关于城市人因工程学
- 格式：pdf
- 大小：1.85 MB
- 文档页数：6
[ UED ] 131 | 06 | 2021
10关于城市人因工程学
文 _ 张利译 _ 孙福广ABOUT URBAN ERGONOMICS
当前，中国建筑的重点关注从“物”转向“人”，追求以人为核心的空间质量。人们不再把建筑作为简单的物质去膜拜，而是将
其看作连接人和人、人和自然的桥梁。人与城市空间的互动，或者说人对空间的体验、空间对人的关怀，成为当代世界城市间
竞争的主要阵地之一。21世纪初，建筑设计正从追求形式转向服务于人们的生活。建筑师在创新与创造的同时，更肩负改善人
们生活质量的责任。传统意义上的建筑设计不断向外扩展交叉，新兴设计科学不断涌现，其中，城市人因工程学便是一个典型
例子。
人因工程学，或称人因学，英文为欧洲的Ergonomics与美洲的Human Factor Engineering两种，两个词除了前者的希腊语
源头外，在实际使用中并无差别。人因工程学产生于19世纪与20世纪之交，兴盛于20世纪后半叶，旨在通过人与物质产品
界面的设计提升效率及愉悦的程度。人因工程学最初应用于生产力的研究， 20世纪50年代之后开始服务于职业安全；20世纪
90年代以来，更广泛应用于各类创新设计领域，包括建筑学；进入21世纪之后，随着人们对空间质量的要求不断提升，城市
人因工程学应运而生。
与环境行为学相比，城市人因工程学从人的需求定义空间，关注人与空间互动的生理、心理环境机制，强调借助人因量化数据
提升空间干预的精准度。它既作用于新建空间设计，也作用于既有空间的改造更新。
城市人因工程学以量化数据为工具，以设计为导向，带动从用户端实践到理论之间的动态知识转换。它从人的需求提取人因问题，
通过不同尺度的设计干预寻找答案。城市人因工程学运用客观人因量度技术手段，分析空间对人在生存、效率、体验等方面的
生活需求的满足程度，对设计方案进行评估和优化，形成高质量的城市空间设计干预。这些空间设计的尺度可以分为宏、远、中、
近和微五个层面。Text_ Zhang LiTranslation_ Sun Fuguang
Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved. 11With the rapid development of urbanization since the reform and opening up, the focus of China's architecture has changed from worshiping large landmark buildings to pursuing human-centered quality of the living space. At present, people no longer treat the architecture or the human intervention in space in cities as a simple material form, but as a bridge between man and man as well as mankind and nature. The interaction between human body and urban space, or in other words, human body's experience of space and space's care for human body, has become one of the main competitions among cities in the contemporary world. At the beginning of the 21st century, the former trend of overemphasizing innovation and formalism is gradually shifting to a design closer to people's life. How can design bring positive changes to life? Architects, besides innovating and creating, will also shoulder the important task of improving people's living quality. Therefore, the traditional architectural design is also expanding outward, among which Urban Ergonomics is a typical example.
Ergonomics used in Europe and Human Factors Engineering in America are actually interchangeable except that the former term came from Greek. Ergonomics came into being at the turn of the 19th-20th century and flourished in the second half of the 20th century. It aims to improve people's performance and pleasure through the design of material interface. Ergonomics was first applied to the research of productivity improvement, which could be seen in furniture design, industrial design and other areas, and later it began to serve the occupational safety guarantee after the 1950s. Since the 1990s, the rapid development of computer technology and data technology has made ergonomics welcomed in various design fields. With its later introduction to architecture, Urban Ergonomics emerged naturally.
Compared with environmental behavior studies, Urban Ergonomics tends to study the environment and needs that adapt to people's psychology and physiology on the basis of innate evolution and acquired learning. Its focus is on how space serves people's physical and mental pleasure in the city.
Urban Ergonomics is an applied discipline for the design of urban space and human interaction interface. It is design oriented and drives the dynamic transformation of knowledge between theory and user practice. At different scales, urban ergonomics studies people’s judgment at the cognitive level, activities at the behavioral level and reactions at the physiological level through the technical means of objective measurement, which can make reference to the intervention of urban space design, so as to achieve higher quality urban space design. Based on the human perception of space, the five design scales can be categorized as MACRO, FAR, MEDIUM, NEAR and MICRO.[ TOPIC ] 主题／城市人因视角下的设计干预 DESIGN INTERVENTION FROM AN URBAN ERGONOMICS PERSPECTIVE
Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved. [ UED ] 131 | 06 | 2021
12The first scale is the MACRO scale, referring to the urban life circle of urban residents, which covers the urban space with a distance of 2.5 km and above. The basic information model of humans is a dot, and the human location, relative distance between people and population density distribution are the main objects studied at this scale. Therefore, in the MACRO scale, the study mainly focuses on the connectivity between different places of the city and the urban mobility and vitality following it. 首先是宏（Macro）尺度，指城市居民所处的城市生活圈，其所涉及的范围大约在2.5km以上，其设计干预经常
以1∶2000及以上的图纸表达。人的基本信息模型是点，人的位置、人群密度分布、在可视范围内的城市重要
景物、城市道路网络的拓扑关系是该尺度下的主要实证数据。在宏尺度下，研究主要关注的设计问题是城市不同
地点之间的联系、城市局域空间网络的认知以及产生的城市活力与潜质。图1宏 Marco
第二是远（Far）尺度，城市居民15分钟的骑行生活圈，其所涉及的范围在
