【US20200098440A1】ONETIMEPROGRAMMABLE(OTP)IMPLEMENT

prometheus 业务指标 time注解
“Prometheus 业务指标 time注解”这句话的意思是，在Prometheus监控系统中，对业务指标进行时间注解。

Prometheus是一个开源的监控系统，它主要用于收集和存储大量的时间序列数据。

时间注解是指将时间戳信息附加到业务指标上，以便记录业务指标在每个时间点的数值。

这种时间注解可以帮助Prometheus用户更好地理解和分析业务指标的趋势和变化。

Prometheus 业务指标 time注解主要包括以下方面：
1.时间戳注解：将每个数据点的时间戳信息记录下来，以便后续分析和追溯。

2.时间范围注解：将业务指标的时间范围进行标注，以便用户了解数据在特
定时间段内的变化情况。

3.时间序列注解：将业务指标的时间序列数据进行标注，以便用户了解数据
随时间变化的情况。

最后总结，Prometheus 业务指标 time注解是指将时间戳信息与业务指标相关联，以便更好地跟踪和分析业务性能数据。

这有助于Prometheus用户了解业务指标在特定时间点的状态和趋势，从而做出更明智的决策。

同时，时间注解还可以帮助用户更好地理解和分析业务指标的时间趋势和变化，提高监控系统的可用性和可维护性。

UniStream™ HMI Panel Installation GuideUSP-070-B10, USP-070-B08USP-104-B10, USP-156-B10 Unitronics’ UniStream™ platform comprises control devices that provide robust, flexible solutions for industrial automation.This guide provides basic installation information for the UniStream™ HMI Panel. Technical specifications may be downloaded from the Unitronics website.The UniStream™ platformcomprises CPU controllers, HMIpanels, and local I/O modulesthat snap together to form anall-in-one Programmable LogicController (PLC).Expand the I/O configurationusing a Local Expansion Kit orremotely via CANbus.CPU-for-Panel CPUs are Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), the heart of theUniStream™ platform.The CPU-for-Panel cannot operate independently. It must be pluggedinto the back of a UniStream™ HMI panel. The panel provides the CPU’spower source. The CPU-for-Panel comprises:▪IO/COM Bus connector for interfacing Uni-I/O™ & Uni-COM™ modules▪Isolated RS485 and CANbus ports▪Backup batteryHMI Panels Available indifferent dimensions A high-resolution touch screen provides the operator interface for the system and the physical foundation for a PLC+HMI+I/Os all-in-one controller.The DIN-rail structure on the panel’s back is designed to physically support a CPU-for-Panel controller, Uni-I/O™ and/or Uni-COM™modules.Each panel comprises:▪AUX connector to support the CPU▪1 audio-out 3.5mm jack▪1 microSD slot▪2 type A, USB host ports and 1 Mini-B USB device port▪2 Ethernet ports, RJ45, 10/100 Mbps▪1 power input connector, 12/24 VDCI/O Options Integrate I/Os into your system by using:▪On-board I/Os: snap onto the panel for an all-in-one configuration▪Local I/O via a Local Expansion Kit▪Remote I/O via EX-RC1Programming Software All-in-one UniLogic™ software, for hardware configuration, communications, and HMI/PLC applications, available as a freeHMI Panel Installation GuideBefore You BeginAlert Symbols and General RestrictionsWhen any of the following symbols appear, read the associated information carefully. Symbol Meaning DescriptionDanger The identified danger causes physical and property damage.Warning The identified danger could cause physical and property damage. Caution Caution Use caution.▪All examples and diagrams are intended to aid understanding, and do not guarantee operation. Unitronics accepts no responsibility for actual use of this product based on these examples.▪Please dispose of this product according to local and national standards and regulations. ▪This product should be installed only by qualified personnel.▪Failure to comply with appropriate safety guidelines can cause severe injury orproperty damage.▪Do not attempt to use this device with parameters that exceed permissible levels.▪Do not connect/disconnect the device when power is on.Environmental Considerations▪Ventilation: 10mm (0.4”) of space is required between the device top/bottom edges and the enclosure’s walls.▪Do not install in areas with: excessive or conductive dust, corrosive or flammablegas, moisture or rain, excessive heat, regular impact shocks or excessive vibration, in accordance with the standards and limitations given in the product’s technicalspecification sheet.▪Do not place in water or let water leak onto the unit.▪Do not allow debris to fall inside the unit during installation.▪Install at maximum distance from high-voltage cables and power equipment. Caution▪The UniStream™ HMI Panel is designed to comply with NEMA 4X, IP66 and IP65.Note however that the Audio Protection Seal must remain plugged in for NEMA4X and IP66, in which case the audio sound level from the internal speaker issignificantly reduced.UniStream™Kit Contents▪ 1 HMI Panel: 7”, 10.4” or 15.6”7” panel, includes 4 mounting brackets10.4” panel, includes 8 mountingbrackets and 2 panel supports15.6” panel, includes 10 mounting brackets and 2 panel supports▪ 1 panel mounting seal ▪ 1 programming cable ▪ 1 power terminal blockHMI Panel DiagramHMI Panel Front and Rear ViewCaution ▪ Keep the seal in place when the embedded speaker is not used. The seal mustHMI Panel Installation GuideInstallation Space ConsiderationsAllocate space for:▪The HMI Panel including the CPU and any modules that will be installed on it ▪Opening the doors of the CPU and modulesFor exact dimensions, please refer to the Mechanical Dimensions shown below. HMI Panel Mechanical Dimensions7” PanelUniStream™10.4” Panel15.6” PanelHMI Panel Installation GuidePanel MountingN OTE▪Mounting panel thickness must be less or equal to 5mm (0.2”).▪Ensure that the space considerations are met.1. Prepare a panel cut-out according to the dimensions of your model, USP-070-B10,USP-104-B10, or USP-156-B10 as shown in the previous section.2. Slide the panel into the cut-out,ensuring that the Panel Mounting Seal isin place as shown on the right.3. Push the mounting brackets into theirslots on the sides of the panel as shownbelow.4. Tighten the bracket screws against thepanel. Hold the brackets securelyagainst the unit while tightening thescrews.When properly mounted, the panel issquarely situated in the panel cut-out asshown below.USP-070-B10: 4 mounting brackets USP-104-B10: 8 mounting bracketsUSP-156-B10: 10 mounting bracketsUniStream™Wiring▪This equipment is designed to operate only at SELV/PELV/Class 2/Limited Powerenvironments.▪All power supplies in the system must include double insulation. Power supplyoutputs must be rated as SELV/PELV/Class 2/Limited Power.▪Do not connect either the ‘Neutral’or ‘Line’ signal of the 110/220VAC to device’s 0V point.▪Do not touch live wires.▪All wiring activities should be performed while power is OFF.▪Use over-current protection, such as a fuse or circuit breaker, to avoid excessivecurrents into the HMI Panel supply port.▪Unused points should not be connected (unless otherwise specified). Ignoring thisdirective may damage the device.▪Double-check all wiring before turning on the power supply.Caution ▪To avoid damaging the wire, use a maximum torque of 0.5 N·m (5 kgf·cm).▪Do not use tin, solder, or any substance on stripped wire that might cause thewire strand to break.▪Install at maximum distance from high-voltage cables and power equipment.Wiring ProcedureUse crimp terminals for wiring; use 26-12 AWG wire (0.13 mm2–3.31 mm2).1. Strip the wire to a length of 7±0.5mm (0.250–0.300 inches).2. Unscrew the terminal to its widest position before inserting a wire.3. Insert the wire completely into the terminal to ensure a proper connection.4. Tighten enough to keep the wire from pulling free.Wiring GuidelinesIn order to ensure that the device will operate properly and to avoid electromagnetic interference:▪Use a metal cabinet. Make sure the cabinet and its doors are properly earthed.▪Use wires that are properly sized for the load.▪Individually connect each 0V point in the system to the power supply 0V terminal.▪Individually connect each functional ground point () to the earth of the system (preferably to the metal cabinet chassis).Use the shortest and thickest wires possible: less than 1m (3.3’) in length, minimum thickness 14 AWG (2 mm2).▪Connect the power supply 0V to the earth of the system.N OTE For detailed information, refer to the document System Wiring Guidelines, located in the Technical Library in the Unitronics’ website.HMI Panel Installation GuideWiring the Power SupplyThe UniStream™ HMI Panel device requires an external 12/24VDC power supply.▪In the event of voltage fluctuations or non-conformity to voltage power supplyspecifications, connect the device to a regulated power supply.Connect the +V and 0V terminals as shownin the accompanying figure.HMI Panel Interface ConnectionsUse the following:Ethernet CAT-5e shielded cable with RJ45 connectorUSB Device Use the proprietary programming cable supplied with the deviceUSB Host Standard USB cable with Type-A plugmicroSD Standard microSDAudio Out 3.5mm stereo audio plug with shielded audio cableInstalling CPU-for-Panel, Uni-I/O™ & Uni-COM™ ModulesRefer to the Installation Guides provided with these modules.▪Turn off system power before connecting or disconnecting any modules or devices.▪Use proper precautions to prevent Electro-Static Discharge (ESD).Removing the Panel1. Disconnect the power supply.2. Remove all wiring and disconnect any installed devices according to the device’sinstallation guide.3. Unscrew and remove the mounting brackets, taking care to support the panel toprevent it from falling during this procedure.。

DESIGNED FOR YOUREVOLVING WORKFLOW PRIORITIESBiomek i-Series Automated WorkstationsProvided by: (800)404-ATECAdvanced Test Equipment Rentals®i -Series 2 |ACCELERATED WORKFLOWS . Faster Discovery.YOU TALKED. WE LISTENED .Your priorities continue to evolve; ours never change.Because our priority is you.Your input and our experience led to the engineering of a liquid handling platform that enables you to get the trusted, reliable results you need from your application workflows.From your input, some recurring themes appeared. And from those themes emerged a common foundation—for hardware, software, accessories, consumables and support—that’s built-on:• Simplification, so you can focus more on science and less on managing your tools• Efficiency, to help you optimize productivity, increase walk-away time and learn more—faster • Adaptability, so the technology you invest in can grow with you, not grow obsolete • Reliability and support, to help maximize instrument uptime so your research is always moving forwardOn that customer-driven foundation, we’re building the future of laboratory automation.The benefits of an automated workstation from Beckman Coulter Life Sciences come from more than just an instrument. They’re realized thanks to synergy between:• Hardware • Software • Accessories • Consumables • Service and support| 3ADVANCING SCIENCE BY ACCELERATING AWIDE RANGE OF APPLICATIONS• Cell-based assays • High-throughput screening• High-content screening • Cell line development • Cell culture • Transfection• Continuous cell culture • Biologic bioanalysis • Proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics • Synthetic biology • 3D cell models • Compound handling• Next-generationsequencing sample prep °Whole genome sequencing °Transcriptome sequencing°Target/exome capture °Amplicon sequencing °Cancer panels °HLA typing• Microarray sample prep °Genotyping °Gene expression• Nucleic acid sample prep °DNA/RNA isolation °DNA/RNA clean-up °DNA size selection °Plasmid prep • Sanger sequencing °Big dye clean-up • qPCR/PCR setupAutomation drives acceleration.This is true for pharma, biotech, academia and government-sponsored research—virtually any lab focused on genomics, cell biology, proteomics, drug discovery, forensics and related research areas.A sampling of drug discovery and basic research application areas that can benefit from Biomek automation:Many fields of research continue to accelerate at a rapid pace.Our commitment is to provide the innovative technology you need to maintain that pace—by simplifying your workflows, improving efficiency, increasing walk-away time and decreasing downtime.The most recent example of this commitment: Biomek i-Series Automated Workstations1.A sampling of genomics application areas that can benefit from Biomek automation:4 |EXPLORE THE BIOMEK i-SERIES AUTOMATEDRepresenting the best of what has made Biomek workstationsan industry leader—combined with enhancements suggestedby customers around the globe—Biomek i-Series AutomatedWorkstations have been designed to optimize dependabilityand walk-away time in mid- to high-throughput labs.Biomek i7 Automated Workstation Simplicity so you can focus moreon scienceBright, multiple color- and pattern-codedstatus light bar alerts you to the instrument’scurrent mode, even from across the room.Light Curtain provides key safety featureduring operation and method development.Internal LED light illuminates the instrumentdeck for easy access and monitoring of yourworkspace status.123Efficiency to help deliverhigher productivityRotating gripper with unique offset fingerdesign optimizes access to high-densitydecks, enabling more efficient workflows.Linear motion control increases positionalaccuracy for pipetting access tohigh-density labware.Large-volume, 1 mL multichannel pipettinghead expedites sample transfers andenables more efficient mixing steps.4561236948BIOMEK i-SERIES WORKSTATIONSENABLE “4D INTEGRATION”With access from 4 directions—right, left, back and below—i-Series workstations make it easy to integrate a growing menu of devices, components and accessories. Your Beckman Coulter team can help you withstandard integrations.WORKSTATIONSAdaptability to extend scale and reachGrid-based deck with simple accessoryinstallation enables quick workflow changes.Spacious, open-platform design enables access from all sides to enable integration of adjacent-to-deck and off-deckprocessing elements (e.g., analytical devices, external storage/incubation units, and labware feeders).78Trusted reliability and support to reduce downtimeSafeguard sample and reagent integrity from air particulates with enclosedversions of the Biomek i-Series Automated Workstations.910115127ACCESSORIES TO ENABLEAdditional components• Fly-by barcode reader forpositive sample ID, process and tracking of microplates • Labware feeders• Instrument carts (pictured) and tables• And a host of others depending on your specific needsDevice integrations and customization servicesTo further enhance the capabilities of your Biomek i-Series Automated Workstation, you can choose from a list of device integrations or ask for our customization services.Your support team will includeexperts who’ve integrated hundreds of third-party devices to meet a large variety of workflow needs.Biomek i5 Automated Workstation8 |INDUSTRY-LEADING BIOMEK SOFTWARE FOR i-SERIES THATStreamline workflows with SAMI EXAutomate full workflows with a process control supporting a wide variety of applications. Use the power of a planning scheduler and sample data drill-down to manage your assay.Simplify data management with DARTAutomation systems generate large quantities of data to manage. DART simplifies workflow data by transforming it into powerful information to inform your research decisions.Additional software solutions include:Biomek pipette tips from Beckman Coulter are certified to be:• RNase- and DNase-freeEnsures high-quality nucleic acid purification and reliable nucleic acid testing results.• DNA-free (human & mouse)/PCR inhibitionConfirms the absence of both human and mouse DNA contaminants that result in erroneous results and interfere with the PCR.• Endotoxin-freeAddresses endotoxin-sensitive applications, such as cell transformations and preparative protocols that use extracted biological material for in vivo experimentation.BIOMEK PIPETTE TIPS:THE MOST CRITICAL POINT OF CONTACTAll Biomek workstations are optimized to perform as complete systems. That’s why only Biomek pipette tips from Beckman Coulter Life Sciences are validated and approved for use with our workstations.Biomek pipette tips, racks and rack covers are molded from premium-grade, virgin polypropylene to provide chemical resistance during sample preparation, and to ensure the highest performance and quality control for your most exacting applications.T o make setup, method writing, and operation easy and efficient, Biomek software already includes point-and-click options for Biomek tip definitions, pipetting techniques and templates, and color-coded Biomek tip racks.Only Biomek pipette tips are validated and approved for use with Biomek workstations.WORLD-CLASS TRAINING, SERVICE AND SUPPORT ARE INSTRUMENTAL TO SUCCESSFrom online classes or instructor-led training, to on-siteapplication support – we’re committed to doing everythingpossible to ensure that you can operate your Biomekworkstation with confidence.In addition, when you choose a Biomek i-Series AutomatedWorkstation from Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, you canexpect support and maintenance from an organization that’srated higher for technical support than any major competitor.Further building on our commitment to world-class servi c e, thePROService Remote Monitoring System is now available tohelp maximize system uptime by shortening service calls andexpediting repair times.Instructor-led training or on-lineclasses help ensure that you canoperate your i-Series workstationwith confidence.Our customer support center directsa team of engineers with extensiveproduct knowledge who can trouble-shoot issues quickly and efficiently.T o help maximize instrument uptime, thePROService Remote Monitoring System can useITEMWITHOUT ENCLOSURE WITH ENCLOSU RE Dimensions for Biomek i5 Base Unit Width: 112 cm (44”)Depth: 81 cm (32”)Height: 104 cm (41”)Width: 112 cm (44”)Depth: 81 cm (32”)Height: 112 cm (44”)Dimensions for Biomek i7 Base Unit Width: 170 cm (67”)Depth: 81 cm (32”)Height: 104 cm (41”)Width: 170 cm (67”)Depth: 81 cm (32”)Height: 112 cm (44”)Maximum Height w/Door OpenN/A 147 cm (58”)Weight: Biomek i5 Base UnitMultichannel155 kg (341 lbs)181 kg (399 lbs)Span-8146 kg (322 lbs)172 kg (379 lbs)Weight: Biomek i7 Base UnitMultichannel199 kg (439 lbs)234 kg (516 lbs)Dual Multichannel234 kg (516 lbs)269 kg (593 lbs)Span-8190 kg (419 lbs)225 kg (496 lbs)Hybrid (Multichannel + Span-8)225 kg (496 lbs)260 kg (573 lbs)Introducing the i-Series to our family of Biomek Automated Workstations is just the beginning of our journey together. Biomek hardware, software and our growing applications portfolio will continue to evolve with your priorities in mind.Visit or speak with your Beckman Coulter representative to learn more.1 Currently in development© 2017 Beckman Coulter, Inc. All rights reserved. Beckman Coulter, the stylized logo, and the Beckman Coulter product and service marks mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of Beckman Coulter, Inc. in the United States and other countries.For Beckman Coulter’s worldwide office locations and phone numbers, please visit “Contact Us” at AAG-2215SB01.17 SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS FOR BIOMEK i-SERIES AUTOMATED WORKSTATIONS。

Programmable Logic Controllers1 Simple introductionA programmable logic controller (PLC) is a solid-state device used to control machine motion or process operation by means of a stored program. The PLC sends output control signals and receives input signals through input/output (I/O) devices.A PLC controls outputs in response to stimuli at the inputs according to the logic prescribed by the stored program. The inputs are made up of limit switches, pushbuttons, thumbwheels, switches, pulses, analog signals, ASCII serial data, and binary or BCD data from absolute position encoders. The outputs are voltage or current levels to drive end devices such as solenoids, motor starters, relays, lights and so on. Other output devices include analog devices, digital BCD displays, ASCII compatible devices, servo variable-speed drives, and even computers. Programmable controllers were developed (circa in 1986) when General Motors Corp, and other automobile manufacturers were experimenting to see if there might be an alternative to scrapping all their hardwired control panels of machine tools and other production equipment during a model changeover. This annual tradition was necessary because rewiring of the panels was more expensive than buying new ones.The automotive companies approached a number of control equipment manufacturers and asked them to develop a control system that would have a longer productive life without major rewiring, but would still be understandable to and repairable by plant personnel. The new product was named a “programmable controller”.The processor new part of the PLC contains a central processing until and memory. The central processing until (CPU) is the “traffic director” of the processor, the memory stores information. Coming into the processor are the electrical signals from the input devices, as conditioned by the input module to voltage levels acceptable to processor logic. The processor scans the state of I/O and updates outputs based on instruction stored in the memory of the PLC. For example, the processor may be programmed so that if an input connected to a limit switch is true (limit switch closed), then a corresponding output wired to an output module is to be energized. This output might be a solenoid, for example. The processor remembers this command through its memory and compares on each scan to see if that limitswitch is, in fact, closed. if it is closed, the processor energizes the solenoid by turning on the output module.The output device, such as a solenoid or motor starter, is wired to an output module’s terminal, and it receives its shift signal from the processor, in effect, the processor is performing a long and complicated series of logic decisions. The PLC performs such decisions sequentially and in accordance with the stored program. Similarly, analog I/O allows the processor to make decisions based on the magnitude of a signal, rather than just if it is on or off. For example, the processor may be programmed to increase or decrease the steam flow to a boiler (analog output) based on a comparison of the actual temperature in the boiler (analog input) to the desired temperature. This is often performed by utilizing the built-in PID (proportional, integral, derivative) capabilities of the processor.Because a PLC is “software based”, its control logic functions can be changed by reprogramming its memory. Keyboard programming devices facilitate entry of the revised program, which can be designed to cause an existing machine or process to operate in a different sequence or to respond to different levels of, or combinations of stimuli. Hard-ware modifications are needed only if additional, changed, or relocated input/output devices are involved.2 General Application Areas1.Sequence ControlThis is the largest and most common application of programmable controllers today, and is the closest to traditional relay control in its’ sequential’ nature. Because of the very general nature of this category, it is sometimes difficult to understand the breadth of power that it brings to so found on individual machines or machine lines, on conveyor and packaging machinery, and even on modern elevator control systems.2.Motion ControlThis is the integration of linear or rotary motion control in the programmable controller. This could be a single or multiple axis drive system control, and can be used with servo, stepper, or multiple axis drive system control, and can be used with servo, stepper, or hydraulic drives. In early systems, a stand-alone servo drive would be connected to the programmable controller with a series of individual conductors to discrete inputs and outputs. Newer systems integrate this functionality directlyinto the I/O racks through the use of special I/O boards dedicated to motion control. This eliminates the need to interface the two devices together with discrete I/O. Programmable controller motion control applications include an unending variety of machinery; metal cutting (grinders), metal forming (press brake), assembly machines, and multiple axes of motion can be coordinated for both discrete part and process industry applications. Examples of these would include Cartesian robots, and many web related processes that is film, rubber, and non-weave textile systems.3.Process ControlThis is the ability of the programmable controller to control a number of physical parameters such as temperature, pressure, velocity, and flow. This involves the use of analog (continuously variable) I/O to achieve a close-loop control system. The use of Proportion-Integral-Derivative (PID) , software always allow the programmable controller to replace the function of stand-alone loop controllers. Another alternative is to integrate the loop controllers with the programmable controller, retaining the best features of each. Typical examples of applications include plastic injection molding machines, extrusion process machines, heat treat furnaces, and many other batch-type control applications.4.Data ManagementThe ability to collect, analyze, and manipulate data has only become possible with programmable controllers in the last few years. With the advanced instruction sets and expanded variable memory capacities of the newer programmable controllers, it is now possible for the system to act as a data concentrator, collecting data about the machine or process it is controlling. This data can then be sent via a communication function to another intelligent device for analysis or report generation. Any comments that are made about the importance and growing use of data management are probably understatements considering the leap-frog technical solution capabilities it brings to a wide range of applications. Data management is frequently found on large materials handling systems, in unmanned flexible manufacturing cells, and in many process industry applications, that is, paper, primary metals, and food processing.3 programmable automationFor programmable automation, the equipment is designed in such a way that the sequence of production operations is controlled by a program, i.e., a set of codedinstructions that can be read and interpreted by the system. Thus the operation sequence can be readily changed to permit different product configurations to be produced on the same equipment. Some of the features that characterize programmable automation include 1. high investment in general-purpose programmable equipment, 2. lower production rates than fixed automation, 3. flexibility to deal with changes in product configuration, and 4. suited to low and/or medium production of similar products or parts (e. g. part families). Examples robots, and programmable logic controllers.Programmable production systems are often used to produce parts or products in batches. They are especially appropriate when repeat orders for batches of the same programmed with the set of machine instructions that correspond to that product. The physical setup of the equipment must be loaded. This changeover procedure can be time-consuming. As a result, the usual production cycle for a given batch includes 1. a period during which the setup and reprogramming is accomplished and 2. a period in which the batch is processed. The setup –reprogramming period constitutes nonproductive time of the automated system.The economics of programmable automation require that as the setup-reprogramming time increases, the production batch size must be made larger so as to spread the cost of lost production time over a larger number of units. Conversely, if setup and reprogramming time can be reduced to zero, the batch size can be reduced to one. This is the theoretical basis for flexible automation, an extension of programmable automation. A flexible automated system is one that is capable of producing a variety of products (or parts) with minimal lost time for changeovers from one product to the next. The time to reprogram the system and alter the physical setup is minimal and results in virtually no lost production time. Consequently, the system is capable of producing various combinations and schedules of products in a continuous flow. Rather than batch production with interruptions between batches. The features of flexible automation are:1.high investment for a custom-engineered system.2.continuous production of mixtures of products.3.ability to change product mix to accommodate changes in demand rates forthe different products made.4.medium production rates.5.flexibility to deal with product design variations.可编程逻辑控制器1 简单介绍可编程逻辑控制器（PLC）是一种固态电子装置，它利用已存入的程序来控制机器的运行或工艺的工序。

一文precision time protocol -回复什么是精确时间协议（PTP）？精确时间协议（PTP），又称为IEEE 1588协议，是一种网络协议，旨在提供高精度的时间同步。

它能够通过网络将时间信息传播到网络中的各个节点，使得节点间能够保持高度一致的时间。

这使得PTP在各种应用场景中得到广泛应用，尤其是需要高精度时间同步的领域，如金融交易、工业控制和通信系统。

PTP通过利用网络中的主从结构来实现时间同步。

网络中的一个节点被指定为主时钟（Master Clock），负责产生精确的时间信号。

其他节点则被指定为从时钟（Slave Clock），通过与主时钟进行通信来同步时间。

当从时钟接收到主时钟的时间信号时，它会与自己内部的本地时钟进行比对，并对本地时钟进行调整，从而保持与主时钟的高度一致。

PTP的工作原理可以简单概括为以下几个步骤：1. 主时钟配置：首先，需要将一个节点设置为主时钟，并进行其它一些必要的配置。

主时钟需要有稳定的时钟源，可以是原子钟或GPS接收器等精确的时间源。

2. 从时钟加入：接下来，其他节点需要与主时钟进行通信来加入网络。

从时钟会向主时钟发送加入请求，主时钟会为其分配一个时钟标识符，并指定主从时钟的相关参数。

3. 时间同步：一旦从时钟成功加入网络，主时钟会周期性地向从时钟发送时间戳消息。

时间戳消息包含主时钟的当前时间信息。

从时钟接收到时间戳消息后，会与其本地时钟进行比较，并计算出主从时钟之间的时间差。

从时钟根据时间差来对本地时钟进行微小调整，以与主时钟保持同步。

4. 时钟调整：由于网络延迟等因素的存在，从时钟与主时钟之间可能会存在微小的时间差。

为了确保整个网络中的时钟能够保持一致，PTP使用了时钟调整机制。

该机制利用反馈控制算法来逐渐调整从时钟的频率和相位，从而使其尽可能地接近主时钟。

从这些步骤中可以看出，PTP是一种分布式的时间同步机制。

通过网络中的主从结构、时间戳消息的交换和时钟调整，PTP实现了高精度的时间同步。

One-Time Programmable (OTP) OperationsThis Micron NAND Flash device offers a protected, one-time programmable NAND Flash memory area. Each target has a an OTP area with a range of OTP pages (see Ta-ble 15 (page 102)); the entire range is guaranteed to be good. Customers can use the OTP area in any way they desire; typical uses include programming serial numbers or other data for permanent storage.The OTP area leaves the factory in an erased state (all bits are 1). Programming an OTP page changes bits that are 1 to 0, but cannot change bits that are 0 to 1. The OTP area cannot be erased, even if it is not protected. Protecting the OTP area prevents further programming of the pages in the OTP area.Enabling the OTP Operation ModeThe OTP area is accessible while the OTP operation mode is enabled. To enable OTP operation mode, issue the SET FEATURES (EFh) command to feature address 90h and write 01h to P1, followed by three cycles of 00h to P2 through P4.When the target is in OTP operation mode, all subsequent PAGE READ (00h-30h) and PROGRAM PAGE (80h-10h) commands are applied to the OTP area.ERASE commands are not valid while the target is in OTP operation mode.Programming OTP PagesEach page in the OTP area is programming using tthe PROGRAM OTP PAGE (80h-10h)command. Each page can be programmed more than once, in sections, up to the maxi-mum number allowed (see NOP in Table 15 (page 102)). The pages in the OTP area must be programmed in ascending order.If the host issues a PAGE PROGRAM (80h-10h) command to an address beyond the max-imum page-address range, the target will be busy for t OBSY and the WP# status register bit will be 0, meaning that the page is write-protected.Protecting the OTP AreaTo protect the OTP area, issue the OTP PROTECT (80h-10h) command to the OTP Pro-tect Page. When the OTP area is protected it cannot be programmed further. It is not possible to unprotect the OTP area after it has been protected.Reading OTP PagesTo read pages in the OTP area, whether the OTP area is protected or not, issue the PAGE READ (00h-30h) command.If the host issues the PAGE READ (00h-30h) command to an address beyond the maxi-mum page-address range, the data output will not be valid. To determine whether the target is busy during an OTP operation, either monitor R/B# or use the READ STATUS (70h) command. Use of the READ STATUS ENHANCED (78h) command is prohibited while the OTP operation is in progress.Returning to Normal Array Operation ModeTo exit OTP operation mode and return to normal array operation mode, issue the SET FEATURES (EFh) command to feature address 90h and write 00h to P1 through P4.If the RESET (FFh) command is issued while in OTP operation mode, the target will exit OTP operation mode and enter normal operating mode. If the synchronous interface is active, the target will exit OTP operation and enable the asynchronous interface.16Gb, 32Gb, 64Gb, 128Gb Asynchronous/Synchronous NAND One-Time Programmable (OTP) OperationsInterleaved Die (Multi-LUN) OperationsIn devices that have more than one die (LUN) per target, it is possible to improve per-formance by interleaving operations between the die (LUNs). An interleaved die (multi-LUN) operation is one that is issued to an idle die (LUN) (RDY = 1) while another die (LUN) is busy (RDY = 0).Interleaved die (multi-LUN) operations are prohibited following RESET (FFh, FCh), iden-tification (90h, ECh, EDh), and configuration (EEh, EFh) operations until ARDY =1 for all of the die (LUNs) on the target.During an interleaved die (multi-LUN) operation, there are two methods to determine operation completion. The R/B# signal indicates when all of the die (LUNs) have finish-ed their operations. R/B# remains LOW while any die (LUN) is busy. When R/B# goes HIGH, all of the die (LUNs) are idle and the operations are complete. Alternatively, the READ STATUS ENHANCED (78h) command can report the status of each die (LUN) in-dividually.If a die (LUN) is performing a cache operation, like PROGRAM PAGE CACHE (80h-15h),then the die (LUN) is able to accept the data for another cache operation when status register bit 6 is 1. All operations, including cache operations, are complete on a die when status register bit 5 is 1.Use the READ STATUS ENHANCED (78h) command to monitor status for the ad-dressed die (LUN). When multi-plane commands are used with interleaved die (multi-LUN) operations, the multi-plane commands must also meet the requirements, see Multi-Plane Operations for details. After the READ STATUS ENHANCED (78h) command has been issued, the READ STATUS (70h) command may be issued for the previously ad-dressed die (LUN).See Command Definitions for the list of commands that can be issued while other die (LUNs) are busy.During an interleaved die (multi-LUN) operation that involves a PROGRAM-series(80h-10h, 80h-15h, 80h-11h) operation and a READ operation, the PROGRAM-series op-eration must be issued before the READ-series operation. The data from the READ-series operation must be output to the host before the next PROGRAM-series operation is issued. This is because the 80h command clears the cache register contents of all cache registers on all planes.16Gb, 32Gb, 64Gb, 128Gb Asynchronous/Synchronous NAND Interleaved Die (Multi-LUN) OperationsTable 13: Parameter Page Data Structure (Continued)16Gb, 32Gb, 64Gb, 128Gb Asynchronous/Synchronous NAND Parameter Page Data Structure Tables。

同步跨时钟域的约束处理同步跨时钟域的约束处理是数字设计中一个非常重要的问题，涉及到两个或多个时钟域之间的数据传输。

由于不同的时钟域有各自的时钟频率和相位，因此在从一个时钟域向另一个时钟域传输数据时，可能会出现数据丢失、数据冲突或者不确定状态等问题。

为了解决这些问题，需要进行同步处理。

以下是一些同步跨时钟域的约束处理方法：1. 建立时钟域之间的同步关系：在两个时钟域之间建立同步关系，使得它们之间的数据传输能够有序进行。

常用的同步方法有使用FIFO（先进先出）队列、使用双缓冲区、使用握手协议等。

2. 避免数据冲突：在跨时钟域的数据传输中，如果接收端无法及时接收数据，可能会导致数据冲突。

为了避免这种情况，可以采用以下方法：* 使用具有足够缓冲区的FIFO队列，以容纳接收端暂时无法处理的数据。

* 使用双缓冲区技术，将接收端的数据存储在两个缓冲区中，以避免在一个缓冲区中积累过多的数据。

* 在数据传输前进行握手协议，确保接收端准备好接收数据。

3. 消除不确定状态：在跨时钟域的数据传输中，由于时钟域之间的时钟频率和相位可能不同，可能会导致数据状态不确定。

为了消除这种不确定状态，可以采用以下方法：* 使用分频或倍频技术，使得发送端和接收端的时钟频率相同或相近。

* 使用同步器或去抖动器，将接收端的数据同步到发送端的时钟域中。

4. 考虑时序约束：在数字设计中，时序约束是非常重要的。

在进行跨时钟域的约束处理时，需要考虑时序约束，以确保数据传输的正确性。

例如，在建立FIFO队列时，需要考虑读写时序的约束；在使用同步器或去抖动器时，需要考虑信号传输的时序约束等。

综上所述，同步跨时钟域的约束处理是数字设计中一个非常重要的问题，需要进行综合考虑和处理。

sametime协议1.引言S a me ti me协议是一种用于实时通信的协议，旨在提供高效、安全和可靠的即时通讯服务。

本文将介绍Sa me ti m e协议的定义、功能、使用场景以及一些重要的技术细节。

2. Sa metime协议的定义S a me ti me协议是一种由IB M开发的实时通信协议，用于在企业内部或网络中进行即时消息传递、语音通话和视频会议。

它基于标准的互联网协议，如TC P/IP和H T TP，并使用XM L格式进行数据交换。

3. Sa metime协议的功能3.1即时消息传递S a me ti me协议提供了即时消息传递的功能，用户可以通过Sa m et im e 客户端发送和接收文字消息。

这种消息传递方式快速且实时，使得交流变得更加高效和便捷。

3.2语音通话S a me ti me协议支持实时语音通话功能，用户可以通过Sa me ti m e客户端进行语音通话。

这种功能非常适用于远程办公、团队协作以及业务沟通等场景。

3.3视频会议S a me ti me协议还支持视频会议功能，用户可以通过S am et im e客户端进行多方视频通话和会议。

这种功能非常有助于远程团队协作、在线培训和远程面试等场景。

4. Sa m e t i m e协议的使用场景4.1企业内部通信在企业内部，员工可以使用S am et im e协议进行即时消息传递、语音通话和视频会议，实现团队内部的高效沟通和协作。

4.2远程办公对于远程办公的团队而言，S am et im e协议提供了即时通讯和远程协作的功能，使得远程工作变得更加便捷和高效。

4.3客户服务使用Sa me ti me协议，客服人员可以与客户进行实时的文字聊天，提供解决方案和快速的技术支持，提高客户满意度。

5. Sa metime协议的重要技术细节5.1安全性S a me ti me协议提供了多种安全机制，包括加密通信和身份验证，以确保通信的安全性和保密性。

1Features•Utilizes the AVR ® RISC Architecture•High-performance and Low-power 8-bit RISC Architecture–90 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution –32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers –Up to 8 MIPS Throughput at 8 MHz •Nonvolatile Program and Data Memory –1K Byte of Flash Program MemoryQuickFlash ™ One-time Programmable (ATtiny10)In-System Programmable (ATtiny12)Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles (ATtiny11/12)–64 Bytes of In-System Programmable EEPROM Data Memory (ATtiny12)Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles–Programming Lock for Flash Program and EEPROM Data Security •Peripheral Features–Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change–One 8-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler –On-chip Analog Comparator–Programmable Watchdog Timer with On-chip Oscillator •Special Microcontroller Features–Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes –External and Internal Interrupt Sources–In-System Programmable via SPI Port (ATtiny12)–Enhanced Power-on Reset Circuit (ATtiny12)–Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator (ATtiny12)•Specification–Low-power, High-speed CMOS Process Technology –Fully Static Operation•Power Consumption at 4 MHz, 3V , 25°C –Active: 2.2 mA –Idle Mode: 0.5 mA–Power-down Mode: <1 µA •Packages–8-pin PDIP and SOIC•ATtiny10 is the QuickFlash OTP Version of ATtiny11•Operating Voltages–1.8 - 5.5V (ATtiny12V-1)–2.7 - 5.5V (ATtiny11L-2 and ATtiny12L-4)–4.0 - 5.5V (ATtiny11-6 and ATtiny12-8)•Speed Grades–0 - 1 MHz (ATtiny12V-1)–0 - 2 MHz (ATtiny11L-2)–0 - 4 MHz (ATtiny12L-4)–0 - 6 MHz (ATtiny11-6)–0 - 8 MHz (ATtiny12-8)Rev. 1006BS Microcontroller with 1K Bytes Flash ATtiny10ATtiny11ATtiny12PreliminaryPin ConfigurationNote: This is a summary document. For the complete 77-page document, please visit our web site at or e-mail at literature@ and request literature #1006B.ATtiny10/11/122DescriptionThe ATtiny10/11/12 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR RISC architecture. By executing power-ful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATtiny10/11/12 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general-purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.ATtiny10/11 Block DiagramThe ATtiny10/11 provides the following features: 1K bytes of Flash, up to five general-purpose I/O lines, one input line,32general-purpose working registers, an 8-bit timer/counter, internal and external interrupts, programmable Watchdog Timer with internal oscillator, and two software-selectable power-saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allow-ing the timer/counters and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the register contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. The wake-up or interrupt on pin change features enable the ATtiny10/11 to be highly responsive to external events, still featuring the lowest power consumption while in the power-down modes.The device is manufactured using Atmel ’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology. By combining an RISC 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel ATtiny10/11 is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The ATtiny10/11 AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system development tools including: macro assemblers,program debugger/simulators, in-circuit emulators, and evaluation kits.Table 1. Parts DescriptionDevice Flash EEPROM Register Voltage Range Frequency A Ttiny10/11L 1K -32 2.7 - 5.5V 0-2 MHz A Ttiny10/111K -32 4.0 - 5.5V 0-6 MHz A Ttiny12V 1K 64 B 32 1.8 - 5.5V 0-1 MHz A Ttiny12L 1K 64 B 32 2.7 - 5.5V 0-4 MHz A Ttiny121K64 B324.0 -5.5V0-8 MHzATtiny10/11/123Figure 1. The ATtiny10/11 Block Diagram元器件交易网ATtiny10/11/124ATtiny12 Block DiagramFigure 2. The ATtiny12 Block DiagramThe ATtiny12 provides the following features: 1K bytes of Flash, 64 bytes EEPROM, up to six general-purpose I/O lines,32general-purpose working registers, an 8-bit timer/counter, internal and external interrupts, programmable Watchdog Timer with internal oscillator, and two software-selectable power-saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allow-ing the timer/counters and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the register contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. The wake-up or interrupt on pin change features enable the ATtiny12 to be highly responsive to external events, still featuring the lowest power consumption while in the power-down modes.元器件交易网ATtiny10/11/125The device is manufactured using Atmel ’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology. By combining an RISC 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel ATtiny12 is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The ATtiny12 AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system development tools including: macro assemblers,program debugger/simulators, in-circuit emulators, and evaluation kits.Pin DescriptionsVCCSupply voltage pin.GND Ground pin.Port B (PB5..PB0)Port B is a 6-bit I/O port. PB4..0 are I/O pins that can provide internal pull-ups (selected for each bit). On ATtiny10/11, PB5is input only. On ATtiny12, PB5 is input or open-drain output. The port pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. The use of pins PB5..3 as input or I/O pins is limited, depending on reset and clock settings, as shown below.Notes:1.“Used ” means the pin is used for reset or clock purposes.2.“-” means the pin function is unaffected by the option.3.Input means the pin is a port input pin.4.On A Ttiny10/11, PB5 is input only. On A Ttiny12, PB5 is input or open-drain output.5.I/O means the pin is a port input/output pin.XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Reset input. An external reset is generated by a low level on the RESET pin. Reset pulses longer than 50 ns will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.Table 2. PB5..PB3 Functionality vs. Device Clocking OptionsDevice Clocking Option PB5PB4PB3External Reset Enabled Used (1)-(2)-External Reset Disabled Input (3)/I/O (4)--External Crystal-Used Used External Low-frequency Crystal -Used Used External Ceramic Resonator -Used Used External RC Oscillator -I/O (5)Used External Clock -I/O Used Internal RC Oscillator -I/OI/O元器件交易网ATtiny10/11/126Clock OptionsThe device has the following clock source options, selectable by Flash fuse bits as shown:Note:“1” means unprogrammed, “0” means programmed.The various choices for each clocking option give different start-up times as shown in Table 7 on page 18 and Table 9 on page 19.Internal RC OscillatorThe internal RC oscillator option is an on-chip oscillator running at a fixed frequency of 1 MHz. If selected, the device can operate with no external components. The device is shipped with this option selected. On ATtiny10/11, the Watchdog Oscillator is used as a clock, while ATtiny12 uses a separate calibrated oscillator. Crystal OscillatorXTAL1 and XTAL2 are input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 3. Either a quartz crystal or a ceramic resonator may be used. Figure 3. Oscillator ConnectionsNote:When using the MCU Oscillator as a clock for an external device, an HC buffer should be connected as indicated in the figure.Table 3. Device Clocking Options SelectDevice Clocking OptionATtiny10/11 CKSEL2..0ATtiny12 CKSEL3..0External Crystal/Ceramic Resonator 1111111 - 1010External Low-frequency Crystal 1101001 - 1000External RC Oscillator 1010111 - 0101Internal RC Oscillator 1000100 - 0010External Clock 0000001 - 0000Reserved Other Options-元器件交易网ATtiny10/11/127External ClockTo drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL1 should be driven as shown in Figure 4. Figure 4. External Clock Drive ConfigurationExternal RC OscillatorFor timing insensitive applications, the external RC configuration shown in Figure 5 can be used. For details on how to choose R and C, see Table 29 on page 53.Figure 5. External RC ConfigurationArchitectural OverviewThe fast-access register file concept contains 32 x 8-bit general-purpose working registers with a single-clock-cycle access time. This means that during one single clock cycle, one ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) operation is executed. Two operands are output from the register file, the operation is executed, and the result is stored back in the register file – in one clock cycle.Two of the 32 registers can be used as a 16-bit pointer for indirect memory access. This pointer is called the Z-pointer, and can address the register file and the Flash program memory.The ALU supports arithmetic and logic functions between registers or between a constant and a register. Single-register operations are also executed in the ALU. Figure 2 shows the ATtiny10/11/12 AVR RISC microcontroller architecture. The AVR uses a Harvard architecture concept with separate memories and buses for program and data memories. The pro-gram memory is accessed with a two-stage pipelining. While one instruction is being executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the program memory. This concept enables instructions to be executed in every clock cycle. The program memory is reprogrammable Flash memory.With the relative jump and relative call instructions, the whole 512 address space is directly accessed. All AVR instructions have a single 16-bit word format, meaning that every program memory address contains a single 16-bit instruction.元器件交易网ATtiny10/11/128During interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address program counter (PC) is stored on the stack. The stack is a 3-level-deep hardware stack dedicated for subroutines and interrupts.The I/O memory space contains 64 addresses for CPU peripheral functions as control registers, timer/counters, and other I/O functions. The memory spaces in the AVR architecture are all linear and regular memory maps.Figure 6. The ATtiny10/11/12 AVR RISC ArchitectureA flexible interrupt module has its control registers in the I/O space with an additional global interrupt enable bit in the status register. All the different interrupts have a separate interrupt vector in the interrupt vector table at the beginning of the program memory. The different interrupts have priority in accordance with their interrupt vector position. The lower the interrupt vector address, the higher the priority.元器件交易网ATtiny10/11/129Notes:1.For compatibility with future devices, reserved bits should be written to zero if accessed. Reserved I/O memory addressesshould never be written.2.Some of the status flags are cleared by writing a logical one to them. Note that the CBI and SBI instructions will operate onall bits in the I/O register, writing a one back into any flag read as set, thus clearing the flag. The CBI and SBI instructions work with registers $00 to $1F only.Register Summary ATtiny10/11AddressNameBit 7Bit 6Bit 5Bit 4Bit 3Bit 2Bit 1Bit 0Page$3F SREG ITHSVNZCpage 14$3E Reserved $3D Reserved $3C Reserved $3B GIMSK -INT0PCIE -----page 24$3A GIFR -INTF0PCIF -----page 25$39 TIMSK ------TOIE0-page 25$38 TIFR------TOV0-page 25$37 Reserved $36 Reserved $35MCUCR --SE SM --ISC01ISC00page 26$34 MCUSR ------EXTRF PORF page 22$33 TCCR0-----CS02CS01CS00page 30$32 TCNT0 Timer/Counter0 (8 Bit)page 31$31 Reserved $30 Reserved ... Reserved $22Reserved $21 WDTCR ---WDTOE WDE WDP2WDP1WDP0page 31$20 Reserved $1F Reserved $1E Reserved $1D Reserved $1C Reserved $1B Reserved $1A Reserved $19 Reserved $18 PORTB ---PORTB4PORTB3PORTB2PORTB1PORTB0page 37$17DDRB ---DDB4DDB3DDB2DDB1DDB0page 37$16 PINB --PINB5PINB4PINB3PINB2PINB1PINB0page 37$15Reserved ... Reserved $0A Reserved $09Reserved $08ACSR ACD -ACO ACI ACIE -ACIS1ACIS0page 35…Reserved $00Reserved元器件交易网ATtiny10/11/1210Note:1.For compatibility with future devices, reserved bits should be written to zero if accessed. Reserved I/O memory addressesshould never be written.2.Some of the status flags are cleared by writing a logical one to them. Note that the CBI and SBI instructions will operate onall bits in the I/O register, writing a one back into any flag read as set, thus clearing the flag. The CBI and SBI instructions work with registers $00 to $1F only.Register Summary ATtiny12AddressNameBit 7Bit 6Bit 5Bit 4Bit 3Bit 2Bit 1Bit 0Page$3F SREG ITHSVNZCpage 14$3E Reserved $3D Reserved $3C Reserved $3B GIMSK -INT0PCIE -----page 24$3A GIFR -INTF0PCIF -----page 25$39 TIMSK ------TOIE0-page 25$38 TIFR------TOV0-page 25$37 Reserved $36 Reserved $35MCUCR -PUD SE SM --ISC01ISC00page 26$34 MCUSR ----WDRF BORF EXTRF PORF page 23$33 TCCR0-----CS02CS01CS00page 30$32 TCNT0 Timer/Counter0 (8 Bit)page 31$31 OSCCAL Oscillator Calibration Registerpage 28$30 Reserved ...Reserved $22Reserved $21 WDTCR ---WDTOE WDE WDP2WDP1WDP0page 32$20 Reserved $1F Reserved $1E EEAR --EEPROM Address Registerpage 33$1D EEDR EEPROM Data Registerpage 33$1C EECR ----EERIE EEMWEEEWE EEREpage 33$1B Reserved $1A Reserved $19 Reserved $18 PORTB ---PORTB4PORTB3PORTB2PORTB1PORTB0page 37$17DDRB --DDB5DDB4DDB3DDB2DDB1DDB0page 37$16 PINB --PINB5PINB4PINB3PINB2PINB1PINB0page 37$15Reserved ...Reserved $0A Reserved $09Reserved $08ACSR ACD AINBG ACO ACI ACIE -ACIS1ACIS0page 35...Reserved $00Reserved元器件交易网ATtiny10/11/1211Instruction Set SummaryMnemonicsOperandsDescriptionOperationFlags#ClocksARITHMETIC AND LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS ADD Rd, Rr Add two Registers Rd ← Rd + RrZ,C,N,V,H 1ADC Rd, Rr Add with Carry two Registers Rd ← Rd + Rr + CZ,C,N,V,H 1SUB Rd, Rr Subtract two Registers Rd ← Rd - RrZ,C,N,V,H 1SUBI Rd, K Subtract Constant from Register Rd ← Rd - KZ,C,N,V,H 1SBC Rd, Rr Subtract with Carry two Registers Rd ← Rd - Rr - C Z,C,N,V,H1SBCI Rd, K Subtract with Carry Constant from Reg.Rd ← Rd - K - CZ,C,N,V,H 1AND Rd, Rr Logical AND Registers Rd ← Rd • RrZ,N,V 1ANDI Rd, K Logical AND Register and Constant Rd ← Rd • KZ,N,V 1OR Rd, Rr Logical OR Registers Rd ← Rd v RrZ,N,V 1ORI Rd, K Logical OR Register and Constant Rd ← Rd v KZ,N,V 1EOR Rd, Rr Exclusive OR Registers Rd ← Rd ⊕Rr Z,N,V1COM Rd One ’s Complement Rd ← $FF - RdZ,C,N,V 1NEG Rd T wo ’s Complement Rd ← $00 - RdZ,C,N,V,H 1SBR Rd,K Set Bit(s) in Register Rd ← Rd v KZ,N,V 1CBR Rd,K Clear Bit(s) in Register Rd ← Rd • (FFh - K)Z,N,V 1INC Rd Increment Rd ← Rd + 1Z,N,V 1DEC Rd Decrement Rd ← Rd - 1 Z,N,V 1TST Rd T est for Zero or Minus Rd ← Rd • Rd Z,N,V1CLR Rd Clear Register Rd ← Rd ⊕RdZ,N,V 1SER Rd Set Register Rd ← $FFNone 1BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS RJMP k Relative Jump PC ← PC + k + 1None 2RCALL k Relative Subroutine Call PC ← PC + k + 1None 3RET Subroutine Return PC ← STACK None 4RETI Interrupt Return PC ← STACKI4CPSE Rd,Rr Compare, Skip if Equal if (Rd = Rr) PC ← PC + 2 or 3None1/2CP Rd,Rr Compare Rd - Rr Z, N,V ,C,H 1 CPC Rd,Rr Compare with Carry Rd - Rr - C Z, N,V ,C,H 1CPI Rd,K Compare Register with Immediate Rd - KZ, N,V ,C,H 1SBRC Rr, b Skip if Bit in Register Cleared if (Rr(b)=0) PC ← PC + 2 or 3 None 1/2SBRS Rr, b Skip if Bit in Register is Set if (Rr(b)=1) PC ← PC + 2 or 3None 1/2SBIC P , b Skip if Bit in I/O Register Cleared if (P(b)=0) PC ← PC + 2 or 3 None 1/2SBIS P , b Skip if Bit in I/O Register is Set if (P(b)=1) PC ← PC + 2 or 3None 1/2BRBS s, k Branch if Status Flag Set if (SREG(s) = 1) then PC ←PC + k + 1None 1/2BRBC s, k Branch if Status Flag Cleared if (SREG(s) = 0) then PC ←PC + k + 1None 1/2BREQ k Branch if Equal if (Z = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1None 1/2BRNE k Branch if Not Equal if (Z = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1None 1/2BRCS k Branch if Carry Set if (C = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1None 1/2BRCC k Branch if Carry Cleared if (C = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1None 1/2BRSH k Branch if Same or Higher if (C = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1None 1/2BRLO k Branch if Lower if (C = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1None 1/2BRMI k Branch if Minus if (N = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1None 1/2BRPL k Branch if Plus if (N = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1None 1/2BRGE k Branch if Greater or Equal, Signed if (N ⊕ V= 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1None 1/2BRLT k Branch if Less Than Zero, Signed if (N ⊕ V= 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1None 1/2BRHS k Branch if Half Carry Flag Set if (H = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1None 1/2BRHC k Branch if Half Carry Flag Cleared if (H = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1None 1/2BRTS k Branch if T Flag Set if (T = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1None 1/2BRTC k Branch if T Flag Cleared if (T = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1None 1/2BRVS k Branch if Overflow Flag is Set if (V = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1None 1/2BRVC k Branch if Overflow Flag is Cleared if (V = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1None 1/2BRIE k Branch if Interrupt Enabled if ( I = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1None 1/2BRID k Branch if Interrupt Disabledif ( I = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1None1/2元器件交易网ATtiny10/11/1212DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONSLD Rd,Z Load Register Indirect Rd ← (Z)None 2ST Z,Rr Store Register Indirect (Z) ← RrNone 2MOV Rd, Rr Move Between Registers Rd ← Rr None1LDI Rd, K Load Immediate Rd ← KNone 1IN Rd, P In Port Rd ← PNone 1OUT P, Rr Out Port P ← RrNone 1LPM Load Program Memory R0 ← (Z)None 3BIT AND BIT-TEST INSTRUCTIONSSBI P ,b Set Bit in I/O Register I/O(P ,b) ← 1None 2CBI P ,b Clear Bit in I/O Register I/O(P ,b) ← 0None 2LSL Rd Logical Shift Left Rd(n+1) ← Rd(n), Rd(0) ← 0Z,C,N,V 1LSR Rd Logical Shift Right Rd(n) ← Rd(n+1), Rd(7) ← 0Z,C,N,V 1ROL Rd Rotate Left Through Carry Rd(0) ← C, Rd(n+1) ← Rd(n), C ← Rd(7)Z,C,N,V 1ROR Rd Rotate Right Through Carry Rd(7) ← C, Rd(n) ← Rd(n+1), C ← Rd(0)Z,C,N,V 1ASR Rd Arithmetic Shift Right Rd(n) ← Rd(n+1), n = 0..6Z,C,N,V1SWAP Rd Swap Nibbles Rd(3..0) ← Rd(7..4), Rd(7..4) ← Rd(3..0)None 1BSET s Flag Set SREG(s) ← 1SREG(s)1BCLR s Flag Clear SREG(s) ← 0 SREG(s)1BST Rr, b Bit Store from Register to T T ← Rr(b)T 1BLD Rd, b Bit load from T to Register Rd(b) ← TNone 1SEC Set Carry C ← 1C1CLC Clear Carry C ← 0C 1SEN Set Negative Flag N ← 1N 1CLN Clear Negative Flag N ← 0N 1SEZ Set Zero Flag Z ←1Z 1CLZ Clear Zero Flag Z ← 0Z 1SEI Global Interrupt Enable I ←1I1CLI Global Interrupt Disable I ← 0I 1SES Set Signed Test Flag S ← 1S 1CLS Clear Signed Test Flag S ← 0S 1SEV Set Twos Complement Overflow V ←1V 1CLV Clear Twos Complement Overflow V ← 0V 1SET Set T in SREG T ←1T 1CLT Clear T in SREG T ← 0 T1SEH Set Half Carry Flag in SREG H ← 1H 1CLH Clear Half Carry Flag in SREG H ← 0H 1NOP No Operation None 1SLEEP Sleep (see specific descr. for Sleep function)None 3WDR Watch Dog Reset (see specific descr. for WDR/timer)None1Instruction Set Summary (Continued)MnemonicsOperandsDescriptionOperationFlags#Clocks元器件交易网ATtiny10/11/1213Note:The speed grade refers to maximum clock rate when using an external crystal or external clock drive. The internal RC oscillator has the same nominal clock frequency for all speed grades.Ordering InformationPower Supply Speed (MHz)Ordering Code Package Operation Range 2.7 - 5.5V2A Ttiny11L-2PC A Ttiny11L-2SC 8P38S2Commercial (0°C to 70°C)A Ttiny11L-2PI A Ttiny11L-2SI8P38S2Industrial (-40°C to 85°C)4.0 - 5.5V6A Ttiny11-6PC A Ttiny11-6SC 8P38S2Commercial (0°C to 70°C)A Ttiny11-6PI A Ttiny11-6SI8P38S2Industrial (-40°C to 85°C)1.8 - 5.5V1A Ttiny12V-1PC A Ttiny12V-1SC 8P38S2Commercial (0°C to 70°C)A Ttiny12V-1PI A Ttiny12V-1SI8P38S2Industrial (-40°C to 85°C)2.7 - 5.5V4A Ttiny12L-4PC A Ttiny12L-4SC 8P38S2Commercial (0°C to 70°C)A Ttiny12L-4PI A Ttiny12L-4SI8P38S2Industrial (-40°C to 85°C)4.0 - 5.5V8A Ttiny12-8PC A Ttiny12-8SC 8P38S2Commercial (0°C to 70°C)A Ttiny12-8PI A Ttiny12-8SI8P38S2Industrial (-40°C to 85°C)Package Type8P38-lead, 0.300" Wide, Plastic Dual Inline Package (PDIP)8S28-lead, 0.200" Wide, Plastic Gull-Wing Small Outline (EIAJ SOIC)元器件交易网ATtiny10/11/1214Packaging Information© Atmel Corporation 1999.Atmel Corporation makes no warranty for the use of its products, other than those expressly contained in the Company ’s standard war-ranty which is detailed in Atmel ’s Terms and Conditions located on the Company ’s web site. The Company assumes no responsibility for any errors which may appear in this document, reserves the right to change devices or specifications detailed herein at any time without notice, and does not make any commitment to update the information contained herein. No licenses to patents or other intellectual prop-erty of Atmel are granted by the Company in connection with the sale of Atmel products, expressly or by implication. Atmel ’s products are not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems.Atmel HeadquartersAtmel OperationsCorporate Headquarters2325 Orchard Parkway San Jose, CA 95131TEL (408) 441-0311FAX (408) 487-2600EuropeAtmel U.K., Ltd.Coliseum Business Centre Riverside WayCamberley, Surrey GU15 3YL EnglandTEL (44) 1276-686-677FAX (44) 1276-686-697AsiaAtmel Asia, Ltd.Room 1219Chinachem Golden Plaza 77 Mody Road Tsimhatsui East Kowloon Hong KongTEL (852) 2721-9778FAX (852) 2722-1369JapanAtmel Japan K.K.9F, Tonetsu Shinkawa Bldg.1-24-8 ShinkawaChuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0033JapanTEL (81) 3-3523-3551FAX (81) 3-3523-7581Atmel Colorado Springs1150 E. Cheyenne Mtn. Blvd.Colorado Springs, CO 80906TEL (719) 576-3300FAX (719) 540-1759Atmel RoussetZone Industrielle13106 Rousset Cedex FranceTEL (33) 4-4253-6000FAX (33) 4-4253-6001Fax-on-DemandNorth America:1-(800) 292-8635International:1-(408) 441-0732e-mailliterature@Web Site BBS1-(408) 436-43091006BS –10/99/xMMarks bearing ® and/or ™ are registered trademarks and trademarks of Atmel Corporation.Terms and product names in this document may be trademarks of others.。

ColophonCopyright © 2020-2023 Raspberry Pi Ltd (formerly Raspberry Pi (Trading) Ltd.)The documentation of the RP2040 microcontroller is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND).Portions Copyright © 2019 Synopsys, Inc.All rights reserved. Used with permission. Synopsys & DesignWare are registered trademarks of Synopsys, Inc.Portions Copyright © 2000-2001, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011-2012, 2016 ARM Limited.All rights reserved. Used with permission.build-date: 2023-06-14build-version: a6fe703-cleanLegal disclaimer noticeTECHNICAL AND RELIABILITY DATA FOR RASPBERRY PI PRODUCTS (INCLUDING DATASHEETS) AS MODIFIED FROM TIME TO TIME (“RESOURCES”) ARE PROVIDED BY RASPBERRY PI LTD (“RPL”) "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW IN NO EVENT SHALL RPL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THE RESOURCES, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.RPL reserves the right to make any enhancements, improvements, corrections or any other modifications to the RESOURCES or any products described in them at any time and without further notice.The RESOURCES are intended for skilled users with suitable levels of design knowledge. Users are solely responsible for their selection and use of the RESOURCES and any application of the products described in them. User agrees to indemnify and hold RPL harmless against all liabilities, costs, damages or other losses arising out of their use of the RESOURCES.RPL grants users permission to use the RESOURCES solely in conjunction with the Raspberry Pi products. All other use of the RESOURCES is prohibited. No licence is granted to any other RPL or other third party intellectual property right.HIGH RISK ACTIVITIES. Raspberry Pi products are not designed, manufactured or intended for use in hazardous environments requiring fail safe performance, such as in the operation of nuclear facilities, aircraft navigation or communication systems, air traffic control, weapons systems or safety-critical applications (including life support systems and other medical devices), in which the failure of the products could lead directly to death, personal injury or severe physical or environmental damage (“High Risk Activities”). RPL specifically disclaims any express or implied warranty of fitness for High Risk Activities and accepts no liability for use or inclusions of Raspberry Pi products in High Risk Activities.Raspberry Pi products are provided subject to RPL’s Standard Terms. RPL’s provision of the RESOURCES does notexpressed in them.Table of contentsColophon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Legal disclaimer notice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.1. Why is the chip called RP2040?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.2. Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.3. The Chip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.4. Pinout Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.4.1. Pin Locations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.4.2. Pin Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.4.3. GPIO Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132. System Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.1. Bus Fabric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.1.1. AHB-Lite Crossbar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.1.2. Atomic Register Access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.1.3. APB Bridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.1.4. Narrow IO Register Writes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.1.5. List of Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192.2. Address Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242.2.1. Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242.2.2. Detail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252.3. Processor subsystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.3.1. SIO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.3.2. Interrupts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602.3.3. Event Signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612.3.4. Debug. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612.4. Cortex-M0+. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622.4.1. Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632.4.2. Functional Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642.4.3. Programmer’s model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692.4.4. System control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742.4.5. NVIC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742.4.6. MPU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762.4.7. Debug. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762.4.8. List of Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772.5. DMA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912.5.1. Configuring Channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922.5.2. Starting Channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942.5.3. Data Request (DREQ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952.5.4. Interrupts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972.5.5. Additional Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972.5.6. Example Use Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982.5.7. List of Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022.6. Memory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1212.6.1. ROM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1212.6.2. SRAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1222.6.3. Flash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1232.7. Boot Sequence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1302.8. Bootrom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1302.8.1. Processor Controlled Boot Sequence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1312.8.2. Launching Code On Processor Core 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332.8.3. Bootrom Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1342.8.4. USB Mass Storage Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1452.8.5. USB PICOBOOT Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1462.9. Power Supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1522.9.3. On-Chip Voltage Regulator Input Supply (VREG_VIN). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1532.9.4. USB PHY Supply (USB_VDD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1532.9.5. ADC Supply (ADC_AVDD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1542.9.6. Power Supply Sequencing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1542.9.7. Power Supply Schemes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 2.10. Core Supply Regulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1572.10.1. Application Circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1572.10.2. Operating Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1582.10.3. Output Voltage Select. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1592.10.4. Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1592.10.5. Current Limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1592.10.6. List of Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1592.10.7. Detailed Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 2.11. Power Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1622.11.1. Top-level Clock Gates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1622.11.2. SLEEP State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1632.11.3. DORMANT State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1632.11.4. Memory Power Down. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1632.11.5. Programmer’s Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 2.12. Chip-Level Reset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1652.12.1. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1652.12.2. Power-on Reset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1662.12.3. Brown-out Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1672.12.4. Supply Monitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1692.12.5. External Reset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1692.12.6. Rescue Debug Port Reset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1692.12.7. Source of Last Reset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1692.12.8. List of Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 2.13. Power-On State Machine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1702.13.1. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1702.13.2. Power On Sequence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1702.13.3. Register Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1712.13.4. Interaction with Watchdog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1712.13.5. List of Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 2.14. Subsystem Resets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1742.14.1. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1742.14.2. Programmer’s Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1752.14.3. List of Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 2.15. Clocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1802.15.1. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1802.15.2. Clock sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1812.15.3. Clock Generators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1842.15.4. Frequency Counter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1882.15.5. Resus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1882.15.6. Programmer’s Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1892.15.7. List of Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 2.16. Crystal Oscillator (XOSC). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2162.16.1. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2162.16.2. Usage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2162.16.3. Startup Delay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2172.16.4. XOSC Counter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2172.16.5. DORMANT mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2172.16.6. Programmer’s Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2182.16.7. List of Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 2.17. Ring Oscillator (ROSC). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2212.17.1. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2212.17.2. ROSC/XOSC trade-offs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2212.17.3. Modifying the frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2222.17.6. ROSC Counter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2222.17.7. DORMANT mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2232.17.8. List of Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2232.18. PLL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2272.18.1. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2272.18.2. Calculating PLL parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2282.18.3. Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2312.18.4. List of Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2332.19. GPIO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2352.19.1. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2352.19.2. Function Select. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2362.19.3. Interrupts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2382.19.4. Pads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2392.19.5. Software Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2392.19.6. List of Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2432.20. Sysinfo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3032.20.1. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3032.20.2. List of Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3032.21. Syscfg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3042.21.1. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3042.21.2. List of Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3042.22. TBMAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3072.22.1. List of Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3073. PIO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3093.1. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3093.2. Programmer’s Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3103.2.1. PIO Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3103.2.2. Control Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3113.2.3. Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3123.2.4. Stalling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3153.2.5. Pin Mapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3163.2.6. IRQ Flags. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3163.2.7. Interactions Between State Machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3163.3. PIO Assembler (pioasm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3173.3.1. Directives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3173.3.2. Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3183.3.3. Expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3183.3.4. Comments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3183.3.5. Labels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3183.3.6. Instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3193.3.7. Pseudoinstructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3193.4. Instruction Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3193.4.1. Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3193.4.2. JMP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3203.4.3. WAIT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3213.4.4. IN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3223.4.5. OUT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3233.4.6. PUSH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3243.4.7. PULL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3253.4.8. MOV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3263.4.9. IRQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3273.4.10. SET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3283.5. Functional Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3293.5.1. Side-set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3293.5.2. Program Wrapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3303.5.3. FIFO Joining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3323.5.4. Autopush and Autopull. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3333.5.5. Clock Dividers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337。

微软软件开发人员级别评定标准（英文）微软软件开发人员级别评定标准（英文）SDE Level Summaries In counseling developers on career progression, I’ve found that the CSP descriptions,though rich in detail, are sometimes too complex for developers to internalize the oneor two things they should focus on. Here, I try to summarize my take on developercareer progression at Microsoft.-Philip SuMain ReferencesThe following are key references which are the definitive sources describing devprogression. My opinions do not supplant these documents.Career Stage Profiles (CSPs) for developers. This describes all the SDEcareer stages.A summary of career stage progression for developers. This is the officialdoc that attempts to summarize progression.Engineering Competencies. People often forget that career progressionis about demonstrating the skills of a career stage and also about havingthe necessary competencies. The competencies are just as important.OverviewsCareer stages are meant to describe someone who is consistently performing at acertain scope. It takes time for a person to consistentlydemonstrate a skill, sopromotions happen after a person has shown repeated success in the required areas.Overviews of the stages are given below, followed by concrete examples of each stage.“He” is used throughout as a gender-neutral designation.SDEAn SDE is learning to consistently contribute as an experienced Microsoft developer. Heshows ownership of individual features. Though he needs closer direction earlier in thisstage, he functions independently later in the stage.SDE IIThis is the first stage at which a developer consistently and independently demonstratesstrong competencies across the key developer responsibilities: designing, scheduling,implementing, debugging, and shipping. An SDE II owns complex components orfeature areas end-to-end.Senior SDEA Senior SDE is a leader within his feature team, regardless of whether he managesothers. He independently introduces and drives initiatives that improve the featureteam. He exemplifies the best of core developer skills when designing, scheduling,implementing, debugging, and shipping. His scope spans the entire feature team.Principal SDEA Principal SDE is a leader across a product team, regardless of whether he managesothers. He independently introduces and drives initiatives that improve both theproduct team and other functions (PM/Test). His decisions reflect an understanding ofthe division’s strategy and a vision that spans multiple versions of the product. Heparticipates in defining the team’s strategy versus competition.Concrete ExamplesBelow are given some concrete examples of what each level should be doing at anAchieved rating. Skills should be demonstrated consistently and repeatedly, and sorecognition via a promotion usually trails the initial development of the necessary skillsby a good bit. Promotions require not only that the skills be present, but that therehave been enough opportunities for those skills to be consistently demonstrated. Inthat sense, p romotions aren’t meant to reflect talent or potential; instead, they reflectwhat’s been demonstrated repeatedly.Averages for time in level are listed below. They are taken from SteveSi’s combined org(Windows Live & Search) from 2006.L59-62: 21 months in each levelL63-65: 31 months in each levelNote that promotions are never based on the amount of time that someone has been ina level. Promotions are assessed purely based on repeatedly demonstrated skills andcompetencies. The progression into increasingly more senior levels usually takes longerwith each level.Level designations are only valid for the US. International locations may have a differentmapping from level to CSP.L59Summary: Learning to develop at Microsoft.Scope: Portions of individual featuresIndependence: Requires close guidance, multiple times a weekCore developer skillsoDesign: Learning how to design features well.oScheduling: Plans and delivers ~1-2 weeks’ work on time in high quality.ooCoding: Learning to produce Microsoft-quality code. Code reviews feature feedback about syntax, naming, clarity,structuring, and factoring.oDebugging: Able to debug his own features.oShipping: Fixes assigned bugs.?Common blockers to the next level: Very rare unless SDE is not the rightfit.CSP: At Achieved, is doing a majority of SDE’s “Full” expectationsL60Summary: Feature contributor, gaining depth in core skills.Scope: Individual featuresIndependence: Requires regular guidance, up to multiple times a week?Core deve loper skillsoDesign: Designs isolated features well.oScheduling: Plans and delivers ~2-4 weeks’ work on time in high quality.oCoding: Regularly produces Microsoft-quality code. Code reviews may occasionally feature feedback on clarity, structuring, and factoring.oDebugging: Able to debug most features in his feature area.oShipping: Fixes assigned bugs and gives input to triage.?Common blockers to the next level: Not adapting to feedback on core dev skills, not effectively learning from past mistakes quickly.CSP: At Achieved, is doing almost all of SDE’s “Full” expectationsL61Summary: Consistent, experienced, independent Microsoft contributor?Scope: Owner of a feature areaIndependence: Makes most feature decisions independently, but may need guidance on prioritization.Core developer skillsoDesign: Designs feature areas and components well.oScheduling: Plans and delivers 4+ weeks’ work independentlywith no necessary adjustments to the schedule.oCoding: Consistently produces Microsoft-quality code. Codereviews should rarely feature feedback on structuring andfactoring, and never on naming, syntax, and clarity.oDebugging: Able to debug entire feature area. Appliesadvanceddebugging tools when appropriate.oShipping: Gives significant input to triage, may participate in key ship decisions.Common blockers to the next level: Not advancing one’s expertise through learning new tools, researching established or emergingengineering practices, and continually improv ing one’s productivi ty. Notinvesting deeply enough in understanding a technology area. Not owningresponsibilities end-to-end.CSP: At Achieved, is doing a majority of SDE II’s “Full” expectationsL62Summary: Expert developer, notably higher productivity than morejunior developers.Scope: Owner of a feature area, considered an expert developer andacentral part of the feature team.Independence: Makes component decisions independently. Suggestseffective improvements to the feature team.Core developer skillsoDesign: Expertly designs components using appropriate patterns.oScheduling: Plans and delivers ~8 weeks’ work independentlywith no necessary adjustments to the schedule. Experienced andeffective in checking others’ schedules.oCoding: Consistently produces Microsoft-quality code. Is notably more productive than more junior developers because he knowsand applies the right tools and strategies, anticipates and avoids roadblocks, and keeps quality consistently high throughoutdevelopment.oDebugging: Expertly debugs entire component, able to effectively debug other components. Bug fixing throughput is notably higher than more junior developers. Discovers and evangelizes betterdebugging tools.oShipping: Makes solid triage recommendations that balancecustomer need, business need, and component risk. Participatesin key ship decisions.Common blockers to the next level: Many developers do not get past this level because they don’t transition from “doing” to “leading.”Blockers may include lack of independent initiative, lack of business- andcustomer-grounded perspective, and lack of interpersonal leadership skills.CSP: At Achieved, is doing almost all of SDE II’s “Full” expectationsL63Summary: Feature area leader, exemplary developerScop e: Owner of a complex component or multiple feature areas.Impacts the work of multiple developers regardless of whether he manages them.Independence: Makes component decisions independently and guides others to as well. Initiates and drives improvements to the feature team.Independently establishes effective relationships with other teams.Core developer skillsoDesign: Expertly designs complex components and overseesothers’ designs.oScheduling: Plans and delivers the work of multiple developers on time and in high quality.ooCoding: Produces exemplary code that consistently sets the bar for expert developers. Coaches others to produce high qualitycode.oDebugging: Not significantly different from L62oShipping: Key decision maker in component and feature areatriage.Common blockers to the next level: Not moving from in-disciplineleadership to leading all team members regardless of discipline. Not consistently influencing others beyond the feature team. Notestablishing and driving relationships with other teams/divisionsthatresult in clear business impact.CSP: At Achieved, is doing a majority of Senior SDE’s “Full” expectationsL64Summary: Team-wide leaderScope: Owns complex components or a small product. Impacts the work of multiple developers regardless of whether he manages them, andaccountable for the effective functioning of the entire feature team.Recognized as a strong contributor by other teams in the division.Independence: Makes feature team decisions independe ntly. Coaches and guides the other functions. Initiates and drives improvements to theproduct team. Independently establishes effective relationships with other teams.Core developer skills: Above L63, expectations of the coredeveloperskills don’t change much. Continued growth is dependent primarilyonscope growth and leadership ability.oDesign: Not significantly different from L63. Expected toregularly oversee the design of others.oScheduling: Not significantly different from L63.oCoding: Not significantly different from L63.oDebugging: Not significantly different from L63.oShipping: Key decision maker in product triage. Coaches othersin making ship decisions.Common blockers to the next level: Not becoming a clear leader acrossthe division that consistently delivers significant business valueby drivingand influencing the work of many employees. Lacking a key soft skill orability to work collaboratively with others. Not consistently initiating anddriving improvements to the entire product team. Not contributin g regularly to the product team’s business and technology strategy.CSP: At Achieved, is doing almost all of Senior SDE’s “Full” expectationsL65Summary: T eam-wide leader with regular division-wide impactScope: Owns a large subsystem or a major product. Impacts the work ofthe entire engineering team regardless of whether he manages people, and accountable for the effective functioning of the entire team.Recognized as a leader by other teams in the division.Inde pendence: Makes product team decisions independently. Coaches and guides other functions. Initiates anddrives improvements to the product team. Independently establishes effective relationships with other teams or divisions.Core developer skills: Exp ectations of the core developer skills don’tchange much from L64. Continued growth is dependent primarily on scope growth and leadership ability.CSP: At Achieved, is doing a majority of Principal SDE’s “Full”expectations。

PrimeTime 的基本概念一、定义设计环境在对设计作时序分析之前必须要定义好设计环境以使得在那些情况下满足限制条件。

通过以下这些信息来说明设计环境时钟时钟波形和时钟信号的性质输入、输出延迟信号到每个输入端口的时间从每个输出端口离开所需的时间。

这些时间是用一个时钟周期的相对量表示的输入端口的外部驱动每一个输入端口的驱动单元或驱动电容还可以用一个确定的过渡时间来表示电容负载输入或输出端口的外部电容运作条件环境特性工艺、温度和电压连线负载电容用来预测布局布线后每一条连线的电容和电阻。

下图展示了用来定义设计环境的命令二、时序声明通常当前设计只是一个更大电路的一部分。

时序声明提供了时钟和输入、输出延时的信息。

在将设计建立起来之后可以进行时序声明。

为了进行时序声明包括以下一些内容说明时钟信息描述一个时钟网络说明时钟门锁Clock-Gating的建立和保持时间Setup and Hold Checks 建立内部生成的时钟说明输入延时说明时钟端的输入延时说明输出延时三、时序例外Timing Exceptions PrimeTime缺省地认为所有的电路都是单时钟周期的。

这意味着电路在一个时钟周期之内将数据从一条路径的开始端传递到结束端。

在某些情况下电路不是工作在这样的方式下。

对具体的一条路径来说不适用单始终周期时序所以必须对这些缺省的时序假设作例外说明。

否则时序分析将不能反映真实电路的工作情况。

主要有以下一些内容单时钟周期缺省路径延时限制设置失败False路径设置最大和最小路径延时设置多时钟周期路径路径说明方法有效地说明例外情况例外情况的优先级报告例外情况忽略例外情况去除例外声明四、报告的生成在定义了时序声明和例外情况之后可以生成时序分析报告有助于定位设计中的违规之处。

在进行时序分析的时候PrimeTime会跟踪电路中所有的路径然后根据电路说明、库、声明和例外情况计算设计的延时。

有以下一些内容检查设计约束报告时序检测的覆盖率生成路径时序报告去除有寄存器的路径上的时钟扭斜Skew 生成瓶颈报告进行快速时序升级Fast Timing Updates 生成约束报告生成设计信息报告生成连线负载报告生成时序例外情况报告报告最大扭斜检查Maximum Skew Checks 报告不变的时序检查No-Change Timing Checks 报告失效的时序弧Disabled Timing Arcs 显示情形分析设置观察扇入逻辑观察扇出逻辑显示层次参考Hierarchical References 报告单元参考Cell References 生成总线报告生成反标延时和检查报告Annotated Delay and Check Reports 生成模式分析报告Mode Analysis Reports 生成库的报告生成延时计算报告以路径Paths来生成定制报告禁止和恢复时钟门锁、去除检查时钟门锁以弧Arcs来生成定制报告五、高级分析用PrimeTime可以进行各种类型的高级分析。

专利名称：One-time programmable (OTP) memorydevice发明人：Duk Ju Jeong申请号：US15650283申请日：20170714公开号：US09984755B2公开日：20180529专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：An OTP memory device includes an OTP memory cell array including OTPmemory cells driven by an external supply voltage, the OTP memory cells comprising bit lines arrayed in rows and columns; data input circuits respectively connected to the rowsof the OTP memory cells and configured to select a row of the OTP memory cells to which the supply voltage is to be applied; a column decoder connected to each column of the OTP memory cells and configured to select columns of the OTP memory cells to which the supply voltage is to be applied; and a detection amplifier connected to the bit line and configured to perform a read operation of the OTP memory cells.申请人：Magnachip Semiconductor, Ltd.地址：Cheongju-si KR国籍：KR代理机构：NSIP Law更多信息请下载全文后查看。

专利名称：One-time programmable memory发明人：Tran, Lung T.,Anthony, Thomas C.,Perner,Frederick A.申请号：EP02255452.1申请日：20020805公开号：EP1286356A2公开日：20030226专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A one-time programmable ("OTP") memory includes one or more memory arrays (700) stacked on top of each other. The OTP memory array (700) is a cross-point array where unit memory cells (790) are formed at the cross-points. The unit memory cell(790) may include a fuse (230, 330) and an anti-fuse (280, 380) in series with each other or may include a vertically oriented fuse (430, 530). Programming the memory may include the steps of selecting unit memory cells (790), applying a writing voltage such that critical voltage drop across the selected cells (790) occur. This causes the anti-fuse (280, 380) of the cell (790) to break down to a low resistance. The low resistance of the anti-fuse (280, 380) causes a high current pulse to be delivered to the fuse (230, 330), which in turn melts the fuse (230, 330) to an open state. Reading the memory may include the steps of selecting unit memory cells (790) for reading, applying a reading voltage to the selected memory cells (790) and measuring whether current is present or not. Equipotential sensing may be used to read the memory.申请人：Hewlett-Packard Company地址：3000 Hanover Street Palo Alto, CA 94304 US国籍：US代理机构：Powell, Stephen David更多信息请下载全文后查看。

不同时间频率的lamport算法不同时间频率的Lamport算法是一种用于分布式系统中的时钟同步算法。

在分布式系统中，多个进程通过消息传递进行通信，但由于系统中的进程可能位于不同的计算节点上，每个进程的本地时钟可能会有一定的时间差。

为了解决这个问题，Lamport算法引入了逻辑时钟的概念。

逻辑时钟并不是真实的时间，而是一种全局有序的时间顺序，可以用于记录事件的顺序。

每个进程都维护一个本地逻辑时钟，每当进程执行一个本地事件或者发送一个消息时，它的本地逻辑时钟就会递增。

当一个进程发送一条消息时，该消息会携带发送进程的本地逻辑时钟值，并记录在消息的时间戳上。

当接收进程收到消息时，它会将自己的本地逻辑时钟与消息的时间戳进行比较。

接收进程会根据以下规则来更新自己的本地逻辑时钟：1. 如果接收进程的本地逻辑时钟小于消息的时间戳，则将本地逻辑时钟设置为消息的时间戳加1。

2. 如果接收进程的本地逻辑时钟大于或等于消息的时间戳，则将本地逻辑时钟加1。

通过这种方式，Lamport算法保证了分布式系统中的事件顺序的一致性。

即使在不同的计算节点上，由于消息传递的时间延迟或者异步执行，每个进程的本地逻辑时钟可能会不同，但逻辑时钟的值仍然能够正确反映事件的全局顺序。

Lamport算法可以适用于不同的时间频率。

无论是高频率的事件还是低频率的事件，每个进程都可以按照一定的规则更新本地逻辑时钟。

这个规则可以根据具体应用的需求进行设计。

对于高频率事件，可以通过设定一个较小的递增步长来更新本地逻辑时钟，以保证事件的顺序一致性。

当一个进程执行了多个事件时，它的本地逻辑时钟会较快地递增。

对于低频率事件，可以通过设定一个较大的递增步长来更新本地逻辑时钟。

当一个进程执行了少量事件时，本地逻辑时钟的递增速度相对较慢。

在Lamport算法中，逻辑时钟的值仅与事件的顺序相关，而与事件的具体内容或时刻无关。

因此，无论事件的时间频率如何变化，Lamport算法都能够保证全局顺序的一致性。

一文precision time protocol -回复什么是精确时间协议（Precision Time Protocol, PTP）？精确时间协议（PTP）是一个用于同步计算机网络中分布式时钟的协议。

它被广泛用于需要高精度时间同步的领域，例如金融交易、电力系统、工业自动化和电信网络等。

PTP的目标是通过网络将多个设备的时钟同步到一个共同的参考时钟，以确保计算机网络中的所有设备都能够准确、同步地进行工作。

PTP的工作原理是通过在网络上传递时间戳来同步时钟。

它利用Master 和Slave的概念来实现同步。

Master是网络中的一个主节点，它拥有一个高精度的参考时钟，并通过网络向其他Slave节点广播时间戳。

Slave 节点会接收到Master节点的时间戳，并将自己的本地时钟校准到与Master节点相同的时间。

通过不断地传递时间戳和调整时钟，网络中的所有设备最终会达到一个高度准确且同步的状态。

PTP提供了两种主要的同步方法：单播和多播。

单播同步方法适用于小型网络，它通过点对点的通信将时间戳传递给每个Slave节点。

多播同步方法适用于大型网络，它通过多播组地址将时间戳同时传递给多个Slave节点，以提高同步效率。

PTP还支持时钟的纠正（Clock Correction）功能。

网络中的时钟很难做到完全准确，受到因素如延迟、抖动和时钟漂移等影响。

为了解决这些问题，PTP通过周期性地纠正时钟来调整偏差，以实现更高的时间精度。

时钟纠正通常通过线性对准和非线性对准两种方法来实现，其中线性对准通过拟合计算时钟漂移和偏移，非线性对准则基于机器学习等技术。

PTP还具备灵活的架构和适应性能力。

它可以根据网络的规模和复杂度进行灵活的部署和配置。

PTP还支持多层级网络结构和时钟层次，以及冗余路径和优先级等功能，以保证在网络故障或时钟异常的情况下仍能保持高度的同步性和稳定性。

PTP的应用范围广泛，特别是在对时间同步要求非常高的领域。

一次性可编程（One Time Programmable，OTP）产品的编程在这里，一次性可编程产品指的是内部的程序内存采用一次性可编程只读存储器（One Time Programmable Read Only Memory，OTPROM，简称OTP）的单片机。

OTPROM之资料写入原理同EPROM，可利用编程烧录工具的高电压将资料编程写入。

OTP产品为一次性可编程器件，标准产品的程序内存及代码选项区为全空，客户将应用程序代码烧录到芯片中，就能按用户的功能正常工作。

这为用户的开发验证和量产提供了极大的方便和灵活性。

但是为了节省成本，编程写入之后的资料就不再提供抹除或改写功能。

在中颖的SH6xxx产品线中，一次性可编程（OTP）产品占据了重要角色，特别是家电(SH69XX)系列，几乎全部有提供OTP产品。

但是，对OTP产品，需要将应用程序代码烧录到芯片中，芯片才能正常工作。

所以对于OTP产品来讲，程序的编程是一个重要的步骤。

目前中颖公司，对于OTP产品的编程问题，主要提供2种方式进行处理。

1.对于是单一程序代码，而且单次出货量很大的客户，提供在产品出货时就由中颖在生产流程中将客户程序写入芯片的服务（代烧）。

在这种方式下，客户的操作流程同投掩膜片(MASK Type)一样处理，只需提供程序代码和代码选项表即可。

2.购买空的OTP芯片，然后用户自行使用编程烧录工具，将程序代码写入芯片的OTPROM。

这适合于用户的开发验证及一般客户小批量或多样化量产，为大部分用户所采用。

下面主要就第2种方式的一些问题进行介绍。

目前中颖公司提供的OTP编程烧录工具，其名称/适用单片机产品型号等见下表1-1：编程器名称 USB Rice66 Pro-03 Pro-01说明 SH6xxx产品的仿真仿真器，可以提供调试阶段的少量OTP编程烧录功能量产编程烧录器量产编程烧录器适用于旧款产品支持的IC 型号 所有SH6xxxx OTP产品，具体见USB Rice66的产品说明书除Pro-01支持的产品以外的所有OTP产品SH66N12、SH66P12SH66P13A、SH66P14ASH66P20A、SH66P22ASH66P31A、接口 USB PC接口 USB PC接口或Stand-alone(下载客户程序代码于FLASH芯片)Stand-alone(客户程序代码存于EPROM or FLASH芯片)输入电源USB power或DC 14～16V，1ADC 14～16V，1A DC 16～18V，1A升级操作网上下载最新程序，自行升级( )- 表1-1 OTP编程烧录工具分类1).使用Pro-01进行编程烧录的OTP产品Pro-01编程烧录器又名SH66Pxx编程烧录器，是一款比较早期的编程烧录器，也只能用于烧录如上表所列中颖早期开发设计的型号的OTP产品。

单bit 跨时钟域输出到输入时序违例在数字电子系统设计中，单bit 跨时钟域输出到输入时序违例是一个非常重要的概念。

它涉及到不同时钟域之间信号的传输和处理，对于系统的正确性和稳定性具有至关重要的影响。

在本文中，我们将深入探讨这一概念，从简单的定义和原理开始，逐步展开对其深度和广度的探讨，以便读者能够全面理解这一复杂而关键的主题。

1. 单bit 跨时钟域输出到输入时序违例的定义单bit 跨时钟域输出到输入时序违例是指当一个信号在一个时钟域中产生并在另一个时钟域中接收或处理时，由于时钟信号的不同步或延迟，导致数据传输出现故障或错误的现象。

这种违例可能会导致系统的不稳定或逻辑错误，因此在数字电子系统设计中需要特别注意和处理。

2. 原因分析单bit 跨时钟域输出到输入时序违例的产生主要有以下几个原因：不同时钟域之间的时钟信号可能由于分频、倍频或者外部干扰等原因而没有完全同步。

由于时钟信号传输延迟或者逻辑电路处理延迟，导致信号在不同时钟域中到达的时间不一致。

由于不同时钟域中的逻辑电路可能采用不同的时钟节拍，导致数据传输的时序关系出现问题。

3. 深入理解为了更深入地理解单bit 跨时钟域输出到输入时序违例，我们需要对其产生的原因进行更详细的分析。

不同时钟域之间的时钟信号不同步可能会导致信号在接收端出现数据信号镜像、突变等现象。

时钟信号传输延迟和逻辑电路处理延迟可能会导致数据的时间关系出现混乱，造成逻辑错误。

不同时钟域中的时钟节拍不一致可能会导致数据在接收端得不到正确的时序关系，从而产生错误的输出。

4. 解决方法针对单bit 跨时钟域输出到输入时序违例的问题，我们可以采取一系列的措施来加以解决。

我们可以通过专门的时钟同步电路来实现不同时钟域之间的时钟信号同步。

我们可以采用 FIFO 缓冲器或者异步FIFO等技术来缓解时钟信号传输延迟和逻辑电路处理延迟带来的影响。

我们可以通过手动插入同步逻辑或者采用技术手段来处理不同时钟域的时序关系，以保证数据的正确传输和处理。