Change-point in the mean of dependent observations 1

Chemical Engineering Journal125(2006)111–117Kinetic modelling of the adsorption of nitratesby ion exchange resinM.Chabani a,A.Amrane b,∗,A.Bensmaili aa Facult´e de G´e nie des Proc´e d´e s et G´e nie M´e canique,U.S.T.H.B.BP32,El Allia,Bab ezzouar,Algeriab Equipe Chimie et Ing´e nierie des Proc´e d´e s-ENSCR/Universit´e de rennes1,UMR CNRS6226“Sciences chimiques de Rennes”,ENSCR,Campus de Beaulieu,av.du G´e n´e ral Leclerc,35700Rennes,FranceReceived21April2006;received in revised form17July2006;accepted6August2006AbstractThe capacity of ion exchange resins,Amberlite IRA400,for removal of nitrates from aqueous solution was investigated under different initial concentrations.The suitability of the Freundlich,Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption models to the equilibrium data was investigated.The equilibrium data obtained in this study were found to follow Freundlich adsorption isotherm.The maximum sorption capacity was769.2mg/g at25◦C.Reversible-first-order,intraparticle diffusion,film diffusion and Bangham models were used tofit the experimental data. The adsorption of nitrates on Amberlite IRA400resin follows reversible-first-order kinetics.The overall rate constants were estimated for different initial concentrations.Results of the intra-particle diffusion and thefilm diffusion models show that thefilm diffusion was the main rate-limiting step.The low correlation of data to the Bangham’s equation also confirms that diffusion of nitrates into pores of the resin was not the only rate-controlling step.The thermodynamic constants of adsorption phenomena, H◦and S◦were found to be−26.122kJ/mol and−68.76J/mol in the range298–318K and+19.205kJ/mol and+68.76J/mol in the range318–343K,respectively.The negative values of the Gibbs free energy ( G)demonstrate the spontaneous nature of adsorption of nitrates onto Amberlite IRA400.©2006Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.Keywords:Adsorption;Resin;Nitrates;Kinetics1.IntroductionSeveral nitrogenous compounds,including ammonia,nitrite and nitrate are frequently present in drinking water[1].Nitrates can cause several environmental problems.Nitrates and phos-phates can stimule eutrophication where pollution is caused in waterways by heavy algal growth,as they are both rate-limiting nutrients for process.A high concentration of nitrate-nitrogen in drinking water leads to the production of nitrosamine,which is related to cancer,and increases the risks of diseases such as methemoglobinemia in new-born infants[2,3].Several methods that serve to reduce nitrates in drinking water have been developed.The use of biological reactor seems to be the most promising technique in the treatment of high nitrate concentrations.However,maintaining biological processes at their optimum conditions is difficult,and the problems of con-∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+33223235755;fax:+33223238120.E-mail address:abdeltif.amrane@univ-rennes1.fr(A.Amrane).tamination by dead-bacteria have to be solved to make such processes satisfactory for a safety use in drinking water treat-ment.Adsorption is a useful process for in situ treatment of underground and surface water,primarily due to it’s easy of use [3].Adsorbent resins are considered the most promising owing to their chemical stability and ability to control surface chemistry [4].The characteristics of adsorption behaviour are generally inferred in terms of both adsorption kinetics and equilibrium isotherms.They are also important tools to understand the adsorption mechanism,viz.the theoretical evaluation and inter-pretation of thermodynamic parameters[5,6].The objective of this study was to investigate equilibrium and kinetic parameters for the removal of nitrates from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto an ionized adsorbent,Amberlite IRA400.The Langmuir,Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R)equations were used tofit the equilibrium isotherms.Ther-modynamic parameters were also evaluated through adsorption measurements.1385-8947/$–see front matter©2006Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2006.08.014112M.Chabani et al./Chemical Engineering Journal125(2006)111–117Nomenclatureb Langmuir constant(cm3/mg)C0initial concentration in solution(mg/l)C e equilibrium concentration(mg/l)C t concentration at time t(mg/l)D p pore diffusion coefficient(cm2/s)D ffilm diffusion coefficient(cm2/s)E free energy of adsorption(kJ/mol)G Gibbs free energy(kJ/mol)H◦enthalpy of adsorption(kJ/mol)k overall rate constant of adsorption(min−1)k1forward rate constant(min−1)k2backward rate constant(min−1)k d distribution constant(l/g)k f Freundlich’s constant related to the sorptioncapacityk i intraparticle diffusion parameter(mg/g min0.5)m mass of adsorbent(g)n Freundlich’s constant related to the sorptionintensity of a sorbentq the amount of nitrates adsorbed or transferred(mg/l)q o maximum adsorption capacity(mg/g)q e adsorption capacity in equilibrium(mg/g)q t amount of adsorption at time t(mg/g)R ideal gas constant(8.314J/mol K)R p radius of the adsorbent(cm)S◦entropy of adsorption(J/mol K)t time(min)t1/2time for half adsorption(min)T temperature(K)v volume of solution(l)Greek letterεfilm thickness(cm)2.Materials2.1.Pre-treatment of resinBefore use,the resin was washed in distilled water to remove the adhering dirt and then dried at50◦C.After drying,the resin was screened to obtain a particle size range of0.3–0.8mm.2.2.The resin characteristicsThe main characteristics of the Amberlite IRA400(Merck, Darmstadt,Germany),a macroporous anion exchange resin,are given in Table1.2.3.Nitrate solutionsThe stock solution of NO3−used in this study was prepared by dissolving an accurate quantity of KNO3in distilled water.Table1Characteristics of Amberlite IRA400ion exchange resinPolymer matrix Polystyrene DVBFunctional group–N+R3Ionic form Cl−Exchange capacity 2.6–3eq kg−1of dry massAppearance Yellow to golden spherical beads,translucent Effective size0.3–0.8mmWater retention42–48%Visual density in wet state0.66–0.73g/mlTrue density in wet state 1.07–1.10g/mlA range of dilutions,1–18mg/l,was prepared from the stock solution.2.4.Sorption experimentsThe pH of the aqueous solutions of NO3−was approximately 6.8and did not varied significantly with the dilution.The effect of temperature on the sorption rate of nitrates on Amberlite IRA400was investigated by equilibrating the sorption mix-ture(800ml)containing dried resin(2g)and nitrates(15mg/l) in a temperature range298–343K.The solutions were placed in flasks and stirred for3h.Experiments were mainly carried out without initial adjustment of the pH.Preliminary tests showed that the adsorption was complete after1h.The concentration of residual nitrate ions was determined spectrophotometrically according to Rodier protocol[7].The sorption capacity at time t,q t(mg/g)was obtained as follows: q t=(C0−C t)vm(1) where C0and C t(mg/l)were the liquid-phase concentrations of solutes at the initial and a given time t,respectively,v(l)the volume of solution and m the mass resin(g).The amount of adsorption at equilibrium,q e was given by: q e=(C0−C e)vm(2) C e(mg/l)was the concentration of nitrates at equilibrium.The distribution constant k d was calculated using the follow-ing equation:k d=Amount of nitrates in adsorbentAmount of nitrates in solution×vm.(3) 3.Results and discussion3.1.Adsorption isothermsSorption equilibrium is usually described by an isotherm equation whose parameters express the surface properties and affinity of the sorbent,at afixed temperature and pH[8].An adsorption isotherm describes the relationship between the amount of adsorbate adsorbed on the adsorbent and the con-centration of dissolved adsorbate in the liquid at equilibrium. Equations often used to describe the experimental isotherm data are those developed by Freundlich[9],by Langmuir[10]and by Dubinin-Radushkevich[11].The Freundlich and LangmuirM.Chabani et al./Chemical Engineering Journal 125(2006)111–117113isotherms are the most commonly used to describe the adsorp-tion characteristics of adsorbent used in water and wastewater.3.1.1.Freundlich isotherm (1906)The empirical model can be applied to non-ideal sorption on heterogeneous surfaces as well as multilayer sorption and is expresses by the following equation:q e =k f C 1/ne(4)n and k f are the Freundlich constants.The fit of data to Freundlich isotherm indicates the hetero-geneity of the sorbent surface.The magnitude of the exponent 1/n gives an indication of the adequacy and capacity of the adsor-bent/adsorbate system [12].In most cases,an exponent between 1and 10shows beneficial adsorption.The linear plot of ln q e versus ln C e (Fig.1)shows that the adsorption obeys to the Fre-undlich model.k f and n were determined from the Freundlich plot and found to be 0.982and 1.074(Fig.1),respectively.n values above 1indicate favourable adsorption.ngmuir isotherm (1916)The Langmuir model is probably the best known and most widely applied sorption isotherm.It may be represented as fol-lows:q e =q o bC e1+bC e (5)The Langmuir constants q o and b are related to the adsorption capacity and the energy of adsorption,respectively.The linear plot of 1/q e versus 1/C e shows that the adsorption obeys to the Langmuir model (Fig.2),and gave the following values for q o and b ,769.2mg/g and 1.02cm 3/mg,respectively.3.1.3.Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R)isothermRadushkevich [13]and Dubinin [14]have reported that the characteristic sorption curve is related to the porous structure of the sorbent.The sorption data were applied to the D-R model in order to distinguish between physical and chemical adsorption [15].The D-R equation was given by:ln q e =ln q o −βε2(6)Fig.1.Linearized Freundlich isotherm (Eq.(4))for nitrates adsorption by Amberlite IRA 400;T =25◦C,pH 6.8,adsorbent dose 1.25g/l.Fig.2.Linearized Langmuir isotherm (Eq.(5))for nitrates adsorption by Amber-lite IRA 400;T =25◦C,pH 6.8,adsorbent dose 1.25g/l.where βwas the activity coefficient related to mean sorption energy and εthe Polanyi potential given by:ε=RT ln1+1e (7)where R was the gas constant (kJ/mol K)and T the temperature (K).The slope of the plot ln q e versus εgives β(mol 2/J 2)and the ordinate intercept yields the sorption capacity q o (mg/g).The mean sorption energy (E )is given by E =1/√−2β;for a magnitude of E between 8and 16kJ/mol,the adsorption process follows chemical ion-exchange [6,16],while values of E below 8kJ/mol characterize a physical adsorption process [17].The plot of ln q e against ε2for nitrate ions sorption on resin is shown in Fig.3.The E value was 40.8J/mol,which corresponds to a physical adsorption.The linear correlation coefficients for Freundlich,Langmuir and D-R are shown in Table 2,and are always greater than 0.980.The Freundlich equation represents a better fit of experimental data than Langmuir and D-Requations.Fig.3.Radushkevich-Dubinin isotherm (Eq.(6))for nitrates adsorption by Amberlite IRA 400;T =25◦C,pH 6.8,adsorbent dose 1.25g/l.114M.Chabani et al./Chemical Engineering Journal 125(2006)111–117Table 2Isotherm parameters collected for removal of nitrates by Amberlite IRA 400Freundlich constants k f 0.982n 1.074R 20.9951Langmuir constants q o (mg/g)769.2b (cm 3/mg) 1.02R 20.9933D-R constants q o (mg/g)76.5E (J/mol)40.8R 20.9873.2.Adsorption kinetics3.2.1.Effect of initial concentrationsPredicting the adsorption rate,in addition to the adsorbate residence time and the reactor dimensions,controlled by the system’s kinetics,are probably the most important factors in adsorption system design [18].Preliminary experiments showed high initial rates of adsorp-tion of nitrates followed by lower rates near equilibrium.Kinet-ics of nitrates removal at 298K showed high rates during the initial 15min,and decreased thereafter until nearly constant val-ues after 40min of adsorption (Fig.4).In batch adsorption processes the adsorbate molecules diffuse in porous adsorbent and the rate process usually depends upon t 1/2rather than the contact time,t [19,20]:q t =k i t 0.5(8)The plot of q t ,the amount of adsorbate adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbent versus square root of time has been com-monly used to describe an adsorption process controlled by diffusion in the adsorbent particle and consecutive diffusion in the bulk of the solution [21].Therefore,as can be observed in Fig.5,adsorption was linear and charaterized by extremelyfastFig.4.Time-courses of nitrates adsorption for different initial concentrations of nitricnitrogen.Fig.5.Effect of t 1/2on adsorption of nitrates by Amberlite IRA 400(Eq.(8)),adsorbent dose 1.25g/l,pH 6.8.uptake.During this phase,nitrates were adsorbed within a t 1/2value of about 10min;this behaviour can be attributed to the rapid use of the most readily available adsorbing sites on the adsorbent surface.After this phase,adsorption became negligi-ble.It may be attributed to a very slow diffusion of adsorbed nitrates from the film surface into the micropores,which are the less accessible sites of adsorption [20,22,23].Fig.5shows two consecutive linear steps during the adsorption of nitrates on Amberlite IRA 400,and the deviation from the straight line indicates that the pore diffusion is not the only rate-limiting step.The slope of the linear portion from Fig.5was used to derive values for the rate parameter,k i ,for the intra-particle diffusion (Eq.(8)).The results show that intraparticle diffusion model was valid for the considered system.Kinetic parameters and correlation coefficients obtained by the intra-particle model are given in Table 3.The values of k i increased for increasing initial concentrations.Kinetic data can further be used to check whether pore-diffusion was the only rate-controlling step or not in the adsorp-tion system using Bangham’s equation [24–26]:log log C 0C 0−qm =log k B m2.303v+a log t (9)As observed,the model did not match experimental data(Fig.6),showing that the diffusion in the pores of the sorbent wasTable 3Intraparticle diffusion (Eq.(8))kinetic parameters for adsorption of nitrates on Amberlite IRA 400resin at different concentrations Concentration of nitric nitrogen (mg/l)Intraparticle diffusion Correlation coefficient R 2Kinetic parameters,k i (mg/g min 0.5)10.8740.5120.990 1.23.50.987 2.9150.990 3.93100.9038.75140.98211.7180.96615.5M.Chabani et al./Chemical Engineering Journal125(2006)111–117115Fig.6.Fit of adsorption kinetics at different initial concentrations of nitric nitro-gen by means of the Bangham’s model(Eq.(9)).not the only rate-controlling step.The correlation coefficients given by the Bangham’s equation(Fig.6)confirmed that the model did notfit satisfactory experimental data.Similar results were previously reported for4-CP adsorption by macroreticular resins[27]and for adsorption of4-chlorophenol by XAD-4[12].3.2.2.First-order reversible modelWhen a single species is considered to adsorb on a hetero-geneous surface,the adsorption of a solute from an aqueous solution follows reversible-first-order kinetics[28,29].The het-erogeneous equilibrium between the solute in solution and the ion exchange resin may be expressed as:A k1k2B,(10)With k1the forward reaction rate and k2the backward reaction rate constant.If C0(mg/l)was the initial concentration of nitrates and q(mg/l)the amount transferred from the liquid phase to the solid phase at a given time t,then the rate was:d q d t =−d(C0−q)d t=k(C0−q)(11)where k(min−1)is the overall reaction rate constant.Since k1 (min−1)and k2(min−1)are the rate constants for the forward and the reverse processes,the rate can be expressed as:d qd t=k1(C0−q)−k2q(12)If X e(mg/l)represents the concentration of nitrates adsorbed at equilibrium,then at equilibrium:k1(C0−X e)−k2X e=0,d qd t=(k1+k2)(X e−q)(13) after integration,The above equation can be rearranged:ln(1−U t)=−(k1+k2)t=−kt(14) where U t=q/X e and k was the overall rate constant;U t,called the fractional attainment of equilibrium of nitrates,is givenby Fig.7.Fit of adsorption kinetics at different initial concentrations of nitric nitro-gen by means of the reversible-first-order model(Eq.(14)).the following expression:U t=C0−C tC0−C e(15) where C0,C t and C e were the initial nitrates concentration,its concentration at a given time t and at equilibrium,respectively. The overall constant rate k for a given concentration corre-sponded to the slope of the straight line of the plot ln(1−U t) versus t(Fig.7).The equilibrium constant and the forward and backward constant rates k1and k2were calculated using Eq.(14)and are collected in Table4.The high correlation coefficient values,if compared to that given in the available literature[30],confirm the applicability of the model.It could be seen that the forward rate constants for the removal of nitrates were much higher than the backward rate constants for the des-orption process(Table4).The constant rates depend on the adsorption capacity,the diffusion coefficient,the effective mass transfer area,the hydrodynamic of the system and other physico-chemical parameters.Ourfinding agreed with previous results [12].3.2.3.Diffusion processIn order to assess the nature of the diffusion process respon-sible for adsorption of nitrates on Amberlite IRA400,attempts were made to calculate the coefficients of the process.Iffilm dif-fusion was to be the rate-determining step in the adsorption of nitrates on the surface of the resin,the value of thefilm diffusion coefficient(D f)should be in the range10−6to10−8cm2/s.If pore diffusion was to be rate limiting,the pore diffusion coeffi-cient(D p)should be in the range10−11to10−13cm2/s[31,32]. Assuming spherical geometry for the sorbent,the overall rate constant of the process can be correlated with the pore diffu-sion coefficient and thefilm diffusion coefficient independently according to[29]:Pore diffusion coefficient:D p=0.03R2pt1/2,(16)andfilm diffusion coefficient:D f=0.23R pε1/2q(17)116M.Chabani et al./Chemical Engineering Journal125(2006)111–117 Table4Constant rates for the removal of nitrates with Amberlite IRA400resin using reversible-first-order model(Eq.(14))C0(mg/l)Correlationcoefficients,R2Overall rate constant,k=k1+k2(min−1)Forward rate constant,k1(min−1)Backward rate constant,k2(min−1)10.9540.0860.0680.018 20.9940.0890.0770.012 3.50.9780.1160.1070.009 50.9850.1410.1290.011 100.9800.1370.1280.008 140.9750.1650.1510.013 180.9920.1630.1460.017 where R p was the radius of the adsorbent(R p=0.045cm),εthefilm thickness(10−3cm)[19],q(mg/l)the amount of nitratesadsorbed and C0the initial concentration.By considering theappropriate data and the respective overall rate constants,poreandfilm diffusion coefficients for various concentrations ofnitrates were determined(Table5).It clearly appeared thatnitrates removal on Amberlite IRA400resin was controlledbyfilm diffusion since coefficient values were in the range10−6to10−8cm2/s.3.3.Thermodynamic studiesThe amounts of sorption of nitrates ions by Amberlite IRA400were measured in the range temperature298–343K.Ther-modynamic parameters were determined using the followingrelation[15,33–36]:ln k d= S◦R−H◦RT(18)where k d was the distribution coefficient, H, S,and T the enthalpy,entropy and temperature(in Kelvin),respectively,and R was the gas constant.The values of enthalpy( H)and entropy ( S)were obtained from the slope and intercept of ln(k d)versus 1/T plot.Fig.8shows two linear parts in the temperature range explored.Afirst decreasing part for a temperature range from 318to343K,and a second and increasing linear part for a tem-perature range from298to318K.Gibbs free energy( G)was calculated using the well-known equation:G= H−T S(19) The slope was positive in the temperature range298–318K and negative in a second step,from318to343K(Fig.8).The thermodynamic parameters are collected in Table6.Table5Diffusion coefficients for the removal of nitrates by Amberlite IRA400resinC0(mg/l)Pore diffusion coefficient,Eq.(16)(×10−7cm2/s)Film diffusion coefficient, Eq.(17)(×10−8cm2/s)10.670.73 20.780.92 3.50.84 1.06 50.92 1.15 10 1.01 1.29 14 1.26 1.58 18 1.692.06Fig.8.Estimation of thermodynamic parameters(Eq.(18))for the adsorption of nitrates onto Amberlite IRA400.Table6Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of nitrates on Amberlite IRA400 298K308K318K318K333K343K G(kJ/mol)−5.631−4.944−4.256−2.66−3.692−4.38 H◦(kJ/mol)−26.122+19.205S◦(J/mol K)−68.76+68.76For thefirst range from298to318K,the negative value of enthalpy showed that the adsorption of nitrates was exother-mic.The negative values of adsorption entropy indicated that the adsorption process was reversible and demonstrated the sponta-neous nature of adsorption(Table6).In the range318–343K,Gibbs free energy( G)decreased for increasing temperatures,indicating that the reaction was spontaneous and favoured by higher temperatures.The positive value of enthalpy indicated that the adsorption was endothermic. The positive value of adsorption entropy showed the irreversibil-ity of the adsorption process and favoured complexation and stability of sorption.The resultant effect of complex bonding and steric hindrance of the sorbed species probably increased the enthalpy and the entropy of the system.4.ConclusionsThese results show that Amberlite IRA400is an effective adsorbent for the removal of nitrates from aqueous solution.TheM.Chabani et al./Chemical Engineering Journal125(2006)111–117117equilibrium between nitrates and resin was achieved in approx-imately60min,leading to96%removal of nitrates.The corre-lation coefficient showed that Freundlich model gave a betterfit of experimental data than Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich models.Adsorption kinetics was found to followfirst order reversible model expression.Thefilm diffusion was the main rate-limiting step.Temperature variations were used to evaluate enthalpy H, entropy S and Gibbs free energy G values.The negative value of G showed the spontaneous nature of adsorption.In the tem-perature range298–318K, H and S were negative,and the reaction was exothermic and reversible.From318to343K, H and S were positive,and the reaction was endothermic and irre-versible.In addition,positive S values favoured complexation and stability of sorption.References[1]N.¨Ozt¨u rk,T.Ennil Bektas,Nitrate removal from aqueous solution byadsorption onto various materials,J.Hazard.Mater.B112(2004)155–162.[2]H.Bouwer,Agricultural contamination:problems and solutions,WaterEnviron.Technol.(1989)292–297.[3]K.Mizuta,T.Matsumoto,Y.Hatate,K.Nishihara,T.Nakanishi,Removalof nitrate-nitrogen from drinking water using bamboo powder charcoal, Bioresour.Technol.95(2004)255–257.[4]N.I.Chubar,V.F.Samanidou,V.S.Kouts,G.G.Gallios,V.A.Kanibolotsky,V.V.Strelko,I.Z.Zhuravlev,Adsorption offluoride,chloride,bromide,and bromate ions on a novel ion exchanger,J.Colloid Interface Sci.291(2005) 67–74.[5]S.J.Allen,G.Mckay,J.F.Porter,Adsorption isotherm models for basicdye adsorption by peat in single and binary component systems,J.Colloid Interface Sci.280(2004)322–333.[6]A.¨Ozcan,A.S.¨Ozcan,S.Tunali,T.Akar,I.Kiran,Determination of theequilibrium,kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of adsorption of cop-per(II)ions onto seeds of Capsicum annuum,J.Hazard.Mater.B124(2005) 200–208.[7]J.Rodier,Water Analysis,seventh ed.,Dunod,Paris,1996(in French).[8]S.Sohn,D.Kim,Modelisation of Langmuir isotherm in solution systems-definition and utilization of concentration dependent factor,Chemosphere 58(2005)115–123.[9]H.M.F.Freundlich,¨Uber die adsorption in l¨o sungen,Zeitschrift f¨u rPhysikalische Chemie(Leipzig)57A(1906)385–470.[10]ngmuir,The constitution and fundamental properties of solids andliquids,J.Am.Chem.Soc.38(11)(1916)2221–2295.[11]M.M.Dubinin,E.D.Zaverina,L.V.Radushkevich,Sorbtsiyai strukturaaktivnykh uglei.I.Issledovanie adsorbtsii organicheskikh parov,Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii21(11)(1947)1351–1363.[12]M.S.Bilgili,Adsorption of4-chlorophenol from aqueous solutions byXAD-4resin:isotherm,kinetic,and thermodynamic analysis,J.Hazard.Mater.137(2006)157–164.[13]L.V.Radushkevich,Potential theory of sorption and structure of carbons,Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii23(1949)1410–1420.[14]M.M.Dubinin,Modern state of the theory of volumefilling of microporeadsorbents during adsorption of gases and steams on carbon adsorbents, Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii39(1965)1305–1317.[15]R.Donat,A.Akdogan,E.Erdem,H.Cetisli,Themodynamics of Pb2+andNi2+adsorption onto natural bentonite from aqueous solutions,J.Colloid Interface Sci.286(2005)43–52.[16]F.Helffrich,Ion Exchange,McGraw Hill,New York,1962.[17]M.S.Onyango,Y.Kojima,O.Aoyi,E.C.Bernardo,H.Matsuda,Adsorp-tion equilibrium modelling and solution chemistry dependence offluoride removal from water by trivalent-cation exchange zeolite F-9,J.Colloid Interface Sci.279(2004)341–350.[18]Y.S.Ho,Review of second-order models for adsorption systems,J.Hazard.Mater.136(2006)681–689.[19]W.J.Weber,J.C.Morris,Adsorption Processes for Water Treatment,But-terworth,London,1987.[20]Q.Feng,Q.Lin,F.Gong,S.Sugita,M.Shoya,Adsorption of lead andmercury by rice husk ash,J.Colloid Interface Sci.278(2004)1–8. 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SCI论文摘要中常用的表达方法要写好摘要，需要建立一个适合自己需要的句型库（选择的词汇来源于SCI高被引用论文）引言部分（1）回顾研究背景，常用词汇有review, summarize, present, outline, describe等（2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aim等，另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的壮语老表达（3）介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围，常用词汇有study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等方法部分（1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有test study, investigate, examine,experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等（2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等（3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有use, apply, application等结果部分（1）展示研究结果，常用词汇有show, result, present等（2）介绍结论，常用词汇有summary, introduce,conclude等讨论部分（1）陈述论文的论点和作者的观点，常用词汇有suggest, repot, present, expect, describe 等（2）说明论证，常用词汇有support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等（3）推荐和建议，常用词汇有suggest,suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose,necessity,necessary,expect等。

摘要引言部分案例词汇review•Author(s): ROBINSON, TE; BERRIDGE, KC•Title:THE NEURAL BASIS OF DRUG CRA VING - AN INCENTIVE-SENSITIZATION THEORY OF ADDICTION•Source: BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS, 18 (3): 247-291 SEP-DEC 1993 《脑研究评论》荷兰SCI被引用1774We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.回顾研究背景SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例词汇summarizeAuthor(s): Barnett, RM; Carone, CD; 被引用1571Title: Particles and field .1. Review of particle physicsSource: PHYSICAL REVIEW D, 54 (1): 1-+ Part 1 JUL 1 1996:《物理学评论，D辑》美国引言部分回顾研究背景常用词汇summarizeAbstract: This biennial review summarizes much of Particle Physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 1900 new measurements from 700 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measuredproperties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review.SCI摘要引言部分案例attentionSCI摘要方法部分案例considerSCI高被引摘要引言部分案例词汇outline•Author(s): TIERNEY, L SCI引用728次•Title:MARKOV-CHAINS FOR EXPLORING POSTERIOR DISTRIBUTIONS 引言部分回顾研究背景，常用词汇outline•Source: ANNALS OF STATISTICS, 22 (4): 1701-1728 DEC 1994•《统计学纪事》美国•Abstract: Several Markov chain methods are available for sampling from a posterior distribution. Two important examples are the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis algorithm.In addition, several strategies are available for constructing hybrid algorithms. This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues. On the theoretical side, results from the theory of general state space Markov chains can be used to obtain convergence rates, laws of large numbers and central limit theorems for estimates obtained from Markov chain methods. These theoretical results can be used to guide the construction of more efficient algorithms. For the practical use of Markov chain methods, standard simulation methodology provides several Variance reduction techniques and also gives guidance on the choice of sample size and allocation.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例回顾研究背景presentAuthor(s): L YNCH, M; MILLIGAN, BG SC I被引用661Title: ANAL YSIS OF POPULATION GENETIC-STRUCTURE WITH RAPD MARKERS Source: MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, 3 (2): 91-99 APR 1994《分子生态学》英国Abstract: Recent advances in the application of the polymerase chain reaction make it possible to score individuals at a large number of loci. The RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) method is one such technique that has attracted widespread interest.The analysis of population structure with RAPD data is hampered by the lack of complete genotypic information resulting from dominance, since this enhances the sampling variance associated with single loci as well as induces bias in parameter estimation. We present estimators for several population-genetic parameters (gene and genotype frequencies, within- and between-population heterozygosities, degree of inbreeding and population subdivision, and degree of individual relatedness) along with expressions for their sampling variances. Although completely unbiased estimators do not appear to be possible with RAPDs, several steps are suggested that will insure that the bias in parameter estimates is negligible. To achieve the same degree of statistical power, on the order of 2 to 10 times more individuals need to be sampled per locus when dominant markers are relied upon, as compared to codominant (RFLP, isozyme) markers. Moreover, to avoid bias in parameter estimation, the marker alleles for most of these loci should be in relatively low frequency. Due to the need for pruning loci with low-frequency null alleles, more loci also need to be sampled with RAPDs than with more conventional markers, and sole problems of bias cannot be completely eliminated.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例词汇describe•Author(s): CLONINGER, CR; SVRAKIC, DM; PRZYBECK, TR•Title: A PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL MODEL OF TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER•Source: ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, 50 (12): 975-990 DEC 1993《普通精神病学纪要》美国•引言部分回顾研究背景，常用词汇describe 被引用926•Abstract: In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and character. Previous research has confirmed four dimensions of temperament: novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence, which are independently heritable, manifest early in life, and involve preconceptual biases in perceptual memory and habit formation. For the first time, we describe three dimensions of character that mature in adulthood and influence personal and social effectiveness by insight learning about self-concepts.Self-concepts vary according to the extent to which a person identifies the self as (1) an autonomous individual, (2) an integral part of humanity, and (3) an integral part of the universe as a whole. Each aspect of self-concept corresponds to one of three character dimensions called self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence, respectively. We also describe the conceptual background and development of a self-report measure of these dimensions, the Temperament and Character Inventory. Data on 300 individuals from the general population support the reliability and structure of these seven personality dimensions. We discuss the implications for studies of information processing, inheritance, development, diagnosis, and treatment.摘要引言部分案例•（2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aimSCI高被引摘要引言部分案例attempt说明写作目的•Author(s): Donoho, DL; Johnstone, IM•Title: Adapting to unknown smoothness via wavelet shrinkage•Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, 90 (432): 1200-1224 DEC 1995 《美国统计学会志》被引用429次•Abstract: We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data. We introduce a procedure, SureShrink, that suppresses noise by thresholding the empirical wavelet coefficients. The thresholding is adaptive: A threshold level is assigned to each dyadic resolution level by the principle of minimizing the Stein unbiased estimate of risk (Sure) for threshold estimates. The computational effort of the overall procedure is order N.log(N) as a function of the sample size N. SureShrink is smoothness adaptive: If the unknown function contains jumps, then the reconstruction (essentially) does also; if the unknown function has a smooth piece, then the reconstruction is (essentially) as smooth as the mother wavelet will allow. The procedure is in a sense optimally smoothness adaptive: It is near minimax simultaneously over a whole interval of the Besov scale; the size of this interval depends on the choice of mother wavelet. We know from a previous paper by the authors that traditional smoothing methods-kernels, splines, and orthogonal series estimates-even with optimal choices of the smoothing parameter, would be unable to perform in a near-minimax way over many spaces in the Besov scale.Examples of SureShrink are given. The advantages of the method are particularly evident when the underlying function has jump discontinuities on a smooth backgroundSCI高被引摘要引言部分案例To investigate说明写作目的•Author(s): OLTV AI, ZN; MILLIMAN, CL; KORSMEYER, SJ•Title: BCL-2 HETERODIMERIZES IN-VIVO WITH A CONSERVED HOMOLOG, BAX, THAT ACCELERATES PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH•Source: CELL, 74 (4): 609-619 AUG 27 1993 被引用3233•Abstract: Bcl-2 protein is able to repress a number of apoptotic death programs. To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2's effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins. We identified an associated 21 kd protein partner, Bax, that has extensive amino acid homology with Bcl-2, focused within highly conserved domains I and II. Bax is encoded by six exons and demonstrates a complex pattern of alternative RNA splicing that predicts a 21 kd membrane (alpha) and two forms of cytosolic protein (beta and gamma). Bax homodimerizes and forms heterodimers with Bcl-2 in vivo. Overexpressed Bax accelerates apoptotic death induced by cytokine deprivation in an IL-3-dependent cell line. Overexpressed Bax also counters the death repressor activity of Bcl-2. These data suggest a model in which the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax determines survival or death following an apoptotic stimulus.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例purposes说明写作目的•Author(s): ROGERS, FJ; IGLESIAS, CA•Title: RADIATIVE ATOMIC ROSSELAND MEAN OPACITY TABLES•Source: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 79 (2): 507-568 APR 1992 《天体物理学杂志增刊》美国SCI被引用512•Abstract: For more than two decades the astrophysics community has depended on opacity tables produced at Los Alamos. In the present work we offer new radiative Rosseland mean opacity tables calculated with the OPAL code developed independently at LLNL. We give extensive results for the recent Anders-Grevesse mixture which allow accurate interpolation in temperature, density, hydrogen mass fraction, as well as metal mass fraction. The tables are organized differently from previous work. Instead of rows and columns of constant temperature and density, we use temperature and follow tracks of constant R, where R = density/(temperature)3. The range of R and temperature are such as to cover typical stellar conditions from the interior through the envelope and the hotter atmospheres. Cool atmospheres are not considered since photoabsorption by molecules is neglected. Only radiative processes are taken into account so that electron conduction is not included. For comparison purposes we present some opacity tables for the Ross-Aller and Cox-Tabor metal abundances. Although in many regions the OPAL opacities are similar to previous work, large differences are reported.For example, factors of 2-3 opacity enhancements are found in stellar envelop conditions.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例aim说明写作目的•Author(s):EDV ARDSSON, B; ANDERSEN, J; GUSTAFSSON, B; LAMBERT, DL;NISSEN, PE; TOMKIN, J•Title:THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALACTIC DISK .1. ANALYSISAND RESULTS•Source: ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, 275 (1): 101-152 AUG 1993 《天文学与天体物理学》被引用934•Abstract:With the aim to provide observational constraints on the evolution of the galactic disk, we have derived abundances of 0, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, Ni, Y, Zr, Ba and Nd, as well as individual photometric ages, for 189 nearby field F and G disk dwarfs.The galactic orbital properties of all stars have been derived from accurate kinematic data, enabling estimates to be made of the distances from the galactic center of the stars‘ birthplaces. 结构式摘要•Our extensive high resolution, high S/N, spectroscopic observations of carefully selected northern and southern stars provide accurate equivalent widths of up to 86 unblended absorption lines per star between 5000 and 9000 angstrom. The abundance analysis was made with greatly improved theoretical LTE model atmospheres. Through the inclusion of a great number of iron-peak element absorption lines the model fluxes reproduce the observed UV and visual fluxes with good accuracy. A new theoretical calibration of T(eff) as a function of Stromgren b - y for solar-type dwarfs has been established. The new models and T(eff) scale are shown to yield good agreement between photometric and spectroscopic measurements of effective temperatures and surface gravities, but the photometrically derived very high overall metallicities for the most metal rich stars are not supported by the spectroscopic analysis of weak spectral lines.•Author(s): PAYNE, MC; TETER, MP; ALLAN, DC; ARIAS, TA; JOANNOPOULOS, JD•Title:ITERA TIVE MINIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR ABINITIO TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS - MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS AND CONJUGA TE GRADIENTS•Source: REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS, 64 (4): 1045-1097 OCT 1992 《现代物理学评论》美国American Physical Society SCI被引用2654 •Abstract: This article describes recent technical developments that have made the total-energy pseudopotential the most powerful ab initio quantum-mechanical modeling method presently available. In addition to presenting technical details of the pseudopotential method, the article aims to heighten awareness of the capabilities of the method in order to stimulate its application to as wide a range of problems in as many scientific disciplines as possible.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例includes介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围•Author(s):MARCHESINI, G; WEBBER, BR; ABBIENDI, G; KNOWLES, IG;SEYMOUR, MH; STANCO, L•Title: HERWIG 5.1 - A MONTE-CARLO EVENT GENERA TOR FOR SIMULATING HADRON EMISSION REACTIONS WITH INTERFERING GLUONS SCI被引用955次•Source: COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS, 67 (3): 465-508 JAN 1992:《计算机物理学通讯》荷兰Elsevier•Abstract: HERWIG is a general-purpose particle-physics event generator, which includes the simulation of hard lepton-lepton, lepton-hadron and hadron-hadron scattering and soft hadron-hadron collisions in one package. It uses the parton-shower approach for initial-state and final-state QCD radiation, including colour coherence effects and azimuthal correlations both within and between jets. This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself. This includes details of the input and control parameters used by the program, and the output data provided by it. Sample output from a typical simulation is given and annotated.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例presents介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围•Author(s): IDSO, KE; IDSO, SB•Title: PLANT-RESPONSES TO ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ENRICHMENT IN THE FACE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS - A REVIEW OF THE PAST 10 YEARS RESEARCH•Source: AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY, 69 (3-4): 153-203 JUL 1994 《农业和林业气象学》荷兰Elsevier 被引用225•Abstract:This paper presents a detailed analysis of several hundred plant carbon exchange rate (CER) and dry weight (DW) responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment determined over the past 10 years. It demonstrates that the percentage increase in plant growth produced by raising the air's CO2 content is generally not reduced by less than optimal levels of light, water or soil nutrients, nor by high temperatures, salinity or gaseous air pollution. More often than not, in fact, the data show the relative growth-enhancing effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment to be greatest when resource limitations and environmental stresses are most severe.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围emphasizing •Author(s): BESAG, J; GREEN, P; HIGDON, D; MENGERSEN, K•Title: BAYESIAN COMPUTATION AND STOCHASTIC-SYSTEMS•Source: STATISTICAL SCIENCE, 10 (1): 3-41 FEB 1995《统计科学》美国•SCI被引用296次•Abstract: Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods have been used extensively in statistical physics over the last 40 years, in spatial statistics for the past 20 and in Bayesian image analysis over the last decade. In the last five years, MCMC has been introduced into significance testing, general Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood estimation. This paper presents basic methodology of MCMC, emphasizing the Bayesian paradigm, conditional probability and the intimate relationship with Markov random fields in spatial statistics.Hastings algorithms are discussed, including Gibbs, Metropolis and some other variations. Pairwise difference priors are described and are used subsequently in three Bayesian applications, in each of which there is a pronounced spatial or temporal aspect to the modeling. The examples involve logistic regression in the presence of unobserved covariates and ordinal factors; the analysis of agricultural field experiments, with adjustment for fertility gradients; and processing oflow-resolution medical images obtained by a gamma camera. Additional methodological issues arise in each of these applications and in the Appendices. The paper lays particular emphasis on the calculation of posterior probabilities and concurs with others in its view that MCMC facilitates a fundamental breakthrough in applied Bayesian modeling.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围focuses •Author(s): HUNT, KJ; SBARBARO, D; ZBIKOWSKI, R; GAWTHROP, PJ•Title: NEURAL NETWORKS FOR CONTROL-SYSTEMS - A SURVEY•Source: AUTOMA TICA, 28 (6): 1083-1112 NOV 1992《自动学》荷兰Elsevier•SCI被引用427次•Abstract:This paper focuses on the promise of artificial neural networks in the realm of modelling, identification and control of nonlinear systems. The basic ideas and techniques of artificial neural networks are presented in language and notation familiar to control engineers. Applications of a variety of neural network architectures in control are surveyed. We explore the links between the fields of control science and neural networks in a unified presentation and identify key areas for future research.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围focus•Author(s): Stuiver, M; Reimer, PJ; Bard, E; Beck, JW;•Title: INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24,000-0 cal BP•Source: RADIOCARBON, 40 (3): 1041-1083 1998《放射性碳》美国SCI被引用2131次•Abstract: The focus of this paper is the conversion of radiocarbon ages to calibrated (cal) ages for the interval 24,000-0 cal BP (Before Present, 0 cal BP = AD 1950), based upon a sample set of dendrochronologically dated tree rings, uranium-thorium dated corals, and varve-counted marine sediment. The C-14 age-cal age information, produced by many laboratories, is converted to Delta(14)C profiles and calibration curves, for the atmosphere as well as the oceans. We discuss offsets in measured C-14 ages and the errors therein, regional C-14 age differences, tree-coral C-14 age comparisons and the time dependence of marine reservoir ages, and evaluate decadal vs. single-year C-14 results. Changes in oceanic deepwater circulation, especially for the 16,000-11,000 cal sp interval, are reflected in the Delta(14)C values of INTCAL98.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围emphasis •Author(s): LEBRETON, JD; BURNHAM, KP; CLOBERT, J; ANDERSON, DR•Title: MODELING SURVIV AL AND TESTING BIOLOGICAL HYPOTHESES USING MARKED ANIMALS - A UNIFIED APPROACH WITH CASE-STUDIES •Source: ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS, 62 (1): 67-118 MAR 1992•《生态学论丛》美国•Abstract: The understanding of the dynamics of animal populations and of related ecological and evolutionary issues frequently depends on a direct analysis of life history parameters. For instance, examination of trade-offs between reproduction and survival usually rely on individually marked animals, for which the exact time of death is most often unknown, because marked individuals cannot be followed closely through time.Thus, the quantitative analysis of survival studies and experiments must be based oncapture-recapture (or resighting) models which consider, besides the parameters of primary interest, recapture or resighting rates that are nuisance parameters. 结构式摘要•T his paper synthesizes, using a common framework, these recent developments together with new ones, with an emphasis on flexibility in modeling, model selection, and the analysis of multiple data sets. The effects on survival and capture rates of time, age, and categorical variables characterizing the individuals (e.g., sex) can be considered, as well as interactions between such effects. This "analysis of variance" philosophy emphasizes the structure of the survival and capture process rather than the technical characteristics of any particular model. The flexible array of models encompassed in this synthesis uses a common notation. As a result of the great level of flexibility and relevance achieved, the focus is changed from fitting a particular model to model building and model selection.SCI摘要方法部分案例•方法部分•（1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有test，study, investigate, examine,experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等•（2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等•（3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有use, apply, application等SCI高被引摘要方法部分案例discusses介绍研究或试验过程•Author(s): LIANG, KY; ZEGER, SL; QAQISH, B•Title: MULTIV ARIATE REGRESSION-ANAL YSES FOR CATEGORICAL-DATA •Source:JOURNAL OF THE ROY AL STA TISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES B-METHODOLOGICAL, 54 (1): 3-40 1992《皇家统计学会志，B辑：统计方法论》•SCI被引用298•Abstract: It is common to observe a vector of discrete and/or continuous responses in scientific problems where the objective is to characterize the dependence of each response on explanatory variables and to account for the association between the outcomes. The response vector can comprise repeated observations on one variable, as in longitudinal studies or genetic studies of families, or can include observations for different variables.This paper discusses a class of models for the marginal expectations of each response and for pairwise associations. The marginal models are contrasted with log-linear models.Two generalized estimating equation approaches are compared for parameter estimation.The first focuses on the regression parameters; the second simultaneously estimates the regression and association parameters. The robustness and efficiency of each is discussed.The methods are illustrated with analyses of two data sets from public health research SCI高被引摘要方法部分案例介绍研究或试验过程examines•Author(s): Huo, QS; Margolese, DI; Stucky, GD•Title: Surfactant control of phases in the synthesis of mesoporous silica-based materials •Source: CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, 8 (5): 1147-1160 MAY 1996•SCI被引用643次《材料的化学性质》美国•Abstract: The low-temperature formation of liquid-crystal-like arrays made up of molecular complexes formed between molecular inorganic species and amphiphilic organic molecules is a convenient approach for the synthesis of mesostructure materials.This paper examines how the molecular shapes of covalent organosilanes, quaternary ammonium surfactants, and mixed surfactants in various reaction conditions can be used to synthesize silica-based mesophase configurations, MCM-41 (2d hexagonal, p6m), MCM-48 (cubic Ia3d), MCM-50 (lamellar), SBA-1 (cubic Pm3n), SBA-2 (3d hexagonal P6(3)/mmc), and SBA-3(hexagonal p6m from acidic synthesis media). The structural function of surfactants in mesophase formation can to a first approximation be related to that of classical surfactants in water or other solvents with parallel roles for organic additives. The effective surfactant ion pair packing parameter, g = V/alpha(0)l, remains a useful molecular structure-directing index to characterize the geometry of the mesophase products, and phase transitions may be viewed as a variation of g in the liquid-crystal-Like solid phase. Solvent and cosolvent structure direction can be effectively used by varying polarity, hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties and functionalizing the surfactant molecule, for example with hydroxy group or variable charge. Surfactants and synthesis conditions can be chosen and controlled to obtain predicted silica-based mesophase products. A room-temperature synthesis of the bicontinuous cubic phase, MCM-48, is presented. A low-temperature (100 degrees C) and low-pH (7-10) treatment approach that can be used to give MCM-41 with high-quality, large pores (up to 60 Angstrom), and pore volumes as large as 1.6 cm(3)/g is described.Estimates 介绍研究或试验过程SCI高被引摘要方法部分案例•Author(s): KESSLER, RC; MCGONAGLE, KA; ZHAO, SY; NELSON, CB; HUGHES, M; ESHLEMAN, S; WITTCHEN, HU; KENDLER, KS•Title:LIFETIME AND 12-MONTH PREV ALENCE OF DSM-III-R PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS IN THE UNITED-STA TES - RESULTS FROM THE NATIONAL-COMORBIDITY-SURVEY•Source: ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, 51 (1): 8-19 JAN 1994•《普通精神病学纪要》美国SCI被引用4350次•Abstract: Background: This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey, the first survey to administer a structured psychiatric interview to a national probability sample in the United States.Methods: The DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among persons aged 15 to 54 years in the noninstitutionalized civilian population of the United States were assessed with data collected by lay interviewers using a revised version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: Nearly 50% of respondents reported at least one lifetime disorder, and close to 30% reported at least one 12-month disorder. The most common disorders were major depressive episode, alcohol dependence, social phobia, and simple phobia. More than half of all lifetime disorders occurred in the 14% of the population who had a history of three or more comorbid disorders. These highly comorbid people also included the vast majority of people with severe disorders.Less than 40% of those with a lifetime disorder had ever received professional treatment,and less than 20% of those with a recent disorder had been in treatment during the past 12 months. Consistent with previous risk factor research, it was found that women had elevated rates of affective disorders and anxiety disorders, that men had elevated rates of substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder, and that most disorders declined with age and with higher socioeconomic status. Conclusions: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders is greater than previously thought to be the case. Furthermore, this morbidity is more highly concentrated than previously recognized in roughly one sixth of the population who have a history of three or more comorbid disorders. This suggests that the causes and consequences of high comorbidity should be the focus of research attention. The majority of people with psychiatric disorders fail to obtain professional treatment. Even among people with a lifetime history of three or more comorbid disorders, the proportion who ever obtain specialty sector mental health treatment is less than 50%.These results argue for the importance of more outreach and more research on barriers to professional help-seekingSCI高被引摘要方法部分案例说明研究或试验方法measure•Author(s): Schlegel, DJ; Finkbeiner, DP; Davis, M•Title:Maps of dust infrared emission for use in estimation of reddening and cosmic microwave background radiation foregrounds•Source: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 500 (2): 525-553 Part 1 JUN 20 1998 SCI 被引用2972 次《天体物理学杂志》美国•The primary use of these maps is likely to be as a new estimator of Galactic extinction. To calibrate our maps, we assume a standard reddening law and use the colors of elliptical galaxies to measure the reddening per unit flux density of 100 mu m emission. We find consistent calibration using the B-R color distribution of a sample of the 106 brightest cluster ellipticals, as well as a sample of 384 ellipticals with B-V and Mg line strength measurements. For the latter sample, we use the correlation of intrinsic B-V versus Mg, index to tighten the power of the test greatly. We demonstrate that the new maps are twice as accurate as the older Burstein-Heiles reddening estimates in regions of low and moderate reddening. The maps are expected to be significantly more accurate in regions of high reddening. These dust maps will also be useful for estimating millimeter emission that contaminates cosmic microwave background radiation experiments and for estimating soft X-ray absorption. We describe how to access our maps readily for general use.SCI高被引摘要结果部分案例application介绍应用、用途•Author(s): MALLAT, S; ZHONG, S•Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF SIGNALS FROM MULTISCALE EDGES•Source: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE, 14 (7): 710-732 JUL 1992•SCI被引用508次《IEEE模式分析与机器智能汇刊》美国•Abstract: A multiscale Canny edge detection is equivalent to finding the local maxima ofa wavelet transform. We study the properties of multiscale edges through the wavelet。

贵州省六盘水二十中学2024年中考二模英语试题含答案注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

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Ⅰ. 单项选择1、_______ good advice she provided! It did help me a lot!A．How a B．What aC．How D．What2、Nowadays, more and more people have taken an interest ________ watching The Voice of China ________ Friday evening.A．in; in B．at; on C．in; on3、They will lose the game _______ they try their best.A．unless B．once C．since D．after4、I have some trouble with my English writing. Can you give me some ______ ?A．advice B．decisions C．messages D．suggestion5、Today’s young people can’t live without smart phones. They keep their hands on the phones whenever they go, even while they______ meals.A．had B．will have C．were having D．are having6、When you visit a foreign country,it is important to know how to ask for help ______.A．wisely B．lately C．widely D．politely7、- How was your May Day holiday?- Just so so.We drove to Hangzhou and tried to find a place for parking, but they were all _____.A．taken up B．given up C．stayed up D．picked up8、Millie Beijing now.A．don't live in B．doesn't lives inC．don't lives in D．doesn't live in9、—I feel tired and sleepy.—Why not ________ for a while?A．stop to rest B．stopping to restC．stop resting D．stopping resting10、Y ou'd better______ more time talking with your parents so that they can understand you better.A．spend B．take C．cost D．payⅡ. 完形填空11、There was once a greedy(贪婪的) dog. It got a piece of 1 in his mouth. He was going to 2 itat home by himself. When he was 3 on a bridge, he looked down and saw a dog in the 4 . That dog looked at him and he had a piece of meat in his mouth, too. The dog 5 there was another dog in the river. So he said to himself, “I want to eat his meat. I must make him run 6 from here and get the meat in his mouth, then I can have 7 pieces of meat.” He opened his mouth and 8 at the dog in the river. But the meat in his mouth went down into the river. The dog was so 9 , so he jumped into the river and wanted to 10 the other dog. Of course, the greedy dog got nothing in the end.1．A．cake B．bread C．meat D．food2．A．cook B．put C．eat D．cut3．A．walking B．running C．dancing D．looking4．A．tree B．river C．pool D．lake5．A．looked B．told C．watched D．thought6．A．away B．out C．down D．up7．A．one B．two C．three D．no8．A．cried B．barked C．shouted D．looked9．A．nervous B．happy C．surprised D．angry10．A．run B．see C．find D．catchⅢ. 语法填空12、Not everyone has the chance 1．( be ) a detective(侦探). But I got one when I was 13 years old. It happened in 1988. One afternoon, I 2．( walk ) down the street when I saw my father's new car. I expected 3．(meet) my father, but to my surprise, I saw a young woman driving instead. "My father's car 4．(steal)" I thought. So I quickly stopped a taxi and got in. I said to the driver, "Please 5．(follow) that new car in front." And I told him why.The taxi driver had a car phone, and I asked him to call the police. Soon we heard the sound of a police car and its loudspeaker. The police told the woman to stop her car. Our car came to a stop, too. I got out right now and 6．(say) to the woman, "It's not your car. It's my father's."The woman smiled and said, "Oh. Y ou're Mr. Johnson's younger son, right? I 7．see) your photo at your father's office." Before I could say another word, the woman explained that she was my father's new assistant.My father asked her to take his computer to the shop to have it repaired. He lent his car. After 8．(hear) her words, we called my father and he told us what she said was true. The police and the taxi driver laughed I felt very sorry. It was both the first and last time for me to work as a detective. Don't you think my story funny?Ⅳ. 阅读理解A13、People, especially English people, love talking about the weather. It’s an easy way to start a conversation.But do you know some weather terms can also express a feeling or situation. Here are some interesting expressions.Head in the cloudsIf someone has his head in the clouds, they are out of touch with the everyday world and can be unrealistic as a result.The expression reminds you to be aware of what’s happening around you.Take a rain checkIf you hear someone say “I’ll take a rain check”, it doesn’t mean that he will go out to see if it’s raining.In fact, the expression could be used as a polite way to turn down invitations. However, not as a full refusal, but more likely to put the invitation off to another time.When it rains, it poursThe expression is used when something goes wrong, especially when a lot of things go wrong at the same time. People like to say it when they meet with bad lucks one after another in a short time.Weather the stormAs an extreme weather, a storm could be very dangerous and cause serious results. To weather the storm is to get through difficult situations in your life.1．Why do English people love talking about the weather in the writer’s opinion?A．They care about the weather very much.B．They want to know what’s happening around them.C．They don’t have other interesting things to talk about.D．They think it’s an easy w ay to start a conversation.2．What does the underlined phrase “turn down” mean?A．accept B．refuse C．throw D．change3．Which of the following statements is true?A．The whole article is telling us how to tell the weather.B．The writer thinks if someone has hi s head in the clouds, the person must care about what’s happening very much. C．When somebody says “when it rains, it pours”, he must be unlucky.D．The expression “weather the storm” can be used to put off an appointment.B14、In 1921, long before the Walt Disney Company turned Pooh （维尼熊）into an international star of TV and films, Christopher Robin Milne was given a toy bear on his first birthday from his father, A．A．Milne, who bought the stuffed animal from a store. The stuffed animal was named Edward Bear. Y ears later, Edward was named Winnie.From the time Christopher Robin Milne was a baby until he was about 8 years old, he would receive different stuffed animals.A．A．Milne was a famous English author. As he watched his son interact （互动）with Winnie and friends, A．A．Milne thought his child's interaction with the collection of animals would make a great bedtime story. So Milne worked with artist Ernest H. Shepard and wrote the first Winnie the Pooh poem, where Edward Bear was known as “Teddy Bear” The writings appeared in Punch magazine and in the book they wrote together, When We Were V ery Young, which was published in 1924. In a four-year period, three more books that centered on the bear and his team followed: 1926's Winnie-the-Pooh, 1927' Now We Are Six, and 1928's The House at Pooh Corner.The books and poems about Pooh brought great success to the author, and the characters became favorites with young children and their families around the world. Their popularity led Disney to get the rights to make films about the characters in 1961. Five years later, Pooh, Tigger, Piglet and the rest of the team appeared on screen for the first time in Winnie-the-Pooh and the Honey Tree. The characters later appeared in TV shows, movies, video games and short films. Pooh's most recent appearance came last year in the popular children's program, DocMcStufftns, where he was a special guest.1．What do we know about Edward Bear according to the passage?A．It was just a birthday gift for a baby. B．It was a popular toy bear among kids.C．It was an international star of many films. D．It was given to Christopher when he was 8.2．What did a Milne do according to Paragraph 2?A．He wrote many books about Pooh.B．He read many bedtime stories to his son.C．He wrote 5 books with Ernest H. Shepard.D．He encouraged his son to play with friends3．In what order did the following events take place?A．c-a-d-e-b B．e-c-b-a-d C．c-e-a-d-b D．e-b-a-c-d4．Why did Pooh appear in Doc McStuffins?A．To meet a guest in this program. B．To be a special part of this program.C．To show it is also a popular program. D．To make its new film known to people.5．What does the passage mainly about?A．Pooh and his friends B．Great success of PoohC．Pooh's influence on culture D．The real story behind PoohC15、Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time; if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the languages he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people.In the same way, when children learn to do all the other things, they learn to do without being taught-to walk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle-compare those performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his own mistakes for himself, let alone correct them. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let him do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word says, what answer is to that problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers. Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work？Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can’t find the way to get the right answer. Let’s end this nonsense of grades, exams, marks. Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn, how to measure their own understanding, how to know what they know or do not know.1．What does the author think is the best way for children to learn things？A．by copying what other people doB．by making mistakes and having them correctedC．by listening to explanations from skilled peopleD．by asking a great many questions2．According to the writer, teachers in school should _____A．allow children to learn from each otherB．point out children’s mistakes whenever foundC．correct children’s mistakes as soon as possibleD．give children more book knowledge3．The passage suggests that learning to speak and learning to ride a bicycle are___.A．not really important skills B．more important than other skillsC．basically different from learning adult skills D．basically the same as learning other skills4．Exams, grades, and marks should be abolished because c hildren’s progress should only be estimated by___. A．educated persons B．the children themselves C．teachers D．parentsD16、Once a week, Neil went grocery shopping. He always made a list, but he always forgot to put one or more things on the list. T his used to anger him, but now he just accepted it. You’re not as sharp as you used to be, he told himself.It was Friday-shopping day. He went to the $99 Store. Sometimes they had a lot of fresh produce, sometimes they didn’t. He got lucky. There were fresh packaged broccoli, carrots, onions, and squash. Also, packages of peaches, plums, and apples. He easily had enough produce to last all week, if it didn’t go bad first. The fruit and vegetables alone filled up four plastic bags. Four other bags contained other items that were on Neil’s list.He drove to Albertson’s, which sold milk by the gallon (加仑) and at cheaper prices than the $99 Store. Interestingly, the price of milk had got higher in the last month. He used to buy 2 gallons of nonfat milk for $3.59. Now he was paying $4.69. Yet, the news media reports a 2-cent increase in gasoline (汽油) prices. That’s all over the news.He parked his car in the carport and opened the trunk. He managed, as usual, to put all 10 plastic bags into his hands and take them upstairs.“What a heavy shopping it is,” he thought. And then he told himself: if you think it’s too heavy now, wait till you can’t drive. Wait till you can’t even walk up the stairs. How are you going to get your food then? The older you get, he toldhi mself, the more you’d better thank the fact that you can still do all these boring chores and housework.1．Neil always made _______ before he went shopping.A．a list B．a plastic bag C．a car D．a report2．Neil didn’t buy _____ at the $99 Store.A．broccoli B．peaches C．apples D．milk3．How much did one gallon of nonfat milk cost that day?A．$3.59. B．$4.69. C．About $2.35. D．About $1.80.4．How many bags of things did Neil buy?A．Ten. B．Nine. C．Eight. D．Four.5．What can we learn from Neil?A．We should thank what we can still do.B．We should eat enough fruit and vegetables.C．We all will get old one day.D．Buying cheap things can make us happyE17、Everyone has got two personalities (性格)—the one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real. You do n’t show your secret personality when you're awake because you can control yourself, but when you're asleep, your sleeping position shows the real you. In a normal night, of course, you often change your sleeping positions. The important position that best shows your secret personality is the one that you go to sleep.If you go to sleep on your back, you're a very open person. You normally trust people and you are easily influenced by new ideas. You don’t like to make people unhappy, so you never expre ss your real feelings. You're quite shy and you aren't very confident.If you sleep on your stomach, you are a person who likes to keep secrets. You worry a lot and you're always easily becoming sad. You never want to change your ideas, but you are satisfied with your life the way it is. You usually live for today not for tomorrow.If you sleep on curled up (蜷缩) , you are probably a very nervous person. You have a low opinion of yourself and often protect yourself from being hurt, so you are very defensive. You're shy and you don't usually like meeting people. You like to be on your own.If you sleep on your side, you have usually got a well-balanced (平衡的) personality. You know your strengths and weaknesses. You're usually careful. You have a confident personality. You sometimes feel worried, but you don't often get unhappy. Y ou always say what you think, even if it makes people angry.1．You may find the passage in __________.A．a science magazine B．a guide book C．a sports newspaper D．a story book2．When does the sleeping position best show your secret personality?A．In the daytime. B．At the beginning of sleep. C．At night. D．During the deep sleep. 3．Tina hardly tells her secrets to her friends. She probably goes to sleep __________.A．on curled up B．on her stomach C．on her back D．on her side4．What does the word “defensive" mean in the passage?A．易怒的B．攻击性的C．外向的D．有戒心的5．What does the passage tell us?A．Sleeping on your side is the best way of sleeping.B．Changing positions will cause sleeping problems.C．Sleeping positions show people's secret personalities.D．Enough sleep makes people look better and healthier.F18、Dick lived in England. One day in January he said to his wife，“I'm going to fly to New York next week because I've got some work there.” “Where are you going to stay there？” his wife asked. “I don't know yet.” Dick answered. “Please send me your address from there in a telegram(电报)，”his wife said. “All right，” Dick answered.He flew to New York on January 31st and found a nice hotel in the center of the city. He put his things in his room and then he sent his wife a telegram. He put the address of his hotel in it.In the evening he didn't have any work，so he went to a cinema. He came out at nine o'clock and said，“Now I'm going b ack to my hotel and have a nice dinner.”He found a taxi and the driver said，“Where do you want to go？” But Dick didn't remember the name and address of his hotel.“Which hotel are my things in？” he said. “And what am I going to do tonight？” But the driver of the taxi did not know. So Dick got out and went into a post office. There he sent his wife another telegram，and in it he wrote，“Please send me my address at this post office.”1．Dick flew to New York because ________．A．he went there for a holiday B．he had work thereC．he went there for sightseeing(观光) D．his home was there2．Who would send him the name and address of his hotel?A．The manager(经理)of his hotel. B．The police office.C．The taxi driver. D．His wife.3．Which of the following is NOT true?A．Dick stayed at a nice hotel in the center of the city.B．Dick didn't work on the first night of his arrival.C．Dick forgot to send his wife a telegram.D．Dick wanted to go back to his hotel in a taxi.Ⅴ.书面表达19、李华的哥哥在MH370失联飞机中遇难，到现在一直还很伤心，总是一个人呆在房间，不和别人说话, 请你以王强的名义写一封信给他，给他一些建议，鼓励他振作起来。

相依序列均值和方差变点的估计王慧敏;贺兴时;赵文芝【摘要】The linear dependent sequences estimate problem of mean-variance change-points exist at the same times is studied by establishing the statistical model and constracting the CUSUM statistics of mean and variance change points are.Considering the effect of mean change point,by calculating the convergence speed of mean change point estimator,two different cases of variance change points of mean and the mean change point known and unknown are analyzed,and the convergence speed of variance change point estimators are also calculated.%通过建立统计模型,构造均值、方差变点位置的CUSUM型估计量,研究线性相依序列均值方差同时存在变点的估计问题.考虑均值变点对方差变点的影响,通过均值变点估计量的收敛速度,在均值及均值变点已知与未知两种情况下分别分析方差变点问题,推导出方差变点估计量的收敛速度.【期刊名称】《纺织高校基础科学学报》【年(卷),期】2017(030)002【总页数】6页(P220-225)【关键词】相依序列;变点问题;CUSUM估计;收敛速度【作者】王慧敏;贺兴时;赵文芝【作者单位】西安工程大学理学院,陕西西安 710048;西北工业大学理学院,陕西西安 710072;西安工程大学理学院,陕西西安 710048;西安工程大学理学院,陕西西安 710048【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O212.1Abstract：The linear dependent sequences estimate problem of mean－variance change－points exist at the same times is studied by establishing the statistical model and constracting the CUSUM statistics of mean and variance change points are．Considering the effect of mean change point，by calculating the convergence speed of mean change point estimator，two different cases of variance change points of mean and the mean change point known and unknown are analyzed，and the convergence speed of variance change point estimators are also calculated．Key words：dependent sequence；change－point problem；CUSUM estimation；rate of convergence自20世纪70年代变点问题一直是统计学的一个热门话题［1－4］，1954年Page［5］在国际著名的统计杂志《Biometrika》上发表了第一篇关于变点统计分析的文章，研究自动生产线上产品质量检测问题．当产品质量超过产品质量控制警戒线时，希望能及时预报，以免生产出更多的次品．Yao［6］考虑样本容量为N时，变点位置τ0的极大似然估计，研究了独立随机变量正态分布下变点的近似分布情况，但对于非正态情况的近似分布未做研究．Bhattacharya［7］利用ML －Estimate（最大似然估计法）研究了多参数下正态情形独立序列｛ξk，－∞＜k＜∞｝，＝0，τ2的均值变点的估计，考虑逼近真实参数值时似然函数的行为，对方差变点未作出分析．Csrgǒ等［8］对极大似然比方法做了详细描述并深入研究变点统计分析的极限理论及其性质，考虑了所有参数均假设未知情况下的似然比统计量变点问题，是对这一领域近20年理论研究的总结．目前，变点问题的研究主要集中在对独立序列均值、方差变点的统计推断及应用方面［9－11］，而在对相依序列的变点问题研究中关于方差变点方面的成果还不是很多［12－13］．Hariz 等［14］对长相依过程中均值变点进行研究，并将结论用于短记忆过程．Kokoszka等［15］用CUSUM方法对方差有限的相依随机变量序列的均值变点进行了估计，但未给出方差变点问题的研究．Potarakis［16］用最小二乘法对回归模型的变点问题进行估计，但在处理参数与计算量问题中存在较大困难，未能给出估计量的收敛速度．而在实际观测数据中往往会出现均值和方差同时存在变点的问题，并且两种变点出现时刻有可能不相同的情况，所以关于相依序列中均值与方差同时存在的变点问题的研究有重要的理论与应用价值．文中通过建立线性相依序列统计模型，构造均值、方差变点位置的CUSUM型统计量，研究相依序列均值与方差同时存在变点的问题．对于方差变点问题考虑均值变点对其影响，分别在均值及均值变点已知与未知两种不同情形下计算出均值、方差变点的收敛速度．考虑如下随机变量序列μ1和μ2，σ1和σ2均已知；k0为未知的均值变点；k1为μ1，μ2，k0已知时未知的方差变点．假设1 （1）εt，t＝1，2，…，n是均值为0方差为1的i．i．d．序列；（2）｜aj｜＜∞；（3）对任意的t均有E｜εt｜4＜∞．引理1［17］在假设1的（1），（2）成立条件下，对于只依靠aj的常数C0＜∞，Ha′jek－Re′nyi不等式有如下形式：2．1 均值变点估计的收敛速度证明对线性相依序列｛Yt｝均值变点k0的CUSUM估计为由于对称性，式（4）只考虑右边第一部分．又因为2．2 方差变点估计的收敛速度证明当均值及均值变点已知时，定义方差变点k1的CUSUM估计量＾k1为当均值及均值变点未知时，对于均值μ未知的情况，先估计μ，使用如下估计：从而关于方差变点的CUSUM估计定义为证明由线性过程的中心极限定理知对线性相依序列变点理论进行分析，考虑均值及方差都存在变点并且变点时刻不同的变点估计问题．分别构造了均值、方差变点位置的CUSUM型统计量，在各估计量满足相合性的前提下，得到了均值变点位置的估计量的收敛速度为T－1．研究了均值变点对方差变点的影响，分别在均值及均值变点已知与未知两种不同情形下证明了方差变点位置的估计量，的收敛速度为T－1，进一步说明了变点估计量的有效性．【相关文献】［1］ HORVTH L，KOKOSZKA P．The effect of long range dependence on change point estimators［J］．Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference，1997，64（1）：57－81．［2］张立文，周秀轻．混合序列均值变点的收敛速度研究［J］．南京大学学报，2011，28（1）：97－105．ZHANG Liwen，ZHOU xiuqing．Research on the convergence of the estimator for the change point in the mean of mixing random sequences［J］．Journal of Nanjing University Mathematical Biquarterly，2011，28（1）：97－105．［3］谭常春，汤安勇，张虎．变点估计的相合性及其应用［J］．统计与决策，2012，21：30－32．TAN Changchun，TANG Anyong，ZHANG Hu．Consistency and its application of change point estimation［J］．Statistics and Decision，2012，21：30－32．［4］赵文芝，吕会琴．厚尾相依序列均值变点Ratio检验［J］．山西大学学报（自然科学版），2016，39（3）：410－414．ZHAO Wenzhi，LYU Huiqin．Ratio test for change point in the mean of heavy－tailed dependent squence［J］．Journal ofShanxi University （Naturel Science Edition），2016，39（3）：410－414．［5］ PAGE E S．Continuous inspection schemes［J］．Biometrika，1954，42：100－114．［6］ YAO Y C．Approximating the distribution of the ML estimate of the change－pointin a sequence of independent random variables［J］．Annals of Statistics，1987，3（6）：1321－1328．［7］ BHATTCHARYA P K．Maximum likelihood estimation of a change－point in the dis－tribution of independent random variables：General multiparameter case［J］．Multi－variate Analysis，1987，23（2）：183－208．［8］ CSRG，HORCCH．Limit theorems in change－points analysis［M］．New York：John Wiley ＆Sons，1997：1－378．［9］ YAO Y C，RICHARD A D．The asymptotic behavior of the likelihood ratio statisticfor testing a shift in mean in a sequence of independent normal variates［J］．Journal of Statistics，1986，48（3）：339－353．［10］邵钏．关于方差变点问题的几个统计推断［D］．杭州：浙江大学，2012：4－24．SHAO Chuan．Some inference about change in variance［D］．Hangzhou：Zhejiang University，2012：4－24．［11］ LEE S，NA S．Test for parameter change in stochastic processes based on conditional least－squares estimator［J］．Journal of Multivariate Analysis，2005，93（2）：375－393．［12］孙耀东，徐宝，赵志文．相依误差下非参数回归模型的方差变点Ratio检验［J］．江西师范大学学报（自然科学版），2013，37（5）：471－474．SUN Yaodong，XU Bao，ZHAO Zhiwen．The ratio test for change point detection in nonparametric regression modelwith dependent errors［J］．Journal of Jiangxi Normal University（Natural Science），2013，37（5）：471－474．［13］金浩，张思，乔宝明．基于Bootstrap的厚尾相依序列持久性变点检验［J］．数学的实践与认识，2012，42（13）：174－179．JIN Hao，ZHANG Si，QIAO Baoming．Bootstrap testing for persistence changes with heavy－tailed dependent sequences ［J］．Mathematics in Practice and Theory，2012，42（13）：174－179．［14］ HARIZ S B，WYLIE J J．Rates of convergence for the change－point estimator for long range dependent sequences［J］．Statistics and Probability Letters，2005，73：155－164．［15］ KOKOSZKA P，LEIPUS R．Change－point in the mean of dependent observations ［J］．Statistics and Probability Letters，1998，40（4）：385－393．［16］ POTARAKIS J Y．Least squares estimation and tests of breaks in mean and variance under mis－specification［J］．E－conometrics，2004，7（1）：32－54．［17］ BAI J．Least squares estimation of a shift in linear processes［J］．Massachusetts Institute of Technology，1993，15（5）：453－472．［18］王慧敏，贺兴时，赵文芝．变点统计分析及实例研究［J］．电子测试，2013，9（18）：38－40．WANG Huimin，HE Xingshi，ZHAO Wenzhi．The statistical analysis and case study of change point［J］．Electronic Test，2013，9（18）：38－40．。

TPO 34阅读解析第一篇Population and Climate【P1】地球人口的增长已经对大气和生态环境产生了影响。

化石燃料的燃烧，毁林，城市化，种植大米，养殖家畜，生产作为助推燃料和制冷剂的CFC增加了空气中CO2，甲烷，二氧化氮，二氧化硫灰尘和CFOs 的含量。

约70%的太阳能量穿过大气直射地球表面。

太阳射线提高了土地和海洋表面的温度，随后土地和海洋表面将红外射线反射会太空中。

这能使地球避免温度过高。

但是并不是所有的红外射线被返回会太空中，一些被大气中的气体吸收，然后再次反射回地球表面。

温室气体就是其中吸收了红外射线的一种气体，然后再次反射一些红外线到地球。

二氧化碳，CFC，甲烷和二氧化氮都是温室气体。

大气中温室效应形成和建立的很自然。

事实上，大气中如果没有温室气体，科学家预测地球温度比当前的能够低33度。

【P2】大气中当前二氧化碳浓度是360ppm。

人类活动正在对大气中二氧化碳浓度的增加有着重要的影响，二氧化碳浓度正在快速增长，目前预估在未来50-100年内，浓度将是目前的一倍。

IPCC在1992中做出一份报告，在该份报告中大多数大气科学家中观点一致，预测二氧化碳浓度翻倍可能会将全球气温提高1.4-4.5度。

IPCC在2001年的报告中做出的预测是气温几乎将会提高2倍。

可能发生的气温升高比在冰河时期发生的变化要大很多。

这种温度的升高也不会是一直的，在赤道周围变化最小，而在极点周围的变化则是2-3倍。

这些全球变化的本地化影响很难预测，但是大家一致认为可能会影响洋流的改变，在北半球的一些区域可能增加在冬天发洪水的可能性，在一些区域夏天发生干旱的概率提高，还有海平面的升高也可能会淹没位置较低的国家。

【P3】科学家积极参与地球气候系统中物理，化学和生物成分的调查，为了对温室气体的增加对未来全球气候的影响做出准确预测。

全球环流模型在这个过程中是重要的工具。

这些模型体现包含了当前对大气环流模式，洋流，大陆影响和类似东西所掌握的知识，在变化的环境下预测气候。

Single Variable Calculus_西北工业大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.If f (x) and g (x) are differentiable on (a, b), 【图片】and f (x) > 0, g (x) > 0,x∈(a, b), then when x∈(a, b), we have答案:2.For what values of a and b will 【图片】be differentiable for all values of x?答案:a=-1/2, b=13.The evaluation of integral【图片】(where x>1) is答案:4.Find the derivative of【图片】答案:5.Find the centroid of a thin, flat plate covering the “triangular” region i n thefirst quadrant bounded by they-axis, the parabola【图片】, and the line【图片】.答案:6.If【图片】, find the limit of g(x) as x approaches the indicated value.答案:7.Find the derivative of the function below at x=0,【图片】答案:8.【图片】is答案:-1/329.If f (x) is continuous and F′(x) = f(x), then答案:10.Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded bythe curve【图片】and the lines【图片】about【图片】.答案:11.The mean value【图片】that satisfies the Rolle’s Theorem on the function【图片】is答案:12.The critical number of 【图片】is ( )答案:0 and 213.Which statement is true?【图片】答案:A14.If【图片】,then【图片】答案:15.Evaluate【图片】.答案:16.The integtral of【图片】is答案:17.When x approaches infinity, the limit of【图片】is答案:18.The evaluation of integral【图片】is答案:19.If【图片】has continuous second-order derivative, and【图片】, then答案:20.Find the length of the enclosed loop【图片】shown here. The loop starts at【图片】and ends at【图片】.【图片】答案:21.The height of a body moving vertically is given by 【图片】, with s in metersand t in se conds. The body’s maximum height is ( )答案:22.If f (x) is increasing and f(x) > 0, then答案:23. A rock climber is about to haul up 100 N of equipment that has been hangingbeneath her on 40 m of rope that weighs 0.8 newton per meter. How much work will it take? (Hint: Solve for the rope and equipment separately, thenadd.)答案:24.The integral of【图片】is答案:25.Expand【图片】by partial function答案:26.Assume that u is a function of x and v is the derivative of u, then thederivative of arcsin(u) is答案:27.Find the center of mass of a thin plate covering the region bounded below bythe parabola 【图片】and above by the line 【图片】, if the density at the point 【图片】is 【图片】.答案:28.Find the limit【图片】答案:-129.Find the length of the curve【图片】, from【图片】 to【图片】.答案:53/630.Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the regions bounded bythe curve 【图片】and line 【图片】about the x-axis.答案:31.Find the total area of the shaded region in the following picture.【图片】答案:4/332.The total area between the region 【图片】and the x-axis is答案:33.Which statement is NOT true?答案:34.Calculate【图片】答案:-135.The second derivative of the function y=secx is ( )答案:36.If gas in a cylinder is maintained at a constant temperature T, the pressure Pis related to the volume V by a formula of the form 【图片】in which a, b, n, and R are constants. Then【图片】答案:37.If【图片】then【图片】.答案:38.Calculate 【图片】The limit is ( )答案:139.Find the tangent to the folium of descartes 【图片】at the point (3,3)答案:x+y=640.Let 【图片】The tangent line to the graph of g(x) at (0,0) is ( ).答案:x-axis41.Find the derivative of the function below at x=0, 【图片】答案:It does not exist42.Find【图片】答案:43.The average value of 【图片】over theinterval [【图片】] is答案:44.Find the average rate of change of the function【图片】over the giveninterval [2,3]答案:1945.For【图片】 find the number【图片】 by using the two steps learned in 2.3.答案:0.0546.The linearization of the function 【图片】at x=1 is ( ).答案:47.If and only if x=ln(y),y=e^x.答案:正确48.Find the derivative of the function【图片】答案:49.Find the derivative of the function 【图片】It is ( )答案:50.If f (x) is an antiderivative of【图片】then【图片】答案:51.If f ′(x ) < 0, f ′′(x ) < 0, x∈(a, b), then the graph of f (x) on (a, b) is答案:decreasing and concave down.52.If【图片】, find【图片】.答案:753.At what points are the function【图片】 continuous?答案:Discontinuous at odd integer multiples of , but continuous at all other x.54.On what interval is the function 【图片】continuous?答案:55.On what interval is the function【图片】continuous?答案:56.【图片】【图片】and【图片】答案:0, 357.Suppose that the functionf(x)is second order continuous differentiable, and【图片】,【图片】. Therefore,【图片】答案:58.When x approaches 0, the limit of【图片】is答案:59.Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the curve 【图片】aboutthe x-axis to generate a solid.答案:60.Find the average rate of change of the function【图片】 over the giveninterval [0,2]答案:161.Find the limit of the function【图片】 and is the function continuous at thepoint being approached?答案:The limit is 0 and the function is continuous at62.The integral of [x/(x^2+1)]dx is答案:1/2[ln(x^2+1)]+C63.When x approaches 0, the limit of (1+3x)^(1/x) is答案:e^364.When x approaches infinity, the limit of x^(1/x) is答案:165.When x approaches infinity, for two functions f(x) and g(x), the limit off(x)/g(x) is infinity, and the limit of g(x)/f(x) is 0, thus a relationship between their growth rates can be said that答案:Function f(x) grouws faster than g(x).66. A function f is called a One-to-One function if it never takes on the same valuetwice.答案:正确67.The integtral of [e^(2x+1)]dx is答案:1/2[e^(2x+1)]+C68. A force of 2 N will stretch a rubber band 2 cm (0.02 m). Assuming thatHooke's Law applies, how far will a 4-N force stretch the rubber band?答案:4 cm69.Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the curve【图片】aboutthey-axis.答案:70.Which statement is true?答案:71.Which statement is false?答案:72.Find the integration formula of the solid volume generated by the curve 【图片】, the x-axis, and the line 【图片】revolved about the x-axis by the shell method.答案:73.Find the integration formula of the area of the region bounded above by thecurve 【图片】, below by the curve 【图片】, on the left by 【图片】, and on the right by 【图片】.答案:74.If 【图片】is continuous on [-1,1] and the average value is 2, then 【图片】答案:475. A cubic function is a polynomial of degree 3; that is, it has the form 【图片】，where a≠0. Then ( ) is false.答案:x=1 is critical number when the cubic function has only one criticalnumber.76.The graph of【图片】has ( )asymptotes.答案:377.If 【图片】then答案:78.The average value of【图片】on【图片】is答案:79.If f (x) is continuous on (−1, 1), and【图片】then答案:80.The derivative of the function【图片】 is答案:81.The function 【图片】has ( )答案:A. neither a local maximum nor a local minimum82.Find the derivative of function【图片】答案:83.Find y' , if【图片】答案:84.The derivative of 【图片】is( )答案:85.Let【图片】,Then【图片】答案:18x(x+1)86.At what points, is the function 【图片】continuous?答案:A. Discontinuous only when x= 3 or x= 187.Find the derivative of x(e^x).答案:e^x(x+1)88.The integral of (1/x)dx is答案:ln|x|+C89.Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the curve 【图片】aboutthe y-axis to generate a solid.答案:90.Find the length of the curve【图片】.答案:7ing the trapezoidal rule to estimate the integralwith n=4 steps【图片】答案:0.70500。

AI专⽤词汇LetterAAccumulatederrorbackpropagation累积误差逆传播ActivationFunction激活函数AdaptiveResonanceTheory/ART⾃适应谐振理论Addictivemodel加性学习Adversari alNetworks对抗⽹络AffineLayer仿射层Affinitymatrix亲和矩阵Agent代理/智能体Algorithm算法Alpha-betapruningα-β剪枝Anomalydetection异常检测Approximation近似AreaUnderROCCurve／AUCRoc曲线下⾯积ArtificialGeneralIntelligence/AGI通⽤⼈⼯智能ArtificialIntelligence/AI⼈⼯智能Associationanalysis关联分析Attentionmechanism注意⼒机制Attributeconditionalindependenceassumption属性条件独⽴性假设Attributespace属性空间Attributevalue属性值Autoencoder⾃编码器Automaticspeechrecognition⾃动语⾳识别Automaticsummarization⾃动摘要Aver agegradient平均梯度Average-Pooling平均池化LetterBBackpropagationThroughTime通过时间的反向传播Backpropagation/BP反向传播Baselearner基学习器Baselearnin galgorithm基学习算法BatchNormalization/BN批量归⼀化Bayesdecisionrule贝叶斯判定准则BayesModelAveraging／BMA贝叶斯模型平均Bayesoptimalclassifier贝叶斯最优分类器Bayesiandecisiontheory贝叶斯决策论Bayesiannetwork贝叶斯⽹络Between-cla ssscattermatrix类间散度矩阵Bias偏置/偏差Bias-variancedecomposition偏差-⽅差分解Bias-VarianceDilemma偏差–⽅差困境Bi-directionalLong-ShortTermMemory/Bi-LSTM双向长短期记忆Binaryclassification⼆分类Binomialtest⼆项检验Bi-partition⼆分法Boltzmannmachine玻尔兹曼机Bootstrapsampling⾃助采样法／可重复采样／有放回采样Bootstrapping⾃助法Break-EventPoint／BEP平衡点LetterCCalibration校准Cascade-Correlation级联相关Categoricalattribute离散属性Class-conditionalprobability类条件概率Classificationandregressiontree/CART分类与回归树Classifier分类器Class-imbalance类别不平衡Closed-form闭式Cluster簇/类/集群Clusteranalysis聚类分析Clustering聚类Clusteringensemble聚类集成Co-adapting共适应Codin gmatrix编码矩阵COLT国际学习理论会议Committee-basedlearning基于委员会的学习Competiti velearning竞争型学习Componentlearner组件学习器Comprehensibility可解释性Comput ationCost计算成本ComputationalLinguistics计算语⾔学Computervision计算机视觉C onceptdrift概念漂移ConceptLearningSystem/CLS概念学习系统Conditionalentropy条件熵Conditionalmutualinformation条件互信息ConditionalProbabilityTable／CPT条件概率表Conditionalrandomfield/CRF条件随机场Conditionalrisk条件风险Confidence置信度Confusionmatrix混淆矩阵Connectionweight连接权Connectionism连结主义Consistency⼀致性／相合性Contingencytable列联表Continuousattribute连续属性Convergence收敛Conversationalagent会话智能体Convexquadraticprogramming凸⼆次规划Convexity凸性Convolutionalneuralnetwork/CNN卷积神经⽹络Co-oc currence同现Correlationcoefficient相关系数Cosinesimilarity余弦相似度Costcurve成本曲线CostFunction成本函数Costmatrix成本矩阵Cost-sensitive成本敏感Crosse ntropy交叉熵Crossvalidation交叉验证Crowdsourcing众包Curseofdimensionality维数灾难Cutpoint截断点Cuttingplanealgorithm割平⾯法LetterDDatamining数据挖掘Dataset数据集DecisionBoundary决策边界Decisionstump决策树桩Decisiontree决策树／判定树Deduction演绎DeepBeliefNetwork深度信念⽹络DeepConvolutionalGe nerativeAdversarialNetwork/DCGAN深度卷积⽣成对抗⽹络Deeplearning深度学习Deep neuralnetwork/DNN深度神经⽹络DeepQ-Learning深度Q学习DeepQ-Network深度Q⽹络Densityestimation密度估计Density-basedclustering密度聚类Differentiab leneuralcomputer可微分神经计算机Dimensionalityreductionalgorithm降维算法D irectededge有向边Disagreementmeasure不合度量Discriminativemodel判别模型Di scriminator判别器Distancemeasure距离度量Distancemetriclearning距离度量学习D istribution分布Divergence散度Diversitymeasure多样性度量／差异性度量Domainadaption领域⾃适应Downsampling下采样D-separation（Directedseparation）有向分离Dual problem对偶问题Dummynode哑结点DynamicFusion动态融合Dynamicprogramming动态规划LetterEEigenvaluedecomposition特征值分解Embedding嵌⼊Emotionalanalysis情绪分析Empiricalconditionalentropy经验条件熵Empiricalentropy经验熵Empiricalerror经验误差Empiricalrisk经验风险End-to-End端到端Energy-basedmodel基于能量的模型Ensemblelearning集成学习Ensemblepruning集成修剪ErrorCorrectingOu tputCodes／ECOC纠错输出码Errorrate错误率Error-ambiguitydecomposition误差-分歧分解Euclideandistance欧⽒距离Evolutionarycomputation演化计算Expectation-Maximization期望最⼤化Expectedloss期望损失ExplodingGradientProblem梯度爆炸问题Exponentiallossfunction指数损失函数ExtremeLearningMachine/ELM超限学习机LetterFFactorization因⼦分解Falsenegative假负类Falsepositive假正类False PositiveRate/FPR假正例率Featureengineering特征⼯程Featureselection特征选择Featurevector特征向量FeaturedLearning特征学习FeedforwardNeuralNetworks/FNN前馈神经⽹络Fine-tuning微调Flippingoutput翻转法Fluctuation震荡Forwards tagewisealgorithm前向分步算法Frequentist频率主义学派Full-rankmatrix满秩矩阵Func tionalneuron功能神经元LetterGGainratio增益率Gametheory博弈论Gaussianker nelfunction⾼斯核函数GaussianMixtureModel⾼斯混合模型GeneralProblemSolving通⽤问题求解Generalization泛化Generalizationerror泛化误差Generalizatione rrorbound泛化误差上界GeneralizedLagrangefunction⼴义拉格朗⽇函数Generalized linearmodel⼴义线性模型GeneralizedRayleighquotient⼴义瑞利商GenerativeAd versarialNetworks/GAN⽣成对抗⽹络GenerativeModel⽣成模型Generator⽣成器Genet icAlgorithm/GA遗传算法Gibbssampling吉布斯采样Giniindex基尼指数Globalminimum全局最⼩GlobalOptimization全局优化Gradientboosting梯度提升GradientDescent梯度下降Graphtheory图论Ground-truth真相／真实LetterHHardmargin硬间隔Hardvoting硬投票Harmonicmean调和平均Hessematrix海塞矩阵Hiddendynamicmodel隐动态模型H iddenlayer隐藏层HiddenMarkovModel/HMM隐马尔可夫模型Hierarchicalclustering层次聚类Hilbertspace希尔伯特空间Hingelossfunction合页损失函数Hold-out留出法Homo geneous同质Hybridcomputing混合计算Hyperparameter超参数Hypothesis假设Hypothe sistest假设验证LetterIICML国际机器学习会议Improvediterativescaling/IIS改进的迭代尺度法Incrementallearning增量学习Independentandidenticallydistributed/i.i.d.独⽴同分布IndependentComponentAnalysis/ICA独⽴成分分析Indicatorfunction指⽰函数Individuallearner个体学习器Induction归纳Inductivebias归纳偏好I nductivelearning归纳学习InductiveLogicProgramming／ILP归纳逻辑程序设计Infor mationentropy信息熵Informationgain信息增益Inputlayer输⼊层Insensitiveloss不敏感损失Inter-clustersimilarity簇间相似度InternationalConferencefor MachineLearning/ICML国际机器学习⼤会Intra-clustersimilarity簇内相似度Intrinsicvalue固有值IsometricMapping/Isomap等度量映射Isotonicregression等分回归It erativeDichotomiser迭代⼆分器LetterKKernelmethod核⽅法Kerneltrick核技巧K ernelizedLinearDiscriminantAnalysis／KLDA核线性判别分析K-foldcrossvalidationk折交叉验证／k倍交叉验证K-MeansClusteringK–均值聚类K-NearestNeighb oursAlgorithm/KNNK近邻算法Knowledgebase知识库KnowledgeRepresentation知识表征LetterLLabelspace标记空间Lagrangeduality拉格朗⽇对偶性Lagrangemultiplier拉格朗⽇乘⼦Laplacesmoothing拉普拉斯平滑Laplaciancorrection拉普拉斯修正Latent DirichletAllocation隐狄利克雷分布Latentsemanticanalysis潜在语义分析Latentvariable隐变量Lazylearning懒惰学习Learner学习器Learningbyanalogy类⽐学习Learn ingrate学习率LearningVectorQuantization/LVQ学习向量量化Leastsquaresre gressiontree最⼩⼆乘回归树Leave-One-Out/LOO留⼀法linearchainconditional randomfield线性链条件随机场LinearDiscriminantAnalysis／LDA线性判别分析Linearmodel线性模型LinearRegression线性回归Linkfunction联系函数LocalMarkovproperty局部马尔可夫性Localminimum局部最⼩Loglikelihood对数似然Logodds／logit对数⼏率Lo gisticRegressionLogistic回归Log-likelihood对数似然Log-linearregression对数线性回归Long-ShortTermMemory/LSTM长短期记忆Lossfunction损失函数LetterM Machinetranslation/MT机器翻译Macron-P宏查准率Macron-R宏查全率Majorityvoting绝对多数投票法Manifoldassumption流形假设Manifoldlearning流形学习Margintheory间隔理论Marginaldistribution边际分布Marginalindependence边际独⽴性Marginalization边际化MarkovChainMonteCarlo/MCMC马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗⽅法MarkovRandomField马尔可夫随机场Maximalclique最⼤团MaximumLikelihoodEstimation/MLE极⼤似然估计／极⼤似然法Maximummargin最⼤间隔Maximumweightedspanningtree最⼤带权⽣成树Max-P ooling最⼤池化Meansquarederror均⽅误差Meta-learner元学习器Metriclearning度量学习Micro-P微查准率Micro-R微查全率MinimalDescriptionLength/MDL最⼩描述长度Minim axgame极⼩极⼤博弈Misclassificationcost误分类成本Mixtureofexperts混合专家Momentum动量Moralgraph道德图／端正图Multi-classclassification多分类Multi-docum entsummarization多⽂档摘要Multi-layerfeedforwardneuralnetworks多层前馈神经⽹络MultilayerPerceptron/MLP多层感知器Multimodallearning多模态学习Multipl eDimensionalScaling多维缩放Multiplelinearregression多元线性回归Multi-re sponseLinearRegression／MLR多响应线性回归Mutualinformation互信息LetterN Naivebayes朴素贝叶斯NaiveBayesClassifier朴素贝叶斯分类器Namedentityrecognition命名实体识别Nashequilibrium纳什均衡Naturallanguagegeneration/NLG⾃然语⾔⽣成Naturallanguageprocessing⾃然语⾔处理Negativeclass负类Negativecorrelation负相关法NegativeLogLikelihood负对数似然NeighbourhoodComponentAnalysis/NCA近邻成分分析NeuralMachineTranslation神经机器翻译NeuralTuringMachine神经图灵机Newtonmethod⽜顿法NIPS国际神经信息处理系统会议NoFreeLunchTheorem ／NFL没有免费的午餐定理Noise-contrastiveestimation噪⾳对⽐估计Nominalattribute列名属性Non-convexoptimization⾮凸优化Nonlinearmodel⾮线性模型Non-metricdistance⾮度量距离Non-negativematrixfactorization⾮负矩阵分解Non-ordinalattribute⽆序属性Non-SaturatingGame⾮饱和博弈Norm范数Normalization归⼀化Nuclearnorm核范数Numericalattribute数值属性LetterOObjectivefunction⽬标函数Obliquedecisiontree斜决策树Occam’srazor奥卡姆剃⼑Odds⼏率Off-Policy离策略Oneshotlearning⼀次性学习One-DependentEstimator／ODE独依赖估计On-Policy在策略Ordinalattribute有序属性Out-of-bagestimate包外估计Outputlayer输出层Outputsmearing输出调制法Overfitting过拟合／过配Oversampling过采样LetterPPairedt-test成对t检验Pairwise成对型PairwiseMarkovproperty成对马尔可夫性Parameter参数Parameterestimation参数估计Parametertuning调参Parsetree解析树ParticleSwarmOptimization/PSO粒⼦群优化算法Part-of-speechtagging词性标注Perceptron感知机Performanceme asure性能度量PlugandPlayGenerativeNetwork即插即⽤⽣成⽹络Pluralityvoting相对多数投票法Polaritydetection极性检测Polynomialkernelfunction多项式核函数Pooling池化Positiveclass正类Positivedefinitematrix正定矩阵Post-hoctest后续检验Post-pruning后剪枝potentialfunction势函数Precision查准率／准确率Prepruning预剪枝Principalcomponentanalysis/PCA主成分分析Principleofmultipleexplanations多释原则Prior先验ProbabilityGraphicalModel概率图模型ProximalGradientDescent/PGD近端梯度下降Pruning剪枝Pseudo-label伪标记LetterQQuantizedNeu ralNetwork量⼦化神经⽹络Quantumcomputer量⼦计算机QuantumComputing量⼦计算Quasi Newtonmethod拟⽜顿法LetterRRadialBasisFunction／RBF径向基函数RandomFo restAlgorithm随机森林算法Randomwalk随机漫步Recall查全率／召回率ReceiverOperatin gCharacteristic/ROC受试者⼯作特征RectifiedLinearUnit/ReLU线性修正单元Recurr entNeuralNetwork循环神经⽹络Recursiveneuralnetwork递归神经⽹络Referencemodel参考模型Regression回归Regularization正则化Reinforcementlearning/RL强化学习Representationlearning表征学习Representertheorem表⽰定理reproducingke rnelHilbertspace/RKHS再⽣核希尔伯特空间Re-sampling重采样法Rescaling再缩放Residu alMapping残差映射ResidualNetwork残差⽹络RestrictedBoltzmannMachine/RBM受限玻尔兹曼机RestrictedIsometryProperty/RIP限定等距性Re-weighting重赋权法Robu stness稳健性/鲁棒性Rootnode根结点RuleEngine规则引擎Rulelearning规则学习LetterS Saddlepoint鞍点Samplespace样本空间Sampling采样Scorefunction评分函数Self-Driving⾃动驾驶Self-OrganizingMap／SOM⾃组织映射Semi-naiveBayesclassifiers半朴素贝叶斯分类器Semi-SupervisedLearning半监督学习semi-SupervisedSupportVec torMachine半监督⽀持向量机Sentimentanalysis情感分析Separatinghyperplane分离超平⾯SigmoidfunctionSigmoid函数Similaritymeasure相似度度量Simulatedannealing模拟退⽕Simultaneouslocalizationandmapping同步定位与地图构建SingularV alueDecomposition奇异值分解Slackvariables松弛变量Smoothing平滑Softmargin软间隔Softmarginmaximization软间隔最⼤化Softvoting软投票Sparserepresentation稀疏表征Sparsity稀疏性Specialization特化SpectralClustering谱聚类SpeechRecognition语⾳识别Splittingvariable切分变量Squashingfunction挤压函数Stability-plasticitydilemma可塑性-稳定性困境Statisticallearning统计学习Statusfeaturefunction状态特征函Stochasticgradientdescent随机梯度下降Stratifiedsampling分层采样Structuralrisk结构风险Structuralriskminimization/SRM结构风险最⼩化S ubspace⼦空间Supervisedlearning监督学习／有导师学习supportvectorexpansion⽀持向量展式SupportVectorMachine/SVM⽀持向量机Surrogatloss替代损失Surrogatefunction替代函数Symboliclearning符号学习Symbolism符号主义Synset同义词集LetterTT-Di stributionStochasticNeighbourEmbedding/t-SNET–分布随机近邻嵌⼊Tensor张量TensorProcessingUnits/TPU张量处理单元Theleastsquaremethod最⼩⼆乘法Th reshold阈值Thresholdlogicunit阈值逻辑单元Threshold-moving阈值移动TimeStep时间步骤Tokenization标记化Trainingerror训练误差Traininginstance训练⽰例／训练例Tran sductivelearning直推学习Transferlearning迁移学习Treebank树库Tria-by-error试错法Truenegative真负类Truepositive真正类TruePositiveRate/TPR真正例率TuringMachine图灵机Twice-learning⼆次学习LetterUUnderfitting⽋拟合／⽋配Undersampling⽋采样Understandability可理解性Unequalcost⾮均等代价Unit-stepfunction单位阶跃函数Univariatedecisiontree单变量决策树Unsupervisedlearning⽆监督学习／⽆导师学习Unsupervisedlayer-wisetraining⽆监督逐层训练Upsampling上采样LetterVVanishingGradientProblem梯度消失问题Variationalinference变分推断VCTheoryVC维理论Versionspace版本空间Viterbialgorithm维特⽐算法VonNeumannarchitecture冯·诺伊曼架构LetterWWassersteinGAN/WGANWasserstein⽣成对抗⽹络Weaklearner弱学习器Weight权重Weightsharing权共享Weightedvoting加权投票法Within-classscattermatrix类内散度矩阵Wordembedding词嵌⼊Wordsensedisambiguation词义消歧LetterZZero-datalearning零数据学习Zero-shotlearning零次学习。

Vilar IP Camera VS-IPC1002 User’s ManualIndex1INTRODUCTION.............................................................................- 1 -1.1W ELCOME TO THE V ILAR IP C AMERA (11.2P ACKAGE C ONTENTS (11.3I DENTIFY VS-IPC1002 (21.3.1VS-IPC1002Views....................................................................- 2 -1.3.2Indication and Operation..........................................................- 4 -2FUNCTIONS AND FEATURES........................................................- 10 -2.1B ASIC F UNCTIONS (102.2A DVANCED F EATURES (103SYSTEM REQUIREMENT...............................................................- 11 -4SETUP PROCEDURE......................................................................- 12 -4.1VS-IPC1002P OWER &N ETWORK C ONNECTION (124.2R OUTER/S WITCH/H UB/X DSL M ODEM C ONNECTION (134.3U SE IPC AM S EARCH T OOL TO SETUP VS-IPC1002 (144.4V IEW V IDEO ON W EB B ROWSER (164.5S ETUP VS-IPC1002 ON W EB (224.6M OUNTING THE VS-IPC1002 (225SYSTEM CONFIGURATION...........................................................- 24 - 5.1S YSTEM STATUS (245.2U SER M ANAGEMENT (255.3N ETWORK (265.4D ATE AND T IME (275.5V IDEO (275.6JPEG E NCRYPTION (285.7E-MAIL (295.8FTP (305.9S ENSORS AND M OTION D ETECTION (315.10S CHEDULER T RIGGER (315.11S YSTEM M AINTENANCE (325.12S YSTEM L OG (325.13G UEST Z ONE (336VISIT VS-IPC1002 OVER INTERNET............................................- 34 - 6.1WAN IP A DDRESS (346.2N ETWORK A DDRESS T RANSLATION (NAT (356.3P ORT F ORWARDING (356.4D EFAULT G ATEWAY (366.5A CCESSING M ULTIPLE C AMERAS ON THE I NTERNET (366.6D YNAMIC D OMAIN N AME S ERVICE (DDNS (376.7C ONFIGURATION E XAMPLE (387TECHNICAL PARAMETERS............................................................- 40 -Figures and Tables IndexFigure 1 VS-IPC1002 View.........................................................- 2 - Figure 2 VS-IPC1002 Front View...................................................- 2 - Figure 3 VS-IPC1002 Back View....................................................- 3 - Figure 4 Front View Indication and Operation.................................- 4 - Figure 5 LCD Indications..............................................................- 4 - Figure 6 IP Address/Network Mask/Gateway...................................- 5 - Figure 7 Back View Indication.......................................................- 7 - Figure 8 Input & Output defines....................................................- 7 - Figure 9 Input & Output Pins Connection........................................- 8 - Figure 10 Insert a CF Card...........................................................- 9 - Figure 11 Connecting the Ethernet wire.......................................- 12 - Figure 12 connecting the power supply........................................- 12 - Figure 13 LAN connection..........................................................- 13 - Figure 14 VS-IPC1002 Search Tool..............................................- 14 - Figure 15 Modify Vi lar IP camera’s IP Address...............................- 15 - Figure 16 Input Administrator’s Username and Password................- 15 - Figure 17 VS-IPC1002 Home Page..............................................- 16 - Figure 18 Login Message box.....................................................- 17 - Figure 19 IE SecurityWarning....................................................- 17 - Figure 20 Security setting for ActiveX Controls..............................- 18 - Figure 21 Set VS-IPC1002 as a trusted site..................................- 19 - Figure 22 Video webpage...........................................................- 20 - Figure 23 History Images View...................................................- 21 - Figure 24 The right-click menu of ActiveX Control.........................- 21 - Figure 25 The bottom menu of ActiveX Control...........................- 22 - Figure 26 System Status View....................................................- 24 - Figure 27 User Management View...............................................- 25 - Figure 28 Network Setup View....................................................- 26 - Figure 29Date and Time Setup View............................................- 27 - Figure 30 Video Setup View.......................................................- 27 - Figure 31JPEG Encryption Setup View..........................................- 28 - Figure32 Require Password Input in Client Web Browser.................- 28 - Figure 33 Input Password in Web Browser (ActiveX......................- 29 - Figure 34 Input Password in Web Browser (Java........................- 29 - Figure35 E-mail Setup View.......................................................- 29 - Figure 36 FTP Setup View..........................................................- 30 - Figure 38 Scheduler Trigger Setup View.......................................- 31 - Figure 39 System Maintenance View..........................................- 32 - Figure 40 System Log View........................................................- 32 - Figure 41 “Guest Zone” View......................................................- 33 - Figure 42 Vilar IP camera’s Application Environment......................- 34 - Figure 43 Typical Network Environment.......................................- 38 -1 Introduction1.1Welcome to the Vilar IP CameraThe Vilar IP Camera combines a high quality digital video camera with network connectivity and a powerful web server to bring clear video to your desktop from anywhere on your local network or over the Internet.1.2Package ContentsNow the digital cameras are used more often in many public areas such as super markets, schools, factories and so on. Especially on some special areas such as banks and traffic cross road, its powerful image management can help you monitor those areas better.1.3Identify VS-IPC10021.3.1VS-IPC1002ViewsFigure 2 VS-IPC1002 Front View1.3.2Indication and OperationFigure 5 LCD IndicationsLCD circulates display IP Address/Network Mask/Gateway, it shown as Figure 6.System in configuration status. E.g. Upgrading firmware.Network mode indications:Icon MeaningStatic IP Use static (manually fixed IP mode.DHCP IP Address is dynamic assigned byDHCP Server.PPPoE Vilar IP Camera’s internal PPPoE dialfunction enabled.(Used for xDSLThere is a “user visiting” yellow LED on the panel. IEEuser visiting” icon of LCDFigure 8 Input & Output definesOutputA B Input Common Input 1 2Input Pins: The input pins can be used for 2-way external sensor input. For example, you may connect a Person Infrared Sensor (PIR to it for motion detection. When external sensor triggered, VS-IPC1002 can be programmed to send an email with picture or control the internal relay output.Connecting two sensors which send open and close signals to IO input pins. Pin3 and Pin4 connect two input lines of sensor 1 respectively. Pin4 and Pin5 connect two input lines of sensor 2 respectively.Figure 9 Input & Output Pins ConnectionExternal Power Socket:Connect to a 5V AC-DC adapter.CAUTION: Do not use any non-approved power adapter otherthan the ones which is accessory. This is to prevent anydamage of VS-IPC1002.RJ-45 Ethernet Socket: Connects your VS-IPC1002 to LAN.CF Card Socket: As image storage CF Card could save the sensor triggerimage on the real time or discontinuous time. Its maximum capacity is 2GByte. You have to format it as FAT16/FAT32 before use it. Both type1 and type2 CF card can be supported by this socket.2 Functions and Features2.1Basic FunctionsThe basic function of VS-IPC1002 is transmitting remote video and audio on the IP network. The high quality video image can be transmitted with 30fps speed on theLAN/WAN by using MJPEG hardware compression technology.The VS-IPC1002 is basic on the TCP/IP standard. There is a WEB server inside which could support Internet Explore. Because of that the management and maintenance of your device become more simply by using network to achieve the remote configuration, start-up and upgrade firmware.You can use this VS-IPC1002 to monitor some special places such as your home and your office. Also controlling the VS-IPC1002 and managing image are simple by clicking the website through the network.2.2Advanced FeaturesüAdvanced Image EncryptionBesides standard user authentication, there is a powerful 128-bit AES encryption can be used to ensure the image transmission safe.üDigital Video Recording and TransportationVS-IPC1002 can save the image in CF Card. sending the image to your mailbox automatic when the VS-IPC1002 is triggered.üMotion DetectionYour may use the internal Motion Detection function or external PIR sensor to trigger images recording and transportation.üAlarm sensor input/outputThe detection sensor sends an alarm and records it by itself when there is a fire or accident. A message as an email is send to you by this sensor. (Theinput/output discreteness can be chosenüDDNS supportUsing the VS-IPC1002 in the condition which including ADSL and IP change often is more convenient, because VS-IPC1002 provides dynamic DNS function.3 System RequirementüLAN: 10Base-T Ethernet / 100BaseTX Fast EthernetüWeb Browser can support ActiveX ,such as Internet Explorer 5.0 or higherüWeb Browser can support Java Applet, such as Firefox 1.5üPC – Intel Pentium III or equivalent, 1GHz or aboveü128MB RAMü800x600 resolution with 16-bit color or above4 Setup ProcedureBefore use VS-IPC1002, please setup according to the following procedures.4.1VS-IPC1002 Power & Network ConnectionStep1: Connect the network cable to the RJ45 network connections portFigure 11 Connecting the Ethernet wireStep2: Connect the power adapter to the VS-IPC1002 power socket and then insert the plug into an available power outlet.Figure 12 connecting the power supply4.2is The current IP address of VS-IPC1002, Network Mask and Gateway will be shown on the LCD panel after 1minute.VS-IPC1002 is available for visiting now. There are two methods for visiting its homepage:1. Run Vilar IP camera management tool “VilarWizard_CN.exe ” in theCD. This software will search for all VS-IPC1002 in your LAN. Select one and then click [visit] to continue.2. Run an Internet Explorer , and input the IP address as shown on the LCDto IE ’s address bar , for example: http://192.168.0.234.CAUTION: Do not use any non-approved power adapter other than the ones which are accessory. This is to prevent any damage of VS-IPC1002.In different country or region, the power supply might be different (110V/220,50Hz/60Hz, please make sure itcorrespond to the tag marked on thepower adapter.4.3 Use Vilar IP camera mangement tool to setupVS-IPC1002Insert the incidental CD into the CD-ROM drive. After run the Vilar IP camera management tool “VilarWizard_CN.exe ”, the interface as follow will pup up.Figure 14 VS-IPC1002 Search ToolThis tool shows all Vilar IP Cameras found on your LAN with its Serial Number/IP Address/Firmware Version. If your Vilar IP camera ’s IP address is not as the same segment of your PC (defined by IP Address and Network Mask, you may not be able to visit your Vilar IP camera. For example, Your PC ’s IP address is 192.168.100.33, network mask is 255.255.255.0, then your PC can visit the IP address from 192.168.100.1 to 192.168.100.255 only, If your Vilar IP camera ’s IP Address is not within this range, you cannot access it. Therefore you can click [Setup IP] button to change Vilar IP camera ’s IP address and adjust it adapting your PC setting.Click [Auto Set], let IPCamSearch tool find an available IP Address for you. Note: VS-IPC1002 by default use fixed (static IP address setting. The default IP addressis :192.168.0.234, Network Mask is255.255.255.0, Gateway is 192.168.0.1Figure 15 Modify Vilar IP camera’s IP AddressClick [OK], and then input administrator’s username and password to continue.Figure 16 Input Administrator’s Username and PasswordInput the correct username and password, and click [OK], then you can see a message box indicating Vilar IP camera’s IP Address has changed(VS-IPC1002 is in static IP mode now.Then you may click [Visit IPCam] to run an Internet Explorer, You can do more configuration by click [System Setup] on homepage of VS-IPC1002.4.4 View the video of VS-IPC1002 on Web Browser You may visit Vilar IP camera ’s homepage by IE or other compatible web browsers.Figure 17 VS-IPC1002 Home PageClick “User Visit ” to view video. You will see a message box which requires your login as shown below.Note: If you don ’t have Vilar IP camera management tool at hand, you may change your PC ’s IP Address to the same segment, according to the IP shown on Vilar IPcamera ’s front LCD. Then you can input Vilar IP camera ’s IP Address into IE ’s address bar to access.Figure 18 Login Message boxInput correct Username and password, then you can view the video.The system will prompt you install the ActiveX control when you use it first time.The follow dialog box will be indicated after you setting the security option of Internet Explorer correctly.Figure 19 IE Security WarningClick [Install] to continue. If you cannot see the message above, you must modify IE’s security configuration.You can follow this procedure to setup IE security configuration:1. Select [Internet Options] in [Tools] menu of IE;2. Switch to [Security] option card;3. Select [Custom Level];4. Setup as the following;a Init and Run unmarked as safety ActiveX controls: Select[Alert];b downloading unsigned ActiveX controls: Select [Alert];c Run ActiveX controls and plug-in: Select [Enable];Figure 20 Security setting for ActiveX Controls5. Click [OK] to save it.In addition the IPCam also can be a “Trusted Sites ”, the setting process as foll ow:1. Select [Internet Options] in [Tools] menu of IE;2. Switch to [Security] option card;Note: You can not download the ActiveX Control without authorization until setup Internet Explorer security configuration properly.3.Select [Trusted Sites];4.Uncheck “√“ before “……https:(S”;5.Input Vilar IP camera’s IP address or URL, for example,http://192.168.0.250 or ;6.Click [Add], [OK] to save.Figure 22 Video webpageThere is a pan/tilt on the top-left of the website. You can click it to move the camera Up/Down/Left/Right; or choosing the right-left cruise, up-down cruise and centered.On the left, you can also select the Resolution, Quality, Brightness, Contrast and Zoom.Resolution can be 640x480, 320x240, and 160x120. The higher resolution, the higher clarity, while requiring more bandwidth.Quality can be “High”, “Standard”or “Low”. “High”consumes largest bandwidth, thus the frame per second will down.If you feel the frame per second (fps is too slow, and want to increase it, you can select “Low” quality and lower resolution. If you hope to see clearer image, you may choose “High” quality and higher resolution.Brightness and Contrast can be changed according to different environment. “+” means add, “-” means reduce. “STD” means a standard (middle value.Zoom will show the video in a scale of half or double. It won’t affect the transport fps or bandwidth.Click [Snapshot] will pop up a new page to snap a static JPEG image, you mayclick right key of mous e and select “save as…” to store it to your computer. Click [History], will pop up a History View Page (You must have inserted CF Card first.Figure 23 History Images ViewUnder the ActiveX Control mode you can save the video on the local hard disk. Left –click the image display area of ActiveX Control, then select the corresponding function by right-click with your mouse.Figure 1 The right-click menu of ActiveX ControlYou can choose the function what you need from option at the bottom of the ActiveX Control as well.Figure 2 The bottom menu of ActiveX ControlThere are two kinds of video format such as IPEG and MPEG4. The video file size as JPEG format is bigger than MPEG4 format.VS-IPC1002 can be installed on the vertical wall by using mounting pedestal. Choosing the observed areas becomes more convenient by adjusting the VS-IPC1002 support platform at any point of view.Step 1. Find a suitable location to mount the camera.Step 2. Using the mounting bracket as a guide, mark the location of the two mounting holes.Step 3. Drill a “¼” hole for each screw.Step 4. Use a hammer to tap the two plastic anchors into the holes.Step 5. Use the two screws to fasten the bracket to the wall.Step 6. Place the camera on the mounting bracket platform and rotate the camera to be facing in the desired direction.Step 7. Secure the camera to the mounting bracket using the thumbscrew located on the bottom of the platform.Step 8. Loosen the tilt adjust thumbscrew and tilt the camera toward the area to be observed.5 System Configuration5.1System statusThis page shows status of the system for diagnose.Figure 26 System Status View5.2User Management““““”Allow Anybody Visit”: VS-IPC1002 provide a Guest Zone, if you checkedthis, any temporally visitors may enter Guest Zone to see the video without enter any username/password. If you unchecked this (default, the visitors have to enter at least a “Guest” permission username/password to visit the “Guest Zone”. At any time, the “User Zone”only allows “User”& “Administrator” permission to visit.”Vilar Backbone”Service Setup: This service as a connection of central server is useful for customer. You can choose start “Vilar Backbone” function and enter the correct user name, password, IP address of server and port information. (Vilar Backbone service depends on the Vlilar Camera addition service provided by network carrier. Please connect your camera dealer to make sure the availability of this service in your area and the relative charge of this service.5.3NetworkFigure 28 Network Setup View5.4Date and TimeFigure 29Date and Time Setup View 5.5VideoFigure 30 Video Setup View5.6JPEG EncryptionFigure 31JPEG Encryption Setup ViewFigure32 Require Password Input in Client Web BrowserFigure 33 Input Password in Web Browser (ActiveXFigure 34 Input Password in Web Browser (Java 5.7E-mailFigure35 E-mail Setup ViewThis section sets up the necessary Email server information. The administrator will have to enter a valid Account Name and Password to the Email server. This information is necessary to allow email notification features.“SMTP Server”: The administrator will have to enter the Email server address here.“Sender’s Email” This will determines Vilar IP camera’s Email address.“Email Requires Authentication”: If checked, the administrator will have to provide the account name and password in order to access the Email server.“E-mail Sender Username”: Enter the account name or login name to the Email server.“E-mail Sender Password”: Enter the password for the above account name.5.8FTPFigure 36 FTP Setup View5.9Sensors and Motion DetectionFigure 37 Sensors and Motion Detection Setup View 5.10Scheduler Trigger Figure 38 Scheduler Trigger Setup View5.11System MaintenanceFigure 39 System Maintenance View 5.12System LogFigure 40 System Log View5.13Guest ZoneFigure 41 “Guest Zone” View6 Visit VS-IPC1002 over INTERNETThe common environment for VS-IPC1002 using as follow:1.In Local Area Network (LAN only.2.Direct connect to INTERNET via xDSL (PPPoE Modem.3.Share one INTERNET connection with other computer, and connect toINTERNET via a gateway or router.Figure 42 Vilar IP camera’s Ap plication EnvironmentIf your LAN is connected to the Internet through a high speed (broadband Internet connection, you can access your cameras by web browser from anywhere on the Internet. To do this you need to:1.Know your WAN (Internet IP address. This is the IP address that yourInternet Service Provider gives you to access the Internet. It may be static (always the same or dynamic (can change from time to time.2.Make sure the router or gateway can visit the VS-IPC1002 through theport 80.3.Make sure your camera’s default gateway is set as your LAN (local IPaddress of your router/gateway.6.1WAN IP AddressThe WAN IP address is necessary when you want connect your home or business network to the internet. The WAN IP address is different from the LANIP address. It can be seeing by outside network, and it is supplied by Internet Service Provider to grant you access the internet.Your WAN IP address is stored by your gateway router which uses it to connect the Internet. All the devices on your network connect to the Internet via your gateway router. You can find your current WAN IP address by checking your router’s status page. Alsothere are various websites such as will help you find your current IP address.The term gateway is used generically to mean the device that connects a local Most a.6.2have6.3All the TCP/IP (internet networks are using software port to connect with each other. The port can be considered as channels of television. Default all the websites are through the channel 80 (port, the websites and the images can be sent via the port 80 to yourbrowser by VS-IPC1002. Therefore this channel (port can received the visiting application without the encumbrance from your router/firewall. You can visit VS-IPC1002 from the external network and those two ports have to transmitting or redirecting on the LAN IP address port by your gateway router. Thus the setting software of your router has to possessing transmission or redirecting function.Before sett ing up port forwarding, it ’s best to configure your VS-IPC1002 to use a static LAN IP since your port forwarding setup will need to be updated if the camera ’s LAN IP addresses changes.6.4 Default Gatewaycorrect request to correspond camera. All the websites requests will be sent to port 80 by browser if the default setting does not change. However the port 80 transmit therequest to one LAN IP address only, therefore all the websites requests on the port 80 will send to that address.The solution of this problem is to set up the router, assign a different port number to each camera. For example, you may set up your second camera to use port 81. When you want to access this camera, you would tell your browser to use port 81, instead of port 80. In your router ’s port forwarding setup, you would need toNote: Forwarding ports to your camera does not pose any additional security risk to your LAN.forward port 81 to the LAN IP address of the second camera. Web page requests arriving at port 81 wi ll automatically be directed to the second camera’s address.To instruct your browser to use a different port, other than 80, to access a web page, you would add the port number at the end of the IP address or URL, separated by a colon. For example, to access a camera on port 81 if your WAN IP address is 210.82.13.21, you would enter http:// 210.82.13.21:81 into your browser’s address bar. You can do the same thing with a URL such as :81.The steps to set up remote access are as follows:The solution to the dynamic IP address problem comes in the form of a dynamic DNS service.The Internet uses DNS servers to lookup domain names and translates them into IP addresses. Domain names, such as , are easy to remember as aliases of IP addresses. A dynamic DNS service is unique because it provides a means of updating your IP address so that your listing will remain current when your IP address changes. There are several excellent DDNS services available on the Internet and best of all most are free to use. Two such services you can use are and . You’llneed to register with the service and set up the domain name of your choice to begin using it. Please refer to the home page of the service for detailed instructions.A DDNS service works by uploading your WAN IP address to its servers periodically. Your gateway-router may support DDNS directly, in which case you can enter your DDNS account information into your router and it will update the DDNSser vers automatically when your IP address changes. Please consult your router’s documentation for more information. If your router does not support DDNS, you can setup the Vilar IP camera’s DDNS client.Figure 43 Typical Network EnvironmentsNow, every LAN devices connect to INTERNET via NAT function provided by IP Sharing Device. However, from the point of remote PC’s view, remote PC see only an IP Sharing Device, it doesn’t know how many PCs existed inside privacy LAN. This IP Sharing Device is also acted as a firewall.Thus, we have changed the setting of IP Sharing Device; let public PC has theopportunity to access LAN devices, e.g. VS-IPC1002.We can achieve this goal by enable Reversal NAT (RNAT function of IP Sharing Device.1.“Virtual Server”: Many routers have “Virtual Server” support. You mustforward the WAN 80 TCP port to LAN Vilar IP camera’s IP and Port. (If you visit 210.82.13.21’s 80 port outside, you will be forward to LAN192.168.0.2’s 80 port.2.Another method is the “DMZ Host”. If enabled to use a LAN device as theDMZ host, the outside PC will be able visit this LAN device directly, as ifanin7 Technical ParametersOtherCPU 32bit ARM@66MHz frequency. SDRAM 16MByte FLASH 4MByte。

Title xtnbreg postestimation —Postestimation tools for xtnbregDescriptionThe following postestimation commands are available for xtnbreg :commanddescription ∗estatAIC ,BIC ,VCE ,and estimation sample summary estimatescataloging estimation results hausmanHausman’s specification test lincompoint estimates,standard errors,testing,and inference for linear combinations of coefficients lrtestlikelihood-ratio test marginsmarginal means,predictive margins,marginal effects,and average marginal effects nlcompoint estimates,standard errors,testing,and inference for nonlinear combinations of coefficients predictpredictions,residuals,influence statistics,and other diagnostic measures predictnlpoint estimates,standard errors,testing,and inference for generalized predictions testWald tests of simple and composite linear hypotheses testnlWald tests of nonlinear hypotheses ∗estat ic is not appropriate after xtnbreg,pa .See the corresponding entries in the Base Reference Manual for details.Syntax for predictRandom-effects (RE)and conditional fixed-effects (FE)overdispersion models predict type newvar if in ,RE/FE statistic nooffsetPopulation-averaged (PA)model predict type newvar if in ,PA statistic nooffsetRE/FE statistic descriptionMainxblinear prediction;the default stdpstandard error of the linear prediction nu0predicted number of events;assumes fixed or random effect is zero iru0predicted incidence rate;assumes fixed or random effect is zero pr0(n )unconditional probability Pr(y j =n )assuming the random effect is zero;only allowed after xtnbreg,re pr0(a ,b )unconditional probability Pr(a ≤y j ≤b )assuming the random effect is zero;only allowed after xtnbreg,re12xtnbreg postestimation—Postestimation tools for xtnbregPA statistic descriptionMainmu predicted number of events;considers the offset();the defaultrate predicted number of eventsxb linear predictionstdp standard error of the linear predictionscorefirst derivative of the log likelihood with respect to x jβThese statistics are available both in and out of sample;type predict...if e(sample)...if wanted only for the estimation sample.MenuStatistics>Postestimation>Predictions,residuals,etc.Options for predict££Main xb calculates the linear prediction.This is the default for the random-effects andfixed-effects models. mu and rate both calculate the predicted number of events.mu takes into account the offset(),and rate ignores those adjustments.mu and rate are equivalent if you did not specify offset().mu is the default for the population-averaged model.stdp calculates the standard error of the linear prediction.nu0calculates the predicted number of events,assuming a zero random orfixed effect.iru0calculates the predicted incidence rate,assuming a zero random orfixed effect.pr0(n)calculates the unconditional probability Pr(y j=n)assuming the random effect is zero, where n is a nonnegative integer that may be specified as a number or a variable(only allowed after xtnbreg,re).pr0(a,b)calculates the unconditional probability Pr(a≤y j≤b)assuming the random effect is zero,where a and b are nonnegative integers that may be specified as numbers or variables(only allowed after xtnbreg,re);b missing(b≥.)means+∞;pr0(20,.)calculates Pr(y j≥20);pr0(20,b)calculates Pr(y j≥20)in observations for which b≥.and calculatesPr(20≤y j≤b)elsewhere.pr0(.,b)produces a syntax error.A missing value in an observation of the variable a causes a missing value in that observation for pr0(a,b).score calculates the equation-level score,u j=∂ln L j(x jβ)/∂(x jβ).nooffset is relevant only if you specified offset(varname)for xtnbreg.It modifies the calculations made by predict so that they ignore the offset variable;the linear prediction is treated as x itβrather than x itβ+offset it.xtnbreg postestimation—Postestimation tools for xtnbreg3Methods and formulasAll postestimation commands listed above are implemented as ado-files.The probabilities calculated using the pr0(n)option are the unconditional probability Pr(y i=n) for a RE model assuming the random effect is zero.These are calculated usingPr(0|x i)=ωi+(1−ωi)p2(0|x i)Pr(n|x i)=(1−ωi)p2(n|x i)for n=1,2,...whereωi is the probability of obtaining an observation from the degenerate distribution whose mass is concentrated at zero,and p2(n|x i)is the probability of y i=n from the nondegenerate,negative binomial,RE model.ωi can be obtained from the pr0()option.See Cameron and Trivedi(1998,sec.4.7)for further details.ReferenceCameron,A.C.,and P.K.Trivedi.1998.Regression Analysis of Count Data.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Also see[XT]xtnbreg—Fixed-effects,random-effects,&population-averaged negative binomial models [U]20Estimation and postestimation commands。

Test for Unit 3Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. After each question you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.Long Conversation 11.What does Tim think of his new job?A. It's going terribly.B. It's going pretty well.C. It's too challenging.D. It's quite boring.2.Which of the following options does not describe his new boss?A. He is unmotivated.B. He is firm and persistentC. He is energetic.D. He understands how to foster a competitive drive among the team members.3.Why does Tim prefer his new boss over his former boss?A. His former boss was always listening to her team members.B. His new boss is more lenient and easy-going.C. His new boss recognizes the skills of team members.D. His new boss is always absent.4.How does Tim feel about his new co-workers?A. They are all difficult to work with.B. They are all quite easy-going.C. They are constantly competing with each other.D. They ignore Tim's presence.5.What does Tim appreciate about working with people from different departments?A. It helps him avoid conflicts.B. It allows him to work independently.C. It helps him appreciate different opinions, especially during conflicts of ideas.D. It makes his work easier and less challenging.Long Conversation 26.What kind of person does the woman want for a flatmate?A. Very considerate and caring.B. Somewhat reserved and quiet.C. Pretty easy-going and straightforward.D. Sociable but also aware of personal space.7. What answer does the woman want to hear when she asks a potential flatmate if they are a tidy person?A. “I’m not very concerned about cleanliness.”B. “Sometimes I clean, and sometimes I don't.”C. “Oh yes, extremely!”D. “I prefer a messy environment.”8. What do we know about the woman's attitude to cleanliness?A .She cares a lot about being neat and tidy.B. She doesn't care whether her flatmate is tidy or not.C. She hopes her flatmate will offer to clean up their room.D. She thinks she should share the cleaning with her flatmate.9. Why does the woman think money is a problem when looking for a flatmate?A. She cannot afford to live alone.B. Her previous flatmate often delayed payments.C. She needs the rent to be paid as soon as possible.D. She thinks reaching a deal regarding rent is difficult.10. What will the woman do to make sure her flatmate can afford the rent?A .Ask them about their work.B. Ask them how much they earn.C. Ask them to pay the rent each month on time.D. Ask them whether they can pay three months' rent in advance.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two passages. After each question you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.Passage 111. According to the speaker, a/an _________ team would win in a playoff.A. dependentB. pickupC. formal and well-practicedD. pickup and well-practiced12. The speaker studies team because _________.A. many of us have to work todayB. many of us have fast-paced operationsC. many of us shifted crazilyD. many of us have to work with different people13. According to the speaker, to have a stable team is _________ in our daily lives.A. increasingB. not easyC. optionalD. not impossible14. The hospital is a place where _________.A. she has done a research about medicineB. it opens 24 hours for 7 days each monthC. the patients are all differentD. doctors work in complicated ways15. If caregivers cooperate with each other, the result will be that _________.A. they offer patients great careB. they work with 60 or so different peopleC. they have their different study backgroundsD. they live a tragic lifePassage 216.How can we build trust and understanding with our neighbors?A. By visiting them frequently.B. By getting to know each other.C. By organizing parties together.D. By taking family vacations together.17.What should we do if we are likely to cause problems for our neighbors?A. Address problems appropriately when they occur.B. Apologize to our neighbors when problems occur.C. Take action beforehand to avoid potential problems.D Immediately cease activities that may cause problems.18.How should we react if our neighbors are bothering us?A.We should involve the police for help.B.We should wait patiently for their explanations.C. We should express our concerns and discuss solutions together.D. We should involve more family members to address the problem.19.What is the ultimate goal when resolving disputes with neighbors?A. To win the argument.B. To avoid any future communication.C. To live in harmony with them.D. To punish the neighbor causing problems.20.What is the main topic of the passage?A. The importance of family vacations.B. How to handle disputes with neighbors.C. The benefits of borrowing sugar.D. Why property damage occurs. Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear two news reports. After each question you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.News 121.Why did the six residents have to find another place to stay?A. Due to a fire alarm in their apartments.B. Because of the smoke and heat damage.C. Due to the water used to extinguish the flames.D. Because of the collapse of the three-story building.22. What does the news report say the NorwalkFire Marshal is doing?A. Investigating the cause of the incident.B. Helping search for the suspect of the crime.C. Rescuing the businessmen trapped in the building.D. Checking town records for the property developer.News 223.What do the researchers’ tests show about the cloned dog?A. It has helped solve several murder cases.B. It has become a star police dog in Beijing.C. It has surpassed its mother in performance.D. It has done better than naturally born dogs.24. What is the scientists’ purpose in cloning police dogs?A. To speed up investigation into criminal cases.B. To test the feasibility of cloning technology.C. To cut down training expenses.D. To reduce their training time.25. Why does the news report say the scientists’ goal is not yet possible?A. Cloning is too complicated a process.B. The technology is yet to be accepted.C. Cloning is ethically controversial.D. The technology is too expensive.Part II Banked Cloze (10* 1=10%)Section ADirections: Fill in each of the blanks in the following sentences with a word or phrase from the box.1. All the reports from the scene of crime______ by the police.2. The government has done a lot to ________ interest rate at a high level and this has been proved to be right.3. Mike is considered as a very aggressive and competitive ________by the staff.4. The ________ of this project was the recovery of the polluted area within three months.5. It’s a great film and it ________ an American actor who is going to be a world star soon.Section BDirections: Fill in the blanks by selecting suitable words from the word bank. You may not use any of the words more than once.The benefits of travel go beyond making memories and meeting new people. Staying away from the 6__________ things of daily life and exploring a new place can have a remarkably positive impact on your emotional well-being and your 7__________ powers.Travel can improve your emotional well-being in two aspects. First, changing your daily routine, for example, taking a trip to a nearby town on a weekend day, can help 8__________ your mind and deal with the daily 9__________ . Second, physical exercise is known to improve emotional well-being and travel offers plenty of opportunities to get active. Getting to know a new destination by 10_______ the great outdoors can boost energy levels and improve your mood.Part III. Reading Comprehension (25%)Directions: Read the following passages and choose the corresponding answer.Passage 1Some people have said aging is more a slide into forgetfulness than a journey towards wisdom. However, a growing body of research suggests that late-in-life learning is possible. In reality, education does an aging brain good.Throughout life, people's brains constantly renovate themselves. In the late 1960s, British brain scientist Geoffrey Raisman spied growth in damaged brain regions of rats through an electron microscope; their brains were forging new connections. This meant brains may change every time aperson learns something new.Of course, that doesn't mean the brain isn't affected by the effects of time. Just as height usually declines over the years, so does brain volume: Humans lose about 4 percent every decade starting in their 40s. But that reduction doesn't necessarily make people think slower; as long as we are alive and functioning, we can alter our brains with new information and experiences.In fact, scientists now suspect accumulating novel experiences, facts, and skills can keep people's minds more flexible. New pathways can strengthen our ever-changing mental structure, even as the brain shrinks.Conventional fixes like word puzzles and brain-training apps can contribute to mental durability. Even something as simple as taking a different route to the grocery store or going somewhere new on vacation can keep the brain healthy.A desire for new life challenges can further boost brainpower. Research about aging adults who take on new enterprises shows improved function and memory as well as a reduced risk of mental disease. Openness-a characteristic defined by curiosity and a desire for knowledge-may also help folks pass brain tests. Some folks are born with this take-in-the-world attitude, but those who aren't as genetically gifted aren't necessarily out of luck. While genes can encourage an interest in doing new things, a 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging found completing reasoning tasks like puzzles and number games can enhance that desire for novel experiences, which can, in turn, refresh the brain. That's why brain scientist Richard Kennedy says “It's not that old dogs can't learn new tricks. It's that maybe old dogs don't realize why they should.”1. What do some people think of aging adults?A. Their wisdom grows as time goes by.B. Their memory gradually deteriorates.C. They can benefit from late-in-life learning.D. They are likely to have mental health issues.2. What can we conclude from Geoffrey Raisman's finding?A. Brain damage seriously hinders one's learning.B. Brain power weakens slower than we imagine.C. Brains can refresh and improve with learning.D. Brains forge connections under new conditions.3. What is one thing that helps maintain the health of our brain even as it shrinks?A. Doing daily routines by conventional means.B. Avoiding worrying about our mental durability.C. Imitating old dogs' way of learning new tricks.D. Approaching everyday tasks in novel ways.4. What does the author say can contribute to the improvement of brain function?A. Being curious and desiring knowledge.B. Being eager to pass brain tests at an old age.C. Rising to life's challenges and avoiding risks.D. Boosting immunity to serious mental diseases.5. What is the finding of the 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging?A. Wishing to solve puzzles enhances one's reasoning power.B. Playing number games unexpectedly stimulates one's memory.C. Desiring new experiences can help to renovate the brain.D. Learning new tricks should not be confined to old dogs only.Passage 2Virtual reality technology has recently taken the world by storm, with VR headsets becoming a widely welcomed consumer product. While home adoption has largely been driven by the gaming industry, those within other fields, including the travel industry, are increasingly realizing and exploring the technology's potential, especially as a marketing tool.Businesses operating within the travel industry have been especially quick to adopt virtual reality technology and for good reason. Typically, their customers are looking to purchase experiences, rather than products, and virtual reality offers an effective way for marketers to give them a taste of what they can expect.Travel customers usually require lots of information before they book a hotel room. For instance, they need to read descriptions, view images, watch videos, look at customer reviews, or seek opinions on social media. However, this process can be shortened significantly through the intelligent use of virtual reality. One of the best examples of virtual reality in action within the travel industry is using it to provide virtual tours of hotels and hotel rooms. The key benefit is that it allows potential customers to experience what the hotel looks like before they arrive, offering more transparency than words and images.Virtual reality is also offering hotels, travel agents, and other businesses within the tourism industry the opportunity to provide prospective customers with a virtual travel experience. This means that users will be able to sample some of the main attractions that are likely to draw them to a location in the first place. For instance, a hotel in Paris may provide a virtual experience of what it is like at the top of the Eiffel Tower. Similarly, a hotel near a theme park may be able to provide a virtual roller-coaster experience. The primary benefit of this is to sell rooms, flights, and travel products more effectively by focusing on the experiences they can provide.Some companies have taken a step further, using VR to enhance the entire booking process. This innovation allows travelers to visit a destination, search for flights, walk through a plane to select their seats, check out different hotels, and pay for their entire trip –all within a VR environment. These advancements in VR technology offer a more immersive and interactive experience compared to traditional methods.While many exciting developments are happening in virtual reality and the travel and tourism industry, it's essential to approach this technology with a critical eye and use it responsibly. By doing so, we can create a world in which travel is more accessible, more sustainable, and more enriching for all.6. How has virtual reality technology impacted the travel industry?A. It has made travel experiences more expensive.B. It has completely replaced traditional hotel booking methods.C. It has provided a new marketing tool for businesses.D. It has made travel more sustainable.7. Why have businesses in the travel industry been quick to adopt virtual reality technology?A. Because of the desire to reduce travel spending.B. Because of the customers' preference for experiences over products.C. Because of the pressure from the gaming industry.D. Because of the need for more transparency in the booking process.8. What is the primary benefit of offering a virtual travel experience?A. Reduction in the need for customer reviews.B. Replacement of the traditional computer mouse.C. Enhanced ability to sell rooms and travel products.D. Increased reliance on descriptions and videos.9. How does VR technology affect the travel booking experience according to the passage?A. It allows travelers to physically visit destinations before booking.B. It makes the booking process less imaginative and more tiresome.C. It offers a more immersive and interactive booking experience.D. It simplifies payment methods and offers suggestions for activities.10. According to the author, what is essential when approaching virtual reality in the travel industry?A. A critical eye and responsible use.B. Increasing reliance on social media.C. Quick adoption by various industries.D. Integration with traditional booking methods.Part IV. Translation(20%)Directions: Translate the following paragraphs into English.1. 丽江古城坐落在玉龙雪山（Yulong Snow Mountain）脚下，是一座风景秀丽的历史文化名城，也是我国保存完好的少数民族（ethnic minority groups）古城之一。

第1篇Ladies and Gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is an honor to stand before you today to address a topic that touches the very fabric of our lives: safety and security. In a world that is increasingly interconnected and complex,the importance of safety cannot be overstated. It is not merely a matter of personal well-being, but also a cornerstone of societal stability and progress. Therefore, it is our collective responsibility to ensure asafe and secure world for all.Let us begin by defining what we mean by "safety and security." Safety refers to the state of being protected from harm or danger, whilesecurity encompasses the measures and systems put in place to prevent or mitigate risks. These two concepts are interrelated and essential forthe functioning of any society.Firstly, let us consider the importance of personal safety. Each one of us has the right to live a life free from fear and violence. Personal safety is not just about physical well-being; it also includes mental health and emotional well-being. In today's fast-paced world, where stress and anxiety are becoming increasingly prevalent, it is crucial to create environments that promote peace of mind and a sense of security.To achieve personal safety, we must all take responsibility for our actions and decisions. This means being aware of our surroundings, practicing good judgment, and making informed choices. For instance, we should always be cautious when using the internet, as cyber threats are on the rise. We should also be vigilant about our personal information, avoiding sharing sensitive data with unknown sources. By being proactive, we can reduce the likelihood of falling victim to scams, theft, or other forms of exploitation.Moreover, we should support initiatives aimed at enhancing personal safety. This includes advocating for better public transportation systems, which can reduce the risk of accidents and provide a sense of security for commuters. It also involves supporting community programsthat promote self-defense and conflict resolution skills. By empowering individuals to protect themselves, we can create a safer environment for everyone.Moving beyond personal safety, we must address the issue of public safety. Public safety is the responsibility of governments, law enforcement agencies, and communities alike. It involves protecting citizens from various threats, including crime, terrorism, natural disasters, and public health emergencies.Governments play a crucial role in ensuring public safety by implementing policies and regulations that address the root causes of crime and violence. This includes investing in education, healthcare, and social services to reduce poverty and inequality, which are often underlying factors contributing to social unrest. Additionally, governments must allocate sufficient resources to law enforcement agencies, ensuring that they have the tools and training necessary to respond effectively to incidents.Law enforcement agencies must uphold the highest standards of integrity and professionalism. They should prioritize community engagement, building trust and fostering positive relationships with the public. This approach not only enhances public safety but also promotes a sense of unity and shared responsibility within the community.Communities themselves have a vital role to play in public safety. This involves reporting suspicious activities, supporting local law enforcement, and participating in community programs aimed at crime prevention. By working together, we can create a safer environment for all residents.In recent years, the issue of cybersecurity has gained significant attention. With the rapid advancement of technology, our lives have become increasingly dependent on digital platforms. This has opened the door to new forms of cyber threats, such as hacking, phishing, and identity theft. Ensuring cybersecurity is a shared responsibility that requires collaboration between governments, private sector entities, and individuals.Governments should establish robust cybersecurity frameworks, mandating the implementation of best practices and regulations to protect critical infrastructure and sensitive data. Private sector entities must investin cybersecurity solutions, employing skilled professionals to safeguard their systems and networks. Finally, individuals should be educated on the importance of cybersecurity, learning how to protect their personal information and identify potential threats.In addition to personal and public safety, we must also address the issue of environmental safety. Climate change and environmental degradation pose significant threats to our planet and future generations. It is our responsibility to protect the environment, ensuring that natural resources are preserved and sustainable practices are adopted.Governments, businesses, and individuals must all contribute to environmental safety. This involves reducing carbon emissions, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and promoting sustainable consumption patterns. It also means supporting conservation efforts and protecting biodiversity.In conclusion, safety and security are essential for the well-being and progress of our societies. Ensuring a safe and secure world requires a collective effort, involving governments, law enforcement agencies, communities, and individuals. By taking responsibility for our actions, supporting initiatives aimed at enhancing safety, and promoting aculture of vigilance and unity, we can create a more secure and prosperous future for all.Thank you for your attention. I invite you to join me in this collective responsibility, as we work together to build a safer and more secure world for generations to come.第2篇Ladies and gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is my great honor to stand before you today to deliver a speech on a topic that concerns us all – safety.Safety is a fundamental human need, and it is the cornerstone of a peaceful and prosperous society. In this speech, I will discuss the importance of safety in our daily lives, the risks we face, and the measures we can take to ensure our safety.First and foremost, safety is a universal value that transcends cultures, languages, and borders. It is the foundation upon which we build our lives, our families, and our communities. We all have the right to live in a safe environment, free from fear and harm. However, despite ourbest efforts, accidents and incidents occur, sometimes leading to tragic consequences.In order to understand the importance of safety, we must first recognize the risks we face in our daily lives. These risks can come from various sources, such as natural disasters, accidents, and crimes. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes, can cause widespread damage and loss of life. Accidents, such as road accidents, fires, and falls, can happen anywhere and at any time. Crimes, such as theft, assault, and harassment, can occur in public places or even inour own homes.The consequences of not taking safety seriously can be devastating. We have all heard stories of families destroyed by fires, communities devastated by natural disasters, and individuals traumatized by crimes. These tragic events serve as a stark reminder of the importance ofsafety in our lives.So, how can we ensure our safety in the face of these risks? Here are some measures we can take:1. Awareness: The first step to ensuring our safety is to be aware ofthe risks we face. We should stay informed about the weather conditions, road conditions, and any potential hazards in our surroundings. This awareness will enable us to take appropriate precautions and avoid dangerous situations.2. Preparedness: We should be prepared for emergencies by having a disaster plan in place. This plan should include evacuation routes,emergency contacts, and first aid supplies. In addition, we should be familiar with basic first aid techniques and have a well-stocked first aid kit at home.3. Safe practices: We should adopt safe practices in our daily lives. This includes driving safely, using smoke alarms and carbon monoxide detectors, securing our homes, and being vigilant in public places. We should also be aware of our surroundings and report any suspicious activities to the authorities.4. Education: Education plays a crucial role in promoting safety. We should educate ourselves and our families about safety practices, such as water safety, fire safety, and personal safety. This knowledge will empower us to make informed decisions and take appropriate actions in dangerous situations.5. Collaboration: Safety is a collective responsibility. We should work together with our communities, schools, and workplaces to create a safe environment. This can be achieved through community initiatives, safety programs, and awareness campaigns.In conclusion, safety is a critical aspect of our lives, and it requires our attention and commitment. By being aware of the risks, preparing for emergencies, adopting safe practices, and collaborating with others, we can create a safer world for ourselves and future generations.Let us not take safety for granted. Let us make it a priority in our daily lives and work together to build a society where safety is a fundamental right for all.Thank you for your attention, and I hope that this speech has inspired you to take safety seriously in your own lives.God bless us all, and may we live in a world filled with safety and peace.第3篇Ladies and Gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is my great honor to stand before you today to discuss a topic that is of paramount importance to all of us: safety. In an increasingly interconnected and complex world, the concept of safety has evolved beyond the mere absence of harm. It encompassesour physical well-being, mental health, and the security of our surroundings. Today, I will delve into the various aspects of safety,its significance in our daily lives, and the collective responsibility we all share in ensuring a secure future.First and foremost, let us define safety. Safety is the state of being protected from harm or danger. It is a fundamental human need, and without it, we cannot lead fulfilling lives. We rely on safety in our homes, schools, workplaces, and communities to provide us with a senseof security and well-being.In our homes, safety begins with the physical structure itself. Secure locks, smoke detectors, and fire alarms are essential to protect us from intruders and fires. Moreover, we must be vigilant about preventing accidents, such as tripping hazards or faulty electrical appliances, which can lead to severe injuries or even fatalities.Moving on to schools, they are places where children and young adults spend a significant portion of their day. Ensuring safety in educational institutions is not only a legal obligation but also a moral responsibility. School administrators, teachers, and staff must take proactive measures to create a secure environment, including implementing anti-bullying policies, providing first-aid training, and conducting regular safety drills.In the workplace, safety is crucial for the well-being of employees and the productivity of the organization. Employers must comply with occupational health and safety regulations, provide appropriate training, and maintain safe working conditions. This includes identifyingpotential hazards, such as machinery, chemicals, or ergonomics issues, and taking steps to mitigate them.Communities also play a vital role in ensuring safety. Neighbors should look out for one another, report suspicious activities to theauthorities, and participate in community programs aimed at promoting safety. Public transportation systems must be reliable and secure, with well-trained staff and appropriate safety measures in place.Now, let us explore the importance of safety in our daily lives. Asecure environment allows us to focus on our personal and professional goals without constantly worrying about our safety. It fosters trust and confidence, which are essential for healthy relationships and social cohesion. Moreover, safety promotes economic stability and development, as businesses and investors are more likely to invest in areas wherethey feel secure.However, safety is not a one-time endeavor; it requires constantvigilance and proactive measures. We must be aware of our surroundings, stay informed about potential risks, and take appropriate precautions. This includes being cautious when using technology, such as avoiding phishing scams and securing our personal information. It also involves being aware of our mental health and seeking help when needed, as mental health issues can lead to tragic consequences.In addition to individual responsibility, we must recognize that safetyis a collective effort. Governments, organizations, and communities must work together to address the root causes of insecurity. This involves investing in infrastructure, implementing effective policies, andraising awareness about safety issues.To achieve a secure future, we must prioritize the following:1. Education: Teach children and adults about safety from an early age, emphasizing the importance of preventive measures and responsible behavior.2. Awareness: Raise public awareness about safety issues through campaigns, media, and community events.3. Collaboration: Foster partnerships between governments, organizations, and communities to develop comprehensive safety strategies.4. Innovation: Encourage the development of new technologies and methods to enhance safety and security.5. Accountability: Hold individuals, organizations, and governments accountable for their actions and inactions that may compromise safety.In conclusion, safety is an indispensable aspect of our lives, and it requires our constant attention and collective effort. By prioritizing safety, we can create a more secure and prosperous world for ourselves and future generations. Let us take responsibility for our own safety and work together to ensure a secure future for all.Thank you for your attention, and I welcome any questions or comments you may have.。

众所周知（saying as is known to every one）,美国是当今世界上最大的移民国家（the united states is the world’s largest immigration country）。

从历史上来看（historically），美国一直被全球各地的人们视为一片“充满了机会的大陆”（the united states has been all over the world’s people as a “full of opportunity road”）。

在各个时期（in each time），这个世界每个角落的人们都满怀着憧憬和梦想（people all over the world is full of hopes and dreams），源源不断地来到这方神奇而又充满了希望的沃土（continue to come to this magical and full of hope of fertile land）。

这些他们所坚信的能够在美国找到的机遇（these challenges which they do believed），再加上来到美国大陆后自己的切身经历（plus their own life experiences after they come to the united states），就构成了美国社会传统价值观的主要来源（make up the major source of the traditional American values）。

一般而言（generally speaking），美国的传统价值观共包括六个方面（the traditional American values include six aspects），即：individual freedom, equality of opportunity, material wealth 和(and) self-reliance, competition, hard work.其中（in the traditional American values），前三个方面集中代表了世界各地的人们移民到美国的原因（in the first three aspects represent the reason people in all over the world to immigrated to the united states），亦即我们通常所讲的“美国之梦”所包含的主要内容（that is we often speak of “American dream” included）；而后三个方面则是为了实现这些梦想所应付出的代价（and the last three aspects are the costs of realize these dreams should pay）。

4th Edition, 07.20053rd Edition dated 06.19942nd Edition dated 05.19901st Edition dated 09.19872005 Robert Bosch GmbHTable of ContentsIntroduction (5)1. Terms for Statistical Process Control (6)2. Planning .........................................................................................................................................................8 2.1 Selection of Product Characteristics .................................................................................................8 2.1.1 Test Variable ........................................................................................................................8 2.1.2 Controllability ......................................................................................................................9 2.2 Measuring Equipment .......................................................................................................................9 2.3 Machinery .........................................................................................................................................9 2.4 Types of Characteristics and Quality Control Charts ......................................................................10 2.5 Random Sample Size ......................................................................................................................11 2.6 Defining the Interval for Taking Random Samples (11)3. Determining Statistical Process Parameters ................................................................................................12 3.1 Trial Run .........................................................................................................................................12 3.2 Disturbances ....................................................................................................................................12 3.3 General Comments on Statistical Calculation Methods ..................................................................12 3.4 Process Average ..............................................................................................................................13 3.5 Process Variation . (14)4. Calculation of Control Limits ......................................................................................................................15 4.1 Process-Related Control Limits ......................................................................................................15 4.1.1 Natural Control Limits for Stable Processes ......................................................................16 4.1.1.1 Control Limits for Location Control Charts .........................................................16 4.1.1.2 Control Limits for Variation Control Charts ........................................................18 4.1.2 Calculating Control Limits for Processes with Systematic Changes in the Average .........19 4.2 Acceptance Control Chart (Tolerance-Related Control Limits) .....................................................20 4.3 Selection of the Control Chart .........................................................................................................21 4.4 Characteristics of the Different Types of Control Charts . (22)5. Preparation and Use of Control Charts ........................................................................................................23 5.1 Reaction Plan (Action Catalog) .......................................................................................................23 5.2 Preparation of the Control Chart .....................................................................................................23 5.3 Use of the Control Chart .................................................................................................................23 5.4 Evaluation and Control Criteria ......................................................................................................24 5.5 Which Comparisons Can be Made? (25)6. Quality Control, Documentation .................................................................................................................26 6.1 Evaluation .......................................................................................................................................26 6.2 Documentation .. (26)7. SPC with Discrete Characteristics ...............................................................................................................27 7.1 General ............................................................................................................................................27 7.2 Defect Tally Chart for 100% Testing . (27)8. Tables (28)9. Example of an Event Code for Mechanically Processed Parts ....................................................................29 9.1 Causes .............................................................................................................................................29 9.2 Action ..............................................................................................................................................29 9.3 Handling of the Parts/Goods ...........................................................................................................30 9.4 Action Catalog .. (30)10. Example of an x -s Control Chart (32)11. Literature (33)12. Symbols (34)Index (35)IntroductionStatistical Process Control (SPC) is a procedure for open or closed loop control of manufacturing processes, based on statistical methods.Random samples of parts are taken from the manufacturing process according to process-specific sampling rules. Their characteristics are measured and entered in control charts. This can be done with computer support. Statistical indicators are calculated from the measurements and used to assess the current status of the process. If necessary, the process is corrected with suitable actions.Statistical principles must be observed when taking random samples.The control chart method was developed by Walter Andrew Shewhart (1891-1967) in the 1920´s and described in detail in his book “Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product”, published in 1931.There are many publications and self-study programs on SPC. The procedures described in various publications sometimes differ significant-ly from RB procedures.SPC is used at RB in a common manner in all divisions. The procedure is defined in QSP0402 [1] in agreement with all business divisions and can be presented to customers as the Bosch approach.Current questions on use of SPC and related topics are discussed in the SPC work group. Results that are helpful for daily work and of general interest can be summarized and published as QA Information sheets. SPC is an application of inductive statistics. Not all parts have been measured, as would be the case for 100% testing. A small set of data, the random sample measurements, is used to estimate parameters of the entire population.In order to correctly interpret results, we have to know which mathematical model to use, where its limits are and to what extent it can be used for practical reasons, even if it differs from the real situation.We differentiate between discrete (countable) and continuous (measurable) characteristics. Control charts can be used for both types of characteristics.Statistical process control is based on the concept that many inputs can influence a process.The “5 M´s” – man, machine, material, milieu, method – are the primary groups of inputs. Each “M” can be subdivided, e.g. milieu in temperature, humidity, vibration, contamination, lighting, ....Despite careful process control, uncontrolled, random effects of several inputs cause deviation of actual characteristic values from their targets (usually the middle of the tolerance range).The random effects of several inputs ideally result in a normal distribution for the characteristic.Many situations can be well described with a normal distribution for SPC.A normal distribution is characterized with two parameters, the mean µ and the standard deviation σ.The graph of the density function of a normal distribution is the typical bell curve, with inflection points at σµ− and σµ+.In SPC, the parameters µ and σ of the population are estimated based on random sample measurements and these estimates are used to assess the current status of the process.1. Terms for Statistical Process ControlProcessA process is a series of activities and/or procedures that transform raw materials or pre-processed parts/components into an output product.The definition from the standard [3] is: “Set of interrelated or interacting activities which trans-forms inputs into outputs.”This booklet only refers to manufacturing or assembly processes.Stable processA stable process (process in a state of statistical control) is only subject to random influences (causes). Especially the location and variation of the process characteristic are stable over time (refer to [4])Capable processA process is capable when it is able to completely fulfill the specified requirements. Refer to [11] for determining capability indices. Shewhart quality control chartQuality control chart for monitoring a parameter of the probability distribution of a characteristic, in order to determine whether the parameter varies from a specified value.SPCSPC is a standard method for visualizing and controlling (open or closed loop) processes, based on measurements of random samples.The goal of SPC is to ensure that the planned process output is achieved and that corresponding customer requirements are fulfilled.SPC is always linked to (manual or software supported) use of a quality control chart (QCC). QCC´s are filled out with the goal of achieving, maintaining and improving stable and capable processes. This is done by recording process or product data, drawing conclusions from this data and reacting to undesirable data with appropriate actions.The following definitions are the same as or at least equivalent to those in [6].Limiting valueLower or upper limiting valueLower limiting valueLowest permissible value of a characteristic (lower specification limit LSL)Upper limiting valueHighest permissible value of a characteristic (upper specification limit USL)ToleranceUpper limiting value minus lower limiting value:LSLUSLT−=Tolerance rangeRange of permissible characteristic values between the lower and upper limiting valuesCenter point C of the tolerance rangeThe average of the lower and upper limiting values:2LSLUSL C +=Note: For characteristics with one-sided limits (only USL is specified), such as roughness (Rz), form and position (e.g. roundness, perpen-dicularity), it is not appropriate to assume 0=LSL and thus to set 2/USLC= (also refer to the first comment in Section 4.1.1.1).PopulationThe total of all units taken into considerationRandom sampleOne or more units taken from the population or from a sub-population (part of a population)Random sample size nThe number of units taken for the random sample Mean (arithmetic)The sum of theix measurements divided by the number of measurements n:∑=⋅=niixnx11Median of a sampleFor an odd number of samples put in order from the lowest to highest value, the value of the sample number (n+1)/2. For an even number of samples put in order from the lowest to highest value, normally the average of the two samples numbered n/2 and (n/2)+1. (also refer to [13])Example: For a sample of 5 parts put in order from the lowest to the highest value, the median is the middle value of the 5 values.Variance of a sampleThe sum of the squared deviations of the measurements from their arithmetic mean, divided by the number of samples minus 1:()∑=−⋅−=niixxns12211Standard deviation of a sampleThe square root of the variance:2ss=RangeThe largest individual value minus the smallest individual value:minmaxxxR−=2. PlanningPlanning according to the current edition of QSP 0402 “SPC”, which defines responsibilities. SPC control of a characteristic is one possibility for quality assurance during manufacturing and test engineering.2.1 Selection of Product CharacteristicsSpecification of SPC characteristics and their processes should be done as early as possible (e.g. by the simultaneous engineering team). They can also, for example, be an output of the FMEA.This should take• Function,• Reliability,• Safety,•Consequential costs of defects,•The degree of difficulty of the process,• Customer requests, and•Customer connection interfaces, etc.into account.The 7 W-questions can be helpful in specifying SPC characteristics (refer to “data collection” in “Elementary Quality Assurance Tools” [8]): Example of a simple procedure for inspection planning:Why do I need to know what, when, where and how exactly?How large is the risk if I don’t know this? Note: It may be necessary to add new SPC characteristics to a process already in operation. On the other hand, there can be reasons (e.g. change of a manufacturing method or intro-duction of 100% testing) for replacing existing SPC control with other actions.SPC characteristics can be product or process characteristics.Why?Which or what? Which number or how many?Where? Who?When?With what or how exactly?2.1.1 Test VariableDefinition of the “SPC characteristic”, direct or indirect test variable. Note: If a characteristic cannot be measured directly, then a substitute characteristic must be found that has a known relationship to it.2.1.2 ControllabilityThe process must be able to be influenced (controlled) with respect to the test variable. Normally manufacturing equipment can be directly controlled in a manner that changes the test variable in the desired way (small control loop). According to Section 1, “control” in the broadest sense can also be a change of tooling, machine repair or a quality meeting with a supplier to discuss quality assurance activities (large control loop).2.2 Measuring EquipmentDefinition and procurement or check of the measuring equipment for the test variable.Pay attention to:• Capability of measuring and test processes, • Objectiveness,• Display system (digital),• Handling. The suitability of a measurement process for the tested characteristic must be proven with a capability study per [12].In special cases, a measurement process with known uncertainty can be used (pay attention to [10] and [12]).Note: The units and reference value must correspond to the variables selected for the measurement process.2.3 MachineryBefore new or modified machinery is used, a machine capability study must be performed (refer to QSP0402 [1] and [11]). This also applies after major repairs.Short-term studies (e.g. machine capability studies) register and evaluate characteristics of products that were manufactured in one continuous production run. Long-term studies use product measurements from a longer period of time, representative of mass production. Note: The general definition of SPC (Section 1) does not presume capable machines. However, if the machines are not capable, then additional actions are necessary to ensure that the quality requirements for manufactured products are fulfilled.2.4 Types of Characteristics and Control Charts This booklet only deals with continuous anddiscrete characteristics. Refer to [6] for these andother types of characteristics.In measurement technology, physical variables are defined as continuous characteristics. Counted characteristics are special discrete characteristics. The value of the characteristic is called a “counted value”. For example, the number of “bad” parts (defective parts) resulting from testing with a limit gage is a counted value. The value of the characteristic (e.g. the number 17, if 17 defective parts were found) is called a “counted value”.SPC is performed with manually filled out form sheets (quality control charts) or on a computer.A control chart consists of a chart-like grid for entering numerical data from measured samples and a diagram to visualize the statistical indices for the process location and variation calculated from the data.If a characteristic can be measured, then a control chart for continuous characteristics must be used. Normally the sx− chart with sample size 5=n is used.2.5 Random Sample SizeThe appropriate random sample size is a compromise between process performance, desired accuracy of the selected control chart (type I and type II errors, operation characteristic) and the need for an acceptable amount of testing. Normally 5=n is selected. Smaller random samples should only be selected if absolutely necessary.2.6 Defining the Interval for Taking Random SamplesWhen a control chart triggers action, i.e. when the control limits are exceeded, the root cause must be determined as described in Section 5.4, reaction to the disturbance initiated with suitable actions (refer to the action catalog) and a decision made on what to do with the parts produced since the last random sample was taken. In order to limit the financial “damage” caused by potentially necessary sorting or rework, the random sample interval – the time between taking two random samples – should not be too long.The sampling interval must be individually determined for each process and must be modified if the process performance has permanently changed.It is not possible to derive or justify the sampling interval from the percentage of defects. A defect level well below 1% cannot be detected on a practical basis with random samples. A 100% test would be necessary, but this is not the goal of SPC. SPC is used to detect process changes.The following text lists a few examples of SPC criteria to be followed.1. After setup, elimination of disturbances orafter tooling changes or readjustment, measure continuously (100% or with randomsamples) until the process is correctly centered (the average of several measure-ments/medians!). The last measurements canbe used as the first random sample for furtherprocess monitoring (and entered in the control chart). 2. Random sample intervals for ongoingprocess control can be defined in the following manner, selecting the shortest interval appropriate for the process.Definition corresponding to the expected average frequency of disturbances (as determined in the trial run or as is knownfrom previous process experience).Approximately 10 random samples within this time period.Definition depending on specified preventivetooling changes or readjustment intervals.Approximately 3 random samples within thistime period.Specification of tooling changes or readjust-ment depending on SPC random samples.Approximately 5 random samples within theaverage tooling life or readjustment interval.But at least once for the production quantitythat can still be contained (e.g. delivery lot,transfer to the next process, defined lots forconnected production lines)!3. Take a final random sample at the end of aseries, before switching to a different producttype, in order to confirm process capabilityuntil the end of the series.Note: The test interval is defined based on quantities (or time periods) in a manner that detects process changes before defects are produced. More frequent testing is necessary for unstable processes.3. Determining Statistical Process Parameters3.1 Trial RunDefinition of control limits requires knowledge or estimation of process parameters. This is determined with a trial run with sampling size and interval as specified in Sections 2.5 and 2.6. For an adequate number of parts for initial calculations, take a representative number of unsorted parts, at least 25=m samples (with n = 5, for example), yielding no fewer than 125 measured values. It is important to assess the graphs of the measured values themselves, the means and the standard deviations. Their curves can often deliver information on process performance characteristics (e.g. trends, cyclical variations).3.2 DisturbancesIf non-random influences (disturbances) occur frequently during the trial run, then the process is not stable (not in control). The causes of the disturbances must be determined and elimi-nated before process control is implemented (repeat the trial run).3.3 General Comments on Statistical Calculation MethodsComplicated mathematical procedures are no longer a problem due to currently available statistics software, and use of these programs is of course allowed and widespread (also refer to QSP0402 [1]).The following procedures were originally developed for use with pocket calculators. They are typically included in statistics programs.Note: Currently available software programs allow use of methods for preparing, using and evaluation control charts that are better adapted to process-specific circumstances (e.g. process models) than is possible with manual calculation methods. However, this unavoidably requires better knowledge of statistical methods and use of statistics software. Personnel and training requirements must take this into account.Each business division and each plant should have a comprehensively trained SPC specialist as a contact person.Parameter µ is estimated by:Example (Section 10): samplesof number valuesx the of total mxx mj j===∑=1ˆµ3622562862662.......x ˆ=+++==µor:samplesof number mediansthe of total mxx m j j===∑=1~~ˆµ46225626363....x ~ˆ=+++==µIf µˆ significantly deviates from the center point C for a characteristic with two-sided limits, then this deviation should be corrected by adjusting the machine.Parameter σ is estimated by:Example (Section 10):a) ∑=⋅=m j j s m 121ˆσ41125552450550222.......ˆ=+++=σsamplesof number variancesthe of total =σˆNote: s =σˆ is calculated directly from 25 individual measurements taken from sequential random samples (pocket calculator).or b) na s=σˆ, where27125552450550.......s =+++=samplesof number deviationsdard tan s the of total ms s mj j==∑=1351940271...a s ˆn ===σnn a3 0.89 5 0.94 See Section 8, Table 1 7 0.96 for additional valuesor c) ndR =σˆ, with96225611....R =+++= samplesof number rangesthe of total mR R mj j==∑=1271332962...d R ˆn ===σn n d3 1.69 5 2.33 See Section 8, Table 1 7 2.70 for additional values Note: The use of table values n a and n d pre-supposes a normal distribution!Some of these calculation methods were originally developed to enable manual calculation using a pocket calculator. Formula a) is normally used in currently available statistics software.4. Calculation of Control Limits4.1 Process-Related Control LimitsThe control limits (lower control limit LCL andupper control limit UCL) are set such that 99% of all the values lie within the control limits in the case of a process which is only affected by random influences (random causes).If the control limits are exceeded, it must there-fore be assumed that systematic, non-random influences (non-random causes) are affecting the process.These effects must be corrected or eliminated by taking suitable action (e.g. adjustment).Relation between the variance (standard deviation x σ) of the single values (original values, individuals) and the variance (standard deviation x σ) of the mean values: nxx σσ=.4.1.1 Natural Control Limits for Stable Processes4.1.1.1 Control Limits for Location Control Charts (Shewhart Charts)For two-sided tolerances, the limits for controlling the mean must always be based on the center point C. Note: C is replaced by the process mean x =µˆ for processes where the center point C cannot be achieved or for characteristics with one-sided limits.* Do not use for moving calculation of indices!Note: Use of the median-R chart is onlyappropriate when charts are manually filled out, without computer support.n*A E C n c'E EE E3 1.68 1.02 1.16 2.93 1.73 5 1.230.59 1.20 3.09 1.337 1.020.44 1.21 3.19 1.18Estimated values µˆ and σˆ are calculated per Sections 3.4 and 3.5.Refer to Section 8 Table 2 for additional values.Comments on the average chart: For characteristics with one-sided limits (or in general for skewed distributions) and small n , the random sample averages are not necessarily normally distributed. It could be appropriate to use a Pearson chart in this case. This chart has the advantage compared to the Shewhart chart that the control limits are somewhat wider apart. However, it has the disadvantage that calculation of the control limits is more complicated, in actual practice only possible on the computer.Control charts with moving averagesThe x chart with a moving average is a special case of the x chart. For this chart, only single random samples are taken.n sample measurements are formally grouped as a random sample and the average of these n measurements is calculated as the mean.For each new measurement from a single random sample that is added to the group, the first measurement of the last group is deleted, yielding a new group of size n , for which the new average is calculated.Of course, moving averages calculated in this manner are not mutually independent. That is why this chart has a delayed reaction to sudden process changes. The control limits correspond to those for “normal” average charts:σˆn .C LCL ⋅−=582 σˆn.C UCL ⋅+=582Calculate σˆ according to Section 3.5 a)Control limits for )3(1=n :σˆ.C LCL ⋅−=51 σˆ.C UCL ⋅+=51Example for )3(1=n :3 74 741.x = 3 7 4 9 762.x = 3 7 4 9 2 053.x = 3 7 4 9 2 8 364.x =This approach for moving sample measurements can also be applied to the variation, so that an s x − chart with a moving average and moving standard deviation can be used.After intervention in the process or process changes, previously obtained measurements may no longer be used to calculate moving indices.4.1.1.2 Control Limits for Variation Control ChartsThe control limits to monitor the variation (depending on n ) relate to σˆ and s and like-wise R (= “Central line”).s charta) generally applicable formula(also for the moving s x − chart)Example (Section 10):σˆB UCL 'Eob⋅= 62351931...UCL =⋅=σˆB LCL 'Eun ⋅= 30351230...LCL =⋅=b) for standard s x − chartNote: Formula a) must be used in the case ofmoving s calculation. Calculation of σˆ per Section 3.5 a).s B UCL *Eob ⋅= 62271052...UCL =⋅=s B LCL *Eun ⋅=30271240...LCL =⋅=R chartR D UCL Eob ⋅=2696212...UCL =⋅=R D LCL Eun ⋅=70962240...LCL =⋅=Tablen 'Eun B 'Eob B *Eun B *Eob B Eun D Eob D3 5 70.07 0.23 0.34 2.30 1.93 1.76 0.08 0.24 0.35 2.60 2.05 1.88 0.08 0.24 0.34 2.61 2.10 1.91See Section 8, Table 2 for further values4.1.2 Calculating Control Limits for Processes with Systematic Changes in the AverageIf changes of the mean need to be considered as a process-specific feature (trend, lot steps, etc.) and it is not economical to prevent such changes of the mean, then it is necessary to extend the “natural control limits”. The procedure for calculating an average chart with extended control limits is shown below.The overall variation consists of both the “inner” variation (refer to Section 3.5) of the random samples and of the “outer” variation between the random samples.Calculation procedure Control limits for the mean。

高二英语英语戏剧表演练习题30题1.The character in the play is brave, decisive and always stands up for what is right. Which of the following words best describes this character?A.cowardlyB.braveC.indecisiveD.selfish答案：B。

A 选项“cowardly”意为胆小的，与题干中勇敢果断的人物特点不符；C 选项“indecisive”意为犹豫不决的，也不符合题干；D 选项“selfish”意为自私的，同样不符合。

只有B 选项“brave”符合题干中人物勇敢的特点。

2.The protagonist in the drama is kind-hearted, helpful and always thinks of others first. Which of the following is not a characteristic of this protagonist?A.meanB.kindC.helpfulD.considerate答案：A。

题干中描述主角是善良、乐于助人且总是先考虑别人，B 选项“kind”善良、C 选项“helpful”乐于助人、D 选项“considerate”体贴周到都符合，而A 选项“mean”吝啬的、不友好的不符合主角特点。

3.In a certain play, a character is intelligent, witty and has a good senseof humor. Which of the following does not match this character?A.stupidB.intelligentC.wittyD.humorous答案：A。

B 选项“intelligent”聪明的、C 选项“witty”机智的、D 选项“humorous”幽默的都与题干中人物特点相符，A 选项“stupid”愚蠢的不符合。