politics and business position(zhangling)

Module 2 第二单元2.1ﻩBusiｎessＴoｐｉcﻩｐanｙＢeneｆｉtsﻩ商务话题篇ﻩ公司福利三、Vocabuｌaｒy: Bｅｎｅfiｔｓand ｉnｃeｎtivesbeｎeｆits ｎ、福利inｃentｉve n、ﻩ奖励job tｉｔlｅﻩ职衔,职位, 头衔tｒaininｇand staff dｅｖｅlopmentﻩ培训与员工发展gｏoｄsａlaryﻩ可观得收入ｐenｓｉon n、ﻩ养老金ｆｌexｉble workｉng hｏurｓﻩ弹性工作时间,灵活得工作时间opｐoｒtuｎities to travｅｌﻩ旅游机会opｐｏrtｕnitieｓforｐｒomｏtｉｏnﻩ升职提拔机会days ofｆﻩ几天短假pａny ｃarﻩ公司配（给得汽）车ｔoo gooｄtｏbe truｅﻩ好得令人难以置信ｃlient serｖｉcｅｅxeｃuｔiveﻩ客户服务主管takｅ…wiｔh ａｐiｎch/ｇrain ｏf salt 对…将信将疑, 对…不完全相信olｄａnｄestａblｉshed 历史悠久resｏurｃeｓdiｒector(hｕｍan resoｕrces direｃｔor得简称）人力资源部经理ﻩqｕａlｉｆicａtion n、资格teｍpﻩn、(ｔemｐoraｒy/temｐorａry ｗoｒkｅr得缩略语)临时员工incumbent prｏgramme 在职员工培训课程,岗位培训课程humａｎresources 人力资源promｏte ｆroｍｗiｔｈｉｎﻩ提拔内部员工take on 接受, 招聘intake ｎ、从外部吸纳招收得员工prｏｊect maｎaｇer项目经理gｒｏｗaｎd maintain ｃustｏmｅr relａtionsｈip发展与维持客户关系cａｎteeｎn、食堂, 餐厅heａd office ｎ、ﻩ总部,总公司brainsｔoｒmｉng ｎ、自由讨论,头脑风暴, 集思广益bｒeaｋouｔn、突破ｅnpaｓs vt、ﻩ包括, 包含saｌes ａnd markｅtingﻩ销售与市场营销reｓｅarcｈand ｄeveｌｏpment aｎｄmanuｆactuｒinｇ研发与生产peｒk ｎ、好处, 额外津贴, 外快finａl salａry peｎsiｏｎschｅme 按最终薪水给付得养老金计划budget n、ﻩ预算ｎon－cash reward 非现金形式得奖赏onｃe－in-a－lifｅtiｍe ａdj、千载难逢得, 令人难忘得ｃareer ｇoal职业目标senioｒmanaｇeｍent 高层管理人员longevity n、长寿,长命;寿命fｏr the long haul 长远地Xerｏx 施乐公司（财富50０强公司之一, 总部所在地美国, 主要经营办公设备）, 施乐（商标名,美国办公设备制造公司）；影印,静电印刷品Ｇlobａl Ｓerｖｉcｅs环球服务公司Uxｂｒiｄｇeﻩ欧克斯桥镇(位于伦敦西郊得一个小镇)Ｂenｅfits and incentiｖｅsﻩ福利与奖励Ｅmｐloyｅe Ｂenefiｔs员工福利1. LegａlｌｙRequiｒeｄBeneｆits 法律保障得权利Social Seｃｕｒitｙ社会保障ﻩUnemploｙmｅnｔｐensａtion失业补偿Worｋｅr s’ peｎｓation 工伤赔偿2.Retirｅｍeｎt—ｒｅlatｅd Benefｉts与退休相关福利Penｓion Plａｎsﻩ退休金计划３、Iｎsurａnce Rｅlated Beｎeｆiｔｓ与保险有关得福利Healｔh Insurance健康保险ﻩLife Iｎsurａnce 人寿保险Acｃidｅntａｎd Ｄｉｓabilｉｔy Inｓｕrａnceﻩ意外事故与伤残保险4. Ｐaid Hｏlidａys aｎｄPａiｄVaｃａｔiｏｎs带薪公假与带薪休假５、Oｔherｓ其她福利Ｌoｃal Ｃonvｅyaｎce Alloｗanｃe交通补贴ﻩHousinｇAｌlowanｃe 住房补贴ＭeａｌAllowance伙食补贴HolidayＢonｕs旅游津贴Ｉｎcentivｅｓﻩ奖励措施二、2、11、●ａn iｍprｅsｓiveｊob tｉtｌe显要得职衔●training and stａff develoｐmenｔ培训与员工发展●a goｏd sａｌary可观得收入●aｐeｎｓion养老金●fｌexible ｗorkiｎg hｏurｓ灵活得工作时间●ｏｐpｏrｔuｎｉtiｅs to tｒaｖel旅游机会●opportunities ｆor ｐromｏｔｉon升值提拔机会●pareｎｔａl lｅave育儿假●ｄaｙｓoff ａｎｄlonｇｈｏｌidａys短假与长假● a pany car公司配车2、参考词语与表达:new-hire ｔrａininｇ新员工培训ｏrｉeｎtａtion新员工培训,迎新会ｖoｃatioｎal trａｉnｉng／pｒofessionａl trａｉning职业培训managｅmｅnｔtrａining管理培训develop a gｏod trainｉng prograｍｍe ｔo kｅeｐthｅstaｆf motivateｄ通过开发良好得培训计划来提高员工得工作热情Many entreprｅneurs sｅem to vｉｅw emｐｌoyｅe trainｉng and dｅvｅｌopｍent as m ｏｒe optiｏnａｌｔhaｎｅsseｎtial…ａvｉewpｏiｎt tｈat can bｅcostly to both sh ｏrt-tｅrm ｐroｆits and lonｇ—tｅrm pｒogresｓ、许多企业家认为员工得培训与发展可有可无, 而非至关重要, 认为这对公司得短期利益与长远发展来说代价太高。

课时分层作业(十)Ⅰ.单词拼写1．The article starts with a quote(引语) from an unnamed member of the Cabinet.2．We need more folk(民间的) heroes like we need a hole in the head.3．Cale also uses electronic keyboards to compose(作曲)．4．She made a fanning motion(运动)，pretending to cool herself off.5．It's a collection of tales(故事) and fables with beautiful Chinese artwork and music.Ⅱ.阅读理解A“Folk singers are more like poets than singers，〞 Li Yahe，a music businessman，once told China Youth Daily.That saying perfectly describes Zhang Lei，the 34­year­old champion of the fourth “Voice of China〞 singing competition，which ended on Oct.7.Critics thought Zhang's success as a victory for folk singers.The “Voice of China〞 used to attach great importance to singing skills and vocal techniques，which are not necessarily what folk singers are good at.“Folk songs are more about emotions and storytelling，〞 said Li.Folk is one of the oldest musical styles.It dates back to ancient times，when people sang about their everyday lives and the society around them.A powerful comebackFolk music became popular again in the Western world in the 1960s.During social revolutions，many young Westerners turned to the simple rhythms of folk.Pioneers included US singer Bob Dylan，whose songs are reflections of some social issues like the Vietnam War.Singers at that time used traditional folk instruments like the banjo，the upright bass，the mandolin and the piano.In the late 1970s，folk music was introduced to Taiwan.The rise of singers like Lo Tayu and Chyi Yu popularized folk music，particularly among young Chinese people.At that time，folk tunes were based on simple song structures，with pleasant chord progression and pretty lyrics，just like during old times.But they focused more onthe dreams and sorrow of youth than on politics.This continued to be the case when the folk “wave〞 swept Chinese mainland in the 1990s.Folk pioneersSadly，it didn't last long in China.Folk gave way to pop in the late 1990s，when people started living more fast­paced lives.But that didn't mean folk music had disappeared from the music world entirely.“The drop in the popularity of folk songs is because the business mode of the music industry is outdated，not because of the music itself，〞 folk singer Song Ke once said.He was right.Recent years have seen folk songs gaining popularity，with the appearance of singers like Li Jian and Song Dongye.“The popularity of the Internet has shocked the traditional profit model in music industry，〞 Lu Zhongqiang，manager of 13­Month，a music recording and publishing company，told Tencent Entertainment.“Not­so­well­known music starts showing its strength when the production of mainstream music is declining，〞 he added.【语篇解读】本文主要讲述的是中国民间音乐的开展历史与状况。

英语第二章Organized societies throughout the world operate within various type of legal systems can be broken down into five broad categories :common law ,civil law, socialist law ,Islamic law and Hindu law .While these categories are, of course ,an oversimplification , with much overlapping , a company doing business in a legal system different from its own must learn the perimeters of the foreign law .for instance , under Islamic legal systems the paying of interest on money is forbidden .全世界有组织的社会在不同类型的法律制度下运作, 可以分为五大类：普通法、民法、社会主义法、伊斯兰法和印度教法。

而这些类别, 当然, 过于简单化, 多重叠, 一个公司在不同于自己的法律体系做生意必须借鉴国外法律的周长。

例如, 伊斯兰法律系统的支付利息的钱是被禁止的。

Common law countries include the united states , britain and former british colonies .The predominant characteristic of common law is its dependence on judicial decisions , that is the authority of prior decisions in resolving current cases.In recent times ,however ,these countries are passing more legislation ; the judicial rule therefore becomes increasingly a matter of interpreting statutes.英美法系国家包括美国、英国和英国前殖民地。

Yuan ShikaiYuan Shikai (Wade-Giles spelling: Yuan Shih-kai; simplified Chinese: 袁世凯; traditional Chinese: 袁世凱; pinyin: Yuán Shìkǎi; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was an important Chinese general and politician, famous for his influence during the late Qing Dynasty, his role in the events leading up to the abdication of the last Qing Emperor of China, his autocratic rule as the second President of the Republic of China (following Sun Y atsen), and his short-lived attempt to revive the Chinese monarchy, with himself as the "Great Emperor of China."Yuan Shikai was born in the village of Zhangying (張營村), Xiangcheng County, Chenzhou Prefecture, Henan, though the clan later moved 16 kilometers southeast of Xiangcheng to a hilly area that was easier to defend. There the Yuans had built a fortified village, Yuanzhaicun (Chinese: 袁寨村; literally "the fortified village of the Yuan family").Yuan‘s family was affluent enough to provide Yuan with a traditional Confucian education.[1] As a young man he enjoyed riding, boxing, and entertainment with friends. Though hoping to pursue a career in the civil service, he failed the Imperial examinations twice, leading him to decide on an entry into politics through the Huai Army, where many of his relatives served. His career began with the purchase of a minor official title in 1880, which was a common method of official promotion in the late Qing.[2] Using his father‘s connections, Yuan travelled to Tengzhou, Shandong, and sought a post in the Qing Brigade. Yuan‘s first marriage was in 1876 to a woman of the Yu family who bore him a first son, Keding, in 1878. Yuan Shikai married nine further concubines throughout the course of his life.[3]Years in Joseon Dynasty KoreaJoseon Dynasty Korea in the early 1870s was in the midst of a struggle between isolationists under the King Gojong‘s father (Heungseon Da ewongun), and progressives, led by the queen (Empress Myeongseong), who wanted to open trade. After the Meiji Restoration, Japan had adopted an aggressive foreign policy, contesting Chinese domination of the peninsula. Under the unequal Treaty of Ganghwa, which the Koreans signed with reluctance in 1876, Japan was allowed to send diplomatic missions to Hanseong, and opened trading posts in Incheon and Wonsan. Amidst an internal power struggle which resulted in the queen‘s exile, the Viceroy of Zhili, Li Hongzhang, sent the 3,000 strong Qing Brigade into Korea to impose Chinese will on the country. The regent, Heungseon Daewongun, was then escorted to Tianjin where he was effectively kept prisoner. Though effectively a Chinese puppet-state, Korea‘s weakness w as becoming increasingly apparent, and the Treaty of Jemulpo of 1882 gave the Japanese further right to station troops in Seoul in order to protect their legation. China could no longer shield Korea against a rapidly industrialising Japanese military, and it was obvious Korea‘s army could not deal with its internal crises without serious assistance. The Korean king proposed training 500 troops in the art of modern warfare, and Yuan Shikai was appointed to lead this task in Korea. Li Hongzhang also recommend ed Yuan‘s promotion, with Yuan given the rankof sub-prefect.In 1885, Yuan was appointed Imperial Resident of Seoul.[4] On the surface the position equalled that of ambassador but in practice, as head official from the suzerain, Yuan had become the supreme adviser on all Korean government policies. Seeing China‘s increasing control of the Korean government, Japan sought more influence through co-suzerainty with China. A series of documents were released to Yuan Shikai, claiming the Korean government had changed its stance towards Chinese protection and was interested in Russian protection. Yuan was outraged yet skeptical, and asked Li Hongzhang for advice.In a treaty signed between Japan and Qing, the two parties agreed only to send troops into Korea after notifying the other. Although the Korean government was now stable, it was still a protectorate of Qing. Koreans emerged advocating modernization. Another more radicalised group, the Donghak Society, promoting an early nationalist doctrine based partly upon Confucian principles, rose in rebellion against the government. Yuan and Li Hongzhang sent troops into Korea to protect Seoul and Qing‘s interests, and Japan did the same under the pretext of protecting Japanese trading posts. Tensions boiled over between Japan and China when Japan refused to withdraw its forces and placed a blockade at the 38th Parallel. Li Hongzhang wanted at all costs to avoid a war with Japan, and attempted this by asking for international pressure for a Japanese withdrawal. Japan refused, and war broke out. Yuan, having been put in an ineffective position, was recalled to Tianjin in July 1894, before the official outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War (甲午戰爭).Late Qing DynastyYuan‘s rise to fame began with his nominal participation in the First Sino-Japanese War as commander of the Chinese garrison forces in Korea. Unlike other officers, however, he avoided the humiliation of Chinese defeat by having been recalled to Beijing several days before the outbreak of conflict.As an ally of Li Hongzhang, Yuan was appointed the commander of the first New army in 1895. As the officer most directly responsible for training China‘s first modernized army, Yuan gained significant political influence and the loyalty of a nucleus of young officers: by 1901, five of China‘s seven divisional commanders and most other senior military officers in China were his protégés.[2] The Qing court relied heavily on his army due to the proximity of its garrison to the capital and their effectiveness. Of the new armies that were part of the Self-Strengthening Movement, Yuan‘s was the best trained and most effective.The Qing Court at the time was divided between progressives under the leadership of the Guangxu Emperor, and conservatives under the Empress Dowager Cixi, who had temporarily retreated to the Summer Palace as a place of "retirement". After the Guangxu Emperor‘s Hundred Days‘ Reform in 1898, however, Cixi dec ided that the reforms were too drastic, and plotted to restore her own regency through a coup d‘état. Plans of the coup spread early, and the Emperor was very aware of the plot. He asked reform advocates Kang Y ouwei, Tan Sitong and others to develop aplan to save him. Yuan‘s involvement in the coup continues to be a large topic of historical debate. TanSitong reportedly had a talk with Yuan several days before the coup, asking Yuan to assist the Emperor against Cixi. Yuan refused a direct answer, but insisted he was loyal to the Emperor. Meanwhile Manchu General Ronglu was planning manoeuvres for his army to stage the coup.According to sources, including the diary of Liang Qichao and contemporary Chinese news sources, Yuan Shikai arrived in Tianjin on 20 September 1898 by train. It was certain that by the evening, Yuan had talked to Ronglu, but what was revealed to him remains ambiguous. Most historians suggest that Yuan had told Ronglu of all details of the Reformers‘ plans, and asked him to take imme diate action. The plot being exposed, Ronglu‘s troops entered the Forbidden City at dawn on 21 September, forcing the Emperor into seclusion in a lake palace.Yuan Shikai as Governor of ShandongMaking a political alliance with the Empress Dowager, and becoming a lasting enemy of the Guangxu Emperor, Yuan left the capital in 1899 for his new appointment as Governor of Shandong. During his three-year tenure while the Boxer Rebellion erupted, he ensured the suppression of Boxers in the province, though his troops took no active part outside Shandong itself. Yuan took the side of the pro foreign faction in the Imperial Court, along with Prince Qing, Li Hongzhang and Ronglu, he refused to side with the Boxers and attack the Eight Nation Alliance forces, joining with other Chinese governors who commanded substantial modernized armies like Zhang Zhidong not participating in the Boxer Rebellion. He and Zhang ignored Empress Dowager Cixi‘s declaration of war against the foreign powers and continued to suppress the Boxers. In addition to taking not fighting the Eight Nation Alliance and suppressing the Boxers in Shandong, Yuan and his army (the Right Division) also helped the Eight Nation Alliance massacre tens of thousands of people in their anti Boxer campaign in Zhili after the Alliance captured Beijing.[5] Yuan operated out of Baoding during the campaign, which ended in 1902.[6]He also founded a provincial junior college (Shandong College, the forerunner of Shandong University) in Jinan, which adopted western ideas of education.In June 1902 he was promoted to Viceroy of Zhili, the lucrative Commissioner for North China Trade,[7] and Minister of Beiyang (北洋通商大臣), comprising the modern regions of Liaoning, Hebei, and Shandong. Having gained the regard of foreigners after helping crush the Boxer Rebellion, he successfully obtained numerous loans to expand his Beiyang Army into the most powerful army in China. He created a 1,000-strong police force to keep order in Tianjin, the first of its kind in Chinese history, as a result of the Boxer Protocol having forbidden troops to be staged close to Tianjin. Yuan was also involved in the transfer of railway control from Sheng Xuanhuai, leading railways and their construction to became a large source of his revenue. Yuan played an active role in late-Qing political reforms, including the creation of the Ministry of Education (學部) and Ministry of Police (巡警部). Hefurther advocated for ethnic equality between Manchus and Han Chinese.Retreat and returnThe Empress Dowager and the Guangxu Emperor died within a day of each other in November 1908.[4] and sources indicate that the will of the Emperor specifically ordered Yuan be executed. Nonetheless avoiding a death sentence, in January 1909 Yuan Shikai was relieved of all his posts by the regent, Prince Chun. The public reason for Yuan‘s resignation was that he was returning to his home in the village of Huanshang (洹上村), now the prefecture-level city of Anyang, due to a foot disease. During his three years of effective exile, Yuan kept contact with his close allies, including Duan Qirui, who reported to him regularly about army proceedings. The loyalty of the Beiyang Army was still undoubtedly behind him. Having this strategic military support, Yuan held the balance of power between various revolutionaries (like Sun Y at-sen) and the Qing Court. Both wanted Yuan on their side.The Wuchang Uprising and the republicThe Wuchang Uprising took place on 10 October 1911 in Hubei province. The southern provinces subsequently declared their independence from the Qing Court, but neither the northern provinces nor the Beiyang Army had a clear stance for or against the rebellion. Both the Qing court and Yuan were fully aware that the Beiyang Army was the only Qing force powerful enough to quell the revolutionaries. The court requested Yuan‘s return on 27 October, but he repeatedly declined offers from the Qing Court for his return, first as the Viceroy of Huguang, and then as Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet. Time was on Yuan‘s side, and Yuan waited, using his "foot ailment" as a pretext to his continual refusal.After further pleas by the Qing Court, Yuan agreed and eventually left his village for Beijing on 30 October, becoming Prime Minister on 1 November 1911. Immediately after that he asked Prince Chun, the Regent, to abstain from politics. Zaifeng, forced to resign his regency, made way for Yuan to compose a newly created, predominantly Han Chinese Cabinet of confidants, consisting of only one Manchu, who held the position of Minister of Suzerainty. To further reward Yuan‘s loyalty to the court, the Empress Dowager Longyu offered Yuan the noble title Marquis of the First Rank (一等侯), an honour only previously given to General Zeng Guofan. While ensuring temporary political stability in Beijing, his forces captured Hankou and Hanyang in November 1911 in preparation for attacking Wuchang, thus forcing the repub lican revolutionaries to negotiate.Abdication of the child emperorYuan Shikai sworn in as Provisional President of the Republic of China, in Beijing, 10 March 1912.The revolutionaries had elected Sun Yat-Sen as the first Provisional President of the Republic of China, but they were in a weak position militarily, so they negotiated with the Qing, using Yuan as an intermediary. Yuan arranged for the abdication of the childemperor Puyi (or Xuantong Emperor) in return for being granted the position of President.[4] Yuan would not be present when the Abdication edict was issued by Empress Dowager Longyu on 12 February 1912.Sun agreed to Yuan‘s presidency after some internal bickering, but asked that thecapital be situated in Nanjing. Yuan, however, wanted the geographic advantage of having the nation‘s capital close to his base of military power. Cao Kun, one of his trusted subordinate Beiyang military commanders, fabricated a coup d‘état in Beijing and Tianjin, apparently under Yuan‘s orders, to p rovide an excuse for Yuan not to leave his sphere of influence in Zhili (present-day Hebei province). The revolutionaries compromised again, and the capital of the new republic was established in Beijing. Yuan Shikai was elected Provisional President of the Republic of China by the Nanjing Provisional Senate on 14 February 1912, and sworn in on 10 March of that year.[8][9]Democratic electionsIn February 1913, democratic elections were held for the National Assembly in which the Chinese Nationalist Party or the Kuomintang (KMT) scored a significant victory. Song Jiaoren of the KMT zealously supported a cabinet system and was widely regarded as a candidate for Prime Minister.One of Song‘s main political goals was to ensure that the powers and independ ence of China‘s Parliament be properly protected from the influence of the office of the President. Song‘s goals in curtailing the office of the President conflicted with the interests of Yuan, who, by mid-1912, clearly dominated the provisional cabinet and was showing signs of a desire to hold overwhelming executive power. During Song‘s travels through China in 1912, he had openly and vehemently expressed the desire to limit the powers of the President in terms that often appeared openly critical of Yuan‘s ambitions. When the results of the 1913 elections indicated a clear victory for the KMT it appeared that Song would be in a position to exercise a dominant role in selecting the premier and cabinet, and the party could have proceeded to push for the election of a future president in a parliamentary setting.[10]On 20 March 1913, while travelling with a group of friends to Peking, Song Jiaoren was shot twice at close range by a lone gunman, Ying Kuicheng, at a Shanghai railway station. He died two days later in hospital. The trail of evidence led to the secretary of the cabinet and the provisional premier of Yuan Shikai‘s government. Although Yuan was considered by contemporary Chinese media sources as the man most likely behind the assassination, the main conspirators investigated by authorities were either themselves assassinated or disappeared mysteriously. Because of the lack of evidence, Yuan was never officially implicated.[10]Becoming emperorTensions between the Kuomintang and Yuan continued to intensify. After arriving in Peking, the elected Parliament attempted to gain control over Yuan, to develop a permanent constitution, and to hold a legitimate, open presidential election. Becausehe had authorized $100 million of "reorganization loans" from a variety of foreign banks, the KMT in particular were highly critical of Yuan‘s handling of the national budget.[11]Yuan‘s crackdown on the Kuomintang began in 1913, with the suppression and bribery of KMT members in the two legislative chambers. Anti-Yuan revolutionariesalso claimed Yuan orchestrated the collapse of the KMT internally and dismissed governors interpreted as being pro-Kuomintang.Second RevolutionSeeing the situation for his party worsen, Sun Y at-sen fled to Japan in November 1913, and called for a Second Revolution, this time against Yuan Shikai. Subsequently, Yuan gradually took over the government, using the military as the base of his power. He dissolved the national and provincial assemblies, and the House of Representatives and Senate were replaced by the newly formed "Council of State", with Duan Qirui, his trusted Beiyang lieutenant, as Prime Minister. Finally, Yuan had himself elected president to a five-year term, publicly labelled the Kuomintang a seditious organization, ordered the Kuomintang‘s dissolution, and evicted all members from Parliament.The Kuomintang‘s "Second Revolution" ended in failure as Yuan‘s troops achieved complete victory over revolutionary uprisings. Provincial governors with KMT loyalties who remained willingly submitted to Yuan. Because those commanders not loyal to Yuan were effectively removed from power, the Second Revolution cemented Yuan‘s power.[14]In January 1914, China‘s Parliament was formally dissolved. To give his government a semblance of legitimacy, Yuan convened a body of 66 men from his cabinet who, on 1 May 1914, produced a "constitutional compact" that effectively replaced China‘s provisional constitution. The new legal status quo gave Yuan, as president, practically unlimited powers over China‘s military, finances, foreign policy, and the rights of China‘s citizens. Yuan justified these reforms by stating that representative democracy had been proven inefficient by political infighting.[15]After his victory, Yuan reorganized the provincial governments. Each province was now supported by a Military Governor (都督) as well as a civil authority, giving each governor control of their own army. Although granting Yuan and provincial authorities a decentralised administration, it helped lay the foundations for the warlordism that crippled China over the next two decades.Japan‘s Twenty-one DemandsIn January 1915, having captured the German colony at Qingdao, Japan sent a secret ultimatum, known as the Twenty-one Demands, to Beijing. In these demands, Japan demanded an extension of extraterritoriality, the sale of businesses in debt to Japan, and the turning over of Qingdao to Japan as a concession. When these demands were made public, hostility within China was expressed in nationwide anti-Japanesedemonstrations and an effective national boycott of Japanese goods. Yuan‘s eventual decision to agree to nearly all of the demands led to a decline in the popularity of Yuan‘s government among con temporary Chinese, although many of the requests were mere extensions of Qing treaties.[16] Western pressure later forced Japan to water down some of its demands.Revival of the monarchyTo build up his own authority, Yuan began to re-institute elements of state Confucianism. As the main proponent of reviving Qing state religious observances, Yuan effectively participated as emperor in rituals held at the Qing Temple of Heaven. In late 1915, rumors were floated of a popular consensus that the monarchy should be revived. With his power secure, many of Yuan‘s supporters, notably monarchist Y ang Du, advocated for a revival of the monarchy, asking Yuan to take on the title of Emperor. Y ang reasoned that the Chinese masses had long been used to autocratic rule, and that the Republic had only been effective as a transitional phase to end Manchu rule. He reasoned that China‘s political situation demanded the stability that only a monarchy could ensure. The American political scientist Frank Johnson Goodnow suggested a similar idea. Negotiators representing the government of Japan had also offered to support Yuan‘s ambitions as one of the rewards for Yuan‘s support of the Twenty-One Demands.[17]In 20 November 1915, Yuan held a specially convened "Represe ntative Assembly" which voted unanimously in favor of having Yuan become emperor. On 12 December 1915, Yuan agreed to become the next emperor and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Chinese Empire (中華帝國大皇帝) under the era name of Hongxian (洪憲; i.e. Constitutional Abundance) beginning 1 January 1916. Soon after becoming emperor, Yuan placed an order with the former imperial potters for a 40,000-piece porcelain set costing 1.4 million yuan, a large jade seal, and two imperial robes costing 400,000 yuan each.Public and international reactions to the monarchy‘s revivalBy expecting widespread domestic and international support for his reign, Yuan Shikai and his supporters had miscalculated. Many of Yuan‘s closest supporters abandoned him, and the solidar ity of Yuan‘s Beiyang clique of military protégés dissolved. There were open protests throughout China denouncing Yuan. International governments, including Japan, proved suddenly indifferent or openly hostile to him, not giving him the recognition anticipated.[18] Sun Y at-sen, who had fled to Tokyo and set up a base there, actively organized efforts to overthrow Yuan. Yuan‘s sons publicly fought over the title of "Crown Prince", and his former loyal subordinates like Duan Qirui and Xu Shichang left him one by one to create their own factions.Abandonment of the monarchy and deathFaced with widespread opposition, Yuan repeatedly delayed the accession rites in order to appease his foes, but his prestige was irreparably damaged and province afterprovince continued to voice disapproval. On 25 December 1915, Yunnan‘s military governor, Cai E, rebelled, launching the National Protection War. The governor of Guizhou followed in January 1916, and Guangxi declared independence in March. Funding for Yuan‘s accession ceremony was cut on 1 March, and he formally abandoned monarchism on 22 March. This was not enough for his enemies, who called for his resignation as president. More provinces rebelled until Yuan died from uremia on 5 June 1916, at the age of fifty-six. His death was announced the following day.[8][18] His remains were moved to his home province and placed in a largemausoleum. In 1928, the tomb was looted by Feng Yuxiang‘s Guominjun soldiers during the Northern Expedition. He had three sons: Prince Yuan Keding, who was handicapped and deemed an "idiot" by his father; Prince Yuan Kewen, who was said by his father to be a ‗fake scholar‘, and Prince Yuan Keliang, whom Yuan Shikai called a "bandit".Evaluation and legacyThe major effects of Yuan‘s rule on China are mostly considered negative. Although he trained and organized one of China‘s first modern armies and introduced far-ranging modernisations in law and social areas, the loyalty Yuan had fostered among his armed forces split into warlords after his death, undermining the authority of the central government. Yuan did little to improve civilian economic or technological development, and financed his regime through large foreign loans. He is criticized for weakening Chinese morale and international prestige, and for allowing the Japanese to gain broad concessions over his government.[19]After Yuan‘s death, there was an effort by Li Yuanhong to revive the Republic by recalling the legislators who had been ejected in 1913, but this effort was confused and ineffective in asserting central control. Li lacked any support from the military. There was a short-lived effort in 1917 to revive the Qing dynasty led by the loyalist general Zhang Xun, but his forces were defeated by rival warlords later that year. After the collapse of Zhang‘s movement, all pretense of strength from the central government collapsed, and China descended into a period of warlordism. Over the next several decades, the offices of both the president and Parliament became the tools of militarists, and the politicians in Peking became dependent on regional governors for their support and political survival.[20]After Yuan‘s death, China was left without any generally recognized central authority, and the nation‘s army quickly fragmented into forces of competing warlords. For this reason he is sometimes called "the Father of the Warlords". However, it is not accurate to attribute China‘s subsequent age of warlordism as a personal preference, since in his career as a military reformer he had attempted to forge a modern army based on the Japanese model. Throughout his lifetime, he demonstrated an understanding of staffing, military education, and regular transfers of officer personnel, combining the se skills to create China‘s first modern military organisation. After his return to power in 1911, however, he seemed willing to sacrifice his legacy of military reform for imperial ambitions, and instead ruled by acombination of violence and bribery that destroyed the idealism of the early Republican movement. In the CCTV Production Towards the Republic, Yuan is portrayed through most of his early years as an able administrator, although a very skilled manipulator of political situations. His self-proclamation as Emperor is largely depicted as being influenced by external forces, especially that of his son, prince Yuan Keding.A bixi (stone tortoise) with a stele in honor of Yuan Shikai, which was installed in Anyang‘s Huanyuan Park soon after his death, was (partly) restored in 1993.袁世凯（威氏注音法：Yuan Shih-kai；简体中文：袁世凯；中国传统：袁世凱；拼音：Y uán Shìkǎi；1859年9月16日—1916年6月6日）是中国的一个重要的将军和政治家，晚清时期以他的影响力而闻名，在事件中他使晚清皇帝退位，他的独裁统治作为中华民国第二任总统（在第一任孙中山之后），作为―中国伟大的皇帝‖，他曾短暂的尝试去恢复中国君主政体。

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第一课内容讲解21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第一课内容讲解导语：英国首相温斯顿·丘吉尔生活的另一部分就是绘画，下面YJBYS店铺分享一篇关于英国首相温斯顿·丘吉尔绘画精神的英语课文，欢迎大家来阅读!Pre-reading ActivitiesFirst Listening1. You're about to hear a conversation about Winston Churchill. Before you listen, take a look at the words below. Which do you think you're likely to hear when people discuss Churchill? Then, as you listen to the tape the first time, circle the words you hear.prime minister author painter politician World War I romantic fearless serious passionate World War IISecond ListeningRead the following questions first to prepare yourself to answer them to the best of your ability.2. What was the argument about? Which side do you believe?3. What do you know about Winston Churchill as British prime minister? What about his personality—do you have any impressions of him as a human being?Winston Churchill—His Other LifeMary SoamesMy father, Winston Churchill, began his love affair with painting in his 40s, amid disastrous circumstances. As First Lord of the Admiralty in 1915, he had been deeply involved in a campaign in the Dardanelles that could have shortened the course of a bloody world war. But when the mission failed, with great loss of life, Churchill paid the price, both publicly andprivately: He was removed from the Admiralty and lost his position of political influence.Overwhelmed by the disaster — "I thought he would die of grief," said his wife, Clementine — he retired with his family to Hoe Farm, a country retreat in Surrey. There, as Churchill later recalled, "The muse of painting came to my rescue!"One day when he was wandering in the garden, he chanced upon his sister-in-law sketching with watercolours. He watched her for a few minutes, then borrowed her brush and tried his hand — and the muse worked her magic. From that day forward, Winston was in love with painting.Delighted with anything that distracted Winston from the dark thoughts that overwhelmed him, Clementine rushed off to buy whatever paints and materials she could find. Watercolours, oil paints, paper, canvas —Hoe Farm was soon filled with everything a painter could want or need.Painting in oils turned out to be Winston's great love — but the first steps were strangely difficult. He contemplated the blank whiteness of his first canvas with unaccustomed nervousness. He later recalled:"Very hesitantly I selected a tube of blue paint, and with infinite precaution made a mark about as big as a bean on the snow-white field. At that moment I heard the sound of a motorcar in the drive and threw down my brush in a panic. I was even more alarmed when I saw who stepped from the car: the wife of Sir John Lavery, the celebrated painter who lived nearby."'Painting!' she declared. 'What fun. But what are you waiting for? Let me have the brush — the big one.' She plunged into the paints and before I knew it, she had swept several fierce strokes and slashes of blue on the absolutely terrified canvas. Anyonecould see it could not hit back. I hesitated no more. I seized the largest brush and fell upon my wretched victim with wild fury. I have never felt any fear of a canvas since."Lavery, who later tutored Churchill in his art, said of his unusual pupil's artistic abilities: "Had he chosen painting instead of politics, he would have been a great master with the brush."In painting, Churchill had discovered a companion with whom he was to walk for the greater part of his life. Painting would be his comfort when, in 1921, the death of his mother was followed two months later by the loss of his and Clementine's beloved three-year-old daughter, Marigold. Overcome by grief, Winston took refuge at the home of friends in Scotland — and in his painting. He wrote to Clementine: "I went out and painted a beautiful river in the afternoon light with red and golden hills in the background. Many loving thoughts.... Alas, I keep feeling the hurt of Marigold."Life and love and hope slowly revived. In September 1922 another child was born to Clementine and Winston: myself. In the same year, Winston bought Chartwell, the beloved home he was to paint in all its different aspects for the next 40 years.My father must have felt a glow of satisfaction when in the mid-1920s he won first prize in a prestigious amateur art exhibition held in London. Entries were anonymous, and some of the judges insisted that Winston's picture — one of his first of Chartwell — was the work of a professional, not an amateur, and should be disqualified. But in the end, they agreed to rely on the artist's honesty and were delighted when they learned that the picture had been painted by Churchill.Historians have called the decade after 1929, when Winston again fell from office, his barren years. Politically barren they mayhave been, as his lonely voice struggled to awaken Britain to the menace of Hitler, but artistically those years bore abundant fruit: of the 500-odd Churchill canvases in existence, roughly half date from 1930 to 1939.Painting remained a joy to Churchill to the end of his life. "Happy are the painters," he had written in his book Painting as a Pastime, "for they shall not be lonely. Light and colour, peace and hope, will keep them company to the end of the day." And so it was for my father.New Wordsamidprep.in the middle of, among 在…之中* disastrousa. extremely bad; terrible 灾难性的，糟透的lordn. (in Britain) title of some officials of very high rank(英)大臣;大人，阁下admiraltyn. (the A～)(in Britain) government department in charge of the navy (英)海军部campaignn. 1. a series of planned military actions 战役2. a planned series of activities, esp. in politics and business 运动bloodya. 1. very violent, with a lot of wounding and killing 血腥的2. covered with blood 血污的missionn. 1. (usu. military) duty or purpose for which people are sent somewhere [常指军事]任务2. 天职，使命privatelyad. 1. not publicly 非公开地2. personally; secretly 在涉及私(个)人方面;秘密地privatea. 1. personal; secret 私(个)人的;秘密的2. not public 非公开的disastern. (a)sudden great misfortune 灾难，天灾;祸患* griefn. a feeling of extreme sadness 悲哀* grievev. suffer from grief or great sadness (为…而)悲伤;伤心retreatn. 1. a place into which one can go for peace and safety 隐居处2. 撤退;避难vi. move back or leave a center of fighting or other activity 撤退;退避muse, Musen. 1. (in Greek mythology) one of the nine goddesses of poetry, music, etc. 缪斯(希腊神话中司文艺的九位女神之一)2. a force or person that inspires sb. to write, paint, etc. 创作灵感rescuen. help which gets sb. out of a dangerous or unpleasant situation 救助;救援vt. 救助;救援sister-in-lawn. sister of one's husband or wife 姑子;姨子;嫂子;弟媳sketchv. make a quick, rough drawing (of sth.) 素描，速写n. 素描，速写watercolo(u)rn. 水彩(颜料);水彩画magicn. 魔法，法术a. 有魔力的* distractvt. (from) take (one's mind, sb.) off sth. 转移(注意力); 使转移注意力* canvasn. 1. a piece of strong heavy cloth used for an oil painting 帆布画布2. a completed oil painting 油画* contemplatevt. look at in a serious or quiet way, often for some time (默默地)注视，凝视blanka. 1. without writing, print or other marks 空白的2. expressionless;without understanding 无表情的;茫然的unaccustomeda. not used (to sth.); not usual (对某物)不习惯的;不寻常的accustomeda. regular; usual 惯常的，通常的hesitantlyad. not doing sth. quickly or immediately for one's uncertainty or worry about it 犹豫不决地infinitea. extremely great in degree or amount; without limits or end无限的';极大的precautionn. 1. carefulness 防备，预防2. an action taken to avoid sth. dangerous or unpleasant 预防措施beann. 豆;蚕豆motorcarn. a car 汽车alarmvt. excite with sudden fear or anxiety 使惊恐;使忧虑n. 1. a sudden feeling of fear or anxiety 惊恐;忧虑2. a warning of danger 警报plungevi. (into, in) 1. rush suddenly and deeply into sth. 投身于2. suddenly fall in a particular direction 纵身投入;一头扎入fiercea. 1. angry, violent and cruel 暴怒的;凶猛的;残酷的2. (of heat, strong feelings) very great 强烈的* slashn. a long sweeping cut or blow 砍;挥击vt. cut with long sweeping forceful strokes;move or force with this kind of cutting movement 砍，砍击;猛挥absolutelyad. completely;without conditions 完全地;绝对地* terrifyvt. fill with terror or fear 恐吓，使惊吓* wretcheda. very unhappy or unfortunate 不幸的;可怜的victimn. sb. or sth. hurt or killed as a result of other people's actions, or of illness, bad luck, etc. 牺牲者，受害者;牺牲品* furyn. 1. a wildly excited state (of feeling or activity) 狂热;激烈2. (a state of) very great anger 狂怒artistica. 1. of. concerning art or artists 艺术的;艺术家的2. made with inventive skill or imagination 富有艺术性的companionn. mate; one who associates with or accompanies another 同伴;伴侣beloveda. much loved; darling 深爱的;亲爱的overcomevt. 1. (often pass.) (by, with) (of feelings) take control and influence one's behavior [常被动](感情等)压倒，使受不了2. win a victory over; defeat 克服;战胜* refugen. (a place that provides) protection or shelter from harm, danger or unhappiness 避难(所);庇护(所)alasint. a cry expressing grief, sorrow or fear 唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等)* revivev. 1. regain strength, consciousness, life, etc.;bring (sb. or sth.) back to strength, consciousness, life, etc. (使)复苏;(使)重振活力2. become active, popular, or successful again 恢复生机;复兴;重新流行glown. a feeling of warmth or pleasure 热烈vi. emit a soft light 发光amateura. & n. (a person who is) not professional 业余(水平)的(运动员、艺术家等)entryn. 1. a person or thing taking part in a competition, race, etc. 参赛一员2. entrance; the act of entering or the right to enter 进入;进入权* anonymousa. (of a person) with name unknown;(of a letter, painting, etc.) written or created by an unidentified person 名字不详的;匿名的disqualifyvt. make or declare unfit, unsuitable, or unable to do sth. 取消…的资格;使不适合;使不能relyvi. (on, upon) 1. have trust or confidence (in) 信任;信赖2. depend with full trust or confidence 依赖* historiann. a person who studies history and/or writes about it 历史学家* barrena. (of land) unproductive (土地等)贫瘠的，荒芜的awakenvt. 1. (to) cause to become conscious of 使意识到2. cause to wake up 唤醒* menacen. a threat or danger 威胁abundanta. plentiful; more than enough 丰富的;充足的abundancen. a great quantity; plenty 丰富;充裕;大量odda. 1. (infml.) (after numbers) a little more than the stated number [常用以构成复合词]…以上的;…出头的2. strange or unusual 奇特的;古怪的3. 奇数的，单数的existencen. the state of existing 存在;实有* pastimen. hobby;sth. done to pass time in a pleasant way 消遣，娱乐Phrases and Expressionspay the priceexperience sth. unpleasant because one has done sth. wrong, made a mistake, etc. 付出代价come to sb.'s rescuehelp sb. when he/she is in danger or difficulty 解救某人，救助某人chance uponmeet by chance; find by chance 偶然碰见;偶然发现try one's handattempt (to do sth.), esp. for the first time 尝试plunge intobegin to do sth. suddenly; enter without hesitation 突然或仓促地开始某事;突然冲入before one knows itbefore one has time to consider the course of events 转眼之间，瞬息之间fall uponattack fiercely 猛攻，猛扑take refugeseek protection from danger or unhappiness 避难rely ontrust, or confidently depend on 依赖，依靠fall from officelose a position of authority to which sb. was elected or appointed 离位，下台awaken tocause to become conscious of 使意识到bear fruitproduce successful results 结果实;有成果date fromhave existed since 始自keep sb. companystay with sb. so that he/she is not alone 陪伴某人Proper NamesWinston Churchill温斯顿·丘吉尔(1874—1965，英国保守党政治家、首相[1940—1945，1951—1955]、作家)Mary Soames玛丽·索姆斯First Lord of the Admiralty(英国)海军大臣Dardanelles达达尼尔海峡(位于亚洲小亚细亚半岛同欧洲巴尔干半岛之间)Clementine克莱门泰因(女子名)Surrey萨里郡(英国英格兰郡名)John Lavery约翰·莱佛利Marigold玛丽戈尔德(女子名)Chartwell查特威尔(宅名)Adolf. Hitler希特勒(1889—1945，纳粹德国元首)。

北京大学光华管理学院金融学系研究生导师张翼张翼系别：金融学系职称：副教授办公电话：86-10-62757895Email：zhangyi@张翼现任北京大学光华管理学院金融学副教授，在此之前他也曾担任过香港中文大学和香港科技大学的访问学者。

张翼教授本科毕业于中国科技大学化学物理系，后在罗彻斯特大学获得化学硕士学位，2002年他从密歇根州立大学获得金融博士学位。

张翼教授有译作《萨班斯法案内控指南》和《萨班斯法案执行指导》,他的多篇论文发表在国内外重要学术期刊上。

目前他的主要研究兴趣在于证券投资、资本市场、兼并与收购、商业银行、公司财务、公司治理和会计信息披露。

他现在教授的课程有公司财务、公司财务专题、公司收购与兼并和金融学概论。

研究领域证券投资资本市场兼并与收购商业银行公司财务公司治理会计信息披露教育背景2002 密歇根州立大学金融博士1998 罗切斯特大学化学硕士1996 中国科学技术大学化学物理学士职业经历2008至今北京大学光华管理学院金融学副教授2002-2008北京大学光华管理学院金融学助理教授2008.5-2008.7 Visiting Scholar,香港中文大学2007.8 Visiting Scholar,香港中文大学2005.8 Visiting Scholar,香港科技大学2004.6-2004.8 Visiting Scholar,香港科技大学工作研究论文系列:"投资者情绪与股票收益"，张翼，聂晓军，2009"资产增长率与股票横截面收益"，张东撒，张翼，2009"A股IPO的长期收益研究"，张翼，刘降才，2009已发表英文论文:Bank Ownership and Executive Perquisites: New Evidence from an Emerging Market, with Wei Luo, and Ning Zhu, Journal of Corporate Finance, 2010, forthcomingDoes Bank Ownership Increase Firm Value? Evidence from China, with Xiaochi Lin, and Ning Zhu, Journal of International Money and Finance, 2009, volume 28, issue 4 Ownership Structure, Cash Flow, and Corporate Investment: Evidence from East Asian Economies Before the Financial Crisis, with K.C. John Wei, Journal of Corporate Finance, 2008, volume 14, issue 2Bank Ownership Reform and Bank Performance in China, with Xiaochi Lin, Journal of Banking and Finance, 2009, V olume 33, Issue 1Dual-Class Stock and the Benefits of Control, Applied Economics Letters, 2007, V olume 14, Issue 4Ownership Structure and Corporate Diversification, with Xi Li, Business and Politics, 2006, V ol. 8: No. 1., Article 4. /bap/vol8/iss1/art4Dual-Class Stock and Firm Performance, in "One Share One Vote? Tomorrow's Companies: One Universal Model or Tailored Equity Structures?", 2006, ed. by Graham Mather, published by European Policy Forum已发表中文论文：张翼，刘巍，龚六堂，中国上市公司多元化与公司业绩的实证研究，“金融研究”，2005，9张翼，李辰，股权结构、现金流与资本投资，“经济学（季刊）”，2005，10，第5卷第1期张翼，李习，许德音，代理问题、股权结构与公司多元化，“经济科学”，2005，第3期张翼，马光，法律，公司治理与公司丑闻，"管理世界”，2005，10张翼，林小驰，公司治理结构与管理层盈利预测，“中国会计评论”，2005，12，第3卷第2期王志诚，张翼，大宗股权交易与公司控制, “管理世界”,2004，5.其他著作:《萨班斯法案内控指南》,Scott Green著, 张翼、林小驰译, 经济科学出版社, 2007《萨班斯法案执行指导》, Anne Marchetti著, 张翼、林小驰译, 经济科学出版社, 2007 Conference Papers:Bank Ownership and Executive Perquisites: New Evidence from an Emerging Market2010 American Accounting Association (AAA) Annual Meetings at San FranciscoIs There Penalty for Crime?2008 American Economic Association (AEA) Annual Meetings at New OrleansLaw, Corporate Governance, and Corporate Scandal2007 American Economic Association (AEA) Annual Meetings at ChicagoCorporate Governance, Overinvestment, and the Asian Financial Crisis, with KC. John Wei 2006 European Finance Association (EFA) Annual Meetings at ZurichIs There Penalty for Crime?, with Peng Sun2006 European Finance Association (EFA) Annual Meetings at ZurichLaw, Corporate Governance, and Corporate Scandal2006 American Accounting Association (AAA) Annual Meetings at Washington, D.C.Ownership Structure and Corporate Diversification, with Xi Li2005 Academy of Management Annual Meetings at HawaiiNegotiated Block Transfers and Corporate Control, with Zhicheng Wang2004 Financial Management Association Annual Meetings at New OrleansDual-Class Stock, Firm Performance, and Valuation2003 Financial Management Association Annual Meetings at Denver教授课程1. 公司财务2. 公司财务专题3. 公司收购与兼并4. 金融学概论小提示：目前本科生就业市场竞争激烈，就业主体是研究生，在如今考研竞争日渐激烈的情况下，我们想要不在考研大军中变成分母，我们需要：早开始+好计划+正确的复习思路+好的辅导班（如果经济条件允许的情况下）。

计算机财务管理相关⽂献,财务管理外⽂参考⽂献（精选⽂献105个）任何事物总是与⼀定的环境相联系、存在和发展的 ,财务管理也不例外。

不同时期、不同国家、不同领域的财务管理之所以有不同的特征 ,都是因为影响财务管理的环境因素不尽相同。

企业在许多⽅⾯同⽣物体⼀样 ,如果不能适应周围的环境 ,也就不能⽣存。

下⾯是财务管理外⽂参考⽂献105个，供⼤家参考阅读。

财务管理外⽂参考⽂献⼀：[1]Augusto Cesar Hernandes Pinha,Juliana Keiko Sagawa. A system dynamics modelling approach for municipal solid waste management and financial analysis[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2020,269.[2]Yuyang Zhang,Konari Uchida,Liping Dong. External Financing and Earnings Management: Evidence from International Data[J]. Research in International Business and Finance,2020.[3]Yuanhui Li,Xiao Li,Erwei Xiang,Hadrian Geri Djajadikerta. Financial distress, internal control, and earnings management: Evidence from China[J]. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics,2020,16(3).[4]. DATA Communications Management Corp.; Data Communications Management Corp. Announces Fourth Quarter and Year End Financial Results for 2019 Together With First Quarter 2020 Outlook[J]. Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA,2020.[5]. Energy - Renewable Energy; Reports Outline Renewable Energy Study Results from Department of Management Sciences (Non-linear threshold effect of financial development on renewable energy consumption: evidence from panel smooth transition regression approach)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2020.[6]. Environment; Researcher at Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra Has Published New Study Findings on Environment (Financial and Personal Issues of the Transferred State Administration Competencies in the Building Procedure to Municipality Offices)[J]. Ecology, Environment & Conservation,2020.[7]Shaojie Wang,Stelios Bekiros,Amin Yousefpour,Shaobo He,Oscar Castillo,Hadi Jahanshahi. Synchronization of fractional time-delayed financial system using a novel type-2 fuzzy active control method[J]. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals: the interdisciplinary journal of Nonlinear Science, and Nonequilibrium and Complex Phenomena,2020,136.[8]Chikashi Tsuji. Correlation and spillover effects between the US and international banking sectors: New evidence and implications for risk management[J]. International Review of Financial Analysis,2020,70.[9]José Holguín-Veras,Johanna Amaya Leal,Ivan Sanchez-Diaz,Michael Browne,Jeffrey Wojtowicz. State of the art and practice of urban freight management Part II: Financial approaches, logistics, and demand management[J]. Transportation Research Part A,2020,137.[10]Rouven Litterscheidt,David J. Streich. Financial education and digital asset management: What's in the black box?[J]. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics,2020,87.[11]Toan Luu Duc Huynh,Muhammad Shahbaz,Muhammad Ali Nasir,Subhan Ullah. Financial modelling, risk management of energy instruments and the role of cryptocurrencies[J]. Annals of Operations Research,2020(prepublish).[12]S. Dubnitskiy-Robin,B. Pradère,B. Faivre d'Arcier,S. Watt,T. Le Fol,F. Bruyère,E. Rusch,F. Monmousseau,S. Brunet-Houdard. 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Auditing as a Vital Component to the Financial Management of Local Councils in Cameroon; the Case of Buea Rural Council[J]. Journal of Finance and Accounting,2020,8(3).[33]. Issue Information: European Financial Management 3/2020[J]. European Financial Management,2020,26(3).[34]Thanyaluk Vichitsarawong,Li Li Eng. Financial Crisis and Earnings Management Under U.S. GAAP and IFRS[J]. Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies,2020,23(02).[35]. Finance - Finance and Business; New Findings Reported from Free University Bolzano Describe Advances in Finance and Business (How does family management affect innovation investment propensity? The key role of innovation impulses) [J]. Journal of Technology & Science,2020.财务管理外⽂参考⽂献⼆：[36]. IOU Financial Inc.; IOU Financial Approved by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and Small Business Administration SBA to Provide Paycheck Protection Program Loans[J]. Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA,2020.[37]Shaikh Babar T,Ali Nabeela. 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Adding Financial Incentives to Online Group-Based Behavioral Weight Control: An RCT[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2020.[47]Vijayakumar Bharathi S.,Mugdha Shailendra Kulkarni. Competition in Monopoly: Teaching-Learning Process of Financial Statement Analysis to Information Technology Management Students[J]. International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education (IJICTE),2020,16(3).[48]. Financial Accountability & Management[J]. Financial Accountability & Management,2020,36(2).[49]. Intuit Inc.; Researchers Submit Patent Application, "Navigating To User Content In A Financial Management System",for Approval (USPTO 20200134738)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[50]West Delia S,Krukowski Rebecca A,Finkelstein Eric A,Stansbury Melissa L,Ogden Doris E,Monroe Courtney M,Carpenter Chelsea A,Naud Shelly,Harvey Jean R. Adding Financial Incentives to Online Group-Based Behavioral Weight Control: An RCT.[J]. American journal of preventive medicine,2020.[51]Chia-Lin Chang,Michael McAleer,Wing-Keung Wong. Risk and Financial Management of COVID-19 in Business, Economics and Finance[J]. Journal of Risk and Financial Management,2020,13(5).[52]. Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection Comments Requested; New Data Collection: Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) Tribal Financial Management Center (TFMC) Needs Assessment and Evaluation OMB Package[J]. The Federal Register / FIND,2020,85(096).[53]Ana I. Marqués,Vicente García,J. Salvador Sánchez. Ranking-based MCDM models in financial management applications: analysis and emerging challenges[J]. Progress in Artificial Intelligence,2020(prepublish).[54]Michael Winter,Fanan Ujoh. A Review of Institutional Frameworks & Financing Arrangements for Waste Management in Nigerian Cities[J]. Urban Studies and Public Administration,2020,3(2).[55]. Henderson Wealth Management; Henderson Wealth Management Offers Businesses Financial Relief From COVID-19 by Waiving 401k Management Fees for 90 Days With a 1 Year Engagement[J]. Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA,2020.[56]. Inlet; Inlet Joins Financial Data Exchange FDX to Strengthen Customer Control of Financial Data[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[57]. MAXIMUS; MAXIMUS Federal Awarded IRS Contract for Information Technology Financial Management Application Support ITFMAS[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[58]. Business - Risk and Financial Management; Researchers at Setsunan University Publish New Data on Risk and Financial Management (Dynamic Transmissions and Volatility Spillovers between Global Price and U.S. Producer Price in Agricultural Markets)[J]. Agriculture Week,2020.[59]. Public Administration Finance and Law; Research on Public Administration Finance and Law Detailed by a Researcher at National University (Towards An Efficient Management in The Context of Modernizing The Romanian Public Administration)[J]. Politics & Government Week,2020.[60]. Business - Chinese Management Studies; Recent Studies from Guangdong University of Finance & Economics Add New Data to Chinese Management Studies (Shareholder Involvement and Firm Innovation Performance Empirical Evidence From Chinese Firms)[J]. Politics & Government Week,2020.[61]Adegbie Festus Folajinmi, Alawode Olufemi Peter. Financial Management Practices and Performance of Small and Medium Scale Poultry Industry in Ogun State, Nigeria[J]. Journal of Finance and Accounting,2020,8(2).[62]Xinni Wang. Enterprise Financial Management from the Perspective of Flexibility[J]. Journal of Social Science and Humanities,2020,2(4).[63]Theotime Rutabubura, Dr. Patrick Mulyungi. The Impact of Risk Management Strategies on the Performance of Agricultural Projects in Rwanda -- a Case Study of Financing in Rwanda[J]. Journal of Global Economy, Business and Finance,2020,2(4).[64]. Veterinary Medicine; Studies from Donghua University in the Area of Veterinary Medicine Described (Application of Animal Food Management In Internet Financial Growth System)[J]. Veterinary Week,2020.[65]. Disaster Preparedness - Disaster Prevention and Management; Reports from Shanghai University of Finance and Economics Describe Recent Advances in Disaster Prevention and Management (Paired Assistance Policy and Recovery From the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake: a Network Perspective)[J]. Bioterrorism Week,2020.[66]. Deerfield Management; Melinta Therapeutics Successfully Completes Financial Restructuring[J]. Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA,2020.[67]. Science - Management Science; New Findings from University of Cape Town Update Understanding of Management Science (Social Finance and the Commons Paradigm Exploring How Community-based Innovations Transform Finance for the Common Good)[J]. Science Letter,2020.[68]. Intuit Inc.; Patent Issued for Staged Transactions In Financial Management Application (USPTO 10,628,893)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[69]. Business - Chinese Management Studies; Studies from Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics Have Provided New Information about Chinese Management Studies (Exploring the Relationship Between Network Position and Innovation Performance Evidence From a Social Network Analysis of ...)[J]. Politics & Government Week,2020.[70]. Science - Management Science; Studies from Dongbei University of Finance & Economics Yield New Data on Management Science (How and When Servant Leaders Enable Collective Thriving: The Role of Team-Member Exchange and Political Climate)[J]. Politics & Government Week,2020.财务管理外⽂参考⽂献三：[71]Nitya P. Singh. Managing environmental uncertainty for improved firm financial performance: the moderating role of supply chain risk management practices on managerial decision making[J]. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications,2020,23(3).[72]Belbase,Sanzenbacher,Walters. Dementia, Help with Financial Management, and Financial Well-Being[J]. Journal of Aging & Social Policy,2020,32(3).[73]Suzanne J. Francart,Caron P. Misita,Emily M. Hawes,Lindsey B. Amerine. Reducing Revenue Loss and Patient Financial Toxicity with a Pharmacy-Managed Pre-Certification and Denials Management Program[J]. Oncology Issues,2020,35(3).[74]Mark R Bennett,Jack Ogutu,Richard Olawoyin. INTELLIGENT RISK MANAGEMENT: Seven Practical Steps to a Strong Risk Culture & Financial Maturity[J]. Professional Safety,2020,65(5).[75]. Business - Risk and Financial Management; Study Data from University of London Provide New Insights into Risk and Financial Management [Oil Price, Oil Price Implied Volatility (OVX) and Illiquidity Premiums in the US: (A)symmetry and the Impact of Macroeconomic Factors][J]. Energy Weekly News,2020.[76]Gourab Chakraborty. Evolving profiles of financial risk management in the era of digitization: The tomorrow that began in the past[J]. Journal of Public Affairs,2020,20(2).[77]Anu Antony. Behavioral finance and portfolio management: Review of theory and literature[J]. Journal of PublicAffairs,2020,20(2).[78]Spear Marcia,Thurman Kristen. Real-Time Pressure Assessment and Monitoring With a Fluid Immersion Simulation Support Surface Show Clinical and Financial Benefits for Flap Management.[J]. Plastic surgical nursing : official journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses,2020,40(1).[79]Tarek Abichou. Using methane biological oxidation to partially finance sustainable waste management systems and closure of dumpsites in the Southern Mediterranean region[J]. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for EnvironmentalIntegration,2020,5(3).[80]. Business - Risk and Financial Management; New Risk and Financial Management Findings from University of Tokyo Published (Deep Reinforcement Learning in Agent Based Financial Market Simulation)[J]. Journal of Technology,2020.[81]. Public Health - Vaccination; Studies from U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the Area of Vaccination Reported (Financial Cost Analysis of a Strategy To Improve the Quality of Administrative Vaccination Data In Uganda)[J]. Information Technology Newsweekly,2020.[82]. Technology; Findings from Al-Farabi Kazakh National University in Technology Reported (Risk management in the financing of ICO projects: prospects for the use of modern technologies in Kazakhstan)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2020.[83]. Cybersecurity; Findings in Cybersecurity Reported from Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation (Development of methodology of accounting and control processes in the digital economy)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2020.[84]. Technology; Investigators at University of Jyvaskyla Describe Findings in Technology (Fusion of technology management and financing management - Amazon's transformative endeavor by orchestrating techno-financing systems) [J]. Journal of Engineering,2020.[85]. BlackRock Financial Management Inc.; Patent Issued for Authenticating Connections And Program Identity In A Messaging System (USPTO 10,623,272)[J]. Network Weekly News,2020.[86]. Technology; Study Findings on Technology Reported by Researchers at Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (New challenges in the financial management under the influence of financial technology)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2020.[87]. 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Title: Legends of Ancient China: Profiles ofRenowned FiguresThroughout the vast and rich history of China, numerous figures have emerged as beacons of wisdom, courage, and innovation. These individuals, with their unique talents and unwavering dedication, have left indelible marks on the cultural, political, and scientific landscapes of their time. In this essay, we delve into the lives and achievements of three such renowned figures: Confucius, Sun Tzu, and Zhang Heng.Confucius, often referred to as the "sage of harmony," was a philosopher and educator whose teachings profoundly influenced the ethical and social values of East Asia. Born into a humble family in 551 BC, he倡导 a philosophy based on ren (humaneness) and li (rites or propriety). His belief in the moral education of individuals and the importance of social harmony resonated strongly with the ruling classes, leading to the widespread adoption of Confucianism as the official ideology of China. Confucius' influence is evident in the moral codes and social norms that persist in East Asian cultures today.Sun Tzu, on the other hand, was a military strategist whose "Art of War" remains a classic guide to military strategy and conflict management. His principles emphasized the importance of strategy, timing, and psychological warfare, advocating for victory through intelligent manipulation rather than brute force. Sun Tzu's wisdom was not limited to the battlefield; his principles ofleadership and decision-making have found applications in various fields, including business and politics.Zhang Heng, a renowned scientist and inventor of the Han dynasty, made groundbreaking contributions to thefields of astronomy, seismology, and hydraulics. Hiscreation of the water clock, a device that measured time based on the flow of water, was a remarkable feat of engineering. Zhang Heng's work also included the development of the first accurate map of the constellations, as well as the invention of a seismograph that could detect earthquakes hundreds of miles away. His contributions tothe scientific method and the spirit of inquiry werepivotal in the advancement of knowledge and technology in ancient China.These three figures, each in their own way, embody the rich tapestry of ancient Chinese culture and thought. Confucius' emphasis on morality and social harmony, SunTzu's strategic acumen, and Zhang Heng's scientificcuriosity and ingenuity, all contribute to the legacy of ancient China, a legacy that continues to inspire and influence the world.**中国古代名人：传奇人物的风采**在中国悠久的历史长河中，涌现出无数闪耀着智慧、勇气和创新精神的名人。

第53卷第6期2020年11月江西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)Journal of Jiangxi Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)Vol.53No.6Nov.2020基于三大核心原则的干部选拔任用三原则探讨廖志豪1,吴志华2(1.上海对外经贸大学公共管理学系，上海201620；2,华东师范大学公共管理学院，上海200062)摘要：党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国是贯穿中国特色社会主义政治及其制度体系建设的三大核心原则。

中国特色社会主义政治制度体系包含干部人事制度，而干部选拔任用制度是干部人事制度的首要单项制度，干部选拔任用制度从属于中国特色社会主义政治的制度体系。

贯穿整个政治制度体系建设的三大核心原则必然需要落实于干部选拔任用制度之中，延伸出或转化出干部选拔任用制度的若干对应原则，党管干部、扩大民主、依法选任是三项合适的对应原则。

补充性探讨三大核心原则的合法性基础，论述党管干部、扩大民主、依法选任三项原则的对应性以及在干部选拔任用制度中的贯彻体现，并从三项原则视角提出进一步完善干部选拔任用制度所需要研究和关注的问题非常具有现实意义。

关键词：干部选拔任用；党管干部；扩大民主;依法选任中图分类号:D26文献标识码:A文章编号：1000-579(2020)06-0003-08Three Principles of Cadre Selection and Appointment Based on theThree Core Principles of Socialism With Chinese CharacteristicsLIAO Zhihao1,WU Zhihua2(1.Department of Public Administration,Shanghai University of International Business and Economics,Shanghai201620；2.School of Public Administration,East China Normal University,Shanghai200062,China)Abstract:The leadership of Party,the people's ownership and the rule of law are the three core principles running through the construction of socialist politics with Chinese characteristics and its system.The political system of socialism with Chinese characteristics includes the cadre and person­nel system.The cadre selection and appointment system are the primary single system of the cadreand personnel system.The cadre selection and appointment system are subordinate to the system of socialist politics with Chinese characteristics.The three core principles throughout the construction ofthe whole political system must be implemented in the cadre selection and appointment system,and some corresponding principles of the cadre selection and appointment system should be extended or transformed.The three appropriate corresponding principles are the supervising cadres by the Party, extending democracy and selecting and appointing cadres according to law.This paper will discussthe legitimacy basis of the three core principles,discussing the correspondence of the three principlesof the party governing cadres,expanding democracy and selecting and appointing cadres according to收稿日期：2020-03-16基金项目：国家社会科学基金重点项目“新时代干部选拔任用制度的改革路径和机制优化研究”(编号：19AZZ010)作者简介:廖志豪(1972-)，男，湖北襄阳人，博士，上海对外经贸大学讲师。

商业、财政、管理类就业职位Job Titles Engaged in Commerce，Financ and Management 商务职位的中英文对照：Directors 董事Accountant会计Accounting Assistant会计助理Accounting Clerk 记帐员Accounting Manager会计部经理Accounting Staff会计人员Accounting Supervisor 会计主管（主任）Accounts Clerk帐务员Administration Manager行政经理Administration Staff行政人员Administration Services Manager行政服务经理Administrative Assistant行政助理Administrative Clerk行政办事员Administrative Coordinator 行政协调员Administrative Staff行政人员Administrator管理者，行政官Analyst分析员Area Representative地区代表Assistant助理Assistant Manager副经理Assistant Researcher助理研究员Assistant to General Manager总经理助理Auditor审计员，查账员Board Chairman董事长，董事局主席Bond Analyst证券分析员Bond Dealer证券交易员Bond Trader证券交易员Bookkeeper簿记员Broder经纪人Business Assistant业务助理Business Controller业务总管（主任）Business Manager业务经理Cardmember Service Representative卡片会员服务代表Cashier出纳员Certified Public Accountant会计师Chairman of the Board董事长，董事局主席Chief Accountant主任会计Clerk文员，办事员；店员Clerk Typist文书打字员Clerk Typist & Secretary文书打字兼秘书Commercial Manager商务经理Controller总监，总管；检验员Coordinator协调员Copyist抄写员Costing Analyst成本分析员Credit Clerk信用部职员Credit Man信用调查员Credit Manager信用部经理Customer Service Coordinator顾客服务协调员Customs Clearance Officer报关员，报关主任Customs Officer海关人员Data Processing Clerk资料处理员Dealer交易员Direct Marketing Data Specialist直销数据专家Director董事、主任Distribution Coordinator销售协调员Economist经济师Employee职员Employee Relations Manager员工关系经理Executive Assistant行政助理Executive Director常务董事Executive Secretary行政秘书Export Clerk出口人员Export Sales Manager外销部经理Export Sales Staff外销员Filing Clerk档案管理员Finance Executive财政主管Financial Ana1yst财务分析员Financial Controller财务总监（主任）Financial Manager财务经理Financial Reporter财务报告人Fund Manager财务经理FX （Foreign Exchange）Clerk外汇员FX Settlement Clerk外汇结算员General Administrator行政长General Auditor审计长General Manager总经理Human Resources Manager人力资源部经理Import Coordinator进口协调员Import Liaison Staff进口联络员Insurance Actuary保险核计员，理赔员International Grain Trader国际谷物贸易员International Marketer国际市场交易员International Sales Staff国际营销人员Junior Secretary初级秘书Management Consultant管理顾问Management Coordinator管理协调员Management Trainee管理见习员Manager经理Manageress女经理Managing Director常务董事Market Analyst市场分析员Market Deve1opment Manager市场发展经理Market Oriented Staffer市场销售人员Market Researcher市场研究员Marketing Assistant营销助理Marketing Executive营销主管Marketing Manager销售经理Marketing Officer销售人员Marketing Personnel销售人员Marketing Representative销售代表Marketing Research Manager销售研究经理Materials Supervisor物资主管Merchandiser商品业务员Money Market Dealer金融市场交易员Office Administrator办公室主任Office Assistant办公室助理Office Boy办公室勤务员Office Clerk职同、办事员、Office Staff办公室职员Office Worker办公室职员Operational Manager管理经理Operations Clerk操作员Personal Assistant私人助理Personal secretary私人秘书Personnel Administrator人事主任Personnel Clerk人事部职员Personnel Manager人事经理Personnel Staff人事部职员Personnel Supervisor人事主管Planner设计者，策划员President董事长Private Secretary私人秘书Procurement and Logistics Manager采购后勤经理Product Specialist产品专家Production Inspector生产检查员Production Manager生产经理Production Planner生产计划主任Production Supervisor生产主任Professional Staff专业人员Project Staff策划人员Promotional Manager推销部经理Public Relations Manager公共关系经理Purchaser采购员Purchasing Agent购买经纪人（进货员）Purchasing Clerk采购员Purchasing Department Administrator采购部主任Purchasing Officer采购员Q C Inspector品质控制（质量管理）检验员Quality Assurance Supervisor品质保证主任Quality Engineer品质工程师Real Estate Staff房地产人员Recruitment Coordinator招聘协调员Regional Manager区域经理Remittance Clerk汇款员Representative代表Research Assistant研究助理Researcher研究员Sales Administration Clerk销售行政人员Sales Assistant销售助理Sales Clerk售货员，店员Sales Coordinator销售协调员Sales Engineer销售工程师Sales Executive营销主管Sales Liaison Staffer销售联络员Sales Manager销售部主任Salesperson推销员，售货员Sales Planning Staff销售计划员Sales Promotion Manager推销部经理Sales Representative销售代表Sales Supervisor销售主任Secretarial Assistant秘书助理Secretarial Clerk文秘人员Secretary秘书Secretary to the Manager经理秘书Senior Accountant高级会计师Senior Consultant高级顾问Senior Economist高级经济师Senior Secretary高级秘书Settlement Clerk结算员，清算员Shipping Clerk装运人员Shop Coordinator商店经理Statistician统计员Stenographer速记员Stock Broker证券经纪人Supervisor主管，管理员Tax Collector税务员Technical Salesman技术推销员Trade Finance Executive进出口财务主管Trainees Manager管理受训人员的经理Trainer训练专家Training Coordinator培训协调员。

World Economy Still Faces Great Challenges By Lily WangT he 19th International FinanceForum Annual Meeting washeld between December 2to 4 in Guangzhou, during which a leaders dialogue meeting and report seminars also took place.Leaders from world institutions shared their insights about global economic difficulties and complexities in a candid way. They all agreed that geopolitical conflicts, food and energy security, the fragile macro-economy, and ever-increasing inflation have exerted a deep impact on the global economy.A more sustainable and inter-dependent world economy is neededJin Liqun, President of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), said that despite the current difficult situation, we cannot ignore the task of pushing the world economy towards net zero. It is imperative to be better prepared in order to cope with the natural crisis caused by climate change, and the key is to use resources more efficiently. He continued: “It is not only important to break our patterns of thought, but also our patterns of action.”Li Bo, Vice President of IMF, said that the world is faced with three “top priorities” in coping with climate change:carbon pricing, climate financing, andfair and equitable transformation. He saidthat if the plans laid out in the ParisAgreement are to be implemented,the current average global carbon priceof U SD 6 per ton must be raised toUSD 75 per ton. There is an urgent needto introduce a combination of policies,including carbon taxes, carbon tradingemissions and regulatory measures; moreprivate capital needs to be mobilized tofill the funding gaps required for the netzero emission target; and the financial,employment and social policies introducedby various countries also need to takethe people and regions most affected byclimate change into consideration.Mari Elka Pangtestu, ManagingDirector of the World Bank, focused onthe developmental crisis of developingcountries. A number of indicators showthat the complex international situationhas made the problem of poverty moreserious, and 70 million people acrossthe world have become extremelyimpoverished. The national literacyrate and reading abilities of developingcountries have decreased from more than50% to less than 40%, which may lead toan even longer economic recession. MariElka Pangtestu believes that policymakersa n d i n t e r n a t i o n a lfinancial institutions inall countries should act asearly as possible to investin human capital, naturalcapital, real capital, etc.,provide multilateralfinancing and preferentialloans to countries in need,and promote recoverythrough internationalcooperation.Zhu Xian, IFF VicePresident and SecretaryGeneral, said that atpresent, all economicuncertainties or risks are shrouded in theshadow of the confrontation betweenglobalization and de-globalization.In the past, globalization has madethe global economy dynamic. Theinformation technology revolution hascaused the cost of telecommunicationsand shipping to decline, enablingresources to be allocated on a large scaleworldwide. This has further promotedglobalization, and globalization hasbenefited many countries. Countries likeChina have fully enjoyed the dividendsof globalization, and the Chineseeconomy has become a very importantpart of the global supply chain.Leaders of world institutionsbelieve that the world today needs amore sustainable and inter-dependenteconomy.Zhu Xian hopes that all parties canreach a new consensus, uphold the goodvalues of globalization, and allow all kindsof regional cooperation and globalizationto interact with each other. “If we cannotreach a consensus on globalization, thewhole global economy will not be able toachieve a better state of development inthe next 5-10 years,” he said.Li Bo reviewed the great benefitsbrought about by globalization overthe past three decades. It is his beliefthat 1.5 billion people across the worldhave been lifted out of poverty, and theglobal GDP has increased three times.In his view, we should collectivelyagree to a consensus and strengthencooperation in key areas. Internationalfinancial institutions (such as the IMFand the World Bank) need to continueto reform, in order to make sure thatemerging economies and developingcountries have a higher share which is inline with their economic size. This willstrongly support global efforts to addressclimate change.Jin Liqun suggested that weshould help countries with weakrisk-prevention abilities formulatereasonable macroeconomic policies. Themobilization of private sector resourcesrequires a clean and fair government,as well as a sound and reasonableregulatory mechanism. “We must alsoremind ourselves that we should notgive orders to low-income countriesin a condescending manner, but mustinstead respond to their real needs.” 16International financial system faces changesThe world’s economic growth is slowing down, and the risk of recession is increasing every day. The current international financial system is facing great changes at present. John Lipsky, Vice Chairman of the Bretton Woods System Committee (BWC) and former First Vice President of the IMF, explained that the proliferation of trade protectionism and financial sanctions may threaten the international system which is based on rules, as well as the fundamental ways to achieve success in the past. This will ultimately shake the foundation of global growth.John Lipsky said it has been 14 years since the first G20 Summit was held, but the supervision of the capital market has not kept pace with the times. A Banking Union has not been established in the EU, nor has a capital market alliance been established. As the number of non-bank financial institutions continue to grow, those financial institutions with systemic importance are still outside the scope of regulations. In terms of establishing a common framework for G20 debt treatment, the common framework inheriting the Paris Club has made limited progress, and some vulnerable economies have already defaulted. So far, the efforts to jointly reduce debt and solve debt issues have made little progress.Guillermo Ortiz, IFF Counselor, Former Governor of the Mexico Central Bank and former president of BIS, discovered a very dangerous situation set against the background of COVID-19 pandemic: institutions like the Federal Reserve have become the international lenders. He said that the central bank is the “last line of defense” and needs to play a role in treating emergencies. However, it has become lenders that may affect international politics.Furthermore, Guillermo Ortiz also mentioned the impact of the Russia-U kraine war on the global economy. Economic achievements have been destroyed by political turbulence. The food crisis and spreading pandemic have compounded the situation: “The world’s economic system is inter-connected. Ashock in a particular country will spreadacross the whole system.”The stir caused by cryptocurrencyin the international financial system,and the diff iculties it faces, havegarnered wide attention. RichardBerner, NYU Stern Finance Professorand Co-Director of the Stern Volatilityand Risk Institute, said that it isimportant to strengthen the supervisionof digital assets to protect consumersand investors and promote fair andeffective market stability.Zhang Liqing, IFF AcademicMember and Director of the Centerfor International Finance Studies ofthe Central University of Finance andEconomics, reminded people of the“undercurrent” of reserve currenciesin the new international situation. Hesaid that, as a major reserve currency,the position of the U.S. dollar hasbeen declining over the past decade.After the outbreak of the COVID-19p a n d e m i c, t h e U n i t e d S t a t e sadopted quantitative easing policies,resulting in high inf lation and thesharp appreciation of the U.S. dollarsince April this year. If such a trendcontinues, the U.S. double deficit willweaken the U.S. dollar, which will inturn eventually damage the credibilityof the dollar.Zhang Liqing emphasized thatthe euro and RMB should challengethe reserve currency status of the U.S.dollar. The proportion and share ofthe euro + RMB in the global reservecurrency will further increase. However,for the EU and China, it is ver yimportant to provide stronger currencysupport, including maintaining dynamiceconomic growth and increasing thecredibility of the economic and financialenvironment. “For China, it is necessaryto further deepen market-orientedeconomic reform, accelerate financialopening, and create a more friendlybusiness environment and investmentenvironment.”Global cooperation to tackleglobal challengesHow should we deal with themounting challenges? Joaquim Levy,President of Economic Strategy andMarket Relations of Safra Bank andformer finance minister of Brazil, saidthat global cooperation has becomemore important than ever before, andit is necessary to create policy dialogue,especially in the financial field. Suchdialogue can solve the problem offragmentation: “We must not damagethe infrastructure built over the past70 years, because it has saved morethan one billion people from povertyand has also greatly improved globalwell-being.”Joh n L ip sk y s a id t h at it i snecessary to introduce a more effectivemec ha n ism in econom ic pol ic ycoordination. It is imperative to expandglobal trade within the framework ofmultilateralism, so as to help the globalmarket improve its efficiency and escapethe risk of recession.Experts at the meeting agreedthat international financial institutionsshould play a greater role. Zhang Liqing,said that the IMF needs institutionalreform, and should promote thereallocation of quotas, even if this is apurely symbolic measure. “On the otherhand, we should also promote moresubstantial progress. The IMF needs tomobilize more resources to deal withthe possible financial crisis, especiallythe debt crisis of low-income countries,because such a risk will exist in the nextfew years.”In addition, many participantsemphasiz ed t he sig n if ica nce ofmultilateralism. The former governor ofMexico’s Central Bank and presidentof BIS Guillermo Ortiz put it frankly:“How can we promote multilateralism?The fundamental thing is to reducetensions between China and Westerncountries.”The International Financial Forum(IFF) is a non-profit, unofficial andindependent international organization.It was jointly launched in October 2003by leaders of G20 countries (such asChina, the United States and Europeancountries), emerging economies, aswell as the United Nations, the WorldBank, the International Monetary Fundand other international organizations.It is a high-level permanent dialoguemechanism and multilateral cooperationinstitution in the global financial field,17。