L[1].词汇学第一单元课件 Introduction
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词汇学(第一章)-PPT课件
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3. Native words and borrowed words 本族语词和外来语词
Native words / Angle-Saxon words
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are native
words. They form the great majority of the
.
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Another important characteristic is that function words belong to a relatively small and permanent set of words, in comparison to content words. The total number of functional words is about 154. They are stable; they do not come and go with changing fashions and ideas.
basic word stock of the English language.
The basic word stock is the foundation of the
vocabulary accumulated over a number of
epochs. Most native words in modern
.
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What causes the differences between sound and form?
➢ 1) More morphemes than letters, ➢ 2) Stabilization of spelling, ➢ 3) Deliberate change of spelling by
英语词汇学课件Unit
Combining two or more words to create a new word, e.g., "eyewitness," "motherland."
Synthesis
Changing the form of a word to create a new word or expression, e.g., "run" to "ran," "walk" to "walk a walk."
Blending: Combining the sounds or parts of two words to create a new word, e.g., "smog," "break."
Prefixes and suffixes that are added to the beginning or end of words to modify their meanings or functions, e.g. "un -" in "unhappy," "- ness" in "happiness."
The rapid pace of technological advancement has greatly influenced the English vocabulary New terms related to technology, such as "cyberpunk" or "algorithm," have entered the language to describe these advancements
1英语词汇学第一章引言
characteristics of native elements -- all-national character -- great stability -- word-forming ability -- wide collocability -- plurality of meanings -- stylistically neutral
(b) Aliens舶来词 舶来词 ---- borrowed words which have kept their original pronunciation and spelling.
coup d'etat [ku: dei’ta:] vis-à-vis [vi: za:vi:] resume elite
Further readings: 1.莫塞 英语简史 外语教学与研究出版社 莫塞 2.汪榕培，卢小娟 英语词汇学 上海外语教育出版社 汪榕培， 汪榕培 卢小娟. 3. 张韵斐 .现代英语词汇学概论 北京师范大学出版社 现代英语词汇学概论 4. 秦秀白 英语语体和文体要略上海外语教育出版社 秦秀白. 5．汪榕培 王之江 英语词汇学高级教程读本 上海外 ．汪榕培, 王之江.英语词汇学高级教程读本 语教育出版社
means to borrow foreign elements (a) Denizens归化词 归化词 --- words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. call, die, husband
Native elements denote words of Anglo-Saxon origin. They belong to original English stock. Foreign elements refer to words taken over from any other languages.
unit 1 Introduction 英语词汇学教程
What is lexicology?
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage.
The role of vocabulary in the language system
Vocabulary is the building material of the language system. It is one of the three essential elements of language: speech sounds, grammar and vocabulary.
2.1 What Is a Word?
The definition of a word
A word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function. A word is a combination of form (phonological) and meaning (lexical and grammatical) A word acts as a structural unit of a sentence. 词是能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位。
《英语词汇学第一章》PPT课件
A morpheme may be represented by one syllable, lik e boy and child, or by two or more syllables, as in la· dy, cro·co·dile, etc.
• B. Allomorphs 词素变体 • A morpheme may take various shapes or forms. • 如：books, pigs, horses共同词素是什么？ • 曲折词素-(e)s。 • 有三种不同发音：/-s, -z, -iz/
• An elusive notion • have has had ？ • friend friends ？
• entry词条in a dictionary --- lexeme 词位 • word form 词形：词的不同形状 • lexical unit 词汇单位：一个词形跟一个意义的结合
• Definition: • A word is an independent, minimal, meaningful linguistic unit.
• 粘着词根大多源自希腊语或拉丁语，不能独立使用。
• 观察下面几个单词，找出共同词根： • revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vivid • 拉丁词根：vit-/viv-, 意思：life or live • 复兴，复活；维生素；十分重要的；生机勃勃的，活泼的；生动的
zable into smaller forms. • 词素是语言中最小的语音语义结合体。(P13)
• Q: What’s the difference between a “word” & a “morpheme”? • 词：能独立运用的、最小的语音语义结合体 • 词素：不一定能独立运用 • Example • 试分析：denationalization共有几个词素？ • nation • nation+al • nation+al+ize • de-nation+al+ize • de-nation-al-iz-ation 使非国有化,使私营化
• B. Allomorphs 词素变体 • A morpheme may take various shapes or forms. • 如：books, pigs, horses共同词素是什么？ • 曲折词素-(e)s。 • 有三种不同发音：/-s, -z, -iz/
• An elusive notion • have has had ？ • friend friends ？
• entry词条in a dictionary --- lexeme 词位 • word form 词形：词的不同形状 • lexical unit 词汇单位：一个词形跟一个意义的结合
• Definition: • A word is an independent, minimal, meaningful linguistic unit.
• 粘着词根大多源自希腊语或拉丁语，不能独立使用。
• 观察下面几个单词，找出共同词根： • revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vivid • 拉丁词根：vit-/viv-, 意思：life or live • 复兴，复活；维生素；十分重要的；生机勃勃的，活泼的；生动的
zable into smaller forms. • 词素是语言中最小的语音语义结合体。(P13)
• Q: What’s the difference between a “word” & a “morpheme”? • 词：能独立运用的、最小的语音语义结合体 • 词素：不一定能独立运用 • Example • 试分析：denationalization共有几个词素？ • nation • nation+al • nation+al+ize • de-nation+al+ize • de-nation-al-iz-ation 使非国有化,使私营化
词汇学第一章 The Basic Concepts of Words and VocabularyPPT
1.4 Sound and Form
Task 1 Say the following words by yourself.
cough
thought
though
thorough
tough
through
Question: why is there the disparity?
The international reason Changes Borrowings
1.3 Sound and Meaning
In how many languages do you know the name of the animal in this picture?
Task 1 Say the name of the animal in
as many languages as you can.
content words and which are functional words? denote never and run notion upon seven Christmas have would
1.5.3 Native words & borrowed words
Task
Guess whether the statements are true or false.
non-basic vocabulary
Not all the words of the basic word stock have these features.
Non-basic vocabulary include:
Terminology 专业术语 Jargon 行话 Slang 俚语 Argot 隐语 Dialectal words 方言词 Archaisms 古词语 Neologisms 新词语
1英语词汇概说ppt课件
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பைடு நூலகம்
实义词表示明确的含义或概念，它包括名 词(noun)、动词(verb)、形容词(adjective)、 副词(adverd)、数词(numeral)等。它表示 物体、现象、动作、品质、状态、程度和 数量等。实义词构成了英语词汇的绝大部 分，数量极大。
Content words (notional words) denote clear notions, including: nouns, verbs, ajectives, adverbs and numerals, which denote objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree and quantity.
基本词汇包括七个部分：（1）术语 （terminology）；（2）行话（jargon）；（3） 俚语（slang）；（4）隐语或黑话（argot）； （5）方言（dialectal words）；（6）古语 （archaisms）和 （7）新语（neologism）
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(二）根据词的功能，英语词汇可以分 为实义词（content words）即“实词” 和功能词（function words）即“虚词”。
2
词汇学 (lexicology) 是语言学 (linguistics) 的一个分支，它研究词的起源和意义。
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.
3
英语词汇学（English lexicology）旨在研究英 语词汇的形态结构、语义结构、语义关系、历 史演变以及词的构成和用法等。这是一门理论 课。
பைடு நூலகம்
实义词表示明确的含义或概念，它包括名 词(noun)、动词(verb)、形容词(adjective)、 副词(adverd)、数词(numeral)等。它表示 物体、现象、动作、品质、状态、程度和 数量等。实义词构成了英语词汇的绝大部 分，数量极大。
Content words (notional words) denote clear notions, including: nouns, verbs, ajectives, adverbs and numerals, which denote objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree and quantity.
基本词汇包括七个部分：（1）术语 （terminology）；（2）行话（jargon）；（3） 俚语（slang）；（4）隐语或黑话（argot）； （5）方言（dialectal words）；（6）古语 （archaisms）和 （7）新语（neologism）
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(二）根据词的功能，英语词汇可以分 为实义词（content words）即“实词” 和功能词（function words）即“虚词”。
2
词汇学 (lexicology) 是语言学 (linguistics) 的一个分支，它研究词的起源和意义。
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.
3
英语词汇学（English lexicology）旨在研究英 语词汇的形态结构、语义结构、语义关系、历 史演变以及词的构成和用法等。这是一门理论 课。
英语词汇学(1)PPT
3. Approach (system)
■
derivation
A process by which noninflectional affixes can be added to roots to form words e.g.: persistence circumspect
4. Lexicology (structural analysis)
aero: aero-plane, aerodrome, ■ aqua: aquarium, aquatic ■ sol: parasol, sub-solar, solar ■ agri: agri-motor, agrology ■ anthrop: philanthropist, anthropotomy ■ bio: biocide, bio-clean, biology ■ vor: carnivore, carnivorous, herbivore, ■ act: activate, inaction, interact
I. Survey
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Importance (two questions) Objective (memory, retrieval) Approach (system) Lexicology (structural analysis) Sociology (system’s construction) Terms for lexicology (five)
■ ■
lexical, lexicon, lexicographer mythology, theology, psychology, sociology
4. Lexicology (word memory)
英语词汇学课件chapterI概要
It aims to provide learners with a solid understanding of the theoretical framework and practical applications of Lexicology in language learning and usage.
Types of semantic change include extension, narrowing, metaphorical extension, and pejoration.
Understanding semantic change is important for accurate communication and avoiding misunderstandings.
Compound vocabulary can help express complex ideas and concepts more concisely, and can enrich the language expression.
Compound vocabulary is also a common way to create new words in English, and can help English learners expand their vocabulary.
of word formation and meaning change. • To develop learners' ability to apply Lexicological knowledge to language learning and usage, and to
enhance their language proficiency and communication skills. • To cultivate learners' independent learning and thinking abilities, and to inspire their interests in
Types of semantic change include extension, narrowing, metaphorical extension, and pejoration.
Understanding semantic change is important for accurate communication and avoiding misunderstandings.
Compound vocabulary can help express complex ideas and concepts more concisely, and can enrich the language expression.
Compound vocabulary is also a common way to create new words in English, and can help English learners expand their vocabulary.
of word formation and meaning change. • To develop learners' ability to apply Lexicological knowledge to language learning and usage, and to
enhance their language proficiency and communication skills. • To cultivate learners' independent learning and thinking abilities, and to inspire their interests in
英语词汇学教程ppt课件第1章
Linguistic semantics involves all aspects of meaning in natural languages, from the meaning of complex utterances in specific context to that of individual sounds in syllables.
a new waste paper basket
The second type of definition considers the word as a thought unit or a psychological unit.
Farmer Rethink Spoonful all of a sudden as usual.
Morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components. In morphology, morpheme is a basic concept. The major purpose of study in morphology is to look at morphemes and their arrangements in word formation.
Third, there can be no ‘true’ or original meaning, since human language stretches too far back in history.
When speakers cannot analyze an obscure form, they use ‘folk etymology’ to replace it with a different form which is morphologically transparent.
a new waste paper basket
The second type of definition considers the word as a thought unit or a psychological unit.
Farmer Rethink Spoonful all of a sudden as usual.
Morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components. In morphology, morpheme is a basic concept. The major purpose of study in morphology is to look at morphemes and their arrangements in word formation.
Third, there can be no ‘true’ or original meaning, since human language stretches too far back in history.
When speakers cannot analyze an obscure form, they use ‘folk etymology’ to replace it with a different form which is morphologically transparent.
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Technical words
Technical words refer to those words used in various special fields. They are also called jargons. Many technical neologisms (new words) created yesterday by specialists are today heard in ordinary conversation, e.g.space walk, moonwalk, radioactivity. When this happens, the technical words become popular words.
Literary Words
Among literary words, two categories are noteworthy: archaic words & poetical words. Archaic words are words no longer in common use, although they existed for special purposes, such as in poetry, legal documents, religious speeches, etc. behold (see) belike (probably) perchance (by chance, possibly)
Function words and content words
Words
Content words (open class) Function words (closed class) auxiliaries
Verbs
Nouns
prepositions
conjunctions determiners … Helping a language build structures (grammatical meaning) bones & tendons
What do we know when we knowห้องสมุดไป่ตู้a word?
Classification of English Words
BACK
Use: common, literary, colloquial, slang, technical Notion: content words, function words
English Lexicology
Unit 01 Introduction
Contents
1.1 Word, Vocabulary, Lexicology
Word Vocabulary Lexicology
1.2 Current English Vocabulary Exercises
Adjectives Adverbs
Helping a language have lexical meanings flesh & blood
Native words
Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, but they form the basic word stock of the English language. Words borrowed from other languages are loan (borrowed) words.
Origin: native words and loan words
Common words
Common words are connected with the ordinary things or activities in everyday life. The core of the common words constitutes the basic word stock.
The longest English word
BACK
Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 肺尘病 [ˈnju ːmənəu ˈ ʌltrə-ˈmaikr sˈ ə kɔpikˈsilik əvɔlˈkein kəuniˈ əu əusis]
Archaic words
Archaic words are marked arch. (aic) in dictionaries. Archaic words （古语）should not be confused with obsolete words（废词）, which are completely out of current use. chaise, landau, victoria, gig (horse wagon in the 19th century: )
What is a word?
BACK
Once you learn both the sounds and their related meaning, you know the word.
---Fromkin et al, 2003
Defining “word”
BACK
Bloomfield: a minimum free form
Morphological analysis:形态切分 pneumono-ultra-micr-o-scop-ic-silic-o-volcano-coni-osis pneumon (as in pneumonia), ultra ‘extremely’ (as in ultraconservative), microscopic (micr ‘small’, scop ‘view’, and -ic, which makes it an adjective.) silic (as in silicon), coni ( ‘dust’, as in coniology ‘study of the health effects of dust’), -osis (‘disease’ as in tuberculosis’).
Feeling fatigued, Tom retired early. (literary) Tom felt so dog-tired. He hit the sack early. (colloquial) John was dismissed for petty thieving. (common) John was fired for petty thieving. (colloquial)
Literary words
Literary words are chiefly used in writing. In English most of the literary words are of French, Latin or Greek origin. endeavour (try) edifice (building) visualize (foresee) matrimony (marriage) purchase (buy) locate (find)
The longest English word
BACK
Semantic analysis:语义分析 pneumono-ultra- microscopic-silic-o-volcano-coni-osis ‘lung-extremely-microscopic-silicon-volcanic-dustdisease’ ‘lung disease (caused by) microscopic volcanic silicon dust’
Colloquial words
Colloquial words are used mainly in conversation. They can also be used in informal writing, but definitely inappropriate in formal speech or writing.
the word is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit that can be used on its own.
Oxford: sound or combination of sounds that expresses a meaning and forms an independent unit of the grammar or vocabulary of a language Longman: the smallest unit of language that people can understand if it is said or written on its own
Slang Words
Slang words include those daring and new expressions that have not been accepted by the majority of people as standard English. (buzz ‘telephone call’, nuthouse ‘mental hospital’, spiel ‘persuasive speech’) Slang words may die if their novelty has worn off. Some slang words may become colloquial words, and some may even become standard words (mob, fun, bet, coax, job)