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南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:830满分:150 分科目名称:金属材料学注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、名词解释（20分，每个5分）1．α-铁和α-铝：2．渗碳体和合金渗碳体：3．热轧和冷轧：4．氢脆和氢蚀：二、填空题（20分，每空1分）1．碳素钢按含碳量多少分为_________，_________和_________。
其中_________钢强度、硬度和弹性较高，塑性差，可用来制造具有较高强度，耐磨性和弹性的零件。
2．间隙溶质原子的扩散比置换溶质原子的扩散要_________。
间隙溶质原子和置换溶质原子在铁素体中的扩散比在奥氏体中的扩散要_________。
3．滚动轴承钢的预先热处理是_________，最终热处理是_________。
4．40CrNiMoA钢中平均含碳量为_________，3CrW8V钢中平均含碳量为_________。
5．高锰钢固溶处理后，其组织呈单一的_________，故有很好的_________，若在使用过程中受到强烈的_________，表面将产生加工硬化，提高了表面硬度和耐磨性。
6．高速钢空冷可得马氏体组织，但冷却太慢时，会自奥氏体中析出_________，降低奥氏体的_________，故常在_________中淬火冷却。
7．铸造铝合金按所加合金元素分类，常用的合金系有_________合金、_________合金、_________合金和_________合金。
三、选择题（20分，每个1分。
其中1~15题为单选，16~20题为多选题。
）1．固溶于铁中，并产生固溶强化作用，使钢的强度、硬度显著提高，但剧烈地降低钢的韧性，特别是低温韧性，引起钢的冷脆性的合金元素是（a）P （b）H （c）N （d）S2．大多数合金元素均使Fe-Fe3C相图中的E点，S点。
南京航空航天大学
2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:937
满分:150 分
科目名称:教育管理学
注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！
一、名词解释（5×7=35分）
1. 教育管理原则
2. 头脑风暴法
3. 教育管理环境
4. 教育计划
5. 校长负责制
6. 教育预测
7. 现代学校制度
二、简答题（15×5=75分）
1．简述教育管理过程与一般管理过程不同的特点
2．简述学生管理的价值追求
3．简述影响教育领导有效性的主要因素
4．简述教学管理的主要任务
5．简述课程管理的意义
三、论述题（40分）
1．在现代教育管理中，主要有哪些行之有效的激励方法？并请结合本校或本地区教育实际情况，选择某一种激励方法谈谈如何有效运用？
科目代码：937科目名称：教育管理学第1页共1页。
南京航空航天大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题A 卷科目代码: 922科目名称:数据结构与操作系统(专业学位)满分: 150分注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！数据结构部分（75分）1．（5分）已知一棵完全二叉树共有999个结点，试求以下问题，并给出求解过程。
(1) 树的高度 (2) 叶子结点数2．（10分）应用栈操作求解算术表达式：(28+10*2)/(11-5),画出栈的变化过程。
3．（10分）已知带权图如下所示，用Prim 算法从顶点2开始产生最小生成树，说明算法思想，并给出求解所需的数据结构和每一步执行过程的相关数据变化。
4．（10分）已知输入数据序列为 (68, 40, 25, 21, 33, 12, 58, 51, 16,36)，给出建立3阶B-树示意图，再给出删除51，16后的B-树。
5．（10分））解释希尔排序的算法思想。
对以下的数据序列，给出希尔排序过程的示意图。
(46,8,36,50,6,24,18,78,12,10)6．（10分）设一个带头结点的单链表L，数据元素为整数，编写函数，通过调整该链表的结点指针，对该链表进行简单选择排序（元素值从小到大）。
先给出算法思想，再写相应代码。
7.（10分）设二叉树T，用二叉链表结构存储。
编写函数，输出最长一枝（根到叶子）上的所有结点值。
要求先给出算法思想，再写出相应代码。
8．（10分）基于图的广度优先搜索策略，编写函数，判别以邻接表存储的有向图G 中，是否存在由顶点Vi 到顶点Vj 的路径（i≠j）。
要求先给出算法思想，再写出相应代码。
V4V2V6V3V5V1 2 15458 3664操作系统部分（75分）1.（30分）文件系统是操作系统的主要功能之一，请设计一个文件系统，需给出以下信息：（1）给出描述文件的数据结构（即文件控制块）和目录结构；（5分）（2）以索引节点为文件系统的物理文件组织结构，图示索引节点结构，说明其优点；（5分）（3）以线性检索法作为此文件系统的文件检索方法，以实例方式给出检索一个文件的过程（例如查找／usr／ast／mbox）；（10分）（4）为该文件系统设计几个必要的系统调用，选其中一个为例，详细说明实现该系统调用的方法和过程（注意要使用以上设计中的数据结构）。
南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:619满分:150 分科目名称:马克思主义基本原理概论注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、名词解释：（每题6分，共30分）1. 矛盾的特殊性2. 度3. 货币4. 资本积累5. 国家垄断资本主义二、简答题：（每题10分，共50分）1. 简述必然性和偶然性的关系2. 简述感性认识和理性认识的辩证关系3. 简述人民群众在创造历史中的作用4. 简述马克思政治经济学中的劳动二重性理论5. 简述共产主义社会的基本特征三、论述题（第一题40分，第二题30分，共70分）1.以下内容来自马克思的《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》。
“从前的一切唯物主义（包括费尔巴哈的唯物主义）的主要缺点是：对事物，现实，感性，只是从客体或者直观的形式去理解，而不是把他们当作人的感性活动，当作实践去理解。
所以，结果竟是这样，和唯物主义相反，唯心主义却发展了能动的方面，但只是抽象地发展了，因为唯心主义当然是不知道真正现实的，感性的活动本身的。
人的思维是否具有客观的真理性，这并不是一个理论的问题，而是一个实践的问题。
人应该在实践中证明自己思维的真理性，及自己思维的现实性和力量，亦即自己思维的此岸性。
关于离开实践的思维是否具有现实性的争论，是一个纯粹经院哲学的问题。
”请论述这段材料所包含的哲学思想（提示：要指出唯物主义与唯心主义，马克思主义的唯物主义与旧唯物主义之间的区别，以及实践与认识、真理与实践之间的关系等。
）2. 请从辩证否定观原理，并结合实际，分析我们如何对待中国传统文化。
科目代码：619科目名称：马克思主义基本原理概论第1页共1页。
南京航空航天大学2017 年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（ A 卷）科目代码: 877满分: 150 分科目名称: 生物医学化学注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、填空题（每空1 分，共30 分）1. 某蛋白质pI为4.9，在pH6.0的缓冲溶液中进行自由界面电泳，其泳动方向为（1）。
2. Southern印迹法，northern印迹法和western印迹法是分别用于研究（2）、（3）和（4）转移的有关技术。
3. 当溶液中的盐浓度增大时，蛋白质会沉淀析出，该过程称为蛋白质的（5），其原理是（6）和（7）。
4. DNA一条链的部分顺序是TAGA ，则与之形成氢键而互补的链为（8）5. 在酶催化反应高效性的因素中，除了酶活性中心的低介电区、酸碱催化和共价催化以外，还有（9）和（10）。
6. THF(或FH4)的中文名称是（11）它在生化反应中的主要功能是（12）。
7. 双倒数作图法测定酶的米氏常数Km时，Km值可以从直线的（13）截距获得。
8. 丙酮酸进入三羧酸循环的第一步反应，即丙酮酸转化为乙酰辅酶A的过程，是由（14）、（15）和（16）催化的。
9. 原核生物中蛋白质合成的起始氨基酸是（17）真核生物中蛋白质合成的起始氨基酸是（18）。
10. 线粒体穿梭系统中（19）穿梭主要存在于神经系统和肌肉系统中，胞液中的NADH转变为线粒体中的（20）。
11. 酮体是指（21），（22）和（23）。
科目代码：877 科目名称：生物医学化学第1 页共5 页12. 胆固醇是体内生成（24）和（25）等的原料。
13. 两种联合脱氨基方式中都出现的重要中间产物氨基酸为（26），若食物中缺乏时可引起脱氨基作用障碍。
14. 氨基酸代谢产物NH3的去向有直接排出体外，形成尿酸，尿素以及（27）。
15. 蛋白质空间结构的正确形成，除由一级结构决定外，在蛋白质合成过程中，还需要有（28）的协助，才能折叠成正确的构象。
南京航空航天大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题A 卷科目代码: 819 科目名称:电路满分: 150分注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、填充题(每小题5分，共30分。
请注意：答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效） 1．图1.1所示电路，二端网络N 的伏安关系为u = 2i + 18（u 的单位V ，i 的单位A ），则5V 电压源发出的功率为 。
图1.12．图1.2所示含理想运算放大器电路，其输出电压u o = 。
图1.23．图1.3所示电路，已知I = 3A ，则网络N 吸收的功率为 ，电流源发出的功率为 。
图1.3Nu+−5V 1Ω2ΩiN6I33Ω3Ω 5Ω 3Ω+10V −3A 4Ω5Ω2V −+u o- ∞+ +- ∞+ + - ∞++3V 4V +−30k Ω30k Ω3V +−30k Ω15k Ω30k Ω4．图1.4所示电路，已知1()220230)V u t t =+°，欲使2()100230)V u t t =+°，则互感系数M 应取 。
图1.45．图1.5所示对称三相电路，电源线电压380V ，三相感性负载额定功率330W ，功率因数0.5。
若C 相负载断路，则中线电流I N 为 。
图1.56．图1.6所示控制磁路电路，磁路平均长度l = 20cm ，截面积S = 20 cm 2，匝数N = 200，磁导率 210H/m µ−=，线圈直流电阻1Ω，不计漏磁，欲使铁芯中的磁通为0.01 Wb ，则电源电压U S 为 。
图1.6二、基本计算题(每小题10分，共50分) 1．图2.1所示电路。
（1）若R L = 6Ω时，求12V 电压源、4A 电流源各自发出的功率； （2）当R L 为何值时，它可获得最大功率，并求此时的最大功率P max 值。
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以下为本科目的资料清单（有实物图及预览，货真价实）：2017年南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》全套资料包含：一、南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》历年考研真题及答案解析2016年南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》考研真题（十月份统一更新）2015年南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》考研真题（含答案解析）2014年南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》考研真题（含答案解析）2013年南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》考研真题（含答案解析）2012年南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》考研真题（含答案解析）2011年南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》考研真题（含答案解析）2010年南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》考研真题（含答案解析）2009年南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》考研真题（含答案解析）2008年南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》考研真题（含答案解析）2007年南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》考研真题（含答案解析）2006年南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》考研真题（含答案解析）2005年南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》考研真题（含答案解析）2004年南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》考研真题（含答案解析）2003年南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》考研真题（含答案解析）2002年南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》考研真题（含答案解析）2001年南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》考研真题（含答案解析）2000年南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》考研真题（含答案解析）1999年南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》考研真题（含答案解析）二、南京航空航天大学《电工电子学》复习讲义南航内部的电工电子学讲义，包括两部分，有考研高分学长提供。
南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A 卷） 科目代码: 814 科目名称: 高等代数 满分: 150 分 注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、(15分)设4阶矩阵A 的特征多项式是b ax x x x x f +++−=23455)(，且)(|12x f x −，这里“|”表示多项式的整除.1．求b a ,的值；2．求A 的全部特征值；3．问：12−x 是否有可能成为矩阵A 的最小多项式？并说明理由.二、(15分) 设1V 是由向量组T T T a )3,,3(,)1,1,2(,)2,0,1(321===ααα生成的3R 的一个2维子空间（这里“T ”表示转置，以下各题相同）． 1．求a 的值；2．求1V 的正交补⊥1V 的维数和基；3．若2V 是由向量组T T )3,1,2(,)0,1,1(21==ββ生成的3R 的另一个子空间，求21V V ∩的维数和基.三、(20分)设有非齐次线性方程组⎩⎨⎧=++=++⎩⎨⎧=++=−.1,123)II (;232,)I (32132132131x bx x x x x x x x a x x 1．证明对任意实数a ，方程组(I )有无穷多解；2．求b a ,的值，使得方程组(I )和(II )同解;3．在方程组(I )和(II )同解的情况下，求方程组在实数域上模最小的特解.四、(20分)设3阶矩阵A 与3维列向量α，使得向量组ααα2,,A A 线性无关，且满足αααA A A −=232，矩阵),,(2αααA A P =.1．求矩阵B ，使得1−=PBP A ；2．求行列式A E +，这里E 表示单位矩阵；3．问：矩阵A 是否可以对角化？如能，求与其相似的对角标准形；如不能，求与其相似的Jordan 标准形.五、(20分) 设有二次型)(2)(323121232221x x t x x t x x t x x x X A X X f T +++++==.1．写出)(X f 在正交变换PY X =下的一个标准形；2．若)(X f 为正定二次型，求t 的取值范围；3．若1=t ，求正定矩阵B ，使得2B A =.六、(20分) 设A 是n m ×矩阵，B 是m n ×矩阵，且A ABA =，证明：1．)()(A AB 秩秩=;2．非线性方程组β=AX 有解的充分必要条件是ββ=AB ；3．若以r E 表示r 阶单位矩阵，则AB 与形如⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛000r E 的分块矩阵相似，且r 是A 的秩. 七、(20分) 设B A ,是两个n 阶矩阵，且B A AB −=，证明： １．B 可逆的充分必要条件是A 可逆;２．α为B 的特征向量的充分必要条件是α为A 的特征向量； ３．若A 是正定矩阵，则B 也是正定矩阵.八、(20分) 设Γ是n 维欧氏空间V 的线性变换，Γ满足条件：对任意V ∈βα,，有))(,()),((βαβαΓ−=Γ，这里),(⋅⋅表示欧氏空间上的内积，证明：1．若Γ有特征值，则其特征值必为0；2．若Γ没有特征值，则Γ必可逆；3．2Γ必有n 个实特征值，其特征值均小于或等于0;4．若n 为奇数，则Γ不可逆．。
科目代码：878科目名称：数字电路和信号与系统 第1页 共3页南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题（A 卷 ）科目代码: 878满分: 150分科目名称:数字电路和信号与系统注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一．（15分）已知F 1=A̅BC +AC +A ̅C ̅D , F 2=BD ̅+AC ̅D +ACD ̅+B ̅C ̅D ， 1. 求F 1+F 2的“或与”表达式（不必化简）。
2. 求F 1·F 2的“与或”表达式（不必化简）。
3. 增加 (A̅C +AC ̅)B ̅D +ABC ̅D ̅=0 的约束条件，求F 1⊕F 2最简的“或与”表达式。
二．（12分）如果一个逻辑函数F 恒等于其对偶函数F d ，则称其为自偶函数。
1. 试举出一个三变量的自偶函数。
2. 通过真值表，说明自偶函数的特征。
3. 推算在所有三变量函数中，共有多少个不同的自偶函数。
三．（14分）试设计一个4位二进制数到8421BCD 码的变换电路，输入为B 3B 2B 1B 0。
输出的个位8421BCD 码为Y 3Y 2Y 1Y 0，十位8421BCD 码只考虑最低位Y 4（其他3位恒为0）。
给出设计过程或说明设计原理，画出逻辑电路图。
四．（14分）分析图示电路，CP 、UD 是电路输入，Q 3~Q 0是电路输出。
1. 列出完整的状态表或状态图（状态图要有图例）。
2. 指明电路的逻辑功能。
3. 说明电路能否自启动。
&[1][2][4][8]3CT=15G4G3C5/2,3,4+5CT=0M1M21,5D D 1D 0D 2D 3X 0X 1X 2X 3UDCTRDIV16CR LDCT T CT PCP1111000123=1。
南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A 卷）科目代码: 618科目名称:量子力学满分: 150分注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！共6道大题，无选择题、填空题，满分150。
一、简答题(20 分，每题10 分)①一维定态解包括几个量子数？量子数数目取决于什么？ ②论述电子具有自旋的理论论据与实验论据二、、是与泡利算符对易的任意矢量算符，证明。
(20 分)三、质量为m 的粒子在一维无限深方势阱 ⎩⎨⎧∞<<=others ax x V ,0,0)( 中运动，① 求解能量本征值 E n 和归一化的本征函数ψn (x )；② 若已知t =0 时，该粒子状态为a x a x a x ππψsin cos 512522)0,(⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝+=，求t >0 时刻该粒子的波函数；③ 求t >0时刻测量到粒子的基态和第一激发态能量的几率是多少？ ④ 求t >0时刻粒子的平均能量和平均位置。
(30 分)四、一个处于谐振子势的粒子的初始态为：[])(4)(3)0,(10x x A x ψψ+=Ψ (30 分)① 归一化)0,(x Ψ，并求),(t x Ψ和2),(t x Ψ② 在),(t x Ψ下计算< x > 和 <p > 的值。
用)(2x ψ代替)(1x ψ，结果会怎样？③ 如果测量这个粒子的能量，有哪些可能值？出现的几率是多少？五、求电子氢原子基态时﹤x ﹥、和﹤x 2﹥。
(氢原子基态为3/100/),,(a e r a r πϕθψ−=)提示：利用基态对称性，以及r 2 = x 2 +y 2 +z 2 (20 分)六、 设一微观体系哈密顿量为H=H 0+H’ 其中为微扰，在一个由正交归一函数作为基的表象中，其中c 是常数。
① 求H 的精确本征值；② 求H 的准确到微扰二级修正的本征值； ③ 比较 ① 和 ② 的结果，指出其间关系。
南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A 卷 ） 科目代码: 601 满分: 150 分 科目名称: 数学分析 注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！1.（13分）计算下列极限（1）1lim 1xx x x →∞+⎛⎫ ⎪-⎝⎭； （2）1326lim ()12x x x x x e x →+∞⎡-+--⎢⎣ 2.（12分）写出点0x 是函数()f x 的第一类间断点的定义，并证明：区间(,)a b 上的单调函数的间断点必是第一类的.3.（13分） 设函数()f x 在(,)a +∞可微，lim ()lim ().x a x f x f x L →+→+∞== 证明：存在(,)a ξ∈+∞，使得'()0.f ξ=4.（12分）已知arcsin ,y x = 求()(0).n y5.（12分）设函数()f x 在[0,1]上二阶可导，且''()0,[0,1]f x x ≤∈，证明：1201()().3f x dx f ≤⎰6.（13分）（1）写出反常积分22ln , (0)a x I dx a a x +∞=>+⎰在变换2a x t =下的形式； （2）计算反常积分220ln (0)x I dx a a x +∞=>+⎰. 7.（13分）若()e k nx n f x xn -=在[0,)+∞上一致收敛，求k 的取值范围.8.（12分）设二元函数(,)(,)f x y x y g x y =-，其中(,)g x y 连续且(0,0)0g =.（1）求'(0,0)x f 和'(0,0)y f ；（2）判断(,)f x y 在(0,0)点的可微性.9.（13分）设二元函数(,)f x y 在点(0,1)的邻域内存在一阶连续偏导数，且(0,1)0,'(0,1)0y f f =≠，令()0(,),sin d y g x y f x t t =⎰.（1）根据隐函数定理验证方程(,)0g x y =在点(0,)2π的邻域内能确定一单值函数()y x ϕ=； （2）求'(0)ϕ.10.（12分）计算三重积分22d xx y V Ω+⎰⎰⎰，其中Ω为曲面22z x y =+22z x y =+围成的有界区域.11.（12分）设函数(,)f x y 在xoy 平面上二阶连续可微，t L 是从点(0,0)到点(1,)t 的光滑曲线.（1）证明曲线积分(,)(,)()d d t L f x y f x y I t x y x y∂∂=+∂∂⎰与路径无关； （2）若(,)f x y 满足(,)(1)e ,ax y f x y ax x-∂=+∂且(0,)e f y y =，求()I t 的最小值. 12.（13分）设第二型曲面积分22e d zI x y x y ∑=+，其中∑为由曲面22z x y =+与平面1,2z z ==所围成立体表面的外侧. （1）分析该曲面积分能否用Gauss 公式计算；（2）求I 的值.。
南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:620满分:150 分科目名称:基础英语注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！I. Vocabulary (20 points)A.Choose the word or phrase marked A, B, C, and D to best correspond to the word above. Be sure to writedown your choice on the answer sheet. (10 points)1. reminiscea) indulge in enjoyable recollection b) remind someone of past eventsc) talk about something again d) feel repentant over something2. tackya) very pretty b) lacking in tastec) carefully prepared d) costing a lot of money3. verbositya) nonsense b) obscurityc) gibberish d) wordiness4. acmea) height b) significancec) development d) result5. exhilaratea) cause (someone) to feel surprised and upset b) make (someone) feel very happy and animatedc) make (someone) feel bitter or resentful d) give support or confidence to (someone)6. restivea) extremely graceful b) having a restc) resisting control d) peaceful and quiet7. discrepancya) unlikeliness b) congruityc) incredibility d) difference8. unequivocala) unambiguous b) unbelievablec) indignant d) indiscreet9. preposterousa) macabre b) unfortunatec) dangerous d) outrageous10. sojourna) a pleasant trip b) a nostalgic recollectionc) a temporary stay d) a sad experienceB. Directions: Explain the italicized words in the following sentences with simple, everyday words or expressions in English. Be sure to write down your explanation on the answer sheet. (10 points)1.What all this tells us is of a deep class rift in the culture of England after the Norman Conquest.2.To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, we renew our pledge of support: to preventit from becoming merely a forum for invective.3.Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, andtrauma.4.These young men had outgrown town and families and had developed a sudden bewilderingworld-weariness.5.To win in New York is to be uneasy; to lose is to live in jostling proximity to the frustrated majority.6.The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade, but for making money, his penwould prove mightier than his pickax.7.Here was the very heart of industrial America, the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity.8.Scientists established several years ago that in many land areas north of the Arctic Circle, the springsnowmelt now comes earlier every year.9.These coasts remind me of people; either they are forbidding and unapproachable, or else they present nomystery and show all they have to give at a glance.10.His invasion of Russia is no more than a prelude to an attempted invasion of the British Isles.II. Cloze (20 points)A.Fill in each of the following blanks with a suitable word in its proper form and write down the requiredword on the answer sheet. (10 points)NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson is on the 1 of becoming the oldest woman to travel in space.Whitson will be 56 2 she rockets off the planet Thursday. She’ll celebrate her 57th 3 in February on the International Space Station.That’s a 4 cry from John Glenn’s space shuttle flight at 5 77, and it’s a 6 years shy of the male runners-up over the years. But it’s enough to 7 Barbara Morgan’s record as the world’s oldest spacewoman. Morgan was selected for NASA’s teacher-in-space program in 1985 8 didn’t get a chance to fly until 2007, when she was 55.This will be the third space station mission for Whitson, a biochemist, and her second stint 9 commander. She’ll launch from Kazakhstan, in Central Asia, 10 two younger men, one Russian and the 11 French.“I love wo rking at NASA, but the part that has been the 12 satisfying on a day-to-day 13 hasbeen working onboard the space station,” Whitson 14 reporters over the summer.“It doesn’t 15 if I’m cleaning the filters. I feel like I’m helping personally push 16 exploration . . . that’s 17 I want to go again.”Whitson already has 18 377 days in space and has performed multiple spacewalks. Her upcoming six-month mission should push her 19 534 days in space, the U.S. record 20 in September by 58-year-old astronaut Jeffrey WilliamsB. Fill in each blank with a proper word from the following box. Change its form if necessary and write down the required word on the answer sheet. (10 points)without open initial four-wheel offer access hot evacuee devastate feel although chance seaside slow spokesman loadput helicopter emergency toA road has been cleared to the 1 town of Kaikoura on New Zealand’s east coast four days after it was cut off by a magnitude 7.8 quake that 2 the North Canterbury region of the South Island.The inland road to Kaikoura was 3 on Thursday morning, but only for trucks and 4 drive vehicles as it remained unstable and badly damaged.A convoy of 27 army vehicles 5 with relief supplies was immediately sent to the town.Gale-force winds and heavy downpours in quake-stricken areas continued to 6 the pace of relief efforts, 7 the majority of the 1,200 tourists stranded in Kaikoura had been evacuated by sea and air.Nearly 500 8 came into Christchurch early on Wednesday morning on the HMNZS Canterbury and were 9 up in empty student dormitories, where they were 10 cooked breakfasts and 11 showers after arriving at 5am.Police in Marlborough were using a military Iroquois 12 to begin checking on isolated high-country farms from the Clarence river 13 the upper Awatere valley, delivering 14 food and medical supplies to farmers who had gone 15 assistance since the quake early on Monday.Police 16 Dan Mattison said many people on isolated properties still had no phone or internet 17 and the next few days would be the first 18 for police to check on them.Aftershocks continued to be 19 , but less often. GeoNet said on Wednesday it had recorded more than 2,600 tremors since the 20 quake.III. Error correction (20 points)Directions: There are twenty mistakes in the following passage. You are required to underline or mark the mistakes and get them corrected. Be sure to write down the correct form on the answer sheet.Example: “Wordsworth is said to have ∨most fascinating voice!” theAs the rise of Hitler in Germany, Churchill became a vocal critic 1. __________of his own government’s policy of appeasement. He had urged 2. __________re-armament, particularly the build up of the Royal Air Force in the 3. __________face of the threat of the growing German Luftwaffe. When appeasementfailed and Britain went to war, Churchill saw as the only man who could 4. __________stand up to the Nazi menace.It has frequently been remarked as his judgment was sometimes 5. __________erratic, but the power of his oratory rallied the British people at a time that 6. __________they seemed doom to lose. Then, when the United States entered 7. __________the World War II in December 1941, he addressed Congress, emphasizing 8. __________the need for Anglo-American solidarity and cited his own trans-Atlantic 9. __________ inheritance: his mother was the New York heiress Jenny Jerome. For him the 10. _________vital component was not the sharing blood, but the shared language. During 11. _________the war, the British Cabinet set up a committee to develop a simple form 12. _________of English that the whole world could embrace.Although Churchill fell from power in 1945, his commanding of rhetoric 13. _________was far from over. He coined the term “Iron Curtain”, marked the advent of 14. _________the Cold War. Returning to popular favour, he was Prime Minister oncemore from 1951-1955.Determined that history would judge him favourable, he wrote The 15. _________Second World War in six volumes between 1948 to 1953. It won him 16._________Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953. 17. _________ By his death in 1965, he proved his mastery of both the written and 18. _________spoken forms of language – not just in the heavyweight arena of war 19. _________and politics. His unique wit and acerbic asides made him out of the most 20. _________acute observers of the twentieth century.IV. Paraphrase (30 points)Directions: Restate the following sentences in another form in English to clarify the meaning. Be sure to write down your restatement on the answer sheet.1.Nurses walked by carrying nickel-plated instruments, the very sight of which would send shivers down thespine of any healthy visitor.2.No one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U. S.history.3.She thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand, that “no”is a word the world neverlearned to say to her.4.They are symptoms of an underlying problem broader in scope and more serious than any we have everfaced.5.If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.6.Every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.7.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth tolead the land we love.8.The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure.9.New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing American trends.10.Heavy hands can fall on the shoulders that have been shrugging away politics.V. General Knowledge (20 points)A. Directions: Choose the best to fill in the blank or answer the question.(10 points)1. “If Aristotle had spoken Chinese, his logic would have been different.” This statement is cited to represent _________.A. The arbitrariness of languageB. Sapir-Whorf HypothesisC. The origin of languageD. Innate Hypothesis2. “Nasty weather, isn’t it?” What function does this sentence fulfill?A. Informative function.B. Interrogative function.C. Performative function.D. Phatic function.3. Which of the following is NOT a step in the procedure of error analysis?A. Recognition.B. Comparison.C. Description.D. Explanation.4. Which of the following tests seeks to predict the learner’s probable strengths and weaknesses in learning a second language?A. Achievement test.B. Proficiency test.C. Aptitude test.D. Diagnostic test.5. The classification of varieties of language into Dialects and Registers is based on ____.A. The user and use of the languageB. The function of the languageC. The goal of the languageD. The structure of language6. Who is regarded as “Father of the English Novel” ?A. Daniel DefoeB. Samuel RichardsonC. Jonathan SwiftD. Henry Fielding7. Which of the following writers is NOT a Nobel Prize winner for literature?A. William FaulknerB. Doris LessingC. V. S. NaipaulD. J. M. Coetzee8. _________ ’ writing has established her as one of the greatest contemporary writers of fiction in Canada, and she has received many important prizes, including the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature for her work as “master of the contemporary short story” and three-time winner of Canada’s Governor General’s Award for Fiction.A. Margaret AtwoodB. Marian EngelC. Alice MunroD. Doris Lessing9. Which of the following statements about literary genre is NOT true?A. Folktale, strictly defined, is a short narrative in prose of unknown authorship which has been transmitted orally.B. An epic is an extended narrative poem or a novel, which celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes.C. A picaresque novel generally refers to a basically realistic work of fiction focusing on a lower-class rogue-hero, who experiences a series of loose, episodic adventures.D. Gothic Novel is now generally applied to literature dealing with the strange, mysterious, and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the readers.10. Which one of the following sentences is NOT from Walden?A. Every morning was a cheerful invitation to make my life of equal simplicity, and I may say innocence, with Nature herself.B. I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essentials facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach.C. If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generation the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown!D. Morning is when I am awake and there is a dawn in me. Moral reform is the effort to throw off sleep.B. Directions: Candidates are FREE to choose any FIVE from the following TEN terms and explain them in plain English on the answer sheet. (10 points)1. predicate2. complementary distribution3. suprasegmental phonology4. broadening5. textual function6. sonnet7. Lake Poets8. ecological consciousness9. patriarchy10. Lost GenerationVI. Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked［A］,［B］,［C］or［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Be sure to write down your choice on the answer sheet.Passage AFor many years, parts of America’s space industry have complained that the rules governing the export of technology are too strict. Understandably, the government does not want militarily useful stuff to fall into the hands of its foes. But the result is a system that is too stric t in its definition of “militarily useful” and which favours lumbering dinosaurs such as Lockheed Martin and Boeing, which survive on fat government contracts, rather than nimble but small “furry mammals” that need every customer they can get, domestic or foreign.In December 2007 one of those mammals, a company called Bigelow Aerospace, filed the first legal challenge to America’s rules for exporting space technology. It disputed the government’s claim that foreign passengers travelling on a spaceship or space station were involved in a transfer of technology. The outcome suggests that there may be a chink in the armour of the export-controls regime.Improbable as it sounds, Bigelow Aerospace makes and launches inflatable space-station modules and hopes, one day, to build a commercial space station. Under the existing rules, any non-American passengers on its space stations would have to comply with onerous export controls. These take months to satisfy and could plausibly even culminate in government monitors being present while the foreigner was near American space technology. Even training on the ground in a mock-up module was deemed a transfer of technology and therefore required export controls.Yet, taking a passenger flight does not mean you can build an aeroplane, observes Mike Gold, head of Bigelow’s office in Washington, DC. His line of argument, it seems, has been accepted. Mr Gold says that the company received the ruling in February and that it has spent the past two months digesting it. He says that Bigelow has got “everything we could want”, though the ruling still precludes passengers from what he describes as the “bad-boy list of export control”—nationals from Sudan, Iran, North Korea and China will not be allowed to fly or train on suborbital p assenger flights, or visit Bigelow’s space station.Other private space companies have welcomed the ruling. Marc Holzapfel, legal counsel for Virgin Galactic, describes it as a “major development” because it frees the industry from having to go through the “complicated, expensive and dilatory export-approval process”. Tim Hughes, chief counsel of SpaceX, says the approval is exciting, because it seems to represent a “common-sense approach” and bodes well for similar requests made by companies such as his own to carry foreign astronauts hoping to work on missions to the International Space Station.The result also means something to the entire export-control regime, known as the International Traffic inArms Regulations (ITAR). Robert Dickman, executive director of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, says the decision appears to convey a new willingness to “move away from the very restrictive approach that has been in place for almost a decade”. His organisation is hosting a forum later thi s month involving the private spaceflight industry and senior government officials to discuss the regulations.During the American presidential campaign, Barack Obama said that, if elected, he would review ITAR, focusing on space hardware. George Nield, associate administrator for commercial space transportation within the Federal Aviation Authority, says although he has not seen the new ruling, it was good news that the government “may now be willing to revise some of its export-control restrictions to enable American firms to be more competitive in their efforts to sell aerospace products and services globally”.1. What does “furry mammals” in the first paragraph probably refer to?A. giants in space industryB. small and Medium Enterprises in space industryC. a representative cross-section of the furry fandomD. smaller-sized, warm-blooded animals with hair2. The word “onerous” in the third paragraph of the passage is closest in meaning to___.A. complicatedB. irreplaceableC. inevitableD. stackable3. According to the passage, what seems the most possible reason for export controls?A. ideological tacticB. safety of the countryC. protection of technologyD. economic benefits4. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Bigelow has fulfilled its objective.B. Other private space companies have welcomed the ruling because it simplified the export-approvalprocess.C. The new decision means something to the private spaceflight industry.D. George Nield stands in the middle when talking about the ruling.5. What is the best title for this passage?A. Freedom to fly.B. America’s space industry.C. Export-controls of space technology.D. Furry mammals need to survive.Passage BYou may have heard the legend of the pilot who bid passengers farewell after landing with these words: “The safest part of your trip is now over.” That isn’t just one pilot’s boast, it’s a truth most air travelers take for granted. Safety is an accumulation of knowledge about risk converted into practice, and no other mode of transportation has been as expansive as flying in incorporating what we know about the fallibility of humans and machines. As a result, the act of hurtling through the air at 500 mph six miles above the ground is less likely to result in your demise than almost any other type of travel. From the plane seats to the cabin air to the course and altitude of the flight, every decision in commercial aviation comes after careful consideration of its impact on safety.Airplane design is important to its saf ety. In the past 50 years, the world’s commercial airliners have racked up nearly one billion flight hours, providing an industry meticulous about recordkeeping with a steady stream of information that is used to constantly improve the design of airplanes and engines. And all this information gives engineers a truer understanding of the machine’s limits. Besides, manufacturers now know what happens in the real world, which prompts refinements that may make a genuine difference in safety instead of only in design.An equal amount of attention is also paid to the area where you sit. Capacious or cramped, first-class or economy, all airplane seats meet tough standards for durability and head-impact protection. The modern airliner seat can withstand 16 times the force of gravity. And seat protection doesn’t stop there. The fabrics and cushions are fire retardant and self-extinguishing, and they will not emit toxic smoke. Even the items you find in the seat back are tested to make sure they can’t become lethal. Th e insulation in the cabin walls is fire retardant, and, in the case of a fire, emergency lighting is close to the floor. This makes it easier to locate the exits in a smoke-filled cabin.Technology is no substitute for experience, skill and judgment. Airlines know the importance of good pilots and good training, which is why so much effort goes into selection and schooling. And what they need most is a personality that ensures good communication skills, that ensures leadership potential, the ability to work as part of a team and low risk-taking. For example, U.S. carriers expect pilots to have accrued hundreds of hours on their own nickel before applying to become commercial pilots.The pilots and the airplanes may be the stars of the show in commercial aviation, but behind the scenes, a new, almost Star Wars-like air traffic system is being built where airplanes guided by GPS will fly self-programmed routes, communicating with each other and with the ground. This is very different from the days when maps, blackboards and pencil and paper calculations were used to direct airplanes. Many planes today can operate in a geographic window so exact that their horizontal position remains within a wingspan, with vertical deviation less than the height of the tail. The linking of onboard and on-the-ground systems creates highways in the sky where nobody veers out of their lanes. Today, with more improvement on airplanes, your airplane ride may be the safety of your day.6. According to the passage, what does the author mean by saying “The safest part of your trip is now over”?A. It is just one pilot’s boast.B. It is often said by a pilot to bid farewell to passengers after landing.C. Airplane ride is taken as a safer transportation by most air travelers.D. Most air travelers take it for granted that airplane ride is the safest transportation.7. In terms of the factors that guarantee the safety of the plane, which one is NOT mentioned ____.A. airplane designB. pilots with good experience, skill and judgmentC. the airliner seats with protection effectD. improvements on airport property8. According to the passage, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. Airplanes are more expansive than other mode of transportation in incorporating the fallibility ofhumans and machines.B. More flight hours can help engineers improve the design of airplanes and engines.C. Only some airplane seats meet tough standards for durability and head-impact protection.D. A amount of attention should be paid to selecting a certain kind of pilot for airliners.9. The last sentence in Paragraph 4 implies that ___.A. To apply to become commercial pilots, pilots have spent much in accumulating much experience andobtain some abilities at their own expense.B. To apply to become commercial pilots, pilots have to spend much money in obtaining some mostfundamental flight and landing skills.C. Commercial pilots seem to be the most demanding ones among all different kinds of pilots.D. Even hundreds of hours on his own nickel are insufficient for a pilot to be a qualified commercial pilot.10. What is the best title for this passage?A. Why Are Airplanes Safe?B. What Are Needed to be a Good Pilot?C. Factors to be a Safe Traveler.D. Road to Become a Pilot.Passage CThe subatomic particle is better known to scientists as the Higgs boson. And after decades of searches, it seems likely the elusive particle has been successfully detected inside an underground tunnel experiment run by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) outside Geneva. Results “consistent” with the hard-to-detect particle, in the words of CERN chief Rolf Heuer as he announced the discovery July 4, may be the opening act in explaining the structure of the sky over our heads.A source of heartburn t o serious science types now, the “God particle” nickname for the Higgs boson comes from the title of a 1993 book by Nobel-prize winner Leon Lederman, who was trying to play up the elusive nature of the particle.For a glimpse of one implication of this latest big news in science, climb aboard a time machine, saysphysicist Jonathan Feng of the University of California-Irvine, and visit the birth of the universe 13.7 billion years ago.“Simply take the universe backwards, to an early time when the cosm os was a hot mass, brand new, filled with particles that each weighed perhaps 500 times as much as a proton,” says Feng (protons are positively charged subatomic particles inside atoms). “Now play the film forward. Just let it go until it expands to fill w ith today’s stars and galaxies, and what you find is that it contains amounts of that particle that are just right to be ‘dark matter’ filling the universe.”Terrific, you might say, but what’s so wonderful about dark matter?Dark matter is basically a b unch of stuff, likely exotic physics particles, that we can’t really see (hence its name) but we know is out there. Astronomers realized a few decades ago that galaxies should be spinning faster than they are if the stars within them were the only things providing the gravity that holds them together. So, their theories go, there must be something - dark matter - slowing them down.It turns out that stars are just the shiny hubcaps on each galaxy, outweighed by a factor of nearly 6-to-1 by all the dark matter out there. Dark matter even pulls itself together through gravity. For example, the journal Nature last week reported that a dark matter cloud gravitationally connects two clusters of galaxies, called Abell 222 and Abell 223. This cloudy filament stretches over 11 million light years between the clusters and weighs 98 trillion times as much as our sun.That’s a lot of dark matter. So is the Higgs boson this elusive dark matter particle (or particles) then?Nope. But it may be a key to dark matter, physicists say.The Higgs boson is the physics particle that gives other particles their mass. Essentially it interacts with them to increase their resistance to being moved faster, which we can measure as mass.Because the Higgs boson’s basic job is to interact with other physics particles to give them mass, “the Higgs boson can interact with dark matter very easily,” Caltech’s Sean Carroll explained on NPR’s Science Friday show after the recent “God particle” announcement. “Dark matter is one of the most excit ing implications of this discovery,” Carroll said.How? That brings us back to Feng’s rerun of the universe. “Having a particle out there theoretically just a little heavier than the Higgs boson, which interacts with it, is waving a red cape in front of the eyes of physicists,” Feng says. “There is a lot more data coming from CERN ahead that may reveal the dark matter particle.”Dark matter particles that theoretically could be detected at CERN’s underground Large Hadron Collider are envisioned by a theory called “focus point supersymmetry.” Supersymmetry theories predict that the already-discovered particles that comprise everyday matter have much-heavier “super” counterparts awaiting detection (for example, the already detected “quarks” inside protons woul d have an undetected super-partner called “squarks”). Focus point supersymmetry predicts both a Higgs boson with a weight similar to the one reported on July 4, about 130 times as heavy as a proton, and dark matter particles.“In fact, the simplest focus p oint models predict that dark matter particles should be seen not long from now in the underground detectors that are searching for them,” if the CERN lab indeed found a Higgs boson,。
