购买方在约定的期限内,以约定的价格购买或卖出一定数量的标的资产的权利。
2. 期货:是指买卖双方约定在未来某个时间点以特定价格交割一定数量的标的资产。
3. 保证金:期货交易中,交易双方为保障交易安全,需要预付的一定金额,用于弥补交易风险。
4. 期权隐含波动率:是指根据期权市场价格反推计算出的一种波动率指标,用于衡量市场对未来波动性的预期。
5. 交割方式:指期货合约到期后实际交割标的资产的方式,可以是实物交割或现金结算。
四、金融风险管理1. 信用风险:是指在金融交易中对方违约的潜在风险,可能导致资金损失。
2. 市场风险:指由于市场价格波动导致的投资损失风险,包括利率风险、股票价格风险等。
Shareholder valueAnalyse this(电影:老大靠边闪)股东价值分析The enduring power of the biggest idea in business商业最高理念的持久性Apr 2nd 2016 | From the print editionWHAT is the most influential contemporary book about the world economy? An obvious choice is “Capital in the Twenty-First Century”, a 696-page analysis of inequality by Thomas Piketty, a French economist. There is another candidate: “Valuation”, a 825-page manual on corporate finance and shareholder value. Some 700,000 copies of it encumber the bookshelves of MBA students, investors and chief executives around the globe.哪本书是当下最富影响力的世界经济书籍?一个显而易见的选择是《二十一世纪资本论》,这是一本由法国经济学家托马斯·皮克提所作的长达696页的对不平等进行分析的书。
还有另一本候选书籍:《估值》,一本825页的关于公司财务和股东价值的手册。
该书在全世界的发行总量大约有70万册,MBA学生,投资者和首席执行官是该书的主要读者。
Inequality and shareholder value are linked in the minds of many folk, who blame investors and managers for stagnant wages and financial crises. Ruthless corporations are a big theme in America’s election campaign. The near-collapse of Valeant, a drugs firm, seems to illustrate a toxic business culture. Its shares have fallen by 73% this year. It is restating its accounts and is in negotiations with its lenders and under investigation by regulators. Valeant describes itself as “bringing value to our shareholders”. While there is no indication of fraudulent or illegal practice, the company could end up joining a pantheon of corporate fiascos that includes Enron (which pledged to “create significant value for our shareholders”), Lehman Brothers, (“maximising shareholder value”) and MCI WorldCom (“a proven record of shareholder value creation”).在许多人眼中,不平等和股东价值是联系在一起的,他们会因为工资停滞和金融危机而指责投资者和管理者。
金融证券的定价理论和方法金融证券是一种非实物性质的财产,它包括股票、债券、期货等各种品种。
随着社会经济的发展,金融证券的重要性越来越凸显,对于理解金融市场的规律和实践有着重要的意义。
金融证券的定价理论和方法,对于投资者的投资策略及对冲风险有着至关重要的作用。
1.定价理论1.1 期望收益法期望收益法是一种比较简单的证券定价方法,它的原理是使用未来的收益来折现现值,以估算证券的价格。
期望收益法的基本假设是,在某一时间点,投资者能够预测证券价格未来的波动情况,以及证券的未来现金收益。
如果一个证券的股息是D,价格是P,未来的股息的增长率是g,那么一个投资者对该证券价格的期望收益率就是:$$ E(r)=\frac{D(1+g)}{P}+g $$1.2 资本资产定价模型资本资产定价模型是一种较为常用的股票定价模型。
它是由欧·威廉姆斯博士和哈里·马克奈特博士在上世纪60年代初提出的,它认为,股票收益除了无风险利率外,还有一个风险溢价。
CAMP模型的计算公式如下:$$ E(R_i)-R_f=\beta_i[E(R_m)-R_f] $$其中,E(Ri)表示股票i的预期收益率;E(Rm)表示市场组合的预期收益率;Rf表示无风险利率;βi表示股票i的系统风险系数。
2.定价方法2.1 相对估值法相对估值法是将股票的价格与某个评价指标进行比较,根据评价指标的变化来预测股票价格的走势。
例如,我们可以将多家同行业公司的市盈率进行比较,根据市盈率的高低来评估该公司股票是否被低估或高估。
2.2 价值投资法价值投资法的核心理念是,购买被市场低估的股票。
即,具有强大的基本面、稳定的收益和现金流的股票。
这种方法是通过对票面价值、市价、利润、资产等指标进行分析,来确定该股票的实际价值,并以此确定股票定价。
2.3 关键财务指标法关键财务指标法是一种重要的证券定价方法,在分析决定证券的价格时,可以使用不同的财务指标,例如市盈率、市帐比、股息收益率、营业收入增长率、资本回报率等,从而决定该股票的价格。
亿万富翁寄望道德革命破解贫富差距难题2007年堡垒投资集团 (Fortress Investment Group)上市时, (公司投资总监)迈克•诺沃 格拉茨和这家对冲基金的其他负责人立即成 他们的财富(部分源于宽松的货币政策)已成 为政客和活动人士的批评目标。
最近的统计数据再次在美国引发了一场 关于收入不平等的讨论。
正如最近《纽约时 报》(New York Times)所指,2012年某个时 候,有1,760万户家庭吃不饱。
美国人口调查 局(The Census Bureau)最近报告,有15%或 4,650万美国人生活贫困。
而《经济学家》 (Economist)的报道显示,富人在美国国民收 入中的占比已达到创纪录的19.3%,超过了 2007年和1929年。
日前,诺沃格拉茨就相关问题接受《财 富》杂志(Fortune)采访时没有像很多华尔街 人士那样用套话回应,而是非常坦诚地讨论 了如何通过调整政策来缩小收入差距, 们 CEO 在思考自身企业时需要如何进行一场“道德 革命”,以及赚大钱为什么不一定被看成资 本主义。
沃尔玛(Wal-Mart)是美国最大的雇主, 但它的很多员工却要依赖某种形式的政府补 贴来维持生活。
您认为,美国怎么到了今天 这个地步? 这是全球化和科技快速发展的结果。
1989年时发达世界只有约5亿人口。
然后,柏 林墙倒了,中国开始对外开放。
接下来的25 年里,发达世界人口从5亿增长到了30亿。
劳动力供应增加拉低了工资,智力资本 成本大幅上升。
比如,马克•扎克伯格这样的 人。
他想出了一个可扩展的点子,推广至整 个世界。
这个点子价值连城。
延生阅读:金融危机过后,美国有钱人 更有钱了 从很多方面,这种财富的分化总是会发 生,不管是哪个党派当政。
自从20世纪80年 代以来,无论是共和党、还是民主党当政, 美国的基尼指数(反映一个国家经济不平等Mike Novogratz and the other principals of hedge fund Fortress Investment Group (FIG) became instant billionaires when the company on Wall Street, their wealth, some of it created by loose monetary policy, has become the target of criticism from politicians and activists. Recent statistics have renewed the debate about income inequality in the U.S. As referenced recently in the New York Times, 17.6 million households did not have enough to eat at some point in 2012. The Census Bureau recently reported that 15% of Americans, or 46.5 million people, live in poverty. But, according to the Economist, the share of national income flowing to the rich is at a record high of 19.3%, ahead of both 2007 and 1929. Breaking from typical canned responses given by many on Wall Street, Novogratz offers a candid interview with Fortune about how policy can change to close the income gap, how CEOs need to have a "moral revolution" when thinking about their businesses, and how making oodles of money isn't always considered capitalism. Many people at the country's biggest employer -- Wal-Mart -- are on some sort of government support. In your opinion, how did this country get to where it is now? It's were the roughly powerful 500 combination people of who globalization and technology. In 1989, there million constituted the developed world. Then the Berlin wall fell, and China opened up. Over the next 25 years, the developed world would go from 500 million to 3 billion. Labor supply increased, driving down wages, and the cost of intellectual capital went way up. So you look at a guy like Mark Zuckerberg. He developed a scalable idea that can go to the entire world. His single idea was为了亿万富翁。
外文文献翻译原文+译文文献出处:Amidu M. THE STUDY ON VALUATION OF SHARESAND DIVIDEND POLICY[J]. The journal of risk finance, 2017, 2(2): 136-145.原文THE STUDY ON VALUATION OF SHARES AND DIVIDENDPOLICYAmidu MAlthough these questions of fact have been the subject of many empirical studies in recent years no consensus has yet been achieved. One reason appears to be the absence in the literature of a complete and reasonably rigorous statement of those parts of the economic theory of valuation bearing directly on the matter of dividend policy. Lacking such a statement, investigators have not yet been able to frame their tests with sufficient precision to distinguish adequately between the various contending hypotheses. Nor have they been able to give a convincing explanation of what their test results do imply about the underlying process of valuation. EFFECT OF DIVIDEND POLICY WITH PERFECT MARKETS, RATIONAL BEHA/IOR, AND PERFECT CERTAINTYThe meaning of the basic assumptions. -Although the terms" perfect markets," "rational behavior," and "perfect certainty" are widely usedthroughout economic theory, it may be helpful to start by spelling out the precise meaning of these assumptions in the present context.1.In "perfect capital markets," no buyer or seller (or issuer) of securities is large enough for his transactions to have an appreciable impact on the then ruling price. All traders have equal and costless access to information about the ruling price and about all other relevant characteristics of shares (to be detailed specifically later). No brokerage fees, transfer taxes, or other transaction costs are incurred when securities are bought, sold, or issued, and there are no tax differentials either between distributed and undistributed profits or between dividends and capital gains.2."Rational behavior" means that investors always prefer more wealth to less and are indifferent as to whether a given increment to their wealth takes the form of cash payments or an increase in the market value of their holdings of shares.3."Perfect certainty" implies complete assurance on the part of every investor as to the future investment program and the future profits of every corporation. Because of this assurance, there is, among other things, no need to distinguish between stocks and bonds as sources of fund sat this stage of the analysis. We can, therefore, proceed as if there were only a single type of financial instrument which, for convenience, we shall refer to as shares of stock.The fundamental principle of valuation.- Under' these assumptions the valuation of all shares would be governed by the following fundamental principle: the price of each share must be such that the rate of return (dividends plus capital gains per dollar invested) on every share will be the same throughout the market over any given interval of time. WHAT DOES THE MARKET "REALLY" CAPITALIZE?In the literature on valuation one can find at least the following four more or less distinct approaches to the valuation of shares: (1) the discounted cash flow approach;(2) the current earnings plus future investment opportunities approach; (3) the stream of dividends approach; and (4) the stream of earnings approach. To demonstrate that these approaches are, in fact, equivalent it will be helpful to begin by first going back to equation (5) and developing from it a valuation formula to serve as a point of reference and comparisonEARNINGS, DIVIDENDS, AND GROWTH RATESThe convenient case of constant growth rates.-The relation between the stream of earnings of the firm and the stream of dividends and of returns to the stock- holders can be brought out most clearly by specializing(12) to the case in which investment opportunities are such as to generate a constant rate of growth of profits in perpetuity. Admittedly, this case has little empirical significance, but it is convenient for illustrative purposes and has received much attention in the literature.The growth of dividends and the growth of total profits.-Given that total earnings (and the total value of the firm) are growing at the rate kp* what is the rate of growth of dividends per share and of the price per share? Clearly, the answer will vary depending on whether or not the firm is paying out a high percentage of its earnings and thus relying heavily on outside financing. We can show the nature of this dependence explicitly by making use of the fact that whatever the rate of growth of dividends per share the present value of the firm by the dividend approach must be the same as by the earnings approach. The special case of exclusively internal financing.-As noted above the growth rate of dividends per share is not the same as the growth rate of the firm except in the special case in which all financing is internal. This is merely one of a number of peculiarities of this special case on which, unfortunately, many writers have based their entire analysis. The reason for the preoccupation with this special case is far from clear to us. Certainly no one would suggest that it is the only empirically relevant case. Even if the case were in fact the most common, the theorist would still be under an obligation to consider alternative assumptions. We suspect that in the last analysis, the popularity of the internal financing model will be found to reflect little more than its ease of manipulation combined with the failure to push the analysis far enough to disclose how special and how treacherous a case it really is.THE EFFECTS OF DIVIDEND POLICY UNDER UNCERTAINTYUncertainty and the general theory of valuation.-In turning now from the ideal world of certainty to one of uncertainty our first step, alas, must be to jettison the fundamental valuation principle as given, say, in our equation .DIVIDEND POLICY AND MARKET IMPERFECTIONSTo complete the analysis of dividend policy, the logical next step would presumably be to abandon the assumption of perfect capital markets. This is, however, a good deal easier to say than to do principally because there is no unique set of circumstances that constitutes "imperfection. "We can describe not one but a multitude of possible departures from strict perfection, singly and in combinations. Clearly, to attempt to pursue the implications of each of these would only serve to add inordinately to an already overlong discussion. We shall instead, therefore, limit ourselves in this concluding section to a few brief and genera lob serrations about imperfect markets that we hope may prove helpful to those taking up the task of extending the theory of valuation in this direction.It is important to keep in mind that from the standpoint of dividend policy, what counts is not imperfection per se but only imperfection that might lead an investor to have a systematic preference as between a dollar of current dividends and a dollar of current capital gains. Whereon such systematic preference is produced, we can subsume the imperfection in the (random) error term always carried along when applying propositions derivedfrom ideal models to real world events.译文股票的估值与股利政策研究Amidu M近年来,虽然有很多关于这些问题的实证探索研究,但是并未研究出有效地结果,专家学者们也未达成一致。