上外考研翻译硕士英语阅读理解单选模拟题

上外考研翻硕英语阅读理解能源环保题材模拟题Two real-world studies from Europe demonstrate the health damage done by automotive air pollution, especially the kind emitted by diesel engines. An 11-year period of improving air quality in Switzerland, which started with some of the cleanest air in Europe, produced measurable benefits in lung function for adults as they aged, according to a report in the Dec. 6 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine. "Even with small improvements in air quality, you get measurable health benefits," said Dr. Ursula Ackermann-Liebrich, a professor of public health at the University of Basel. "That is true at levels even which are quite low."And an unusual collaborative study by American and British researchers, reported in the same issue of the journal, showed that people with asthma who walked along a street used by diesel-powered traffic experienced loss of breathing much greater than those who strolled through a traffic-free park. "The unique feature of this study in real-world conditions was that we have demonstrated that typical urban levels of air pollution with diesel-rich powered vehicles have measurable effects," said Dr. Junfeng Zhang, chairman of environmental and occupational health at the New Jersey School of Public Health and an American member of the research team. "There have been theories or hypotheses of diesel exhaust or particle matter and also laboratory studies with animals,but this was a study in the real world with real people."The study had 60 adults with mild or moderate asthma walk for two hours along two London locales -- busy, exhaust-filled Oxford Street or the more bucolic Hyde Park. The Oxford Street walk produced a 5 percent to 6 percent reduction in lung function, "and asthmatics already have compromised lung function," Zhang said. The reduction in lung function was "significantly larger" than what was measured after the Hyde Park walk and was accompanied by an increase in biomarkers of lung inflammation. The negative effect on the lung was greater than has been seen in animal studies using breathing chambers, Zhang said.The Swiss study found a decrease in the amount of airborne fine particulate pollutants, a major feature of diesel emissions. That improvement in Swiss air quality was accompanied by a slowing in the rate of the loss of breathing function that occurs as people age, Ackerman-Liebrich said. The journal report attributed the healthful effect to "decreasing exposure to airborne particulates." "There seems to be something more potent than other forms of air pollution in diesel exhausts," said Dr. Morton Lippman, a professor of environmental medicine at New York University. "It is something many other studies have pointed to."The issue of diesel pollution is of growing interest because "new diesel technologies are increasingly coming on the market," Lippmannsaid. Diesel automobiles are much more common in Europe than in the United States but are gaining attention because of their greater fuel efficiency, he noted.The two studies are welcome because they assess the effect of diesel emissions at relatively low levels, Lippmann said. "That remains a complex issue," he said. "Getting statistically significant information on a small average effect on a large population is not easy. There are a lot of unknowns. Most effects are associated with particles rather than gases in the mixture, but there is no data on which part of the components is particularly nasty."1. By saying "That is true at levels even which are quite low.", Dr. Ursula Ackermann-Liebrich meant_____[A] people could really get health benefits even though the benefits were at low levels.[B] people could get measurable health benefits with air quality improved slightly even at the region in low latitude.[C] people could get measurable health benefits even in the region with low levels of air pollution.[D] people could get health benefits with air quality improved slightly even in the region with low levels of air pollution.2. The collaborative study by American and British researchers was unusual in that_____[A] it was a study in the real world with real people living in urban levels of air pollution.[B] it proved that air pollution by diesel-rich powered vehicles have measurable effects.[C] it verified that people in the city are generally affected by air pollution with diesel-engined automobiles.[D] it demonstrated the real negative effect was greater than that of laboratory studies.3. According to the collaborative study by American and British researchers, people strolling in Hyde Park _____[A] had an increase in biomarkers of lung inflammation.[B] had a greater reduction in lung function than animals under the same condition.[C] had a larger reduction in lung function than walking in a busy street.[D] were, as a matter of fact, affected by the air pollution.4. According to Dr. Morton Lippman, the more potent form of air pollution many other studies have pointed to was_____[A] airborne particulates in diesel exhausts.[B] airborne fine particulate pollutants.[C] particular mixture from diesel emissions.[D] some other forms of air pollution.5. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the Swiss study?[A] The study is aimed to produce a pleasant air quality for people as they age.[B] The study proves that people could enjoy healthful effect as they seldom expose themselves in the airborne particulates.[C] The study is conducted in the region the least polluted in Europe.[D] The study is aimed to make people own clearest air in Europe.篇章剖析：这篇文章讲述了关于汽车排气污染的几个研究。

一、翻译硕士英语（211）1.选择题（20*1')考单词为主，后面有几道语法。

单词以专八词汇为主，少量的gre词汇。

2.阅读（20*1'）四篇阅读，个人觉得很简单，文章很短，只有一面的长度吧，用专八阅读练习足够了。

3.改错（10*1'）比专八改错简单、前几年考的是修辞和英美文化常识、或古希腊神话典故。

4.作文（50分，500字）谈谈你对happiness的定义。

二、英语翻译基础（357）1.英译汉（75分）该部分选取的是卢梭的《爱弥儿》（Emile, or On Education）部分文章，主要选自《爱弥儿》第三卷第一节。

全文1000多字，共11段，但题目只要求翻译划线部分，总计翻译872字，共6段。

完整原文如下：The whole course of man's life up to adolescence is a period of weakness; yet there comes a time during these early years when the child's strength overtakes the demands upon it, when the growing creature, though absolutely weak, is relatively strong. His needs are not fully developed and his present strength is more than enough for them. He would be a very feeble man, but he is a strong child.What is the cause of man's weakness? It is to be found in the disproportion between his strength and his desires. It is our passions that make us weak, for our natural strength is not enough for their satisfaction. To limit our desires comes to the same thing, therefore, as to increase our strength. When we can do more than we want, we have strength enough and to spare, we are really strong. This is the third stage of childhood, the stage with which I am about to deal. I still speak of childhood for want of a better word; for our scholar is approaching adolescence, though he has not yet reached the age of puberty.About twelve or thirteen the child's strength increases far more rapidly than his needs. The strongest and fiercest of the passions is still unknown, his physical development is still imperfect and seems to await the call of the will. He is scarcely aware of extremes of heat and cold and braves them with impunity. He needs no coat, his blood is warm; no spices, hunger is his sauce, no food comes amiss at this age; if he is sleepy he stretches himself on the ground and goes to sleep; he finds all he needs within his reach; he is not tormented by any imaginary wants; he cares nothing what others think; his desires are not beyond his grasp; not only is he self-sufficing, but for the first and last time in his life he has more strength than he needs.I know beforehand what you will say. You will not assert that the child has more needs than I attribute to him, but you will deny his strength. You forget that I am speaking of my own pupil, not of those puppets who walk with difficulty from one room to another, who toil indoors and carry bundles of paper. Manly strength, you say, appears only with manhood; the vital spirits, distilled in their proper vessels and spreading through the whole body, can alone make the muscles firm, sensitive, tense, and springy, can alone cause real strength. This is the philosophy of the study;I appeal to that of experience. In the country districts, I see big lads hoeing, digging, guiding the plough, filling the wine-cask, driving the cart, like their fathers; you would take them for grown men if their voices did not betray them. Even in our towns, iron-workers', tool makers', and blacksmiths' lads are almost as strong as their masters and would be scarcely less skilful had their training begun earlier. If there is a difference, and I do not deny that there is, it is, I repeat, much less than the difference between the stormy passions of the man and the few wants of the child. Moreover, it is not merely a question of bodily strength, but more especially of strength of mind, which reinforces and directs the bodily strength.This interval in which the strength of the individual is in excess of his wants is, as I have said, relatively though not absolutely the time of greatest strength. It is the most precious time in his life; it comes but once; it is very short, all too short, as you will see when you consider the importance of using it aright.He has, therefore, a surplus of strength and capacity which he will never have again. What use shall he make of it? He will strive to use it in tasks which will help at need. He will, so to speak, cast his present surplus into the storehouse of the future; the vigorous child will make provision for the feeble man; but he will not store his goods where thieves may break in, nor in barns which are not his own. To store them aright, they must be in the hands and the head, they must be stored within himself. This is the time for work, instruction, and inquiry. And note that this is no arbitrary choice of mine, it is the way of nature herself.Human intelligence is finite, and not only can no man know everything, he cannot even acquire all the scanty knowledge of others. Since the contrary of every false proposition is a truth, there are as many truths as falsehoods. We must, therefore, choose what to teach as well as when to teach it. Some of the information within our reach is false, some is useless, some merely serves to puff up its possessor. The small store which really contributes to our welfare alone deserves the study of a wise man, and therefore of a child whom one would have wise. He must know not merely what is, but what is useful.From this small stock we must also deduct those truths which require a full grown mind for their understanding, those which suppose a knowledge of man's relations to his fellow-men--a knowledge which no child can acquire; these things, although in themselves true, lead an inexperienced mind into mistakes with regard to other matters.We are now confined to a circle, small indeed compared with the whole of human thought, but this circle is still a vast sphere when measured by the child's mind. Dark places of the human understanding, what rash hand shall dare to raise your veil? What pitfalls does our so-called science prepare for the miserable child. Would you guide him along this dangerous path and draw the veil from the face of nature? Stay your hand. First make sure that neither he nor you will become dizzy. Beware of the specious charms of error and the intoxicating fumes of pride. Keep this truth ever before you--Ignorance never did any one any harm, error alone is fatal, and we do not lose our way through ignorance but through self-confidence.His progress in geometry may serve as a test and a true measure of the growth of his intelligence, but as soon as he can distinguish between what is useful and what is useless, much skill and discretion are required to lead him towards theoretical studies. For example, would you have him find a mean proportional between two lines, contrive that he should require to find a square equal to a given rectangle; if two mean proportionals are required, you must first contrive to interest him in the doubling of the cube. See how we are gradually approaching the moral ideas which distinguish between good and evil. Hitherto we have known no law but necessity, now we are considering what is useful; we shall soon come to what is fitting and right.Man's diverse powers are stirred by the same instinct. The bodily activity, which seeks an outlet for its energies, is succeeded by the mental activity which seeks for knowledge. Children are first restless, then curious; and this curiosity, rightly directed, is the means of development for the age with which we are dealing. Always distinguish between natural and acquired tendencies. There is a zeal for learning which has no other foundation than a wish to appear learned, and there is another which springs from man's natural curiosity about all things far or near which may affect himself. The innate desire for comfort and the impossibility of its complete satisfaction impel him to the endless search for fresh means of contributing to its satisfaction. This is the first principle of curiosity;a principle natural to the human heart, though its growth is proportional to the development of our feeling and knowledge. If a man of science were left on a desert island with his books and instruments and knowing that he must spend the rest of his life there, he would scarcely trouble himself about the solar system, the laws of attraction, or the differential calculus. He might never even open a book again; but he would never rest till he had explored the furthest corner of his island, however large it might be. Let us therefore omit from our early studies such knowledge as has no natural attraction for us, and confine ourselves to such things as instinct impels us to study.2.汉译英（75分）2016年11月5日，上海外国语大学首届“中国学的国际对话：方法与体系”国际研讨会在虹口校区高翻学院同传室拉开帷幕，本次学术研讨会由上外主办，中国学研究所协同国际关系与公共事务学院、高级翻译学院联合承办，欧盟研究中心、俄罗斯研究中心、英国研究中心、中日韩合作研究中心以及马克思主义学院共同参与。

上外考研翻硕英语基础阅读理解—信息技术类模拟题分享It is a devastating prospect. Terrorists electronically break into the computers that control the water supply of a large American city, open and close valves to contaminate the water with untreated sewage or toxic chemicals, and then release it in a devastating flood. As the emergency services struggle to respond, the terrorists strike again, shutting down the telephone network and electrical power grid with just a few mouse clicks. Businesses are paralysed, hospitals are overwhelmed and roads are gridlocked as people try to flee.This kind of scenario is invoked by doom-mongers who insist that stepping up physical security since the September 11th attacks is not enough. Road-blocks and soldiers around power stations cannot prevent digital terrorism. "Until we secure our cyber-infrastructure, a few keystrokes and an Internet connection is all one needs to disable the economy and endanger lives," Lamar Smith, a Texas congressman, told a judiciary committee in February. He ended with his catchphrase: "A mouse can be just as dangerous as a bullet or a bomb." Is he right?It is true that utility companies and other operators of critical infrastructure are increasingly connected to the Internet. But just because an electricity company's customers can pay their bills online, it does not necessarily follow that the company's critical control systems arevulnerable to attack. Control systems are usually kept entirely separate from other systems, for good reason. They tend to be obscure, old-fashioned systems that are incompatible with Internet technology anyhow. Even authorised users require specialist knowledge to operate them. And telecoms firms, hospitals and businesses usually have contingency plans to deal with power failures or flooding.A simulation carried out in August by the United States Naval War College in conjunction with Gartner, a consultancy, concluded that an "electronic Pearl Harbour" attack on America's critical infrastructure could indeed cause serious disruption, but would first need five years of preparation and $200m of funding. There are far simpler and less costly ways to attack critical infrastructure, from hoax phone calls to truck bombs and hijacked airliners.On September 18th Richard Clarke, America's cyber-security tsar, unveiled his long-awaited blueprint for securing critical infrastructure from digital attacks. It was a bit of a damp squib, making no firm recommendations and proposing no new regulation or legislation. But its lily-livered approach might, in fact, be the right one. When a risk has been overstated, inaction may be the best policy.It is difficult to avoid comparisons with the "millennium bug" and the predictions of widespread computer chaos arising from the change of date to the year 2000. Then, as now, the alarm was sounded bytechnology vendors and consultants, who stood to gain from scare-mongering. But Ross Anderson, a computer scientist at Cambridge University, prefers to draw an analogy with the environmental lobby. Like eco-warriors, he observes, those in the security industry--be they vendors trying to boost sales, academics chasing grants, or politicians looking for bigger budgets--have a built-in incentive to overstate the risks.1. We learn from the first paragraph that ____________.[A] terrorists could plunge a large American city into chaos through electronic attack[B] American people have no experience in dealing with terrorists[C] the computer systems of utility companies are rather vulnerable[D] the response of emergency services is far from satisfactory2. Speaking of the doom-mongers, the author implies that_____________.[A] their worries are quite reasonable[B] their warnings should be taken seriously[C] they exaggerate the threat utility companies are facing[D] they are familiar with they way terrorists strike3. In the view of Gartner consultant, ___________.[A] terrorists may launch another “Pearl Harbor” attack[B] terrorists have ample capital and time to prepare a stunning strike[C] it is very costly and time-consuming to attack critical infrastructure[D] it is unlikely that terrorists would resort to electronic means to attack critical infrastructure4. “Lily-livered approach” (Line 4, Paragraph 5) probably means anapproach characterized by________.[A] flexibility[B] boldness[C] cowardice[D] conservatism5. We learn from the last paragraph that__________.[A] the computer industry suffered heavy loss due to the “millennium bug”[B] doom-mongers care more about their own interests than national security[C] computer scientists have better judgment than doom-mongers[D] environmentalists are criticized for their efforts of protecting environment答案：ACDCB篇章剖析本篇文章是一篇议论文，驳斥了恐怖分子会利用电子手段袭击公用事业公司和关键基础设施的观点。

上外考研翻译硕士英语模拟题一详解Valeta Young, 81, a retiree from Lodi, Calif., suffers from congestive heart failure and requires almost constant monitoring. But she doesn’t have to drive anywhere to get it. Twice a day she steps onto a special electronic scale, answers a few yes or no questions via push buttons on a small attached monitor and presses a button that sends the information to a nurse’s station in San Antonio, Texas. "It’s almost a direct link to my doctor," says Young, who describes herself as computer illiterate but says she has no problems using the equipment.Young is not the only patient who is dealing with her doctor from a distance. Remote monitoring is a rapidly growing field in medical technology, with more than 25 firms competing to measure remotely--and transmit by phone, Internet or through the airwaves--everything from patients’ heart rates to how often they cough.Prompted both by the rise in health-care costs and the increasing computerization of health-care equipment, doctors are using remote monitoring to track a widening variety of chronic diseases. In March, St. Francis University in Pittsburgh, Pa., partnered with a company called BodyMedia on a study in which rural diabetes patients use wireless glucose meters and armband sensors to monitor their disease. And last fall, Yahoo began offering subscribers the ability to chart their asthmaconditions online, using a PDA-size respiratory monitor that measures lung functions in real time and e-mails the data directly to doctors.Such home monitoring, says Dr. George Dailey, a physician at the Scripps Clinic in San Diego, "could someday replace less productive ways that patients track changes in their heart rate, blood sugar, lipid levels, kidney functions and even vision."Dr. Timothy Moore, executive vice president of Alere Medical, which produces the smart scales that Young and more than 10,000 other patients are using, says that almost any vital sign could, in theory, be monitored from home. But, he warns, that might not always make good medical sense. He advises against performing electrocardiograms remotely, for example, and although he acknowledges that remote monitoring of blood-sugar levels and diabetic ulcers on the skin may have real value, he points out that there are no truly independent studies that establish the value of home testing for diabetes or asthma.Such studies are needed because the technology is still in its infancy and medical experts are divided about its value. But on one thing they all agree: you should never rely on any remote testing system without clearing it with your doctor.1. How does Young monitor her health conditions?[A] By stepping on an electronic scale.[B] By answering a few yes or no questions.[C] By using remote monitoring service.[D] By establishing a direct link to her doctor.2. Which of the following is not used in remote monitoring?[A] car[B] telephone[C] Internet[D] the airwaves3. The word “prompted” (Line 1, Paragraph 3) most probably means________.[A] made[B] reminded[C] aroused[D] driven4. Why is Dr. Timothy Moore against performing electrocardiogramsremotely?[A] Because it is a less productive way of monitoring.[B] Because it doesn’t make good medical sense.[C] Because it’s value has not been proved by scientific study[D] Because it is not allowed by doctors5. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Computer illiterate is advised not to use remote monitoring.[B] The development of remote monitoring market is rather sluggish.[C] Remote monitoring is mainly used to track chronic diseases.[D] Medical experts agree on the value of remote monitoring.答案：CADBC篇章剖析本文是一篇说明文，介绍了远程监护目前的发展状况，它的优势，相反的意见等。

高译教育-上海外国语大学英语翻硕百科单选样题单项选择（50 分）01. 《论语》一书是孔子及其弟子言行的记录。

其撰写者是____。

A. 孔子B. 孔子的弟子C. 孔子及其弟子D. 孔子的弟子及其再传弟子02. “有无相生，难易相成，长短相形，高下相倾，音声相和，前后相随”这一充满辩证法思想的论断出自我国古代经典著作____。

A. 《论语》B. 《老子》C. 《墨子》D. 《韩非子》03. 以下所列剧目不全是莎士比业作品的一组是____。

A. 《哈姆雷特》、《威尼斯商人》、《雅典的泰门》B. 《奥赛罗》、《仲夏夜之梦》、《皆大欢喜》C. 《麦克白》、《伪君子》、《第十二夜》D. 《李尔土》、《温莎的风流娘们》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》04. QS 标志由“质量安全”英文（Quality Safety）字头QS 和“质量安全”中文字样纲成。

标志主色为蓝色，字母“Q”与“质量安全”四个中文字样为蓝色，字母“S”为白色。

QS 标志是我国____的标志。

A. 质量安全认证B. 商品市场准入C. 药品市场准入D. 食品市场准入05. 下列各诗词句子所描写的我国传统节日，依次对应正确的一项是：____。

①独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。

②东风夜放花千树，更吹落，星如雨。

③爆竹声中一岁除，东风送暖入屠苏。

④柔情似水，佳期如梦，忍顾鸽桥归路。

⑤堪笑楚江空渺渺，不能洗得直臣冤。

A. 重阳、春节、元宵、七夕、冬至C. 重阳、元宵、春节、七夕、端午B. 春节、元宵、端午、七夕、重阳D. 中秋、清明、春节、七夕、端午06. 对以下汉语成语出处和本意的介绍，错误的是____。

A. 约法二章：出自《史记》，是说刘邦攻下咸阳后，召集关中父老，约定法纪。

B. 始作俑者：出自《孟子》，引用孔子的话，斥责首先用俑殉葬开恶劣风气的人。

C. 胸有成竹：出自苏轼散文，指画竹子时要事先设想好完整的竹子。

D. 买椟还珠：出自《韩非子》，买木盒时退还里面的珠宝，拾金不昧。

英语翻译硕士MTI模拟试题及答案解析（19）(1/10)Translate the following terms into Chinese (15 points，1 point each)：第1题bungee Jumping下一题(2/10)Translate the following terms into Chinese (15 points，1 point each)：第2题A Midsummer Night’s Dream上一题下一题(3/10)Translate the following terms into Chinese (15 points，1 point each)：第3题odd number上一题下一题(4/10)Translate the following terms into Chinese (15 points，1 point each)：第4题Armistice Day上一题下一题(5/10)Translate the following terms into Chinese (15 points，1 point each)：第5题integrated circuit上一题下一题(6/10)Translate the following terms into Chinese (15 points，1 point each)：第6题silicon chip上一题下一题(7/10)Translate the following terms into Chinese (15 points，1 point each)：第7题landing gear上一题下一题(8/10)Translate the following terms into Chinese (15 points，1 point each)：第8题property bubble上一题下一题(9/10)Translate the following terms into Chinese (15 points，1 point each)：第9题Twitter上一题下一题(10/10)Translate the following terms into Chinese (15 points，1 point each)：第10题Government watchdog上一题下一题(1/5)Give full forms of the following acronyms and translate them into Chinese 第11题CFO(2/5)Give full forms of the following acronyms and translate them into Chinese 第12题GPS上一题下一题(3/5)Give full forms of the following acronyms and translate them into Chinese 第13题MBA上一题下一题(4/5)Give full forms of the following acronyms and translate them into Chinese 第14题API上一题下一题(5/5)Give full forms of the following acronyms and translate them into Chinese 第15题CIA上一题下一题(1/15)Translate the following terms into English (15 points，1 point each)：第16题网民上一题下一题(2/15)Translate the following terms into English (15 points，1 point each)：第17题财政收入上一题下一题(3/15)Translate the following terms into English (15 points，1 point each)：第18题电话会议上一题下一题(4/15)Translate the following terms into English (15 points，1 point each)：第19题产业结构上一题下一题(5/15)Translate the following terms into English (15 points，1 point each)：第20题电脑病毒上一题下一题(6/15)Translate the following terms into English (15 points，1 point each)：第21题扫盲上一题下一题(7/15)Translate the following terms into English (15 points，1 point each)：第22题国有企业(8/15)Translate the following terms into English (15 points，1 point each)：第23题核电站上一题下一题(9/15)Translate the following terms into English (15 points，1 point each)：第24题副教授上一题下一题(10/15)Translate the following terms into English (15 points，1 point each)：第25题人才流失上一题下一题(11/15)Translate the following terms into English (15 points，1 point each)：第26题出风头上一题下一题(12/15)Translate the following terms into English (15 points，1 point each)：第27题网恋上一题下一题(13/15)Translate the following terms into English (15 points，1 point each)：第28题扫黄打黑上一题下一题(14/15)Translate the following terms into English (15 points，1 point each)：第29题试点项目上一题下一题(15/15)Translate the following terms into English (15 points，1 point each)：第30题目的语上一题下一题(1/1)Translate the following passages into Chinese (60 points)：第31题Thoughts in Westminster AbbeyJoseph AddisonWhen I am in a serious humour，I very often walk by myself in Westminster Abbey，where the gloominess of the place，and the use to which it is applied，with the solemnity of the building，and the condition of the people who lie in it，are apt to fill the mind with a kind of melancholy，or rather thoughtfulness，that is not disagreeable. I yesterday passed a whole afternoon in the churchyard ，the cloisters，and the church，amusing myself with the tombstones and inscriptions that I met with in those several regions of the dead. Most of them recorded nothing else of the buried person，but that he was born upon one day，and died upon another: the wholehistory of his life being comprehended in those two circumstances that are common to all mankind. I could not but look upon these registers of existence，whether of brass or marble，as a kind of satire upon the departed persons; who had left no other memorial of them，but that they were born and that they died. They put me in mind of several persons mentioned in the battles of heroic poems，who have sounding names given them，for no other reason but that they may be killed，and are celebrated for nothing but being knocked on the head. The life of these men is finely described in Holy Writ by“the path of an arrow，”which is immediately closed up and lost.Upon my going into the church，I entertained myself with the digging of a grave ；and saw in every shovelful of it that was thrown up，the fragment of a bone or skull intermit with a kind of fresh moldering earth，that some time or other had a place in the composition of a human body.Upon this，I began to consider with myself what innumerable multitudes of people lay confused together under the pavement of that ancient cathedral; how men and women，friends and enemies，priests and soldiers，monks and prebendaries，were crumbled amongst one another，and blended together in the same common mass ；how beauty，strength，and youth，with old age，weakness and deformity，lay undistinguished in the same promiscuous heap of matter.上一题下一题(1/1)Translate the following passage into English (60 points)：第32题来到向往已久的剑桥大学，非常高兴。

上外翻译硕士英语模拟训练（四）I . close testYoung Children`s Sense of IdentityA sense of self develops in young children by degrees. The process can usefully be thought of in terms of the gradual emergence of two somewhat separate features: the self as a subject, and the self as an object. William James introduced the distinction in 1892, and contemporaries of his, such as Charles Cooley, added to the developing debate. Ever since then psychologists have continued building on the theory.According to James, a child's first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists. This is an aspect of the self that he labeled 'self-as-subject', and he gave it various elements. These included an (1) of one’s own agency (i.e. one’s power to act), and an awareness of one’s distinctiveness from other people. These features gradually (2) as infants explore their world and interact with caregivers. Cooley (1902) suggested that a (3) of the self-as-subject was primarily concerned with being able to exercise power. He proposed that the earliest examples of this are that an infant attempts to control physical objects, such as toys or his or her own limbs. This is followed by attempts to affect the behavior of other people. For example, infants learn that when they cry or smile someone (4) to them.Another powerful source of information for infants about the (5) they can have on the world around them is provided when others (6) them. Many parents spend a lot of time, particularly in the early months, copying their infant's vocalizations and expressions in addition, young children enjoy looking in (7), where the movements they can see are dependent upon their own movements.This is not to say that infants recognize the reflection as their own image (a later development). However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants' developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent ­on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are (8) from other people. This is because they, and (9) they can change the reflection in the mirror.This understanding that children gain of themselves as active agents continues to develop in their attempts to co-operate with others in play. Drum (1988) points out that it is in such day-to-day relationships and interactions （10）the child's understanding of his or herself emerges. Empirical investigations of the self-as- subject in young children are, however, rather scarce （11）of difficulties of communication: even if young infants can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot express this aspect of the self directly.Once Children have acquired a certain level of self-awareness, they begin to place themselves in a whole series of categories, which together play such an important part in defining them uniquely as 'themselves'. This second step in the development of a full sense of self is what James called the 'self-as-object'. This has been seen by many to be the aspect of the self which is most （12）by social elements, since it is made up of social roles (such as student, brother; colleague) and characteristics which derive their meaning from comparison or interaction with other people (such as trust worthiness, shyness, sporting ability).Cooley and other researchers suggested a close connection between a person’s own understanding of their identity and other people's understanding of it. Cooley believed that people build up their sense of identity from the reactions of others to them, and from the view they believe others have (13) them. He called the self- as-object the ’looking-glass self', since people come to secthemselves as they are reflected in others. Mead (1934) went even further, and saw the self and the social world as inextricably bound together. The self is essentially a social structure, and ­it arises in social experience. It is impossible to (14) of a self arising outside of (15) experience.Finally perhaps the most graphic expressions of self-awareness in general can be seen in the displays of rage which are most common from 18 months to 3 years of age. In a longitudinal study of groups of three or four children, Bronson (1975) found that the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2 years. Often, the children's disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had played with before or after the tug-of-war: the children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it. Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of ’self' and of 'ownership’is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies.II. Reading comprehensionMike and Adam Hurewitz grew up together on Long Island, in the suburbs of New York City. They were very close, even for brothers. So when Adam's liver started failing, Mike offered to give him half of his. The operation saved Adam's life. But Mike, who went into the hospital in seemingly excellent health, developed a complication-perhaps a blood colt -and died last week. He was 57. Mike Hurewitz's death has prompted a lot of soul searching in the transplant community. Was it a tragic fluke or a sign that transplant surgery has reached some kind of ethical limit?The Mount Sinai Medical Center, the New York City hospital where the complex double operation was performed, has put on hold its adult living donor liver transplant program, pending a review of Hurewitz's death. Mount Sinai has performed about 100 such operations in the past three years.A 1-in -100 risk of dying may not seem like bad odds, but there's more to this ethical dilemma than a simple ratio. The first and most sacred rule of medicine is to do no harm. "For a normal healthy person a mortality rate 1% is hard to justify, "says Dr. John Fung, chief of transplantation at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. "If the rate stays at 1%, it's just not going to be accepted. "On the other hand, there's an acute shortage of traditional donor organs from people who have died in accidents or suffered fatal heart attacks. If family members fully understand the risks and are willing to proceed, is there any reason to stand in their way? Indeed, a recent survey showed that most people will accept a mortality rate for living organ donors as high as 20%. The odds, thankfully, aren't nearly that bad. For kidney donors, for example, the risk ranges from 1 in 2, 500 to 1 in 4, 000 for a healthy volunteer. That helps explain why nearly 40% of kidney transplants in the U.S. come from living donors. /The operation to transplant a liver, however, is a lot trickier than one to transplant a kidney. Not only is the liver packed with blood vessels, but it also makes lots of proteins that need to be produced in the right ratios for the body to survive. When organs from the recently deceased are used, the surgeon gets to pick which part of the donated liver looks the best-and to take as much of it as needed. Assuming all goes well, a healthy liver can grow back whatever portion of the organ is missing, sometimes within a month.A living-donor transplant works particularly well when an adult donates a modest a modest portion of the liver to a child. Usually only the left lobe of the organ is required, leading to a mortality rate for living-donors in the neighborhood of 1 in 500 to 1 in 1,000. But when the recipient is another adult, as much as 60% of the donor's liver has to be removed. "There really is very little margin for error, "says Dr. Fung. By way of analogy, he suggests, think of a tree. "An adult-to-childliving-donor transplant is like cutting off a limb. With an adult-to-adult transplant, you're splitting the trunk in half and trying to keep both halves alive."Even if a potential donor understand and accepts these risks, that doesn't necessarily mean the operation should proceed. All sorts of subtle pressures can be brought to bear on such a decision. says Dr. Mark Siegler, director of the MacLean for Clinical Medical Ethics at the University of Chicago. "Sometimes the sicker the patient, the greater the pressure the pressure and the more willing the donor will be to accept risks. "If you feel you can't say no, is your decision truly voluntary? And if not, is it the medical community's responsibility to save you from your own best intentions?Transplant centers have developed screening programs to ensure that living donors fully understand the nature of their decision. But unexamined, for the most part, is the larger issue of just how much a volunteer should be allowed to sacrifice to save another human being. So far, we seem to be saying some risk is acceptable, although we're still vaguer about where the cutoff should be. There will always be family members like Mike Hurewitz who are heroically prepared to make the ultimate sacrifice for a loved one. What the medical profession-and society-must decide is if it's appropriate to let them do so. /1Describe in your own words the liver transplant between the two brothers Mike and Adam.2 What is the major issue raised in the article?3 Explain briefly Dr. Fung's comparison between organ transplant and a tree. What does he imply through this analogy?4 If family members fully understand the risks in organ transplant and are still willing to proceed, shall the medical professionals encourage or stop them? What is your personal view toward such issue?补充练习For 40 years the sight of thousands of youngsters striding across the open moorland has been as much an annual fixture as spring itself. But the 2, 400 school pupils who join the grueling Dartmoor Ten Tors Challenge next Saturday may be among the last to take part in the May tradition. The trek faces growing criticism from environmentalists who fear that the presence of so many walkers on one weekend threatens the survival of some of Dartmoor's internationally rare bird species. / The Ten Tors challenge takes place in the middle of the breeding season, when the slightest disturbance can jeopardize birds' chances of reproducing successfully. Experts at the RSPB and the Dartmoor National Park Authority fear that the walkers could frighten birds and even crush eggs. They are now calling for the event to be moved to the autumn, when the breeding season is over and chicks should be well established. Organizers of the event, which is led by about 400 Territorial Army volunteers, say moving it would be impractical for several reasons and would mean pupils could not train properly for the 55-mile trek. Dartmoor is home 10 rare species of ground-nesting birds, including golden plovers, dunlins and lapwings. In some cases, species are either down to their last two pairs on the moor or are facing a nationwide decline.Emma Parkin, South-west spokeswoman for the PASPB, took part in the challenge as a schoolgirl. She said the society had no objections to the event itself but simply but simply wanted t moved to another time of year. "It is a wonderful activity for the children who take part but, having thousands of people walking past in one weekend when birds are breeding is hardly ideal, "she said."We would prefer it to take place after the breeding and nesting season is over. There is a risk of destruction and disturbance. If the walkers put a foot in the wrong place they can crush the eggs and if there is sufficient disturbance the birds might abandon the nest. "Helen Booker, an RSPB upland conservation officer, said there was no research into the scale of the damage but there was little doubt the walk was detrimental. "If people are tramping past continually it can harm the chances of successful nesting. There is also the fear of direct trampling of eggs. "A spokesman for the Dartmoor National Park Authority said the breeding season on the moor lasted from early March to mid-July, and the Ten Tors challenge created the potential for disturbance for March, when participants start training.To move the event to the autumn was difficult because children would be on holiday during the training period. There was a possibility that some schools in the Southwest move to a four-term year in 2004, "but until then any change was unlikely. The authority last surveyed bird life on Dartmoor two year ago and if the next surveyed showed any further decline, it would increase pressure to move challenge, "he said.Major Mike Pether, secretary of the army committee that organizes the challenge, said the event could be moved if there was the popular will. "The Ten Tors has been running for 42 years and it has always been at this time of year. It is almost in tablets of stone but that's not to say we won't consider moving if there is a consensus in favour. However, although the RSPB would like it moved, 75 per cent of the people who take part want it to stay as it is, "he said. Major Pether said the trek could not be moved to earlier in the year because it would conflict with the lambing season, most of the children were on holiday in the summer, and the winter weather was too harsh.Datmoor National Park occupies some 54 sq km of hills topped by granite outcrops known as "Tors" with the highest Tor-capped hill reaching 621m. The valleys and dips between the hills are often sites of bogs to snare the unwary hiker. The moor has long been used by the British Army as a training and firing range. The origin of the event stretches back to 1959 when three Army officers exercising on the moor thought it would provide a challenge for civilians as well as soldiers In the first year 203 youngsters took up the challenges. Since then teams, depending on age and ability, face hikes of 35, 45 or 55 miles between 10 nominated Tors over two days. They are expected to carry everything they need to survive. /1. What is the Ten Tors challenge? Give a brief introduction of its location and history.2. Why is it suggested that the event be moved to the autumn or other seasons?3. What are the difficulties if the event is moved to autumn or other season?Burnt by stock market losses, investors in ever-increasing numbers have found an answer to their woes: litigate. According to Stanford Law School, shareholders filed 327 class-action lawsuits against American companies last year-up 60% on the previous year. Their pied piper is Bill Lerach. He and his law firm, Milberg Weiss Bershad Hynes & Lerach, have turned the class action lawsuit into an industry. More than half of last year's suits were fought by Lerach and his colleagues. / Branded an "economic terrorist "by one rival and "lower than pond scum" by one rival and "lower than pond scum" by another, Lerach's firm is the terror of corporate America. Milberg Weiss has won more than 20 billion in class-action suits but has not escaped controversy of its own. It is being investigated by a Los Angeles federal grand jury over allegations that it paid "professional plaintiffs" to use their names on lawsuits.Few of Lerach's cases ever get to court, Settling on the law court steps is an American tradition and often less embarrassing and expensive than taking a case all the way. But the rules have been rewritten since Enron's collapse. Having failed to reach an argreement with Lerach and others, Arthur Andersen trial starts this week in Houston over accountant's alleged destruction of Enron-related documents. On Wednesday another judge will hear from other defendants being pursued by Lerach.Lerach's original suit was filed late last year in Houston's federal court on behalf of the University of California Board of Regents, which lost 140m, and other Enron shareholders. The lawsuit names a stellar array of blue-chip banks, including Barclays, Citigroup and Merrill Lynch, as parties to the alleged Enron scheme that cost investor 25 billion. It also names law firms and 60 Enron and Arthur Andersen executives, directors and partners. When the judge decides whether to let any of the parties escape the court case, due in December 2003, settlement talks will begin in earnest. In the meantime, the heat is being turned up on Lerach. A recent Wall Street Journal editorial attacked the university for hiring him. "The real lesson for the Regents is that when you lie down with lawyers, you catch ethical fleas, "it said. The Journal's attack tallies with many senior business figures who privately say Lerach and his followers have made the law a joke, basing their attacks more on a participant's ability to pay than their guilt. "Lerach isn't expecting to prove his case in court, but only in the media, hoping defendants will settle regardless of guilt to get their names out of the news. Is that a good lesson for the kids?" asked thejournal.Lerach did not return calls when asked to comment, but Trey Davis, a university spokesman, dismissed the criticism: "The decision to name the investment banks and the law firms is not based on a search for assets in the wake of Enron's bankruptcy and Arthur Andersen's business decline, "he said. "It's an earnest effort seeking return of money that rightfully belongs to the victims."John Coffee, law professor at Columbia University, says the rise in class actions is inevitable give the fall in stock prices. And he says that, if anything, changes in the rules have improved the quality of many cases filed. Legal reforms, introduced in 1995, have made it almost impossible for disgruntled investors to sue a company for disgruntled investors to sue a company for missing its profit forecasts. The changes also require lawyers to show evidence of wrong-doing for a case to proceed. The reforms were designed to curb the frivolous lawsuits that ad become part of the cost of doing business for almost every American public company. Most cases now brought against companies allege some sort of accounting impropriety.And says Coffee, the reforms mean more suits now have a strong case to answer. "There's a whole industry out there saying securities litigation is all frivolous, " he says. "There's a high correlation between an earnings restatement and some highly suspicious monkey business with the prior financial reporting. I don't think these are cases in which the defendants are perfectly innocent victims."4. What are the class action lawsuits referred to in the passage? What do you learn about Bill Lerach's law firm?5 What does it mean by the sentence "Milberg Weiss... has not escaped controversy of its own."(Para. 2)?6.What do you know from the Wall Street Journal editorial's attack (Para. 4)?III. WritingThe position of women in society has changed markedly in the last twenty years. Many of the problems young people now experience, such as juvenile delinquency, arise from the fact that many married women now work and are not at home to care for their children. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? （no less than 500 words）。

上海外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试模拟题考试科目：英汉互译（考试时间3小时，满分150分，全部写在指定答题纸上，答在试卷上无效）I. Translate the following into Chinese. (75 points)The fact is that, as a writer, Faulkner is no more interested in solving problems than he is tempted to indulge in sociological comments on the sudden changes in the economic position of the southern states. The defeat and the consequences of defeat are merely the soil out of which his epics grow. He is not fascinated by men as a community but by man in the community, the individual as a final unity in himself, curiously unmoved by external conditions. The tragedies of these individuals have nothing in common with Greek tragedy: they are led to their inexorable end by passions caused by inheritance, traditions, and environment, passions which are expressed either in a sudden outburst or in a slow liberation from perhaps generations-old restrictions. With almost every new work Faulkner penetrates deeper into the human psyche, into man’s greatness and powers ofself-sacrifice, lust for power, cupidity, spiritual poverty,narrow-mindedness, burlesque obstinacy, anguish, terror, and degenerate aberrations. As a probing psychologist he is the unrivalled master among all living British and American novelists.Neither do any of his colleagues possess his fantastic imaginative powers and his ability to create characters. His subhuman and superhuman figures, tragic or comic in a macabre way, emerge from his mind with a reality that few existing people - even those nearest to us - can give us, and they move in a milieu whose odours of subtropical plants, ladies’ perfumes, Negro sweat, and the smell of horses and mules penetrate immediately even into a Scandinavian’s warm and cozy den. As a painter of landscapes he has the hunter’s intimate knowledge of his own hunting ground, the topographer’s accuracy, and the impressionist’s sensitivity.Moreover—side-by-side with Joyce and perhaps even more so—Faulkner is the great experimentalist among twentieth-century novelists. Scarcely two of his novels are similar technically. It seems as if by this continuous renewal he wanted to achieve the increased breadth which his limited world, both in geography and in subject matter, cannot give him.II. Translate the following into English. (75 points)隐逸的生活似乎在传统意识中一直被认为是幸福的至高境界。