计算机英语实用教程课后题参考答案

《计算机英语》参考答案Chapter 11.(1) 中央处理器(Central Processing Unit)(2) 随机访问内存(Random-access Memory)(3) 美国国际商用机器公司(International Business Machine)(4) 集成电路(Integrated Circuit)(5) 大规模集成电路(Large Scale Integration)(6) 超大规模集成电路(Very Large Scale Integration)(7) 个人数字助理(Personal Digital Assistant)(8) 图形用户界面(Graphical User Interface)2.(1) data(2) software(3) IC(4) ENIAC(5) supercomputer(6) superconductivity3.(1) F (ENIAC is the second digital computer after Atanasoff-Berry Computer)(2) T(3) F (Data is a unorganized)(4) T(5) T(6) T4.(1) 人工智能(2) 光计算机(3) 神经网络(4) 操作系统(5) 并行处理(6) vacuum tube(7) integrated circuit(8) electrical resistance(9) silicon chip(10) minicomputer5.数据是未经组织的内容的集合，数据可以包括字符、数字、图形和声音。

计算机管理数据，并将数据处理生成信息。

向计算机输入的数据称为输入，处理的结果称为输出。

计算机能在某一个称为存储器的地方保存数据和信息以备后用。

输入、处理、输出和存储的整个周期称为信息处理周期。

与计算机交互或使用计算机所产生信息的人称为用户。

1.(1) 发光二极管(Light-Emitting Diode)(2) 静态随机存储器(Static Random Access Memory)(3) 只读存储器(Read Only Memory)(4) 运算器(Arithmetic and Logical Unit)(5) 阴极射线管(Cathode Ray Tube)(6) 视频显示单元(Visual Display Unit)(7) 可编程只读存储器(Programmable Read Only Memory)(8) 液晶显示屏(Liquid Crystal Display)2.(1) CPU(2) peripheral(3) memory(4) modem(5) control unit(6) byte3.(1) T(2) T(3) F (RAM is volatile memory because the information within the computer chips is erased as soon as the computer is powered off whereas ROM is nonvolatile)(4) T(5) T(6) F (Microphones and digital cameras are input devices)4.(1) 寄存器组(2) 主机(3) 二进制的(4) 算法(5) 光盘(6) CD-RW(7) logic operation(8) barcode(9) peripheral device(10) volatile memory5.计算机的内存可被视为一系列的单元，可以在单元中存取数字。

计算机英语课后练习题答案Chapter 11.1T T F F F1. G2. D3. A4. C5. E6. I7. H8. F9. B 10. J1.hardware2. digital3. executes4. software5. modified6. Firmware7. users 8. disc 9. computers1. Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs are the signals or data sentfrom it.输入是系统所收到的信号或数据,输出是系统所发出的信号或数据。

2. Keyboards and mouses are considered input devices of a computer, while monitors andprinters are considered output devices of a computer.键盘和鼠标被认为是计算机的输入装置,而显示器和打印机被认为是计算机的输出装置。

3. Devices for communication between computers, such as modems and network cards,typically serve for both input and output.计算机之间的通讯装置,例如调制解调器和网卡,通常起输入和输出作用。

4. The printer takes the information on your screen and transfers it to paper or a hard copy.打印机接收您屏幕上的信息并将其转移到纸张或硬拷贝上。

5. A modem is used to translate information transferred through telephone lines or cable.调制解调器是用来转换通过电话线或电缆传输的信息。

计算机专业英语教程（第四版）习题答案计算机专业英语教程(第四版)习题答案计算机专业英语（第四版）课后习题答案Unit 1 [Ex 1] Fb5E2RGbCAP [Ex 2] 1. input, storage, processing, and output 2. power; speed; 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. T 9. T 10.memoryp1EanqFDPw 3. central processing unit memoryDXDiTa9E3d 5. keyboard; [Ex 3] B. A. central processing unit; 1. F 2. D 2. monitor 3. G 4. C 5. B main memory; 6. A 7. E monitorRTCrpUDGiT 8. H5PCzVD7HxA 4. internal; primary;1. user3. data4. keyboard5. data processingjLBHrnAILg6. information [Ex 4] instructions7. computer8. memory 3. manipulates 4.1. input device2. screen, screen 5. retrievexHAQX74J0X 8. Function6. code7. hard copy[Ex. 5] 新处理器开始IT 技术的新时代New Processors Open New Era of IT Technologies Last week, Intel introduced to the public in Russia and other CIS countries a family of processors Intel Xeon E5-2600. They are more powerful and reliable and, importantly, are very economical in terms of energy consumption. Their1 / 30presence opens a new era in the field of IT technologies and means that the cloud technology is getting closer.LDAYtRyKfEThese processors are primarily designed for servers, data centers (DPC) and supercomputers. The emergence of this class of devices is not accidental. According to the regional director of Intel in Russia and other CIS states Dmitri Konash who spoke at the event, the market of IT-technology is developing so rapidly that, according to forecasts, by 2015 there will be 15 billion devices connected to the Internet, and over 3 billion of active users.Zzz6ZB2Ltk 上周，英特尔公司向俄罗斯和其它独联体国家的公众推出了英特尔Xeon E5-2600 系列处理器，它们更加强大可靠，尤其是在能量消耗方面更加经济实惠。

计算机英语第二版课后习题答案练习答案PART ONE Computer BasicsUnit 1 My ComputerSection A I(Fill in the blanks with the information given inthe text:1( Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron 2( input; output3( VLSI4( workstations; mainframes 5( vacuum; transistors6( instructions; software7( digit; eight; byte8( microminiaturization; chipII(Translate the following terms or phrases from English intoChinese and vice versa:1( artificial intelligence 人工智能2( paper-tape reader 纸空阅读机3( optical computer 光学计算机4( neural network 神经网络5( instruction set 指令集6( parallel processing 平行处理7( difference engine 差分机air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house thefirst element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof andceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters:ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materialsrequire higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,8( versatile logical element 通用逻辑器件9( silicon substrate 硅基10( vacuum tube 真空管(电子管)11( the storage and handling of data 数据的存储与处理12( very large-scale integrated circuit 超大规模集成电路13( central processing unit 中央处理器14( personal computer 个人计算机15( analogue computer 模拟计算机16( digital computer 数字计算机17( general-purpose computer 通用计算机18( processor chip 处理器芯片19( operating instructions 操作指令20( input device 输入设备III(Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. According to the mode of processing, computers are either analog or digital. They can beclassified as mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers. All else (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this categorization provides some indication of the computer’s speed, size, cost, and abilities.air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia,hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof andceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilationnatural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materialsrequire higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,Ever since the advent of computers, there have been constant changes. First-generation computers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC, introduced in the early 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. In third-generation computers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replaced transistors. In fourth-generation computers such as microcomputers, which first appeared in the mid-1970s, large-scale integration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.IV(Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.A computer system includes a computer, peripheral(外围的)devices, and software. The electric, electronic, and mechanical devices used for processing data are referred to as hardware. Inaddition to the computer itself, the term “hardware” refers to components called peripheral devices air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulationproperties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normallighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the Northwall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,that expand the computer’s input, output, and storage capabilities. Computer hardware in and of itself does not provide a particularly useful mind tool. To be useful, a computer requires a set of instructions, called software or a computer program, which tells the computer how to perform a particular task. Computers become even more effective when connected to other computers in a network so users can share information.计算机系统包括计算机、外围设备和软件。

计算机英语实用教程第三版课后练习题含答案第一章练习题答案1. What is the difference between a CPU and a GPU?A CPU (Central Processing Unit) is a general-purpose processor that performs tasks that require complex arithmetic and logical operations. A GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), on the other hand, is a specialized processor that is designed to handle tasks that involve highly parallelizable computations, such as those required for rendering graphics.2. What is the difference between RAM and ROM?RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of memory that stores data temporarily while the computer is running. RAM is volatile, meaning that its contents are erased when the computer is turned off. ROM (Read-Only Memory), on the other hand, is a type of memory that stores data permanently, even when the computer is turned off. ROM is non-volatile, meaning that its contents are retned even when there is no power.3. What is the difference between a bit and a byte?A bit is the smallest unit of digital information, represented by a binary digit (0 or 1). A byte, on the other hand, is a unit of digital information that consists of eight bits. Bytes are commonly used to represent characters, such as letters and numbers.4. What is the purpose of an operating system?An operating system (OS) is a software program that manages the resources of a computer, including the CPU, memory, storage, and devices such as printers and displays. The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which applications can run and interact with the hardware without directly accessing the underlying hardware.5. What is the difference between a compiler and an interpreter?A compiler is a program that translates the source code of a program into executable code that can be run on a specific computer platform. The resulting executable code can be run multiple times without the need for recompilation. An interpreter, on the other hand, is a program that reads and executes source code instructions one at a time. Interpreted code is typically slower than compiled code, but does not require the extra step of compilation before it can be run.第二章练习题答案1. What is the difference between a LAN and a WAN?A LAN (Local Area Network) is a network that connects computers and other devices that are located in the same physical location, such as an office building or a home. A WAN (Wide Area Network), on the other hand, is a network that connects computers and other devices that are located in different physical locations, often separated by vast distances.2. What is a router and how does it work?A router is a device that connects two or more networks together and forwards data between them. Routers use routing tables to determine thebest path for data to take between networks, and use protocols such as TCP/IP to communicate with other devices on the network.3. What is the difference between TCP and UDP?TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) are both protocols used for transmitting data over the internet. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, which means that it establishes avirtual circuit between two endpoints over which data can be transmitted. TCP uses error correction and flow control to ensure that data arrivesat its destination correctly and in the correct order. UDP, on the other hand, is a connectionless protocol that does not establish a virtual circuit between endpoints. UDP does not provide error correction or flow control, but is often used in situations where speed and simplicity are more important than reliability.4. What is a DNS server?A DNS (Domn Name System) server is a special type of server that translates domn names into IP addresses. When a user enters a domn name into their web browser, the browser sends a request to a DNS server to find the corresponding IP address for that domn name. The DNS serverthen returns the IP address to the browser, which can then connect tothe website.5. What is a firewall and how does it work?A firewall is a security device that is used to protect a networkfrom unauthorized access. Firewalls can be implemented as hardware or software, and typically work by examining incoming and outgoing network traffic and blocking any traffic that does not meet a set of predefinedrules. Firewalls can be configured to block specific types of traffic, such as traffic from certn IP addresses or traffic that uses a certn protocol. Firewalls can also be configured to allow or deny access to specific network resources based on user or device credentials.。

版本：冶金工业出版社Keys to Exercises and Examinations第1单元Text11.（1）B（2）A（3）A（4）A（5）A（6）B（7）D（8）A（9）C（10）C2.（1）registering,predicting（2）Logs（3）boolean logic（4）graphical interface（5）integrated circuit3.（1）战争期间，冯·诺依曼在流体力学、弹道学、气象学、博弈论以及统计学等方面的专业性的意见，被很好地运用在了一些工程中。

（2）战后的冯·诺伊曼在高等研究中心专注于计算机和它的拷贝的发展。

4.（1）It was a massive steam-powered mechanical calculator designed to print astronomical tables.（2）John Louis von Neumann’s famous stored program concept says that the program is stored as data in the computer’s memory and the computer is able to manipulate it as data—for example,to load it from disk,store it back on disk, and move it in memory.This concept became a fundamental of modern computing.Text21.（1）A（2）B（3）B（4）B（5）D（6）C（7）B（8）A（9）A（10）C2.（1）parallel-operation（2）capacity（3）peripherals（4）sophisticated（5）microprocessors3.它们（液晶显示器）不像CRT显示那样，需要考虑几何学的、收敛的或是焦点问题，而且它们的清晰度使得人们可以在更小的屏幕上看到更高的分辨率。

《计算机英语》参考答案Chapter 11.(1) 中央处理器(Central Processing Unit)(2) 随机访问内存(Random-access Memory)(3) 美国国际商用机器公司(International Business Machine)(4) 集成电路(Integrated Circuit)(5) 大规模集成电路(Large Scale Integration)(6) 超大规模集成电路(Very Large Scale Integration)(7) 个人数字助理(Personal Digital Assistant)(8) 图形用户界面(Graphical User Interface)2.(1) data(2) software(3) IC(4) ENIAC(5) supercomputer(6) superconductivity3.(1) F (ENIAC is the second digital computer after Atanasoff-Berry Computer)(2) T(3) F (Data is a unorganized)(4) T(5) T(6) T4.(1) 人工智能(2) 光计算机(3) 神经网络(4) 操作系统(5) 并行处理(6) vacuum tube(7) integrated circuit(8) electrical resistance(9) silicon chip(10) minicomputer5.数据是未经组织的内容的集合，数据可以包括字符、数字、图形和声音。

计算机管理数据，并将数据处理生成信息。

向计算机输入的数据称为输入，处理的结果称为输出。

计算机能在某一个称为存储器的地方保存数据和信息以备后用。

输入、处理、输出和存储的整个周期称为信息处理周期。

与计算机交互或使用计算机所产生信息的人称为用户。

1.(1) 发光二极管(Light-Emitting Diode)(2) 静态随机存储器(Static Random Access Memory)(3) 只读存储器(Read Only Memory)(4) 运算器(Arithmetic and Logical Unit)(5) 阴极射线管(Cathode Ray Tube)(6) 视频显示单元(Visual Display Unit)(7) 可编程只读存储器(Programmable Read Only Memory)(8) 液晶显示屏(Liquid Crystal Display)2.(1) CPU(2) peripheral(3) memory(4) modem(5) control unit(6) byte3.(1) T(2) T(3) F (RAM is volatile memory because the information within the computer chips is erased as soon as the computer is powered off whereas ROM is nonvolatile)(4) T(5) T(6) F (Microphones and digital cameras are input devices)4.(1) 寄存器组(2) 主机(3) 二进制的(4) 算法(5) 光盘(6) CD-RW(7) logic operation(8) barcode(9) peripheral device(10) volatile memory5.计算机的内存可被视为一系列的单元，可以在单元中存取数字。

计算机专业英语教程第四版翻译课后练习题含答案简介《计算机专业英语教程》是针对计算机专业学生编写的一本英语教材。

本书旨在帮助学生通过学习计算机领域的专业英语词汇和语法，提升他们的英语能力和技能。

本文将为读者提供该教材第四版的课后练习题及答案。

第一课练习题1.将下列单词从易到难排序：chip, computer, algorithm, software,desktop2.将下列单词从中文翻译为英文：程序设计，硬件，操作系统，输入，输出3.请解释下列缩略语的全称：RAM，CPU，OS答案1.desktop, chip, computer, software, algorithm2.programming, hardware, operating system, input, output3.RAM（Random Access Memory），CPU（Central Processing Unit），OS（Operating System）第二课练习题1.请翻译下列句子：计算机的功能越来越强大，它可以执行许多任务。

2.请解释下列单词的意思：interface，protocol，server，router答案puters are becoming more and more powerful and they canperform many tasks.2.interface（接口）, protocol（协议），server（服务器），router（路由器）第三课练习题1.请将下列单词按字母顺序排列：database，file，program，server，storage2.请填写下列句子的空格：计算机会读取从硬盘 __ （into）内存。

3.请解释下列单词的意思：database，algorithm，client，browser答案1.algorithm，database，file，program，server，storage2.into3.database（数据库），algorithm（算法），client（客户端），browser（浏览器）第四课练习题1.请翻译下列句子：今天我学会了如何编写计算机程序。

Unit Two/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.input; output; storage2.Basic Input/Output System3.flatbed; hand-held4.LCD-based5.dot-matrix; inkjet6.disk; memory7.volatile8.serial; parallelII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.function key功能键，操作键，函数键2.voice recognition module 语音识别模块3.touch-sensitive region 触敏区4.address bus 地址总线5.flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪6.dot-matrix printer点阵打印机(针式打印机)7.parallel connection 并行连接8.cathode ray tube 阴极射线管9.video game 电子游戏10.audio signal 音频信号11.操作系统operating system12.液晶显示(器) LCD (liquid crystal display)13.喷墨打印机inkjet printer14.数据总线data bus15.串行连接serial connection16.易失性存储器volatile memory17.激光打印机laser printer18.磁盘驱动器disk drive19.基本输入 / 输出系统BIOS (Basic Inpul/Output System)changes if necessary:An access control mechanism mediates between a user （or a process executing on behalf of a user） and system resources、such as applications, operating systems, firewalls, routers, files, and databases. The system must first authenticate（验证）a user seeking access. Typically the authemiccition function determines whether the user is permitted to access the system at all. Then the access control function determines if the specific requested access by this user is permitted. A security administrator maintains an authorization（授权）d-sbase that specifies what type of access to which resources is allowed for this user. The access control function consults this database to detemine whether to grant access. An auditing function monitors and keeps a record of user accesses to system resources.In practice, a number of com—cmetus may cooperatively share the access control function. All mii,戏systems have at least a rudimentary（基本的），and in many cases a quite robust. access control component. Add-on security packages can add to the witi*access control capabilities of the OS. Particular applications or utilities,such as a database management system, also incorporate access control functions. External devices, such as firewalls, can also provide access control services.IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:入侵者攻击从温和的到严重的形形色色。