High-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance investigation of the Fe3+ impurity center in

H2O2 2·OH， CH3OH + ·OH ·CH2OH + H2O
自旋捕捉剂和自旋标记
亚硝基化合物
自旋捕捉剂和自旋标记
氮氧化合物
稳定自由基谱
应用举例1：初级自由基研究
有机过氧化氢与N,N-二甲胺
应用举例2：初级自由基研究
过硫酸铵 (NH4)2S2O8和 脂肪环叔胺N甲基吗啡啉/ 脂肪环仲胺吗 啡啉
超精细结构 (Hyperfine Coupling)
未成对电子之间偶合 未成对电子与磁核之间偶合
偶极-偶极偶合----各向异性 费米接触----各向同性：s轨道
Electron
S (½)
Nucleus
I (½) Hyperfine Coupling
MS=±½
Ms +½
DE1
MI +½
三重态分子（triplet molecule）：这种化合物的分子轨 道中含有两个未成对电子，且相距很近，彼此之间有很强 的相互作用。如氧分子，它们可以是基态或激发态。
电子顺磁共振的研究对象
过渡金属离子和稀土离子：这类分子在原子轨道中出现 未 成 对 电 子 ， 如 常 见 的 过 渡 金 属 离 子 有 Ti3+(3d1) ， V3+(3d7)等。
for B = 3480 G n for B = 420 G n for B = 110 G n
= 9.75 GHz (X-band) = 1.2 GHz (L-band) = 300 MHz
g值和A值得标定
g因子和A值是EPR谱图中两个最重要的 信息，通过测试g因子和A值我们可以判 断出单电子的类型，可能得结构信息， 然后通过计算及模拟得出准确的结构。 下面是g值和A值的标注。

分析测试仪器相关英文简称仪器紫外：UV原吸：AAS高效液相色谱：HPLC气相色谱：GC薄层色谱：TLC离子色谱：IC原子荧光：AFS电感耦合等离子体扫描光谱仪：ICP质谱：MS红外光谱：IR；傅立叶红外光谱：FT-IR；核磁共振：NMR近红外：NIR示差扫描量热仪：DSC动态热机械分析仪：DTMAX射线荧光光谱仪：XRF透射电子显微镜:TEM扫描电子显微镜:SEM场电子显微镜:FEM场离子显微镜:FIM低能电子衍射EED光电子能谱:ESCA扫描隧道显微镜:STM原子力显微镜:AFM横向力显微镜FM扫描探针显微镜:SPMBOD:生化耗氧量COD:化学耗氧量TOC:总有机碳TIC:总无机碳AOX:可吸收卤化物仪器中文名称仪器英文名称英文缩写原子发射光谱仪Atomic Emission Spectrometer AES电感偶合等离子体发射光谱仪Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission SpectrometerICP 直流等离子体发射光谱仪Direct Current Plasma Emission Spectrometer DCP紫外-可见光分光光度计UV-Visible Spectrophotometer UV-Vis微波等离子体光谱仪Microwave Inductive Plasma Emission SpectrometerMIP原子吸收光谱仪Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy AAS原子荧光光谱仪Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy AFS傅里叶变换红外光谱仪FT-IR Spectrometer FTIR傅里叶变换拉曼光谱仪FT-Raman Spectrometer FTIR-Raman气相色谱仪Gas Chromatograph GC高压/效液相色谱仪High Pressure/Performance Liquid ChromatographyHPLC离子色谱仪Ion Chromatograph IC凝胶渗透色谱仪Gel Permeation Chromatograph GPC体积排阻色谱Size Exclusion Chromatograph SECX射线荧光光谱仪X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer XRFX射线衍射仪X-Ray Diffractomer XRD同位素X荧光光谱仪Isotope X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer电子能谱仪Electron Energy Disperse Spectroscopy能谱仪Energy Disperse Spectroscopy EDS质谱仪Mass Spectrometer MS核磁共振波谱仪Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer NMR电子顺磁共振波谱仪Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometer ESR 极谱仪Polarograph伏安仪Voltammerter自动滴定仪Automatic Titrator电导仪Conductivity MeterpH计pH Meter水质分析仪Water Test Kits电泳仪Electrophoresis System表面科学Surface Science电子显微镜Electro Microscopy光学显微镜Optical Microscopy金相显微镜Metallurgical Microscopy扫描探针显微镜Scanning Probe Microscopy表面分析仪Surface Analyzer无损检测仪Instrument for Nondestructive Testing物性分析Physical Property Analysis热分析仪Thermal Analyzer粘度计Viscometer流变仪Rheometer粒度分析仪Particle Size Analyzer热物理性能测定仪Thermal Physical Property Tester电性能测定仪Electrical Property Tester光学性能测定仪Optical Property Tester机械性能测定仪Mechanical Property Tester燃烧性能测定仪Combustion Property Tester老化性能测定仪Aging Property Tester生物技术分析Biochemical analysisPCR仪Instrument for Polymerase Chain Reaction PCRDNA及蛋白质的测序和合成仪Sequencers and Synthesizers for DNA and Protein 传感器Sensors其他Other/Miscellaneous流动分析与过程分析Flow Analytical and Process Analytical Chemistry气体分析Gas Analysis基本物理量测定Basic Physics样品处理Sample Handling金属/材料元素分析仪Metal/material elemental analysis 环境成分分析仪CHN Analysis发酵罐Fermenter生物反应器Bio-reactor摇床Shaker离心机Centrifuge超声破碎仪Ultrasonic Cell Disruptor超低温冰箱Ultra-low Temperature Freezer恒温循环泵Constant Temperature Circulator超滤器Ultrahigh Purity Filter冻干机Freeze Drying Equipment部分收集器Fraction Collector氨基酸测序仪Protein Sequencer氨基酸组成分析仪Amino Acid Analyzer多肽合成仪Peptide synthesizerDNA测序仪DNA SequencersDNA合成仪DNA synthesizer紫外观察灯Ultraviolet Lamp分子杂交仪Hybridization OvenPCR仪PCR Amplifier化学发光仪Chemiluminescence Apparatus紫外检测仪Ultraviolet Detector 电泳Electrophoresis酶标仪ELIASACO2培养箱CO2 Incubators倒置显微镜Inverted Microscope 超净工作台Bechtop。

TTF盐、TCNQ盐、聚乙炔
电子磁共振的实验方法
对象 （10） 金属酶、蛋 白、血液 （11）维生素、辅酶 （12）血液组分、组 织、食品
（13）岩石、化石
（14）煤、石油
（15）宝石（钻石、 红宝石、珍珠）
（16）玻璃、陶瓷
（17）火焰、燃烧气
未偶电子位置 金属离子、配体、活性氧 物种 自由基
光、热、压力、损伤位置
检波放大后记录下来成为EMR吸收谱，经相敏检波后再记录
下来则为EMR一次微商谱。
电子磁共振的基本原理
g因子
如果测量的是一个自由电子，则光谱分裂常数g将只是一 个常数（Lande因子ge＝2.00232)，并为自由电子所特有。
但是更多的场合下，电子为原子或者分子所有，参与成 键。此时，对试样施加一个外磁场，试样将产生一个局部磁 场（内磁场）。它与外部磁场相加或相减得到一个等效磁场。 任何局部磁场都可以看作是由于g因子变化造成的(g＝ hν/βH)。
因此，g因子的变化反应了未偶电子所在分子的特征。测 定一个未知信号的g因子有助于鉴别信号来源。
电子磁共振的基本原理
试样的g值一般在1-10之间或更大，这种偏离ge值的局部磁 场主要来源于轨道磁矩，是由于激发态掺入基态而引起的，并
以自旋-轨道耦合常数λ表示。若原子壳层小于半充满，则λ＞
0，g＜ge，反之则g＞ge。 g因子具有各向异性，为二级张量，可以用三个主值（三g
一个未偶电子与一个核（I＝1/2） 一个未偶电子与两个等性核（I1＝
相互作用的能级分裂、允许跃迁、 I2＝1/2）相互作用的能级分裂、允
吸收谱和一次微商谱
许跃迁、吸收谱和一次微商谱
电子磁共振的基本原理
一个未偶电子与两个不等性核（I1 ＝I2＝1/2）相互作用的能级分裂、 允许跃迁、吸收谱和一次微商谱

电子顺磁共振谱(EPR,ESR)
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Electron Spin Resonance
磁诱导电子自旋能级裂分
Ms
Ms = +½
±½
DE=hn=gbB
DBpp
Energy
B=0
Ms = -½
B>0
Magnetic Field (B)
h Planck’s constant 6.626196 x 10-27 erg.sec n frequency (GHz or MHz) g g-factor (approximately 2.0) b Bohr magneton (9.2741 x 10-21 erg.Gauss-1) B magnetic fห้องสมุดไป่ตู้eld (Gauss or mT)
for B = 3480 G n for B = 420 G n for B = 110 G n
= 9.75 GHz (X-band) = 1.2 GHz (L-band) = 300 MHz
g值和A值得标定
g因子和A值是EPR谱图中两个最重要的 信息，通过测试g因子和A值我们可以判 断出单电子的类型，可能得结构信息， 然后通过计算及模拟得出准确的结构。 下面是g值和A值的标注。
How does EPR work? DE = gb H
DE
hn
Energy
microwave source
gbH0 = hn
H1
H0
H2
External magnetic field
电子顺磁共振
在垂直于B0的方向上施加频率为hn的电 磁波，当满足hn =g b B0 时，处于两能级 间的电子发生受激跃迁，导致部分处于 低能级中的电子吸收电磁波的能量跃迁 到高能级中，这就是顺磁共振现象。受 激跃迁产生的吸收信号经电子学系统处 理可得到EPR吸谱线。 （g 因子， g e =2.0023； b波尔磁子）

实验室常用英语—化学生物类1。

2. 来美国学习遇到了一个很郁闷的事：走进实验室跟别人交流非常困难，自己做实验也是磕磕碰碰.一个很大的原因就是一些实验仪器或是药品的名称不知道怎么说，以前学英文从来没有学这些内容。

郁闷之余,我在网上搜集了一些相关仪器和药品的中英对照，与大家一起学习分享,希望对学化学生物类的朋友有些帮助。

由于药品种类繁多，各人使用相关也很大,以下仅列仪器部分。

容器类：量杯measuring cup烧杯beaker 不锈钢杯stainless-steel beaker量筒measuring flask/measuring cylinder 量筒graduated flask/measuring cylinder坩埚crucible 坩埚钳crucible clamp 坩埚crucible pot，melting pot试管test tube 试管架test tube holder漏斗funnel 分液漏斗separatory funnel烧瓶flask 锥形瓶conical flask塞子stopper洗瓶plastic wash bottle滴定管burette玻璃活塞stopcock冷凝器condenser试剂瓶reagent bottles玻棒glass rod 搅拌棒stirring rod蒸馏烧瓶distilling flask碘量瓶iodine flask表面皿watch glass蒸发皿evaporating dish容量瓶volumetric flask/measuring flask移液管(one-mark) pipette刻度移液管graduated pipettes称量瓶weighing bottle吸液管pipette滤管filter天平balance/scale分析天平analytical balance台秤platform balance游码crossbeams and sliding weights酒精灯alcohol burner酒精喷灯blast alcohol burner搅拌装置stirring device洗耳球rubber suction bulb研磨钵mortar 研磨棒pestle 玛瑙研钵agate mortar瓷器porcelain白细口瓶flint glass solution bottle with stopper滴瓶dropping bottle 小滴管dropper蒸馏装置distilling apparatus蒸发器evaporator试验用器材：升降台lab jack铁架台iron support万能夹extension clamp蝴蝶夹double-buret clamp双顶丝clamp regular holder止水夹flatjaw pinchcock圆形漏斗架cast-iron ring移液管架pipet rack试管架tube rack沸石boiling stone橡胶管rubber tubing药匙lab spoon镊子forceps坩埚钳crucible tong剪刀scissor打孔器stopper borer石棉网asbestos-free wire gauze电炉丝wire coil for heater脱脂棉absorbent cottonphph试纸universal ph indicator paper滤纸filter paper称量纸weighing paper擦镜纸wiper for lens秒表stopwatch量杯glass graduates with scale白滴定管(酸）flint glass burette with glass stopcock棕色滴定管（酸）brown glass burette with glass stopcock 白滴定管（碱）flint glass burette for alkali棕色滴定管(碱）brown glass burette for alkali比重瓶specific gravity bottle水银温度计mercury—filled thermometerph计ph meter折光仪refractometer真空泵vacuum pump冷、热浴bath离心机centrifuge口罩respirator防毒面具respirator、gasmask磁力搅拌器magnetic stirrer电动搅拌器power basic stirrer烘箱oven闪点仪flash point tester马弗炉furnace电炉heater微波炉电热套heating mantleBunsen burner 本生灯product 化学反应产物apparatus 设备PH indicator PH值指示剂，氢离子（浓度的）负指数指示剂matrass 卵形瓶litmus 石蕊litmus paper 石蕊试纸burette 滴定管retort 曲颈甑still 蒸馏釜cupel 烤钵化学反应：analysis 分解fractionation 分馏endothermic reaction 吸热反应exothermic reaction 放热反应precipitation 沉淀to precipitate 沉淀to distil，to distill 蒸馏distillation 蒸馏to calcine 煅烧to oxidize 氧化alkalinization 碱化to oxygenate，to oxidize 脱氧，氧化to neutralize 中和to hydrogenate 氢化to hydrate 水合,水化to dehydrate 脱水fermentation 发酵solution 溶解combustion 燃烧fusion, melting 熔解alkalinity 碱性isomerism，isomery 同分异物现象hydrolysis 水解electrolysis 电解electrode 电极anode 阳极,正极cathode 阴极,负极catalyst 催化剂catalysis 催化作用oxidization, oxidation 氧化reducer 还原剂dissolution 分解synthesis 合成reversible 可逆的仪器中英文对照Aging Property Tester 老化性能测定仪Amino Acid Analyzer 氨基酸组成分析仪Analyzer for Clinic Medicine Concentration 临床药物浓度仪Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 原子吸收光谱仪Atomic Emission Spectrometer 原子发射光谱仪Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy 原子荧光光谱仪Automatic Titrator 自动滴定仪Basic Physics 基本物理量测定Biochemical Analyzer 生化分析仪Biochemicalanalysis 生物技术分析Bio-reactor 生物反应器Blood—gas Analyzer 血气分析仪Centrifuge 离心机ChemiluminescenceApparatus 化学发光仪CHN Analysis 环境成分分析仪CO2 Incubators CO2培养箱Combustion PropertyTester 燃烧性能测定仪Conductivity Meter 电导仪Constant Temperature Circulator 恒温循环泵Direct Current Plasma Emission Spectrometer 直流等离子体发射光谱仪DNA Sequencers DNA测序仪DNA synthesizer DNA合成仪Electrical Property Tester 电性能测定仪Electro Microscopy 电子显微镜Electrolytic Analyzer 电解质分析仪Electron Energy Disperse Spectroscopy 电子能谱仪Electron Paramagnetic ResonanceSpectrometer 电子顺磁共振波谱仪Electrophoresis 电泳Electrophoresis System 电泳仪ELIASA 酶标仪Energy Disperse Spectroscopy 能谱仪Fermenter 发酵罐Flow Analytical and Process AnalyticalChemistry 流动分析与过程分析Fraction Collector 部分收集器FreezeDrying Equipment 冻干机FT—IR Spectrometer 傅里叶变换红外光谱仪FT—Raman Spectrometer 傅里叶变换拉曼光谱仪Gas Analysis 气体分析Gas Chromatograph 气相色谱仪GC—MS 气相色谱-质谱联用仪Gel PermeationChromatograph 凝胶渗透色谱仪HighPressure/Performance Liquid Chromatography 高压/效液相色谱仪Hybridization Oven 分子杂交仪ICP-MS ICP—质谱联用仪Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer 电感偶合等离子体发射光谱仪Instrument for Nondestructive Testing 无损检测仪Instrument for Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR仪Inverted Microscope 倒置显微镜Ion Chromatograph 离子色谱仪Isotope X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer 同位素X荧光光谱仪LC-MS 液相色谱-质谱联用仪Mass Spectrometer 质谱仪Mechanical Property Tester 机械性能测定仪Metal/material elemental analysis 金属/材料元素分析仪Metallurgical Microscopy 金相显微镜Microwave Inductive Plasma Emission Spectrometer 微波等离子体光谱仪Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer 核磁共振波谱仪Optical Microscopy 光学显微镜Optical PropertyTester 光学性能测定仪Other/Miscellaneous 其他Particle Size Analyzer 粒度分析仪PCR Amplifier PCR仪Peptide synthesizer 多肽合成仪pH Meter pH计PhysicalProperty Analysis 物性分析Polarograph 极谱仪Protein Sequencer 氨基酸测序仪Rheometer 流变仪Sample Handling 样品处理Scanning Probe Microscopy FG｜8oU 扫描探针显微镜Sensors 传感器Sequencers and Synthesizers for DNA and Protein DNA及蛋白质的测序和合成仪Shaker 摇床Size Exclusion Chromatograph 体积排阻色谱Surface Science 表面科学SurfaceAnalyzer 表面分析仪Thermal Analyzer 热分析仪Thermal Physical Property Tester 热物理性能测定仪Ultrahigh Purity Filter 超滤器Ultra—low Temperature Freezer 超低温冰箱Ultrasonic Cell Disruptor 超声破碎仪Ultraviolet Detector 紫外检测仪UltravioletLamp 紫外观察灯Urine Analyzer 尿液分析仪UV-Visible Spectrophotometer 紫外-可见光分光光度计Viscometer 粘度计Voltammerter 伏安仪Water Test Kits 水质分析仪X—Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer X射线荧光光谱仪X—RayDiffractomer X射线衍射仪。

分析测试仪器相关英文简称紫外：UV原吸：AAS高效液相色谱：HPLC气相色谱：GC薄层色谱：TLC离子色谱：IC原子荧光：AFS电感耦合等离子体扫描光谱仪：ICP质谱：MS红外光谱：IR；傅立叶红外光谱：FT-IR；核磁共振：NMR近红外：NIR示差扫描量热仪：DSC动态热机械分析仪：DTMAX射线荧光光谱仪：XRF透射电子显微镜:TEM扫描电子显微镜:SEM场电子显微镜:FEM场离子显微镜:FIM低能电子衍射EED光电子能谱:ESCA扫描隧道显微镜:STM原子力显微镜:AFM横向力显微镜FM扫描探针显微镜:SPMBOD:生化耗氧量COD:化学耗氧量TOC:总有机碳TIC:总无机碳AOX:可吸收卤化物仪器中文名称仪器英文名称英文缩写原子发射光谱仪 Atomic Emission Spectrometer AES电感偶合等离子体发射光谱仪Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission SpectrometerICP直流等离子体发射光谱仪 Direct Current Plasma Emission Spectrometer DCP 紫外-可见光分光光度计 UV-Visible Spectrophotometer UV-Vis微波等离子体光谱仪 Microwave Inductive Plasma Emission SpectrometerMIP 原子吸收光谱仪 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy AAS原子荧光光谱仪 Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy AFS傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 FT-IR Spectrometer FTIR傅里叶变换拉曼光谱仪 FT-Raman Spectrometer FTIR-Raman气相色谱仪 Gas Chromatograph GC高压/效液相色谱仪 High Pressure/Performance Liquid ChromatographyHPLC 离子色谱仪 Ion Chromatograph IC凝胶渗透色谱仪 Gel Permeation Chromatograph GPC体积排阻色谱 Size Exclusion Chromatograph SECX射线荧光光谱仪 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer XRFX射线衍射仪 X-Ray Diffractomer XRD同位素X荧光光谱仪 Isotope X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer电子能谱仪 Electron Energy Disperse Spectroscopy能谱仪 Energy Disperse Spectroscopy EDS质谱仪 Mass Spectrometer MS核磁共振波谱仪 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer NMR电子顺磁共振波谱仪 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometer ESR 极谱仪 Polarograph伏安仪 Voltammerter自动滴定仪 Automatic Titrator电导仪 Conductivity MeterpH计 pH Meter水质分析仪 Water Test Kits电泳仪 Electrophoresis System表面科学 Surface Science电子显微镜 Electro Microscopy光学显微镜 Optical Microscopy金相显微镜 Metallurgical Microscopy扫描探针显微镜 Scanning Probe Microscopy表面分析仪 Surface Analyzer无损检测仪 Instrument for Nondestructive Testing物性分析 Physical Property Analysis热分析仪 Thermal Analyzer粘度计 Viscometer流变仪 Rheometer粒度分析仪 Particle Size Analyzer热物理性能测定仪 Thermal Physical Property Tester电性能测定仪 Electrical Property Tester光学性能测定仪 Optical Property Tester机械性能测定仪 Mechanical Property Tester燃烧性能测定仪 Combustion Property Tester老化性能测定仪 Aging Property Tester生物技术分析 Biochemical analysisPCR仪 Instrument for Polymerase Chain Reaction PCRDNA及蛋白质的测序和合成仪 Sequencers and Synthesizers for DNA and Protein 传感器 Sensors其他 Other/Miscellaneous流动分析与过程分析 Flow Analytical and Process Analytical Chemistry气体分析 Gas Analysis基本物理量测定 Basic Physics样品处理 Sample Handling金属/材料元素分析仪 Metal/material elemental analysis环境成分分析仪 CHN Analysis发酵罐 Fermenter生物反应器 Bio-reactor摇床 Shaker离心机 Centrifuge超声破碎仪 Ultrasonic Cell Disruptor超低温冰箱 Ultra-low Temperature Freezer恒温循环泵 Constant Temperature Circulator超滤器 Ultrahigh Purity Filter冻干机 Freeze Drying Equipment部分收集器 Fraction Collector氨基酸测序仪 Protein Sequencer氨基酸组成分析仪 Amino Acid Analyzer 多肽合成仪 Peptide synthesizerDNA测序仪 DNA SequencersDNA合成仪 DNA synthesizer紫外观察灯 Ultraviolet Lamp分子杂交仪 Hybridization OvenPCR仪 PCR Amplifier化学发光仪 Chemiluminescence Apparatus 紫外检测仪 Ultraviolet Detector电泳 Electrophoresis酶标仪 ELIASACO2培养箱 CO2 Incubators倒置显微镜 Inverted Microscope超净工作台 Bechtop。

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy IntroductionThe term electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) encompasses a family of techniques based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the microwave frequency region by a paramagnetic sample placed in a magnetic field. EPR has abroad range of applications in catalysis and related fields as it represents a very powerful tool for investigating paramagnetic entities. the first EPR experiment was performed by E.K.Zavoisky in 1945,observing the resonance of CuCl2.2H2O with a radiofrequency source operating at 133 MHZ and a magnetic field provided by a solenoid. The limitation of EPR is evident from the previous definition in that diamagnetic systems, which represent the majority of the substances, are excluded from EPR investigations. However, this limitation is also an advantage since, for instance, reactive paramagnetic intermediates or paramagnetic centers belonging to a complex chemical system (e.g.,a paramagnetic ion in a zeolitic network) can be studied without any interference. The relevant information provided by EPR concerns the nature, symmetry, and electronic structure of the paramagnetic center and of its surrounding. A second advantage of EPR, apart from its specificity, is its high sensitivity, which, in the investigations of solid surfaces, allows the detection of paramagnetic species in concentrations well below monolayer coverage. The firstapplications of EPR in the field of surface chemistry and heterogeneous catalysis were reported at the beginning of the 1960s. since then, review articles oriented towards catalytic phenomena have appeared periodically in the literature .9.1.1Interaction of matter with a magnetic fieldBefore describing the concepts of EPR spectroscopy, it must be recalled that a paramagnetic body, when placed in a magnetic field, increases the magnetic flus density (or magnetic induction, B) within its own volume. In contrast, a diamagnetic substance slightly decreases the magnetic flux density . diamagnetism is present in all substances and is produced by electron circulation in atoms, ions, and molecules having a closed shell of electrons under the influence of a magnetic field. Paramagnetism is typical of substances having centers with one or more unpaired electrons and, therefore, bearing an intrinsic angular momentum – the spin – and a corresponding magnetic moment .Whereas in the absence of an external magnetic field the unpaired electrons of each paramagnetic center are aligned randomly ,in the presence of such a field (B) the magnetic moments of different centers tend to align with the field and hence with each other. In such conditions, the system acquires a magnetization M,related to the difference between the number of electrons in the two allowed spin states(i.e.,with magnetic moments aligned and counter-aligned with respect to the magnetic field vector, respectively).this aligning effect is contrasted by the randomizing effect of thermal energy. The magnetization or alternatively the magnetic susceptibility (R gama) .(x=m/h, where h is the strength of magnetic field) therefore tends to increase by lowering the temperature according to the curie law .x=c/t, c being a constant and t the temperature.Electron magnetic resonance occurs when an electromagnetic wave of suitable frequency (usually in the microwave region) interacts with the sample immersed in a magnetic field and causes the inversion of the spin (and thus of the magnetic moment) of the unpaired electrons, so that a certain amount of the electromagnetic energy is absorbed by the system. In quantum mechanical terms, the description of the electron spin resonance can be reduced to the description of the behavior of a single unpaired electron undergoing, under the effect of an external magnetic field , an energy splitting between the two allowed spin states. In such conditions, an electron in the lower state is promoted to the upper state by absorption of a photon of suitable energy.9.1.2Experimental approaches in EPRIn most molecular spectroscopy techniques, the electric field component of the radiation interacts with an electric dipole moment inthe molecules. In magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in contrast, it is the magnetic component of the radiation that interacts with magnetic dipoles of paramagnetic centers. There are two approaches to record EPR spectra: in the more common one, low-intensity microwave radiation continuously irradiates the sample (continuous-wave or CW-EPR). In the second approach ,pulses of high-pwer microwave radiation are sent to the sample and the response is recorded in the absence of radiation (pluse- EPR). Since the majority of the EPR applications to surface chemistry and catalysis employ CW-EPR, this technique will be mainly described here. In a CW-EPR experiment with the sample under irradiation with microwaves having fixed frequency. A given range of the magnetic field is swept to reach the condition of magnetic resonance, A CW-EPR spectrum is therefore a diagram where the microwave absorption ,or more commonly ,its first derivative is reported as a function of the magnetic field swept in the experiment. It usually consists of several。

AAS：Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy原子吸收光谱：基于气态的基态原子外层电子对紫外光和可见光范围的相对应原子共振辐射线的吸收强度来定量被测元素含量为基础的分析方法AES：Atomic Emission Spectrometry原子发射光谱：利用物质在热激发或电激发下，每种元素的原子或离子发射特征光谱来判断物质的组成，而进行元素的定性与定量分析的方法AFM：Atomic Force Microscope原子力显微镜：利用微小探针与待测物之间作用力，通过将激光束照射到微悬臂上，进行反射及反馈呈现待测物表面形貌和物理特征的仪器。

AFP：alpha fetoprotein甲胎蛋白：原发性肝癌的高特异性和高灵敏度的肿瘤标志物AFS：Atomic fluorescence Spectroscopy原子荧光光谱：原子在辐射能激发下发射的荧光强度进行定量分析的发射光谱分析法ASV： anodic stripping voltammetry阳极溶出伏安法：在一定的电位下，使待测金属离子部分地还原成金属并溶入微电极或析出于电极的表面，然后向电极施加反向电压，使微电极上的金属氧化而产生氧化电流，根据氧化过程的电流一电压曲线进行分析的伏安法。

ATP：Adenosine triphosphate三磷酸腺苷：由腺嘌呤、核糖和3个磷酸基团连接而成的高能化合物，水解时释放出较多能量，是生物体内最直接的能量来源。

ATR：Attenuated Total Reflection衰减全反射法：光波由光密介质向光疏介质入射并在界面上全反射时，光疏介质中所形成的迅衰场(量可以被耦合到金属或半导体的表面上而使反射光强减小，通过检测反射光信息，获得样品相关信息的方法AuNP：Au nanoparticle金纳米颗粒：制成大小在1-100nm范围内的金的纳米颗粒，是一种常用的免疫标记物BOD：Biochemical oxygen demand生化需氧量：在一定期间内，微生物分解一定体积水中的某些可被氧化物质，特别是有机物质，所消耗的溶解氧的数量BSA：Albumin from Bovine albumin牛血清蛋白：是一种常用的酶的稳定剂，起保护或载体作用CAE：capillary array electrophoresis毛细管阵列电泳：是一种实现了阵列化，能完成同时对大量样品的分离分析的高通量毛细管电泳技术。

分析测试仪器相关英文简称紫外：UV原吸：AAS高效液相色谱：HPLC气相色谱：GC薄层色谱：TLC离子色谱：IC原子荧光：AFS电感耦合等离子体扫描光谱仪：ICP质谱：MS红外光谱：IR；傅立叶红外光谱：FT-IR；核磁共振：NMR近红外：NIR示差扫描量热仪：DSC动态热机械分析仪：DTMAX射线荧光光谱仪：XRF透射电子显微镜:TEM扫描电子显微镜:SEM场电子显微镜:FEM场离子显微镜:FIM低能电子衍射EED光电子能谱:ESCA扫描隧道显微镜:STM原子力显微镜:AFM横向力显微镜FM扫描探针显微镜:SPMBOD:生化耗氧量COD:化学耗氧量TOC:总有机碳TIC:总无机碳AOX:可吸收卤化物仪器中文名称仪器英文名称英文缩写原子发射光谱仪 Atomic Emission Spectrometer AES电感偶合等离子体发射光谱仪Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission SpectrometerICP直流等离子体发射光谱仪 Direct Current Plasma Emission Spectrometer DCP 紫外-可见光分光光度计 UV-Visible Spectrophotometer UV-Vis微波等离子体光谱仪 Microwave Inductive Plasma Emission SpectrometerMIP 原子吸收光谱仪 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy AAS原子荧光光谱仪 Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy AFS傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 FT-IR Spectrometer FTIR傅里叶变换拉曼光谱仪 FT-Raman Spectrometer FTIR-Raman气相色谱仪 Gas Chromatograph GC高压/效液相色谱仪 High Pressure/Performance Liquid ChromatographyHPLC 离子色谱仪 Ion Chromatograph IC凝胶渗透色谱仪 Gel Permeation Chromatograph GPC体积排阻色谱 Size Exclusion Chromatograph SECX射线荧光光谱仪 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer XRFX射线衍射仪 X-Ray Diffractomer XRD同位素X荧光光谱仪 Isotope X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer电子能谱仪 Electron Energy Disperse Spectroscopy能谱仪 Energy Disperse Spectroscopy EDS质谱仪 Mass Spectrometer MS核磁共振波谱仪 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer NMR电子顺磁共振波谱仪 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometer ESR 极谱仪 Polarograph伏安仪 Voltammerter自动滴定仪 Automatic Titrator电导仪 Conductivity MeterpH计 pH Meter水质分析仪Water Test Kits电泳仪Electrophoresis System表面科学Surface Science电子显微镜Electro Microscopy光学显微镜Optical Microscopy金相显微镜Metallurgical Microscopy扫描探针显微镜Scanning Probe Microscopy表面分析仪Surface Analyzer无损检测仪Instrument for Nondestructive Testing物性分析Physical Property Analysis热分析仪Thermal Analyzer粘度计Viscometer流变仪Rheometer粒度分析仪Particle Size Analyzer热物理性能测定仪Thermal Physical Property Tester电性能测定仪Electrical Property Tester光学性能测定仪Optical Property Tester机械性能测定仪Mechanical Property Tester燃烧性能测定仪Combustion Property Tester老化性能测定仪Aging Property Tester生物技术分析Biochemical analysisPCR仪Instrument for Polymerase Chain Reaction PCRDNA及蛋白质的测序和合成仪Sequencers and Synthesizers for DNA and Protein 传感器Sensors其他Other/Miscellaneous流动分析与过程分析Flow Analytical and Process Analytical Chemistry气体分析Gas Analysis基本物理量测定Basic Physics样品处理Sample Handling金属/材料元素分析仪Metal/material elemental analysis环境成分分析仪CHN Analysis发酵罐Fermenter生物反应器Bio-reactor摇床Shaker离心机Centrifuge超声破碎仪Ultrasonic Cell Disruptor超低温冰箱Ultra-low Temperature Freezer恒温循环泵Constant Temperature Circulator超滤器Ultrahigh Purity Filter冻干机Freeze Drying Equipment部分收集器Fraction Collector氨基酸测序仪Protein Sequencer氨基酸组成分析仪Amino Acid Analyzer多肽合成仪Peptide synthesizerDNA测序仪DNA SequencersDNA合成仪DNA synthesizer紫外观察灯Ultraviolet Lamp分子杂交仪Hybridization OvenPCR仪PCR Amplifier化学发光仪Chemiluminescence Apparatus紫外检测仪Ultraviolet Detector电泳Electrophoresis酶标仪ELIASACO2培养箱CO2 Incubators倒置显微镜Inverted Microscope超净工作台Bechtop。

基于电磁波的煤岩识别技术研究进展柳圆， 司垒， 王忠宾， 魏东， 顾进恒（中国矿业大学 机电工程学院，江苏 徐州　221116）摘要：将电磁波应用于煤岩识别中，可有效提高煤岩界面分辨能力。

结合煤岩界面模型，阐述了运用电磁波技术进行煤岩识别的原理；介绍了γ射线法、雷达探测法、太赫兹信号法、电子共振法、X 射线法和红外热成像法6种具体的煤岩识别方法，分析了各方法的原理，对各方法的优缺点及煤矿井下适用性进行了对比，并结合实际工业应用分析了各方法的研究现状。

γ射线法在探测距离上具有显著优势，但存在放射性问题，基本被淘汰；雷达探测法具有识别准确的优点，但由于其信号衰减严重，探测距离短，目前一般应用于薄煤层测厚；太赫兹信号法探测距离短，只有在井下环境组成稳定时才能应用；电子共振法信号衰减严重，探测距离较短且难度较大，所以目前矿井基本摒弃；X 射线法穿透性强，成像较清晰，但危害性极大；红外热成像法中，主动红外激励法需耗费大量时间对煤岩进行激励，且在处于高瓦斯的矿井环境中，存在极大的安全隐患；截割闪温法虽耗时较短，但对于截齿多、排布复杂的情况很难实现有效的煤岩识别。

指出电磁波回波信息决定着电磁波煤岩识别的准确性，后续应对其进行深层次挖掘。

关键词：煤岩识别；电磁波；γ射线法；雷达探测法；太赫兹信号法；电子共振法；X 射线法；红外热成像法中图分类号：TD823 文献标志码：AResearch progress on coal rock recognition technology based on electromagnetic wavesLIU Yuan, SI Lei, WANG Zhongbin, WEI Dong, GU Jinheng(School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China)Abstract : Applying electromagnetic waves to coal rock recognition can effectively improve the resolution capability of coal rock interfaces. Based on the coal rock interface model, the principle of using electromagnetic wave technology for coal rock recognition is explained. The paper introduces six methods for coal rock recognition, including γ–ray method, radar detection method, Terahertz signal method, electron resonance method,X-ray method, and infrared thermal imaging method. The principles of each method are analyzed, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are compared as well as their applicability in coal mines underground. The research status of each method is analyzed in combination with practical industrial applications.The γ–ray method has significant advantages in detection distance, but it has radiation problems. It is basically eliminated. The radar detection method has the advantage of accurate recognition, but due to its severe signal attenuation and short detection distance, it is currently generally used for thickness measurement in thin coal seams. The Terahertz signal method has a short detection distance and can only be applied when the composition of the underground environment is stable. The electronic resonance method has severe signal attenuation, short收稿日期：2023-07-26；修回日期：2024-01-10；责任编辑：胡娴。

一、 电子顺磁共振的基本原理
1、概述
电子自旋的磁特性
Joseph John Thomson （英国）
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906
• In 1891, the Irish physicist, George Stoney, believed that electricity should have a fundamental unit. He called this unit the electron.
• The electron was discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1897. • The electron was the first sub-atomic particle ever found. It
was also the first fundamental particle discovered. • The concept of electron spin was discovered by S.A.
电子的磁矩主要来自自旋磁矩（> 99%）的贡献。
若轨道中所有的电子都已成对，则它们 的自旋磁矩就完全抵消，导致分子无顺磁性；
若至少有一个电子未成对，其自旋就会产生 自旋磁矩。
因此，EPR研究的对象必须具有未偶电子。
H =0时,每个自旋磁矩的方向是随机的,并处于同一个平均能态。
H≠0时，自旋磁矩 就有规则 地排列起 来 （平行 外磁场 — 对 应能级的能量较低，或反平行于外磁场—对应能级 的能量较高）。
• 顺磁性 (B’>0，即B’与B0同向) • 铁磁性 (B’>0，即B’与B0同向， B’随B0增大而急
剧增加， 但当B0 消失而本身磁性并不消失) • 反磁性(B’<0，即B’与B0反向) (逆、抗)

3、浓度控制，浓度过大或过小都会对样品信号造成干
扰，导致精细结构看不到，因此选择适当的浓度会对
测试提供帮助。
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未除氧
除氧
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浓度的影响
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溶液运动的影响
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3、固体样品
固体样品制备过程中需要注意颗粒大小，粉末样品也 需要注意顺磁浓度，浓度太大的话会对信号造成干扰 ，固体样品如果浓度太大可以采用固体稀释方法，使 用干燥的硅胶或者碳酸钙等都能起到稀释的作用。
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液体样品的制备
在ESR测试中，常见的是液体样品的测试，如自由基 ，有机反应中间体，过渡金属等，液体样品制备过程 中需要注意以下几点：
1、溶剂。测量液体样品时，要注意溶剂的极性，对于 极性大的溶剂，需要将样品放在毛细管中进行测试， 以避免溶剂对微波的吸收。
2、除氧。液体样品中氧气对信号的干扰非常大，需要 对样品进行通氮或真空除氧，以保证测试过程中能看 到精细的机构信息。
2021/10/10
2
How does EPR work? DE = gb H
DE
hn
Energy
microwave source
2021/10/10
gbH0 = hn
H1
H0
H2
External magnetic field 3
电子顺磁共振
在垂直于B0的方向上施加频率为hn的电 磁波，当满足hn =g b B0 时，处于两能级 间的电子发生受激跃迁，导致部分处于 低能级中的电子吸收电磁波的能量跃迁 到高能级中，这就是顺磁共振现象。受 激跃迁产生的吸收信号经电子学系统处 理可得到EPR吸谱线。 （g 因子， g e =2.0023； b波尔磁子）

当你进入国外的实验室之前，如果不能熟练掌握实验过程中相关物品的英文名称及读音，你与同处一室的技术人员之间必将产生强烈的交流障碍，实验效率也将因此大打折扣。

这里我汇总了数篇文章的相关内容，并结合自己实验室的情况，补充了大量词汇，希望对即将出国留学的生物学科研人员有所帮助。

欢迎大家补充指正。

一．容器与耗材（vessel & consumable material）小瓶，vial量杯，measuring cup烧杯，beaker量筒，measuring flask量筒，measuring cylinderer坩埚，crucible坩埚钳，crucible clamp试管，test tube漏斗，funnel比色皿，cuvette鱼缸，aquarium烧瓶，flask锥形瓶，conical flask塞子，stopper/plug洗瓶，plastic wash bottle玻璃活塞，stopcock试剂瓶，reagent bottles玻棒，glass rod搅拌棒，stirring rod容量瓶，volumetric flask/measuring flask移液管，(one-mark) pipette 吸液管，pipette滤器，filter滤纸，filter paper培养皿，culture dish移液枪，pipette移液枪枪头，pipette tips剃刀刀片，razor blade手术刀，scalpel垃圾袋，disposable bag垃圾桶，garbage bin橡皮筋，rubber band托盘，Tray铝箔，aluminium foil洗耳球，rubber suction bulb 保鲜膜，preservative film研磨钵，mortar研杵，pestle小滴管，dropper蒸馏装置，distilling apparatus 桶，bucket广口瓶，wide-mouth bottle离心机转子，rotor试管架，test tube holder/rack 酒精灯，alcohol burner酒精喷灯，blast alcohol burner 搅拌装置，stirring device石蜡封口膜，Parafilm微量离心管（EP管），Eppendorf tube 载玻片，Slide盖玻片，Cover glass离心管，Centrifuge tube电泳槽，Gel tank电线，Electrical leads牙签，Toothpick螺丝钉，Screw锁紧螺母，Nut, Cap nut复印纸，Copy paper复写纸，Carbon paper钉，Nail试管刷，test-tube brush计时器，Timer闹钟，Alarm clockU形钉，Staple衣服挂钩，Coat hanger电泳用的梳子，Comb扳手，Shifting spanner订书机，Stapler订书钉，staple圆珠笔芯，Refill灯泡，Globe记号笔，marker pen注射器，syringe注射器活塞，plunger铁架台，iron support万能夹，extension clamp止水夹，flatjaw pinchcock圆形漏斗架，cast-iron ring橡胶管，rubber tubing药匙，lab spoon镊子，forceps剪刀，scissor打孔器，stopper borerpH试纸，universal ph indicator paper 称量纸，weighing paper擦镜纸，wiper for lens水银温度计，mercury-filled thermometer 真空泵，vacuum pump水浴锅，water bath kettle口罩，respirator电极，electrode阳极/正极，anode阴极/负极，cathode丢弃，discard转移容器，decant吸出，aspirate吹吸，blowing and suction离心收集，pellet重悬，resuspend絮状沉淀，flocculent precipitate浑浊的，turbid烘，bake灭菌，sterilize培养，foster通风，ventilate冷却，chill down稀释，dilute洗脱，elute孵育，incubate裂解物，Lysate沉淀物，Sediment上清，Supernatant色谱，chromatograph 沉淀，precipitate接种，inoculate蒸馏，distil/distill搅拌，Stir/agitate中和，neutralize漂洗，rinse脱水，dehydrate发酵，fermentation溶解，dissolve燃烧，combustion水解，hydrolysis过滤，filtrate催化剂，catalyst研磨，grind破碎，crush催化作用，catalysis分解，dissolution涡旋震荡，Vortex电泳，Electrophoresis抽滤，suction filtration电转化，electrotransformation收菌，harvest切碎，chop/mince灌注，perfusion浆液，slurry恒温循环仪，Thermostatic circulator空调机，Air conditionerpH计，pH meter磁力搅拌器，magnetic stirrer烘箱，oven微波炉，microwave oven电磁炉，electromagnetic oven凝胶系统，Gel system电子天平，Electronic balance转接器，Adapter离心机，centrifuge封口设备，Sealing equipment复印机，Duplicator, copying machine超净工作台，super clean bench通风橱，fume cupboard药柜，Cupboard电泳电源，Electrophoresis power supply 紫外灯，Ultraviolet illumination真空泵，Vacuum pump天平，balance/scale分析天平，analytical balance台秤，platform balance涡旋振荡器，Vortexing machineCO2培养箱，CO2 Incubators电子显微镜，Electro Microscopy电泳仪，Electrophoresis System酶标仪，ELIASA恒流泵，constant flow pump解剖镜，anatomical lensPCR仪，Instrument for Polymerase Chain Reaction倒置显微镜，Inverted Microscope核磁共振波谱仪，Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer 光学显微镜，Optical Microscopy摇床，Shaker培养箱，incubator超滤器，Ultrahigh Purity Filter超低温冰箱，Ultra-low Temperature Freezer超声破碎仪，Ultrasonic Cell Disruptor紫外观察灯，Ultraviolet Lamp紫外-可见光分光光度计，UV-Visible Spectrophotometer计算器，calculator/numerator丙氨酸，alanine (Ala, A)缬氨酸，valine (Val, V)亮氨酸，leucine (Leu, L)异亮氨酸，isoleucine (Ile,I)脯氨酸，proline (Pro, P)苯丙氨酸，phenylalanine (Phe, F)色氨酸，tryptophan (Trp, W)蛋氨酸，methionine (Met, M)甘氨酸，glycine (Gly, G)丝氨酸，serine (Ser, S)苏氨酸，threonine (Thr, T)半胱氨酸，cysteine (Cys, C)酪氨酸，tyrosine (Tyr, Y)天冬氨酸，asparagines (Asn, N) 谷氨酰胺，glutamine (Gln, Q)赖氨酸，lysine (Lys, K)精氨酸，arginine (Arg, R)组氨酸，histidine (His, H)天冬氨酸，aspartic acid (Asp, D) 谷氨酸，glutamic acid (Glu, E) 腺苷，adenosine鸟嘌呤核苷，guanosine胞苷，cytidine胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷，thymidine尿嘧啶核苷，uridine脱氧，deoxy-二甲苯，Xylene冰乙酸，Acetic acid glacial硼酸，Boric acid (H3BO3,61.83) 氯化钙，Calcium chloride巯基乙醇，mercaptoethanol咪唑，Imidazole盐酸胍，guanidine hydrochloride 无水乙醇，absolute ethanol乙酸钠，Sodium acetate氯化钠，Sodium chloride生理盐水，physiological saline洗涤剂，detergent十二烷基磺酸钠，Sodium dodecyl sulphate 盐酸，hydrochloric acid氢氧化钠，sodium hydrate/hydroxide胰蛋白胨，Tryptone酵母提取物，yeast extract琼脂，Agar两性霉素，amphotericin氨苄，Ampicillin肝素，heparin卡那霉素，Kanamycin醋酸钾，Potassium acetate异丙醇，Isopropanol醋酸铵，Ammonium acetate异戊醇，Isoamyl alcohol氯仿，Chloroform甲醇，methanol高锰酸钾，potassium hypermanganate考马斯亮蓝，Coomassie brilliant blue液氮，liquid nitrogen次氯酸钠，clorox苯酚，phenol阴离子，anion碱性，alkalinity量杯，measuring cup烧杯，beaker不锈钢杯，stainless-steel beaker量筒，measuring flask/measuring cylinder 量筒，graduated flask/measuring cylinder 坩埚，crucible坩埚钳，crucible clamp坩埚，crucible pot, melting pot试管，test tube试管架，test tube holder漏斗，funnel分液漏斗，separatory funnel烧瓶，flask锥形瓶，conical flask塞子，stopper洗瓶，plastic wash bottle滴定管，burette玻璃活塞，stopcock冷凝器，condenser试剂瓶，reagent bottles玻棒，glass rod搅拌棒，stirring rod蒸馏烧瓶，distilling flask碘量瓶，iodine flask表面皿，watch glass蒸发皿，evaporating dish容量瓶，volumetric flask/measuring flask 移液管，(one-mark) pipette刻度移液管，graduated pipettes称量瓶，weighing bottle吸液管，pipette滤管，filter天平，balance/scale分析天平，analytical balance台秤，platform balance游码，crossbeams and sliding weights酒精灯，alcohol burner酒精喷灯，blast alcohol burner搅拌装置，stirring device洗耳球，rubber suction bulb研磨钵，mortar研磨棒，pestle玛瑙研钵，agate mortar瓷器，porcelain白细口瓶，flint glass solution bottle with stopper滴瓶，dropping bottle小滴管，dropper蒸馏装置，distilling apparatus蒸发器，evaporator试验用器材：升降台，lab jack铁架台，iron support万能夹，extension clamp蝴蝶夹，double-buret clamp双顶丝，clamp regular holder止水夹，flatjaw pinchcock圆形漏斗架，cast-iron ring移液管架，pipet rack试管架，tube rack沸石，boiling stone橡胶管，rubber tubing药匙，lab spoon镊子，forceps坩埚钳，crucible tong剪刀，scissor打孔器，stopper borer石棉网，asbestos-free wire gauze电炉丝，wire coil for heater脱脂棉，absorbent cottonphph试纸，universal ph indicator paper滤纸，filter paper称量纸，weighing paper擦镜纸，wiper for lens秒表，stopwatch量杯，glass graduates with scale白滴定管（酸），flint glass burette with glass stopcock棕色滴定管（酸），brown glass burette with glass stopcock 白滴定管（碱），flint glass burette for alkali棕色滴定管（碱），brown glass burette for alkali比重瓶，specific gravity bottle水银温度计，mercury-filled thermometerph计，ph meter折光仪，refractometer真空泵，vacuum pump冷、热浴，bath离心机，centrifuge口罩，respirator防毒面具，respirator、gasmask磁力搅拌器，magnetic stirrer电动搅拌器，power basic stirrer烘箱，oven闪点仪，flash point tester马弗炉，furnace电炉，heater微波炉电热套，heating mantleBunsen burner，本生灯product，化学反应产物apparatus，设备PH indicator ，PH值指示剂,氢离子(浓度的)负指数指示剂matrass ，卵形瓶litmus，石蕊litmus paper，石蕊试纸burette，滴定管retort，曲颈甑still ，蒸馏釜cupel，烤钵化学反应：analysis，分解fractionation，分馏endothermic reaction ，吸热反应exothermic reaction ，放热反应precipitation ，沉淀to precipitate ，沉淀to distil, to distill，蒸馏distillation，蒸馏to calcine，煅烧to oxidize ，氧化alkalinization，碱化to oxygenate, to oxidize ，脱氧,氧化to neutralize，中和to hydrogenate，氢化to hydrate ，水合,水化to dehydrate，脱水fermentation，发酵solution ，溶解combustion，燃烧fusion, melting，熔解alkalinity ，碱性isomerism, isomery ，同分异物现象hydrolysis ，水解electrolysis ，电解electrode，电极anode ，阳极,正极cathode ，阴极,负极catalyst ，催化剂catalysis ，催化作用oxidization/oxidation，氧化reducer，还原剂dissolution ，分解synthesis ，合成reversible ，可逆的仪器中英文对照Aging Property Tester，老化性能测定仪Amino Acid Analyzer ，氨基酸组成分析仪Analyzer for Clinic Medicine Concentration ，临床药物浓度仪Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ，原子吸收光谱仪Atomic Emission Spectrometer ，原子发射光谱仪Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy，原子荧光光谱仪Automatic Titrator ，自动滴定仪Basic Physics ，基本物理量测定Biochemical Analyzer，生化分析仪Biochemicalanalysis，生物技术分析Bio-reactor ，生物反应器Blood-gas Analyzer ，血气分析仪Centrifuge ，离心机ChemiluminescenceApparatus ，化学发光仪CHN Analysis ，环境成分分析仪CO2 Incubators CO2，培养箱Combustion PropertyTester ，燃烧性能测定仪Conductivity Meter ，电导仪Constant Temperature Circulator ，恒温循环泵Direct Current Plasma Emission Spectrometer ，直流等离子体发射光谱仪DNA Sequencers DNA，测序仪DNA synthesizer DNA，合成仪Electrical Property Tester ，电性能测定仪Electro Microscopy，电子显微镜Electrolytic Analyzer ，电解质分析仪Electron Energy Disperse Spectroscopy，电子能谱仪Electron Paramagnetic ResonanceSpectrometer ，电子顺磁共振波谱仪Electrophoresis ，电泳Electrophoresis System ，电泳仪ELIASA ，酶标仪Energy Disperse Spectroscopy ，能谱仪Fermenter ，发酵罐Flow Analytical and Process AnalyticalChemistry ，流动分析与过程分析Fraction Collector ，部分收集器FreezeDrying Equipment，冻干机FT-IR Spectrometer ，傅里叶变换红外光谱仪FT-Raman Spectrometer ，傅里叶变换拉曼光谱仪Gas Analysis ，气体分析Gas Chromatograph ，气相色谱仪GC-MS ，气相色谱-质谱联用仪Gel PermeationChromatograph ，凝胶渗透色谱仪HighPressure/Performance Liquid Chromatography ，高压/效液相色谱仪Hybridization Oven，分子杂交仪ICP-MS，ICP-质谱联用仪Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer ，电感偶合等离子体发射光谱仪Instrument for Nondestructive Testing，无损检测仪Instrument for Polymerase Chain Reaction，PCR仪Inverted Microscope ，倒置显微镜Ion Chromatograph ，离子色谱仪Isotope X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer ，同位素X荧光光谱仪LC-MS ，液相色谱-质谱联用仪Mass Spectrometer ，质谱仪Mechanical Property Tester ，机械性能测定仪Metal/material elemental analysis ，金属/材料元素分析仪Metallurgical Microscopy ，金相显微镜Microwave Inductive Plasma Emission Spectrometer ，微波等离子体光谱仪Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer ，核磁共振波谱仪Optical Microscopy ，光学显微镜Optical PropertyTester ，光学性能测定仪Other/Miscellaneous ，其他Particle Size Analyzer ，粒度分析仪PCR Amplifier PCR，仪Peptide synthesizer，多肽合成仪pH Meter ，pH计PhysicalProperty Analysis ，物性分析Polarograph ，极谱仪Protein Sequencer ，氨基酸测序仪Rheometer ，流变仪Sample Handling ，样品处理Scanning Probe Microscopy，扫描探针显微镜Sensors ，传感器Sequencers and Synthesizers for DNA and Protein DNA，及蛋白质的测序和合成仪Shaker ，摇床Size Exclusion Chromatograph ，体积排阻色谱Surface Science ，表面科学SurfaceAnalyzer ，表面分析仪Thermal Analyzer，热分析仪Thermal Physical Property Tester，热物理性能测定仪Ultrahigh Purity Filter，超滤器Ultra-low Temperature Freezer，超低温冰箱Ultrasonic Cell Disruptor ，超声破碎仪Ultraviolet Detector ，紫外检测仪UltravioletLamp ，紫外观察灯Urine Analyzer ，尿液分析仪UV-Visible Spectrophotometer ，紫外-可见光分光光度计Viscometer ，粘度计Voltammerter ，伏安仪Water Test Kits ，水质分析仪X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer ，X射线荧光光谱仪X-RayDiffractomer，X射线衍射仪。

原吸:AAS原子荧光:AFS原子力显微镜:AFM低能电子衍射EED光电子能谱:ESCA横向力显微镜FM场电子显微镜:FEM场离子显微镜:FIM傅立叶红外光谱:FT-IR气相色谱:GC高效液相色谱:HPLC红外光谱:IR离子色谱:IC电感耦合等离子体扫描光谱仪:ICP紫外:UV薄层色谱:TLC质谱:MS核磁共振:NMR近红外:NIR示差扫描量热仪:DSC动态热机械分析仪:DTMAX射线荧光光谱仪:XRF透射电子显微镜:TEM扫描电子显微镜:SEM扫描隧道显微镜:STM扫描探针显微镜:SPMBOD:生化耗氧量COD:化学耗氧量TOC:总有机碳TIC:总无机碳AOX:可吸收卤化物仪器中文名称仪器英文名称英文缩写原子发射光谱仪Atomic Emission Spectrometer AES电感偶合等离子体发射光谱仪Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission SpectrometerICP 直流等离子体发射光谱仪Direct Current Plasma Emission Spectrometer DCP紫外-可见光分光光度计UV-Visible Spectrophotometer UV-Vis微波等离子体光谱仪Microwave Inductive Plasma Emission SpectrometerMIP原子吸收光谱仪Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy AAS原子荧光光谱仪Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy AFS傅里叶变换红外光谱仪FT-IR Spectrometer FTIR傅里叶变换拉曼光谱仪FT-Raman Spectrometer FTIR-Raman气相色谱仪Gas Chromatograph GC高压/效液相色谱仪High Pressure/Performance Liquid ChromatographyHPLC离子色谱仪Ion Chromatograph IC凝胶渗透色谱仪Gel Permeation Chromatograph GPC体积排阻色谱Size Exclusion Chromatograph SECX射线荧光光谱仪X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer XRFX射线衍射仪X-Ray Diffractomer XRD同位素X荧光光谱仪Isotope X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer电子能谱仪Electron Energy Disperse Spectroscopy能谱仪Energy Disperse Spectroscopy EDS质谱仪Mass Spectrometer MS核磁共振波谱仪Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer NMR电子顺磁共振波谱仪Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometer ESR极谱仪Polarograph伏安仪Voltammerter动滴定仪Automatic Titrator电导仪Conductivity Meter水质分析仪Water Test Kits电泳仪Electrophoresis System表面科学Surface Science金属探测器Metal detectors检针机Needle detector machine电子显微镜Electro Microscopy光学显微镜Optical Microscopy金相显微镜Metallurgical Microscopy扫描探针显微镜Scanning Probe Microscopy表面分析仪Surface Analyzer无损检测仪Instrument for Nondestructive Testing物性分析Physical Property Analysis热分析仪Thermal Analyzer粘度计Viscometer流变仪Rheometer粒度分析仪Particle Size Analyzer热物理性能测定仪Thermal Physical Property Tester电性能测定仪Electrical Property Tester光学性能测定仪Optical Property Tester机械性能测定仪Mechanical Property Tester燃烧性能测定仪Combustion Property Tester老化性能测定仪Aging Property Tester生物技术分析Biochemical analysisPCR仪Instrument for Polymerase Chain Reaction PCRDNA及蛋白质的测序与合成仪Sequencers and Synthesizers for DNA and Protein 传感器Sensors其她Other/Miscellaneous流动分析与过程分析Flow Analytical and Process Analytical Chemistry气体分析Gas Analysis基本物理量测定Basic Physics样品处理Sample Handling部分收集器Fraction Collector氨基酸测序仪Protein Sequencer氨基酸组成分析仪Amino Acid Analyzer多肽合成仪Peptide synthesizerDNA测序仪DNA SequencersDNA合成仪DNA synthesizer金属/材料元素分析仪Metal/material elemental analysis 环境成分分析仪CHN Analysis发酵罐Fermenter生物反应器Bio-reactor摇床Shaker离心机Centrifuge电泳Electrophoresis酶标仪ELIASACO2培养箱CO2 Incubators倒置显微镜Inverted Microscope超净工作台Bechtop超声破碎仪Ultrasonic Cell Disruptor超低温冰箱Ultra-low Temperature Freezer恒温循环泵Constant Temperature Circulator超滤器Ultrahigh Purity Filter冻干机Freeze Drying Equipment紫外观察灯Ultraviolet Lamp分子杂交仪Hybridization OvenPCR仪PCR Amplifier化学发光仪Chemiluminescence Apparatus紫外检测仪Ultraviolet Detector检针机器http://www、sh-yutian、com jhggjndhff888。

地理词汇英语翻译(E开头) ear 穗earing 抽穗earliness 早熟性earth 大地earth albedo 地球反射率earth atmosphere system radiation budget 地气系统辐射收支earth axis 地轴earth crust 地壳earth current 大地电流earth dam 土坝earth ellipsoid 地球椭圆体earth flow 土流earth hummock 土岗earth interior 地球内部earth layer 土层earth magnetism 地磁earth mound 土堤earth pole 地极earth pressure 地压earth radiation 地球辐射earth resource technology satellite 地球资源技术卫星earth rotation 地球自转earth satellite 地球卫星earth science 地球科学earth slide 土崩earth station 地面站earth surface 地面earth synchronous orbit 地球同步轨道earth thermometer 地温表earth tide 地潮earth wax 地蜡earth&#39;s core 地核;地球中心带earth&#39;s crust 地壳earth&#39;s spheroid 地球回转椭圆体earthquake 地震earthquake disaster 地震灾情earthquake fault 地震断层earthquake magnitude 地震等级earthquake mechanism 地震机制earthquake proof construction 抗震建筑earthquake region 震区earthquake sound 地声earthquake zone 地震带earthworm 蚯蚓earthworm dejection structure 蚯蚓粪结构east longitude 东经easterlies 东风easting 东行航程easual species 偶见种ebb 落潮ebb current 落潮流ebb tide 落潮ebullioscope 酒精气压器eccentric angle 偏心角eccentricity 偏心率ecesis 定居echellite 白沸石echelon dissection 雁行状切割echelon fault 阶状断层echelon fissures 雁行裂缝echelon fold 阶状褶皱echelon folding 雁行状褶皱echelon fracture 雁列式断裂echelon structure 雁行构造echinodermata 棘皮动物echinoderms 棘皮动物echo fluctuation 回波涨落echo height 回波高度echo intensity 回波强度echo power 回波功率echo sounding 回声测深echometer 测深仪eclipse 食ecliptic 黄道ecliptic coordinates 黄道坐标ecliptic latitude 黄纬ecliptic longitude 黄经ecliptic pole 黄极ecliptic system 黄道坐标ecocide 生态灭绝ecoclimate 生态气候ecocline 生态倾群ecogenesis 生态进化ecological agriculture 生态农业ecological amplitude 生态幅度ecological balance 生态平衡ecological environment 生态环境ecological factor 生态因素ecological geography 生态地理学ecological map 生态地图ecological niche 生态龛位ecological optimum 生态最适度ecological series 生态系列ecological system 生态系统ecological vicariant 生态代替种ecology 生态学economic geography 经济地理economic geology 经济地质economic information system 经济信息系统economic map 经济地图ecosystem 生态系ecosystem autoregulation 生态系统自动第ecosystem components 生态系统组份ecosystem function 生态系统功能ecosystem resilience 生态系统复原能力ecosystem structure 生态系统结构ecosystem type 生态系统型ecosystematic information system 生态信息系统ecotone 过渡交错区ecotope 生态环境ecotype 生态型ectendotrophic mycorrhiza 内外菌根ectodynamomorphic soil 外动力型土壤ectoparasite 外寄生物edaphic climax 土壤演替顶极edaphic factor 土壤因素edaphic formation 土壤群系edaphogenic succession 土壤发生演替edaphology 土壤学edaphon 土居生物edaphophyte 土壤植物edatope 土壤环境eddy 旋涡eddy diffusion 涡动扩散eddy erosion in river bed 涡林蚀eddy friction 涡动摩擦eddy motion 涡动eddy&#39;s structure 涡旋结构edge binding 镶边edge enhancement 边缘增强edge feature 边缘特征edge matching 地图接边edge water 边缘水edging 镶边edificators 建群种edition note 版次说明edwardsite 独居石effective aperture 有效孔径effective drainage porosity 有效孔隙度effective grain size 有效粒径effective ionic radius 有效离子半径effective moisture 有效水分effective precipitation 有效降水量effective radiation 有效辐射effective rainfall 有效降雨effervescence 泡沸efflorescence 盐霜effluent 出水effluent river 潜水补给河effluent stream 潜水补给河effusive rock 喷发岩egyptian chlorosis 热带萎黄病eigenvalue 特盏eigenvector 本镇量ejection 喷出ek value 能量系数elastic deformation 弹性形变elastic limit 弹性限度elastic wave 弹性波elasticity 弹性elaterite 弹性沥青electric charge 电荷electric charge distribution 电荷分布electric conductivity 电导率electric double layer 双电层electric field 电场electric power system 电力系统electric shutter 电动快门electrical conductivity of water 水的电导率electrical logging 电测井electrical resistance thermometer 电阻温度计electro optical distance measurement 光电测距electro ultrafiltration 电超滤electrochemical affinity 电化亲合势electrochemical equivalent 电化当量electrochemical potential 电化势electrochemical series 电化序electrochemistry 电化学electrode 电极electrofiltration 电滤酌electrokinetic potential 动电位electrolyte 电解质electrolytic dissociation 电离酌electromagnetic field 电磁场electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射electromagnetic spectrum 电磁波谱electromagnetic wave 电磁波electromagnetic wave distance measuring instrument 电磁波测距仪electron 电子electron absorption 电子吸收electron affinity 电子亲合势electron beam 电子束electron beam recorder 电子束记录器electron cloud 电子云electron collision 电子碰撞electron configuration 电子排列electron density 电子密度electron detachment 电子脱离electron diffraction camera 电子衍射照相机electron interchange 电子交换electron microprobe analysis 电子探针微量分析electron microscope 电子显微镜electron migration 电子移动electron multiplier 电子倍增器electron orbit 电子轨道electron pair 电子对electron pair bond 电子对键electron paramagnetic resonance 电子自旋共振electron paramagnetic resonance dating 电子顺磁共振年代测定electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy 电子顺磁共振谱学electron probe microanalyser 电子探针显微分析仪electron probe microanalysis 电子探针微量分析electron probe microanalyzer 微量分析器electron spin resonance 电子自旋共振electron structure 电子结构electron transfer 电子转移electron transfer system 电子传递体系electron x ray microanalyser 电子探针显微分析仪electronegative atom 阴电性原子electronegative element 阴电性元素electronegative gas 负电性气体electronegativity 电负性electroneutrality 电中性electronic correlation 电子相关electronic correlator 电子相关器electronic digitizer 电子数字化器electronic image analyzer 电子影像分析器electronic ionization 电子电离electronic paramagnetic resonance 电子顺磁共振electronic planimeter 电子求积化electronic printer 电子印像机electronic shell 电子壳electrophilic reactivity 亲电子反应性electrophoresis 电泳electrophoresis apparatus 电泳器electrophysiology 电生理学electropositive atom 阳电性原子electropositive element 阳电性元素electrostatic charge 静电荷electrostatic printer 静电印刷机electrostatic printing 静电复印electrotype 电铸版electrovalence 电价electrovalent bond 电价键electrum 银金矿element 元素element of association 相伴元素element ratios 元素比值elemental analysis 元素分析elementary charge 元电荷elementary microstructure 单元微结构elementary particle 元粒子elementary soil processes 单元成土过程elementary species 基本种elementary surfaces of land forms 单元地形面elements of centering 归心元素elements of iron group 铁族元素elements of platine group 铂族元素eleolite syenite 指光正长岩elevated beach 上升海滩elevated coast 上升海岸elevated coral reef 上升珊焊elevated coral reefs 升礁elevated limestone 升高灰岩查字典地理网有全面的地理知识，欢迎大家继续阅读学习。

electron paramagnetic resonance analysisElectron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis, also known as electron spin resonance (ESR), is a spectroscopic technique used to study the properties of unpaired electrons in various systems. This technique allows scientists to investigate the electronic structure and dynamics of paramagnetic species, including free radicals, transition metal ions, and other species with unpaired electrons.EPR analysis involves the application of a magnetic field to the sample, which causes the unpaired electrons to align their spins with the field, resulting in a split energy level system. By manipulating the magnetic field strength and frequency, the absorption and emission of electromagnetic radiation by the unpaired electrons can be measured. This absorption spectrum provides information about the electronic transitions and magnetic properties of the sample.The main applications of EPR analysis include:1. Determination of chemical structure: EPR spectroscopy can provide valuable information about the coordination environment of transition metal ions in complex molecules or materials. By studying the splitting patterns and g-values of EPR signals, scientists can gain insights into the coordination geometry, electronic structure, and bonding properties of paramagnetic compounds.2. Study of free radicals and reactive intermediates: EPR analysis is widely used to investigate the formation, stability, and reactivity of free radicals in chemical reactions, biological systems, andmaterials science. By measuring the intensity and shape of EPR signals, researchers can determine the concentration, spin density, and spin relaxation properties of free radicals, which are crucial for understanding their role in various processes.3. Investigation of magnetic materials: EPR spectroscopy can be used to characterize magnetic materials, such as metal oxides, nanoparticles, and magnetic clusters. By examining the magnetic properties and interactions of unpaired electrons in these materials, scientists can study phenomena such as superparamagnetism, spin crossover, and magnetic ordering.4. Biomedical applications: EPR analysis has important applications in biomedical research and diagnostics. For example, it can be used to measure the concentration of oxygen and other paramagnetic species in biological tissues, monitor oxidative stress, and study the redox properties of biomolecules. EPR imaging techniques, such as electron spin resonance imaging (ESRI), are also being developed for non-invasive imaging of tissues and organs.In summary, electron paramagnetic resonance analysis is a powerful technique for investigating the electronic structure, magnetic properties, and dynamics of paramagnetic species. Its applications range from fundamental research in chemistry and physics to practical applications in materials science, biology, and medicine.。

分析测试仪器相关英文简称紫外：UV原吸：AAS高效液相色谱：HPLC气相色谱：GC薄层色谱：TLC离子色谱：IC原子荧光：AFS电感耦合等离子体扫描光谱仪：ICP质谱：MS红外光谱：IR；傅立叶红外光谱：FT-IR；核磁共振：NMR近红外：NIR示差扫描量热仪：DSC动态热机械分析仪：DTMAX射线荧光光谱仪：XRF透射电子显微镜:TEM扫描电子显微镜:SEM场电子显微镜:FEM场离子显微镜:FIM低能电子衍射EED光电子能谱:ESCA扫描隧道显微镜:STM原子力显微镜:AFM横向力显微镜FM扫描探针显微镜:SPMBOD:生化耗氧量COD:化学耗氧量TOC:总有机碳TIC:总无机碳AOX:可吸收卤化物仪器中文名称仪器英文名称英文缩写原子发射光谱仪 Atomic Emission Spectrometer AES电感偶合等离子体发射光谱仪Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission SpectrometerICP直流等离子体发射光谱仪 Direct Current Plasma Emission Spectrometer DCP 紫外-可见光分光光度计 UV-Visible Spectrophotometer UV-Vis微波等离子体光谱仪 Microwave Inductive Plasma Emission SpectrometerMIP 原子吸收光谱仪 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy AAS原子荧光光谱仪 Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy AFS傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 FT-IR Spectrometer FTIR傅里叶变换拉曼光谱仪 FT-Raman Spectrometer FTIR-Raman气相色谱仪 Gas Chromatograph GC高压/效液相色谱仪 High Pressure/Performance Liquid ChromatographyHPLC 离子色谱仪 Ion Chromatograph IC凝胶渗透色谱仪 Gel Permeation Chromatograph GPC体积排阻色谱 Size Exclusion Chromatograph SECX射线荧光光谱仪 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer XRFX射线衍射仪 X-Ray Diffractomer XRD同位素X荧光光谱仪 Isotope X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer电子能谱仪 Electron Energy Disperse Spectroscopy能谱仪 Energy Disperse Spectroscopy EDS质谱仪 Mass Spectrometer MS核磁共振波谱仪 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer NMR电子顺磁共振波谱仪 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometer ESR 极谱仪 Polarograph伏安仪 Voltammerter自动滴定仪 Automatic Titrator电导仪 Conductivity MeterpH计 pH Meter水质分析仪 Water Test Kits电泳仪 Electrophoresis System表面科学 Surface Science电子显微镜 Electro Microscopy光学显微镜 Optical Microscopy金相显微镜 Metallurgical Microscopy扫描探针显微镜 Scanning Probe Microscopy表面分析仪 Surface Analyzer无损检测仪 Instrument for Nondestructive Testing物性分析 Physical Property Analysis热分析仪 Thermal Analyzer粘度计 Viscometer流变仪 Rheometer粒度分析仪 Particle Size Analyzer热物理性能测定仪 Thermal Physical Property Tester电性能测定仪 Electrical Property Tester光学性能测定仪 Optical Property Tester机械性能测定仪 Mechanical Property Tester燃烧性能测定仪 Combustion Property Tester老化性能测定仪 Aging Property Tester生物技术分析 Biochemical analysisPCR仪 Instrument for Polymerase Chain Reaction PCRDNA及蛋白质的测序和合成仪 Sequencers and Synthesizers for DNA and Protein传感器 Sensors其他 Other/Miscellaneous流动分析与过程分析 Flow Analytical and Process Analytical Chemistry气体分析 Gas Analysis基本物理量测定 Basic Physics样品处理 Sample Handling金属/材料元素分析仪 Metal/material elemental analysis环境成分分析仪 CHN Analysis发酵罐 Fermenter生物反应器 Bio-reactor摇床 Shaker离心机 Centrifuge超声破碎仪 Ultrasonic Cell Disruptor超低温冰箱 Ultra-low Temperature Freezer恒温循环泵 Constant Temperature Circulator超滤器 Ultrahigh Purity Filter冻干机 Freeze Drying Equipment部分收集器 Fraction Collector氨基酸测序仪 Protein Sequencer氨基酸组成分析仪 Amino Acid Analyzer多肽合成仪 Peptide synthesizerDNA测序仪 DNA SequencersDNA合成仪 DNA synthesizer紫外观察灯 Ultraviolet Lamp分子杂交仪 Hybridization OvenPCR仪 PCR Amplifier化学发光仪 Chemiluminescence Apparatus紫外检测仪 Ultraviolet Detector电泳 Electrophoresis酶标仪 ELIASACO2培养箱 CO2 Incubators倒置显微镜 Inverted Microscope超净工作台 Bechtop（资料素材和资料部分来自网络，供参考。