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一种“永不屈服”的态度。
西蒙顿说，如果成就巨大者具有什么共性的话，那就是一种坚持不懈地追求成功的动力。
“往往有人认为他们具备一些超常非凡的东西，”他解释道。
“但研究表明，有些伟人并没有惊人的智力有的只是程度上的差异而已。
伟大是建立在大量的学习、实践和献身精神的基础之上的。
”A “never surrender ”attitude. If great achievers share anything, said Simonton, it is an unrelenting drive to succeed. There’s a tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-normal, he explained. But what comes out of the research is that there are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes. It’s a difference in degree. Greatness is built upon tremendous amounts of study, practice and devotion.他举了二战时期的英国首相温斯顿丘吉尔作为永不放弃敢于冒险的典范。
丘吉尔在全国士气最为低落的时候被推上了台，并出色地领导了英国人民。
在“我们1940 年盟军敦刻尔克大撤退之后的一次演讲中，他的话激励了全国人民，决不会退缩、永不失败。
我们一定要坚持到底......我们永远不会屈服。
He cited Winston Churchill, Britain’s prime minister during World War 2, as an example of a risk-taker who would never give up. Thrust into office when his country's morale was at its lowest, Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people. In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940,he inspired the nation when he said, We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end... We shall never surrender.Unit 2有些人不愿表达感激之情，因为他们觉得这不会受欢迎。
Unit 3Text APre-reading ActivitiesFirst ListeningBefore Listening to the tape, have a quick look at the following words. smallpox天花stuck被难住了cowpox牛痘lateral thinking横向思维vertical纵向的；垂直的Second ListeningListen to the tape again and then choose tne best answer to each of the following questions.1. How did Dr. Jenner solve the problem of smallpox?A) By studying many, many sick people.B) By studying people who didn't get sick.C) By studying lateral thinking.D) With help from Dr. de Bono.2. The key to lateral thinking is _________.A) never giving upB) getting help from othersC) moving sidewaysD) changing you point of view3. The saying, "When the going gets tough, the tough get going" expresses ________.A) the aggressive attitude of vertical thinkingB) traditionally western lateral thinkingC) a way to change your point of viewD) how Edward de Bono likes to solve problems4. The main purpose of this passage is ________.A) to discuss a major medical breakthroughB) to introduce a new concept of problem solvingC) to talk about the life of Edward de BonoD) to contrast Eastern and Western ways of thinkingHow to Change Your Point of ViewCaroline SeebohmDr. Edward Jenner was busy trying to solve the problem of smallpox. After studying case after case, he still found no possible cure. He had reached an impasse in his thinking. At this point, he changed his tactics. Instead of focusing on people who had smallpox, he switched his attention to people who did not have smallpox. It turned out that dairymaids apparently never got the disease. From the discovery that harmless cowpox gave protection against deadly smallpox came vaccination and the end of smallpox as a scourge in the western world.We often reach an impasse in our thinking. We are looking at a problem and trying to solve it and it seems there is a dead end. It is on these occasions that we become tense, we feel pressured, overwhelmed, in a state of stress. We struggle vainly, fighting to solve the problem.Dr. Jenner, however, did something about this situation. He stopped fighting the problem and simply changed his point of view—from his patients to dairy maids. Picture the process going something like this: Suppose the brain is a computer. This computer has absorbed into its memory bank all your history, your experiences, your training, your information received through life; and it is programmed according to all this data. To change your point of view, you must reprogramme your computer, thus freeing yourself to take in new ideas and develop new ways of looking at things. Dr. Jenner, in effect, by reprogramming his computer, erased the old way of looking at his smallpox problem and was free to receive new alternatives.That's all very well, you may say, but how do we actually do that?Doctor and philosopher Edward de Bono has come up with a technique for changing our point of view, and he calls it Lateral Thinking.The normal Western approach to a problem is to fight it. The saying, "When the going gets tough, the tough get going," is typical of this aggressive attitude toward problem-solving. No matter what the problem is, or the techniques available for solving it, the framework produced by our Western way of thinking is fight. Dr. de Bono calls this vertical thinking; the traditional, sequential, Aristotelian thinking of logic, moving firmly from one step to the next, like toy blocks being built one on top of the other. The flaw is, of course, that if at any point one of the steps is not reached, or one of the toy blocks is incorrectlyplaced, then the whole structure collapses. Impasse is reached, and frustration, tension, feelings of fight take over.Lateral thinking, Dr. de Bono says, is a new technique of thinking about things—a technique that avoids this fight altogether, and solves the problem in an entirely unexpected fashion.In one of Sherlock Holmes's cases, his assistant, Dr. Watson, pointed out that a certain dog was of no importance to the case because it did not appear to have done anything. Sherlock Holmes took the opposite point of view and maintained that the fact the dog had done nothing was of the utmost significance, for it should have been expected to do something, and on this basic he solved the case.Lateral thinking sounds simple. And it is. Once you have solved a problem laterally, you wonder how you could ever have been hung up on it. The key is making that vital shift in emphasis, that sidestepping of the problem, instead of attacking it head-on.Dr. A. A. Bridger, psychiatrist at Columbia University and in private practice in New York, explains how lateral thinking works with his patients. "Many people come to me wanting to stop smoking, for instance," he says. "Most people fail when they are trying to stop smoking because they wind up telling themselves, 'No, I will not smoke; no, 1 shall not smoke; no, I will not; no, I cannot...' It's a fight and what happens is you end up smoking more.""So instead of looking at the problem from the old ways of no, and fighting it, I show them a whole new point of view—that you are your body's keeper, and your body is something through which you experience life. If you stop to think about it, there's really something helpless about your body. It can do nothing for itself. It has no choice, it is like a baby's body. You begin then a whole new way of looking at it—‘I am now going to take care of myself, and give myself some respect and protection, by not smoking.'“There is a Japanese parable about a donkey tied to a pole by a rope. The rope rubs tight against his neck. The more the donkey fights and pulls on the rope, the tighter and tighter it gets around his throat—until he winds up dead. On the other hand, as soon as he stops fighting, he finds that the rope gets slack, he can walk around, maybe find some grass to eat...That's the same principle: The more you fight something the more anxious you become—the more you're involved in a bad pattern, the more difficult it is to escape pain."Lateral thinking," Dr. Bridger goes on, "is simply approaching a problem with what I would call an Eastern flanking maneuver. You know, when a zen archerwants to hit the target with a bow and arrow, he doesn't concentrate on the target, he concentrates rather on what he has in his hands, so when he lets the arrow go, his focus is on the arrow, rather than the target. This is what an Eastern flanking maneuver implies—instead of approaching the target directly, you approach it from a sideways point of view—or laterally instead of vertically." "I think the answer lies in that direction," affirms Dr. Bridger. "Take the situation where someone is in a cris is. The Chinese word for crisis is divided into two characters, one meaning danger and the other meaning opportunity. We in the Western world focus only upon the ‘danger' aspect of crisis. Crisis in Western civilization has come to mean danger, period. And yet the word can also mean opportunity. Let us now suggest to the person in crisis that he cease concentrating so upon the dangers involved and the difficulties, and concentrate instead upon the opportunity—for there is always opportunity in crisis. Looking at a crisis from an opportunity point of view is a lateral thought."(1 100 words)。
Unit 1If greatachiev ers shareanythi ng, said Simont on, it is an unrele nting driveto succee d. There’s a tenden cy to thinkthat they are endowe d with someth ing super-normal, he explai ned. But what comesout of the resear ch is that thereare greatpeople who have no amazin g intell ectua l proces ses. It’s a differ encein degree. Greatn ess is builtupon tremen dousamount s of study, practi ce and devoti on.He citedWinsto n Church ill, Britai n’s primeminist er during WorldWar 2, as an exampl e of a risk-takerwho wouldnevergive up. Thrust into office when his countr y's morale was at its lowest, Church ill rose brilli antly to lead the Britis h people. In a speech follow ing the Allied evacua tionat Dunkir k in 1940,he inspir ed the nation when he said, We shallnot flag or fail. We shallgo on to the end... We shallneversurren der.西蒙顿说，如果成就巨大者具有什么共性的话，那就是一种坚持不懈地追求成功的动力。
大学英语基础课程《高级综合英语》《21世纪大学新英语视听说教程4》Unit 4Learning ObjectivesIn this unit, students are going to watch and listen to some news reports, news stories and interviews. Through doing a series of tasks, they will➢grasp the main ideas of the passages about genders;➢identify the detailed information from the passages / video clips;➢get to know some differences between men and womenTeaching PlanPart 1 Lead-inTask 1Scan the following statements about differences between men and women. Apart from these physical differences, do you know any other differences between men and women?Task 2The average height for men is 1. 71 m while women are on average 12 cmshorter.The average male weighs 78 kilos which is 13 kilos heavier than the averagefemale.Women have less body water (52% for the average woman vs. 61% for theaverage man).A man’s brain measures 87. 4 cubic inches, while a woman’s brain measures 76.8 cubic inches.Women are 3 times more likely to suffer from migraines(偏头痛) compared withmen.Look at the following picture, first describe it and then answer the questions below.1) What do you think of the roles of men and women?2) Can you think of any ways in which Chinese culture affects gender roles?Part 2 Watching & ListeningSection ADirections: In this section, you are going to listen to a dialogue “ Can Men Handle Alcohol Better Than Women”(1’32” ). Read the following words aloud first and then finish the tasks below.Task 1Listen to the dialogue and some questions are asked about it. Choose the best answer to each question from the four choices given below.1. How many drinks did Yael order according to the dialogue?A) Three. B) Four. C) Five. D) Six.2. What is Yaël’s height?A) Five feet. B) Six feet.C) 5. 6 feet. D) 5. 8 feet.3. Why do women tend to get intoxicated faster than men?A) Because women seldom drink alcohol.B) Because women don’t like the taste of alcohol.C) Because women tend to have more fat.D) Because women are not as strong as men.Task 2Listen to the dialogue again, focusing on the specific information, and then decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false.1. Don didn’t suggest Yael for another drink.2. Yael is taller than most men, and she believes that she can drink as much as men of her size.3. According to studies men are more likely to suffer worse hangovers.4. Yael will order a pitcher of water instead of alcohol.Task 3Listen to the dialogue the third time and then fill in the blanks.With about 1) more water in their bodies than women, men can drink more alcohol than women before becoming 2) . In fact, studies show that women suffer worse 3) than men too. Men tend to experience more 4) and 5) as a result of drinking, but overall, women suffer more, including dehydration, 6 ) , headaches, and nausea. With every drink, women are reaching higher degrees of intoxication than their male 7) and thus it makes sense that they’re reaching higher degrees of hangover too. More research is needed though to 8) for certain why women‘s hangovers are worse.Part 3 Speaking PracticeDirections: In this section, you are going to watch an interview “When Wives Make More”(2’09”). Read the following words and phrases aloud first and then do the tasks below.Task 1Watch the interview and then answer the following questions by filling the blanks.1. According to the video, why are both husband and wife uncomfortable when the wife earns more than the husband?Men are uncomfortable because they think money is power which symbolize , while women are uncomfortable because they feel ________ for leaving the households, going out, out-earning their husbands, and depriving him of .2. Except money, what else does Saltz think can make both husband and wife feel those masculineand feminine roles?Things like time , organization and and so on.Task 2 Pair WorkWatch the video clip again. After watching, discuss the following questions with your partner1. Do “househusbands” exist in our countr y? Can men nurture children as well as women can?Would you ever want this kind of family with husband being at home while wife being out working?2. From your point of view, what are the essential qualities of being an ideal wife or an idealhusband?Task 3 Group DebateIn the last 30 years, the status of women has changed dramatically in our society, with more and more women working as mayors, managers, and professors. Meanwhile, the role of women in the family has also changed, with most wives going out and even some earning more than their husbands. Is the changing role of women good for the family and society?The class is divided into two sides. Students in Side A hold positive attitude while students in Side B opposite attitude.Part 4 Listening TestSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear a passage. At the end of the passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.1. A) Violin and Piano.B) Guitar and Violin.C) Saxophone and Guitar.D) Drum and trumpet.2. A) To find out whether they take music lessons in their spare time.B) To find out whether they can name four different musical instruments.C) To find out whether they enjoy playing musical instruments in school.D) To find out whether they differ in their preference for musical instruments.3. A) Because they find them too hard to play.B) Because they think it silly to play them.C) Because they find it not challenging enough to play them.D) Because they consider it important to be different from girls.4. A) Children who have private music tutors.B) Children who are 8 or older.C) Children who are between 5 and 7.D) Children who are well-educated.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 1 to 8 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 9 to 11 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.It is research that is guaranteed to delight men — and annoy the women in their lives.A controversial new study has 1) that men really are more intelligent than women. The study concl uded that men’s IQs are almost four points higher than women’s.2) researcher John Philippe Rushton, who previously created a fury by suggesting intelligence is influenced by 3) , says the finding could explain why so few women make it to the top in the 4) . He claims the glass ceiling phenomenon is probably due to 5) intelligence, rather than discrimination or lack of opportunity. The University of Western Ontario psychologist reached his conclusion after carefully examining the results of university 6) tests taken by 100,000 students aged 17 and 18 of both sexes. A focus on factors such as the ability to quickly grasp a7) concept, verbal reasoning skills and creativity —some of the key ingredients of intelligence —8) the male teenager had IQs that were an average of 3. 63 points higher. The average person has an IQ of around 100The findings, 9), overturn a 100 year consensus that men and women average the same in general mental ability. 10). But Prof Rushton, who was born in Bournemouth and obtained his doctorate in social psychology from the London School of Economics, argues that 11).。
21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册 Unit9 Unit 9Text APre-reading ActivitiesFirst ListeningBefore listening to the tape, have a quick look at the following words.decimal十进位的movable type活字transport运输Second ListeningListen to the tape again. Then, choose the best answer to each of the following questions.1. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?A) Most people think that the West, rather than China, is the source of technological innovation.B) China deserves much more credit than is usually given for the development ofthe modern world.C) China had a glorious past, but has not been important in recent world history.D) The importation of paper, printing, and moveable type from China have beencrucial to the development of the West.2. Which of the following is NOT given as an example of a Chinese innovation?A) The game of chess.B) The printing press.C) Modern educational methods.D) Modern agricultural methods.3. The passage emphasizes the importance to the West of Chinese advances in which of the following areas?A) Agriculture and writing.B) Mathematics and clocks.C) Financial organization and taxation.D) Paper money and the steam engine.4. Why does the author of this article emphasize the many contributions made by China?A) To assert Chinese superiority over the West.B) To point out that China actually produces more grain than the United States.C) To underscore（强调）that China and the West are true and equal partners.D) To give the true history of agriculture.The West's Debt to ChinaRobert TempleOne of the greatest untold secrets of history is that the'"modern world" in which we live is a unique synthesis of Chinese and Western ingredients. Possibly more than half of the basic inventions and discoveries upon which the "modern world" rests come from China. And yet few people know this. Why?The Chinese themselves are as ignorant of this fact as Westerners. From the seventeenth century onwards, the Chinese became increasingly dazzled by European technological expertise, having experienced a period of amnesia regarding their own achievements. When the Chinese were shown a mechanical clock by Jesuit missionaries, they were awestruck. They hadforgotten that it was they who had invented mechanical clocks in the first place!It is just as much a surprise for the Chinese as for Westerners to realize that modern agriculture, modern shipping, the modern oil industry, modern astronomical observatories, modern music, decimal mathematics, paper money, umbrellas, fishing reels, wheelbarrows, multi-stage rockets, guns, underwater mines, poison gas, parachutes, hot-air balloons, manned flight, brandy, whisky, the game of chess, printing, and even the essential design of the steam engine, all came from China.Without the importation from China of nautical and navigational improvements such as ships' rudders, the compass and multiple masts, the great European Voyages of Discovery could never have been undertaken. Columbus would not have sailed to America, and Europeans would never have established colonial empires.Without the importation from China of the stirrup, to enable them to stay on horseback, knights of old would never have ridden in their shining armor to aid damsels in distress; there would have been no Age of Chivalry. And without the importation from China of guns and gunpowder, the knights would not have been knocked from their horses by bullets which pierced the armor, bringing the Age of Chivalry to an end.Without the importation from China of paper and printing, Europe would have continued for much longer to copy books by hand. Literacy would not have become so widespread.Johann Gutenberg did not invent movable type. It was invented in China. William Harvey did not discover the circulation of the blood in the body. It was discovered — or rather, always assumed — in China. Isaac Newton was not the first to discover his First Law of Motion. It was discovered in China.These myths and many others are shattered by our discovery of the trueChinese origins of many of the things, all around us, which we take for granted. Some of our greatest achievements turn out to have been not achievements at all, but simple borrowings. Yet there is no reason for us to feel inferior or downcast at the realization that much of the genius of mankind's advance was Chinese rather than European. For it is exciting to realize that the East and the West are not as far apart in spirit or in fact as most of us have been led, by appearances, to believe, and that the East and the West are already combined in a synthesis so powerful and so profound that it is all-pervading. Within this synthesis we live our daily lives, and from it there is no escape. The modern world is a combination of Eastern and Western ingredients which are inextricably fused. The fact that we are largely unaware of it is perhaps one of the greatest cases of historical blindness in the existence of the human race.Why are we ignorant of this gigantic, obvious truth? The main reason is surely that the Chinese themselves lost sight of it. If the very originators of the inventions and discoveries no longer claim them, and if even their memory of them has faded, why should their inheritors trouble to resurrect their lost claims? Until our own time, it is questionable whether many Westerners even wanted to know the truth. It is always more satisfying to the ego to think that we have reached our present position alone and unaided, that we are the proud masters of all abilities and all crafts.We need to set this matter right, from both ends. And I can think of no better single illustration of the folly of Western complacency and self-satisfaction than the lesson to be drawn from the history of agriculture. Today, a handful of Western nations have grain surpluses and feed the world. When Asia starves, the West sends grain. We assume that Western agriculture is the very pinnacle of what is possible in the productive use of soil for the growth of food. But we should take to heartthe astonishing and disturbing fact that the European agricultural revolution, which laid the basis for the Industrial Revolution, came about only because of the importation of Chinese ideas and inventions. The growing of crops in rows, intensive hoeing of weeds, the "modern" seed drill, the iron plow, the moldboard to turn the plowed soil, and efficient harnesses were all imported from China. Before the arrival from China of the trace harness and collar harness, Westerners choked their horses with straps round their throats. Although ancient Italy could produce plenty of grain, it could not be transported overland to Rome for lack of satisfactory harnesses. Rome depended on shipments of grain by sea from places like Egypt. As for sowing methods — probably over half of Europe's seed was wasted every year before the Chinese idea of the seed drill came to the attention of Europeans. Countless millions of farmers throughout European history broke their backs and their spirits by plowing with ridiculously poor plows, while for two thousand years the Chinese were enjoying their relatively effortless method. Indeed, until two centuries ago, the West was so backward in agriculture compared to China, that the West was the Underdeveloped World in comparison to the Chinese Developed World. The tables have now turned. But for how long? And what an uncomfortable realization it is that the West owes its very ability to eat today to the adoption of Chinese inventions two centuries ago.It would be better if the nations and the peoples of the world had a clearer understanding of each other, allowing the mental chasm between East and West to be bridged. After all they are, and have been for several centuries, intimate partners in the business of building a world civilization. The technological world today is a product of both East and West to an extent which until recently no one had ever imagined. It is now time for the Chinese contribution to be recognized and acknowledged, by East and West alike. And, above all, let this be recognized by today'sschoolchildren, who will be the generation to absorb it into their most conceptions about the world. When that happens, Chinese and Westerners will be able to look each other in the eye, knowing themselves to be true and full partners.(1 151 words)New Wordsuntolda. not told to anyone 未说过的，未被讲述的；未透露的synthesisn.(pl syntheses /-si:z /) the combining of separate things, esp. ideas, to form a complex whole 综合，结合，综合体Westernern. a native or inhabitant of the West, i.e. Europe and North America 西方人，欧美人onwardsad. forward in time or space 向前dazzlevt.(often passive) to impress sb. greatly through beauty, knowledge, skill, etc.使昏眩；使惊奇；使赞叹不已；使倾倒amnesian. partial or total loss of memory [医]记忆缺失；遗忘（症）regardingprep.with reference to; concerning 关于；至于；就…而论，在…方面awestrucka. suddenly filled with wonder and respect or fear 充满敬畏（或畏怯、惊奇）之心astronomicala. of astronomy 天文学的；天文的，天体的decimala. based on or counted in tens or tenths 小数的；十进位的wheelbarrown.(also barrow) an open container for moving small loads in, with a wheel at one end, and two legs and two handles at the other 手推车；独轮车multi-stagea. having many stages （火箭、导弹等）多级的underwatera. situated, used or done below the surface of the water 在水下的；供水下用的；在水中操作（或生长）的parachuten.降落伞hot-aira. filled with heated air 热空气的brandyn. a strong alcoholic drink usu. made from wine 白兰地（酒）whiskyn.(US or Irish whiskey) a strong alcoholic drink made from malted grain, esp. barley or rye 威士忌酒importationn. the act of bringing goods, services, ideas, etc. from a foreign country into one's own country 进口；输入nauticala. of ships, sailors or sailing 船舶的；海员的；航海的navigationala. relating to the action, process or art of finding the position and direct the course of a ship, an aircraft, a car, etc., using maps, instruments, etc.航行的；航海的；航空的navigationn.航行；航海；航空ruddern. a vertical piece of wood or metal at the back of a boat, used for steering （船的）舵compassn.(also magnetic compass) a device for finding direction. with a needle that always points to the north 罗盘（仪），指南针multiplea. having or involving many individuals, items or types 多个（或多项、多种）的n.数倍数multiplyvt.乘，使相乘mastn. an upright post of wood or metal used to support a ship's sails 船桅，桅杆voyagen. a long journey, esp. by sea or in space 航行，（尤指）航海；航天coloniala. of, relating to or possessing a colony or colonies 殖民地的；拥有殖民地的stirrupn. either of a pair of metal or leather loops that hang down from a horse's saddle to support a rider's feet 马镫knightn.（欧洲中世纪的）骑士；（近代英国的）爵士（品位低于从男爵，其名前称号用 Sir）armo(u)rn.(formerly) a protective, usu. metal, covering for the body, worn when fighting 盔甲damseln.(arch) a young woman who is not married （古）（诗）少女，姑娘；闺女chivalryn.(in the Middle Ages) the ideal qualities expected of a knight, such as courage, hono(u)r and concern for weak and helpless people 骑士品质（或气概、精神、道德标准、信条等）（如勇武、荣誉感、侠义、扶持弱小、慷慨、谦恭、尊敬女性、对敌人宽容等）；骑士制度gunpowdern. explosive powder used esp. in bombs or fireworks 火药bulletn. a small missile with a pointed end that is fired from a gun 子弹literacyn. the ability to read and write 识字，有文化；读写能力movablea. that can be moved 可动的，活动的circulationn. the movement of blood round the body from and to the heart 血液循环circulatev.（使）环行；（使）环流；（使）循环borrowingn. a thing borrowed, esp. money or a word taken by one language from another 借用；采用；借用物；借用词语downcasta.(of a person, an expression, etc.) depressed; sad 垂头丧气的；沮丧的all-pervadinga. present and seen or felt everywhere 遍及各方面的；无孔不入的inextricablea. so closely linked that separation is impossible （绳结等）解不开的；分不开的inextricablyad.紧密地；不可分割地gigantica. of very great size or extent; huge 巨大的；庞大的originatorn. a person who originates; inventor 创始人；发明者；创作者inheritorn. a person who receives money, property etc. as a result of the death of the previous owner 继承人；后继者resurrectvt. 1. bring (sb.) back to life again 使（某人）复活2. revive (a practice, etc.); bring back into use 使（某种做法等）重新流行；重新唤起对…的记忆；重新使用egon. an individual's idea of oneself, esp. in relation to other people or to the outside world 自我，自己unaideda. not assisted by sb./sth; without help 无助的；独立的follyn. being foolish; lack of wisdom 愚笨，愚蠢complacencyn.(usu. derog) a calm feeling of satisfaction with oneself, one's work, etc.自满（情绪），沾沾自喜self-satisfactionn.(derog) a feeling of being too pleased with oneself and one's own achievements 沾沾自喜，自鸣得意handfuln. a small number 少数，少量pinnaclen. the highest point; the peak 顶峰，极点，顶点mo(u)ldboardn. a curved metal plate in a plow, which turns over the earth from the furrow （农）犁壁Strapn. a strip of leather, cloth or other flexible material, often with a buckle, used for fastening sth., keeping sth. in place, carrying sth. or holding onto sth.带，条带；皮带；布带；铁皮条transportvt. take sth./sb. from one place to another in a vehicle 运输，运送；输送；搬运overlandad. across the land; by land, not by sea or air 横越大陆地；经由陆路satisfactorya. of an acceptable nature or standard; good enough for a purpose 令人满意的；可喜的；恰当的shipmentn. a cargo or goods transported, esp. by ship 装载（或交运）的货物（量）sowv. put or scatter seed in or on the ground; plant land with seed 播种，种；撒播（种子）；播种于（土地）effortlessa. needing little or no effort 不需要努力的；不（大）费劲的；容易的backwarda. having made or making less than normal progress 落后的underdevelopeda.(of a country, etc.) not having achieved a high level of economic development 未充分发展的；不发达的；落后的adoptionn. the act of taking over sth. and having or using it as one's own 采取，采纳，采用chasmn. a very wide difference between people, groups, etc., esp. one that is unlikely to change （感情、兴趣、意见等的）大差别，大分歧intimatea.(of people) having a very close and friendly relationship 熟悉的；亲密的；密切的fundamentala. that need to be known or learned first; most important 基本的，根本的；重要的Phrases and Expressionsbring...to an endcause...to end 使…完结（终了、结束）or rather(used to correct sth. one has said previously, or to give more accurate information)more exactly; more truly; it would be better to say 或者确切点说lose sight offail to consider (sth.); forget (sth.)忘记；忽略set...rightput...right; rectify 校正；纠正take...to heartconsider seriously; be much affected or upset by (sth.)认真考虑（某事）；关注（某事）；对（某事）想不开；为（某事）忧虑（或伤心、烦恼）come abouthappen, esp. in a way that seems impossible to prevent 发生，产生for lack ofbecause there is not enough 因缺乏come to the attention ofdraw (sb.'s) attention 引起…的关注compared to/withexamined to see how people or things are alike and how they are different 与…相比by/in comparison to/with(when) compared with/to 与…相比look...in the eye(s)/facelook at (sb.) steadily without shame or embarrassment （心地坦然地）直视（某人），正视（某人）Proper NamesJesuit耶稣会会士（1534 年 Ignatius Loyola 所创天主教一修会的成员）Columbus哥伦布（1451—1506，意大利航海家、新大陆发现者）Gutenberg谷登堡（1398—1468，德国金匠、活字印刷术发明者）Harvey哈维（1578—1657，英国医师、生理学家、实验生理学创始人之一）Newton牛顿（1642—1727，英国学家、家和天文学家）Egypt埃及（东北非国家）。
Unit 1If great achievers share angthing, said Simonton. it is an unrelenting drive to succeed. "There's a tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-normal." he explained." But what comes out of the research is that there are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes. It's a difference in degree. Greatness is built upon tremendous amounts of study, practice and devotion."He cited Winston Churchill, Britain's prime minister during World War II, as an example of a risk-taker who would never give up. Thrust into office when his country's morale was at its lowest, Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people. In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940, he inspired the nation when he said," we shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end… we shall never surrender."Unit 2Some persons refrain from expressing their gratitude because they feel it will not be welcome, A patient of mine, a few weeks after his discharge from the hospital, came back to thank his nurse." I didn't come back sooner," he explained," because I imagined you must be bored to death with people thanking you.""On the contrary," she replied," I am delighted you came. Few realize how much we need encouragement and how much we are helped by those who give it."Gratitude is something of which none of us can give too much. For on the smiles, the thanks we give, our little gestures of appreciation, our neighbors build up their philosophy of life.Unit 3The normal Western approach to a problem is to fight it. The saying, "When the going gets tough, the tough get going," is typical of this aggressive attitude toward problem-solving. No matter what the problem is, or the techniques available for solving it, the framework produced by our Western way of thinking is fight. Dr. de Bono calls this vertical thinking; the traditional, sequential, Aristotelian thinking of logic, moving firmly from one step to the next, like toy blocks being built one on top of the other. The flaw is, of course, that if at any point one of the steps is not reached, or one of the toy blocks is incorrectly placed, then the whole structure collapses. Impasse is reached, and frustration, tension, feelings of fight take over.Lateral thinking, Dr. de Bono says, is a new technique of thinking about things—atechnique that avoids this fight altogether, and solves the problem in an entirely unexpected fashion.Lateral thinking sounds simple. And it is. Once you have solved a problem laterally, you wonder how you could ever have been hung up on it. The key is making that vital shift in emphasis, that sidestepping of the problem, instead of attacking it head-on.Dr. A. A. Bridger, psychiatrist at Columbia University and in private practice in New York, explains how lateral thinking works with his patients. "Many people come to me wanting to stop smoking, for instance," he says. "Most people fail when they are trying to stop smoking because they wind up telling themselves, 'No, I will not smoke; no, 1 shall not smoke; no, I will not; no, I cannot...' It's a fight and what happens is you end up smoking more."So instead of looking at the problem from the old ways of no, and fighting it, I show them a whole new point of view—that you are your body's keeper, and your body is something through which you experience life. If you stop to think about it, there's really something helpless about your body. It can do nothing for itself. It has no choice, it is like a baby's body. You begin then a whole new way of looking at it—‘I am now going to take care of myself, and give myself some respect and protection, by not smoking.' “Unit 4When a student's work did not measure up to the teacher's expectations, as often happened, the student was not treated with disappointment, anger, or annoyance. Instead, the teacher assumed that this was an exception, an accident, a bad day, a momentary slip – and the student believed her and felt reassured. The next time around, he tried harder, determined to live up to what the teacher knew he could do.The exact part of communication that tells a child, "I expect the best," is difficult to pinpoint. In part it consists of a level tone showing assurance, a lack of verbal impatience, an absence of negative qualities such as irony, put-downs, and irritation. The teacher who expects the best asks her questions with conviction, knowing the answers she gets will be right, and the child picks up that conviction.Unit 5I have often reflected upon the new vistas that reading opened to me. I knew right there in prison that reading had changed forever the course of my life. As I see it today, the ability to read awoke inside me some long dormant craving to be mentally alive. Icertainly wasn't seeking any degree, the way a college confers a status symbol upon its students. My homemade education gave me, with every additional book that I read, a little bit more sensitivity to the deafness, dumbness, and blindness that was afflicting the black race in America. Not long ago, an English writer telephoned me from London, asking questions. One was, "What's your alma mater?" I told him, "Books." You will never catch me with a free fifteen minutes in which I'm not studying something I feel might be able to help the black man...Unit 6EQ is not the opposite of IQ. Some people are blessed with a lot of both, some with little of either. What researchers have been trying to understand is how they complement each other; how one's ability to handle stress, for instance, affects the ability to concentrate and put intelligence to use. Among the ingredients for success, researchers now generally agree that IQ counts for about 20%; the rest depends on everything from class to luck to the neural pathways that have developed in the brain over millions of years of human evolution.Unit 7As a child, I identified so strongly with my mother that I thought my father was just a long-term house guest with spanking privileges. She and I are bookish, introverted worriers. My father is an optimist who has never had a sleepless night in his life.Like most fathers and sons, we fought. But there was no cooling-off period between rounds. It was a cold war lasting from the onset of my adolescence until I went off to college in 1973.I hated him. He was a former navy fighter pilot, with an Irish temper and a belief that all the problems of the world—including an overprotected son who never saw anything through to completion—could be cured by the application of more discipline.Unit 8Now, it must be obvious what all this has to do with you. Eventually, like the rest of us, you must be on one side or the other. You must be an Athenian or a Visigoth. Of course, it is much harder to be an Athenian, for you must learn how to be one, you must work at being one, whereas we are all, in a way, natural-born Visigoths. That is why there are so many more Visigoths than Athenians. And I must tell you that you do not become an Athenian merely by attending school or accumulating degrees. My father-in-law was oneof the most committed Athenians I have ever known, and he spent his entire adult life as a dress cutter on Seventh Avenue in New York City. On the other hand, I have known physicians, lawyers, and engineers who are Visigoths of unmistakable persuasion. And I must also tell you, as much in sorrow as in shame, that at some of our great universities, perhaps even this one, there are professors of whom we may fairly say they are closet Visigoths. And yet, you must not doubt for a moment that a school, after all, is essentially an Athenian idea. There is a direct link between the cultural achievements of Athens and what the faculty of this university is all about. I have no difficulty imagining that Plato, Aristotle, or Democritus would be quite at home in our classrooms. A Visigoth would merely scrawl obscenities on the wall.。
21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册readingaloudUnit 1If great achievers share angthing, said Simonton. it is an unrelenting drive to succeed. "There's a tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-normal." he explained." But what comes out of the research is that there are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes. It's a difference in degree. Greatness is built upon tremendous amounts of study, practice and devotion."He cited Winston Churchill, Britain's prime minister during World War II, as an example of a risk-taker who would never give up. Thrust into office when his country's morale was at its lowest, Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people. In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940, he inspired the nation when he said," we shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end… we shall never surrender."Unit 2Some persons refrain from expressing their gratitude because they feel it will not be welcome, A patient of mine, a few weeks after his discharge from the hospital, came back to thank his nurse." I didn't come back sooner," he explained," because I imagined you must be bored to death with people thanking you.""On the contrary," she replied," I am delighted you came. Few realize how much we need encouragement and how much we are helped by those who give it."Gratitude is something of which none of us can give too much. For on the smiles, the thanks we give, our little gestures of appreciation, our neighbors build up their philosophy of life.Unit 3The normal Western approach to a problem is to fight it. The saying, "When the going gets tough, the tough get going," is typical of this aggressive attitude toward problem-solving. No matter what the problem is, or the techniques available for solving it, the framework produced by our Western way of thinking is fight. Dr. de Bono calls this vertical thinking; the traditional, sequential, Aristotelian thinking of logic, moving firmly from one step to the next, like toy blocks being built one on top of the other. The flaw is, of course, that if at any point one of the steps is not reached, or one of the toy blocks is incorrectly placed, then the whole structure collapses. Impasse is reached, and frustration, tension, feelings of fight take over.Lateral thinking, Dr. de Bono says, is a new technique of thinking about things—atechnique that avoids this fight altogether, and solves the problem in an entirely unexpected fashion.Lateral thinking sounds simple. And it is. Once you have solved a problem laterally, you wonder how you could ever have been hung up on it. The key is making that vital shift in emphasis, that sidestepping of the problem, instead of attacking it head-on.Dr. A. A. Bridger, psychiatrist at Columbia University and in private practice in New York, explains how lateral thinking works with his patients. "Many people come to me wanting to stop smoking, for instance," he says. "Most people fail when they are trying to stop smoking because they wind up telling themselves, 'No, I will not smoke; no, 1 shall not smoke; no, I will not; no, I cannot...' It's a fight and what happens is you end up smoking more."So instead of looking at the problem from the old ways of no, and fighting it, I show them a whole new point of view—thatyou are your body's keeper, and your body is something through which you experience life. If you stop to think about it, there's really something helpless about your body. It can do nothing for itself. It has no choice, it is like a baby's body. You begin then a whole new way of looking at it—‘I am now going to take care of myself, and give myself some respect and protection, by not smoking.' “Unit 4When a student's work did not measure up to the teacher's expectations, as often happened, the student was not treated with disappointment, anger, or annoyance. Instead, the teacher assumed that this was an exception, an accident, a bad day, a momentary slip – and the student believed her and felt reassured. The next time around, he tried harder, determined to live up to what the teacher knew he could do.The exact part of communication that tells a child, "I expect the best," is difficult to pinpoint. In part it consists of a level tone showing assurance, a lack of verbal impatience, an absence of negative qualities such as irony, put-downs, and irritation. The teacher who expects the best asks her questions with conviction, knowing the answers she gets will be right, and the child picks up that conviction.Unit 5I have often reflected upon the new vistas that reading opened to me. I knew right there in prison that reading had changed forever the course of my life. As I see it today, the ability to read awoke inside me some long dormant craving to be mentally alive. Icertainly wasn't seeking any degree, the way a college confers a status symbol upon its students. My homemadeeducation gave me, with every additional book that I read, a little bit more sensitivity to the deafness, dumbness, and blindness that was afflicting the black race in America. Not long ago, an English writer telephoned me from London, asking questions. One was, "What's your alma mater?" I told him, "Books." You will never catch me with a free fifteen minutes in which I'm not studying something I feel might be able to help the black man...Unit 6EQ is not the opposite of IQ. Some people are blessed with a lot of both, some with little of either. What researchers have been trying to understand is how they complement each other; how one's ability to handle stress, for instance, affects the ability to concentrate and put intelligence to use. Among the ingredients for success, researchers now generally agree that IQ counts for about 20%; the rest depends on everything from class to luck to the neural pathways that have developed in the brain over millions of years of human evolution.Unit 7As a child, I identified so strongly with my mother that I thought my father was just a long-term house guest with spanking privileges. She and I are bookish, introverted worriers. My father is an optimist who has never had a sleepless night in his life.Like most fathers and sons, we fought. But there was no cooling-off period between rounds. It was a cold war lasting from the onset of my adolescence until I went off to college in 1973.I hated him. He was a former navy fighter pilot, with an Irish temper and a belief that all the problems of the world—including an overprotected son who never saw anything through to completion—could be cured by the application of morediscipline.Unit 8Now, it must be obvious what all this has to do with you. Eventually, like the rest of us, you must be on one side or the other. You must be an Athenian or a Visigoth. Of course, it is much harder to be an Athenian, for you must learn how to be one, you must work at being one, whereas we are all, in a way, natural-born Visigoths. That is why there are so many more Visigoths than Athenians. And I must tell you that you do not become an Athenian merely by attending school or accumulating degrees. My father-in-law was oneof the most committed Athenians I have ever known, and he spent his entire adult life as a dress cutter on Seventh Avenue in New York City. On the other hand, I have known physicians, lawyers, and engineers who are Visigoths of unmistakable persuasion. And I must also tell you, as much in sorrow as in shame, that at some of our great universities, perhaps even this one, there are professors of whom we may fairly say they are closet Visigoths. And yet, you must not doubt for a moment that a school, after all, is essentially an Athenian idea. There is a direct link between the cultural achievements of Athens and what the faculty of this university is all about. I have no difficulty imagining that Plato, Aristotle, or Democritus would be quite at home in our classrooms. A Visigoth would merely scrawl obscenities on the wall.。
大学英语读写教程4电子版课本
简介
本书是《21世纪大学英语读写教程（4）（修订版）》的配套辅导用书，按照原教材的课次进行编写，每单元涉及词汇短语、全文翻译、课文精解以及练习答案等内容。
词汇短语中精选每单元的重难点词汇，每个词后除了释义，还给出了相应的例句，及一些常用的搭配、词组、助记方法等。
全文翻译在参阅了大量与教材相关用书的基础上总结编写而成。
课文精解从文中选出重点句子及难以理解的句子加以讲解，其中包括对句子结构分析、相关知识点讲解和延伸。
练习答案提供每单元习题的参考答案。
本书旨在帮助学生更好、更高效地学习和掌握教材中的重点及难点知识，具有很强的针对性和实用性。
在编写过程中，该书力求突出重点，答疑难点，语言言简意赅，讲解深入浅出，希望它能得到广大英语学习者的喜爱和认可。
目录
Unit 1
一、词汇短语
二、全文翻译
三、课文精解
四、练习答案
Unit 2
一、词汇短语
二、全文翻译
三、课文精解
四、练习答案Unit 3
一、词汇短语
二、全文翻译
三、课文精解
四、练习答案Unit 4
一、词汇短语
二、全文翻译
三、课文精解
四、练习答案Unit 5
一、词汇短语
二、全文翻译
三、课文精解
四、练习答案Unit 6
一、词汇短语
二、全文翻译
三、课文精解
四、练习答案Unit 7
一、词汇短语
二、全文翻译
三、课文精解
四、练习答案Unit 8
一、词汇短语
二、全文翻译
三、课文精解
四、练习答案。
大学英语基础课程《高级综合英语》《21世纪大学新英语视听说教程4》Unit 4Learning ObjectivesIn this unit, students are going to watch and listen to some news reports, news stories and interviews. Through doing a series of tasks, they will➢grasp the main ideas of the passages about genders;➢identify the detailed information from the passages / video clips;➢get to know some differences between men and womenTeaching PlanPart 1 Lead-inTask 1Scan the following statements about differences between men and women. Apart from these physical differences, do you know any other differences between men and women?Task 2The average height for men is 1. 71 m while women are on average 12 cmshorter.The average male weighs 78 kilos which is 13 kilos heavier than the averagefemale.Women have less body water (52% for the average woman vs. 61% for theaverage man).A man’s brain measures 87. 4 cubic inches, while a woman’s brain measures 76.8 cubic inches.Women are 3 times more likely to suffer from migraines(偏头痛) compared withmen.Look at the following picture, first describe it and then answer the questions below.1) What do you think of the roles of men and women?2) Can you think of any ways in which Chinese culture affects gender roles?Part 2 Watching & ListeningSection ADirections: In this section, you are going to listen to a dialogue “ Can Men Handle Alcohol Better Than Women”(1’32” ). Read the following words aloud first and then finish the tasks below.Task 1Listen to the dialogue and some questions are asked about it. Choose the best answer to each question from the four choices given below.1. How many drinks did Yael order according to the dialogue?A) Three. B) Four. C) Five. D) Six.2. What is Yaël’s height?A) Five feet. B) Six feet.C) 5. 6 feet. D) 5. 8 feet.3. Why do women tend to get intoxicated faster than men?A) Because women seldom drink alcohol.B) Because women don’t like the taste of alcohol.C) Because women tend to have more fat.D) Because women are not as strong as men.Task 2Listen to the dialogue again, focusing on the specific information, and then decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false.1. Don didn’t suggest Yael for another drink.2. Yael is taller than most men, and she believes that she can drink as much as men of her size.3. According to studies men are more likely to suffer worse hangovers.4. Yael will order a pitcher of water instead of alcohol.Task 3Listen to the dialogue the third time and then fill in the blanks.With about 1) more water in their bodies than women, men can drink more alcohol than women before becoming 2) . In fact, studies show that women suffer worse 3) than men too. Men tend to experience more 4) and 5) as a result of drinking, but overall, women suffer more, including dehydration, 6 ) , headaches, and nausea. With every drink, women are reaching higher degrees of intoxication than their male 7) and thus it makes sense that they’re reaching higher degrees of hangover too. More research is needed though to 8) for certain why women‘s hangovers are worse.Part 3 Speaking PracticeDirections: In this section, you are going to watch an interview “When Wives Make More”(2’09”). Read the following words and phrases aloud first and then do the tasks below.Task 1Watch the interview and then answer the following questions by filling the blanks.1. According to the video, why are both husband and wife uncomfortable when the wife earns more than the husband?Men are uncomfortable because they think money is power which symbolize , while women are uncomfortable because they feel ________ for leaving the households, going out, out-earning their husbands, and depriving him of .2. Except money, what else does Saltz think can make both husband and wife feel those masculineand feminine roles?Things like time , organization and and so on.Task 2 Pair WorkWatch the video clip again. After watching, discuss the following questions with your partner1. Do “househusbands” exist in our countr y? Can men nurture children as well as women can?Would you ever want this kind of family with husband being at home while wife being out working?2. From your point of view, what are the essential qualities of being an ideal wife or an idealhusband?Task 3 Group DebateIn the last 30 years, the status of women has changed dramatically in our society, with more and more women working as mayors, managers, and professors. Meanwhile, the role of women in the family has also changed, with most wives going out and even some earning more than their husbands. Is the changing role of women good for the family and society?The class is divided into two sides. Students in Side A hold positive attitude while students in Side B opposite attitude.Part 4 Listening TestSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear a passage. At the end of the passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.1. A) Violin and Piano.B) Guitar and Violin.C) Saxophone and Guitar.D) Drum and trumpet.2. A) To find out whether they take music lessons in their spare time.B) To find out whether they can name four different musical instruments.C) To find out whether they enjoy playing musical instruments in school.D) To find out whether they differ in their preference for musical instruments.3. A) Because they find them too hard to play.B) Because they think it silly to play them.C) Because they find it not challenging enough to play them.D) Because they consider it important to be different from girls.4. A) Children who have private music tutors.B) Children who are 8 or older.C) Children who are between 5 and 7.D) Children who are well-educated.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 1 to 8 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 9 to 11 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.It is research that is guaranteed to delight men — and annoy the women in their lives.A controversial new study has 1) that men really are more intelligent than women. The study concl uded that men’s IQs are almost four points higher than women’s.2) researcher John Philippe Rushton, who previously created a fury by suggesting intelligence is influenced by 3) , says the finding could explain why so few women make it to the top in the 4) . He claims the glass ceiling phenomenon is probably due to 5) intelligence, rather than discrimination or lack of opportunity. The University of Western Ontario psychologist reached his conclusion after carefully examining the results of university 6) tests taken by 100,000 students aged 17 and 18 of both sexes. A focus on factors such as the ability to quickly grasp a7) concept, verbal reasoning skills and creativity —some of the key ingredients of intelligence —8) the male teenager had IQs that were an average of 3. 63 points higher. The average person has an IQ of around 100The findings, 9), overturn a 100 year consensus that men and women average the same in general mental ability. 10). But Prof Rushton, who was born in Bournemouth and obtained his doctorate in social psychology from the London School of Economics, argues that 11).。
21世纪大学英语第四册Unit7课文详解读写教程21世纪大学英语第四册Unit7课文详解（读写教程）导语：运行成功的公司一般都会有自己的工作规则，下面是一篇关于这方面的英语课文，欢迎大家来学习。
Running a Successful Company: Ten Rules that Worked for MeSam WaltonA whole lot has changed about the retailing business in the forty-seven years we've been in it—including some of my theories. We've changed our minds about some significant things along the way and adopted some new principles — particularly about the concept of partnership in a corporation. But most of the values and the rules and the techniques we've relied on have stayed the same the whole way. Some of them are such simple commonsense old favorites that they hardly seem worth mentioning.This isn't the first time that I've been asked to come up with a list of rules for success, but it is the first time I've actually sat down and done it. I'm glad 1 did because it's been a revealing exercise for me. I do seem to have a couple of dozen things that I've singled out at one time or another as the "key" to the whole thing. One I don't even have on my list is "work hard." If you don't know that already, or you're not willing to do it, you probably won't be going far enough to need my list anyway. And another I didn't include on the list is the idea of building a team. If you want to build an enterprise of any size at all, it almost goes without saying that you absolutely must create a team of people who work together and give real meaning to that overused word "teamwork." To me, that's more the goal of the whole thing,rather than some way to get there.I believe in always having goals, and always setting them high. I can certainly tell you that the folks at Wal-Mart have always had goals in front of them. In fact, we have sometimes built real scoreboards on the stage at Saturday morning meetings.One more thing. If you're really looking for my advice here, trying to get something serious out of this exercise I put myself through, remember: these rules are not in any way intended to be the Ten Commandments of Business. They are some rules that worked for me. But I always prided myself on breaking everybody else's rules, and I always favored the mavericks who challenged my rules. I may have fought them all the way, but I respected them, and, in the end, I listened to them a lot more closely than I did the pack who always agreed with everything I said. So pay special attention to Rule 10, and if you interpret it in the right spirit — as it applies to you — it could mean simply: Break All the Rules.For what they're worth, here they are. Sam's Rules for Building a Business:RULE 1: COMMIT to your business. Believe in it more than anybody else. I think I overcame every single one of my personal shortcomings by the sheer passion I brought to my work. I don't know if you're born with this kind of passion, or if you can learn it. But I do know you need it. If you love your work, you'll be out there every day trying to do it the best you possibly can, and pretty soon everybody around will catch the passion from you —like a fever.RULE 2: SHARE your profits with all your associates, and treat them as partners. In turn, they will treat you as a partner, andtogether you will all perform beyond your wildest expectations. Remain a corporation and retain control if you like, but behave as a servant leader in a partnership. Encourage your associates to hold a stake in the company. Offer discounted stock, and grant them stock for their retirement. It's the single best thing we ever did.RULE 3: MOTIVATE your partners. Money and ownership alone aren't enough. Constantly, day by day, think of new and more interesting ways to motivate and challenge your partners. Set high goals, encourage competition, and then keep score. Make bets with outrageous payoffs. If things get stale, cross-pollinate; have managers switch jobs with one another to stay challenged. Keep everybody guessing as to what your next trick is going to be. Don't become too predictable.RULE 4: COMMUNICATE everything you possibly can to your partners. The more they know, the more they'll understand. The more they understand, the more they'll care. Once they care, there's no stopping them. If you don't trust your associates to know what's going on, they'll know you don't really consider them partners. Information is power, and the gain you get from empowering your associates more than offsets the risk of informing your competitors.RULE 5: APPRECIATE everything your associates do for the business. A paycheck and a stock option will buy one kind of loyalty. But all of us like to be told how much somebody appreciates what we do for them. We like to hear it often, and especially when we have done something we're really proud of. Nothing else can quite substitute for a few well-chosen, well-timed, sincere words of praise. They're absolutely free —and worth a fortune.RULE 6: CELEBRATE your successes. Find some humor in your failures. Don't take yourself so seriously. Loosen up, and everybody around you will loosen up. Have fun. Show enthusiasm — always. When all else fails, put on a costume and sing a silly song. Then make everybody else sing with you. Don't do a hula on Wall Street like I did. Think up your own stunt. All of this is more important, and more fun, than you think, and it really fools the competition. "Why should we take those cornballs at Wal-Mart seriously?"RULE 7: LISTEN to everyone in your company. And figure out ways to get them talking. The folks on the front lines — the ones who actually talk to the customer — are the only ones who really know what's going on out there. You'd better find out what they know. This really is what total quality is all about. To push responsibility down in your organization, and to force good ideas to bubble up within it, you must listen to what your associates are trying to tell you.RULE 8: EXCEED your customers' expectations. If you do, they'll come back over and over. Give them what they want —and a little more. Let them know you appreciate them. Fix all your mistakes, and don't make excuses —apologize. Stand behind everything you do. The two most important words I ever wrote were on that first Wal-Mart sign: "Satisfaction Guaranteed." They're still up there, and they have made all the difference.RULE 9: CONTROL your expenses better than your competition. This is where you can always find the competitive advantage. For twenty-five years running long before Wal-Mart was known as the nation's largest retailer — we ranked number one in our industry for the lowest ratio of expenses to sales. You can make a lot of different mistakes and still recover if you run anefficient operation. Or you can be brilliant and still go out of business if you're too inefficient.RULE 10: SWIM upstream. Go the other way. Ignore the conventional wisdom. If everybody else is doing it one way, there's a good chance you can find your niche by going in exactly the opposite direction. But be prepared for a lot of folks to wave you down and tell you you're headed the wrong way. I guess in all my years, what I heard more often than anything was: a town of less than 50,000 population cannot support a discount store for very long.Those are some pretty ordinary rules, some would say even simplistic. The hard part, the real challenge, is to constantly figure out ways to execute them. You can't just keep doing what works one time, because everything around you is always changing. T o succeed, you have to stay out in front of that change.New Wordspartnershipn. the state of being a partner or partners, esp. in a business;a group of two or more people working, playing, etc. together as partners; a business with two or more owners 合伙(关系);伙伴(关系);合伙企业common sensen. practical good sense gained from experience of life, not by special study 常识;(由实际生活经验得来的)判断力commonsensea. having or showing practical good sense; sensible; practical; clear 有常识的;明白事理的;注重实际的;清楚明白的revealinga. 有启迪作用的，发人深省的revealvt. make (facts, etc.) known 揭示，揭露;透露enterprisen. a business company or firm 企业单位，公司overusevt. use (sth.) too much or too often 使用…过多;使用…过度teamworkn. organized effort as a team 协同工作，配合scoreboardn. a board on which a score is shown 记分牌，示分牌;(商业活动等的)记录牌commandmentn. 1. command; order 戒律;命令2. (in the Bible) any of the Ten Commandments, ten laws given by God to the Jews (基督教十诫中的`)一诫maverickn. a person with independent or unusual views 持不同意见者;持异议者packn. a gang or band of people 一帮人，一伙人partnern. a person who takes part in an activity with another or others, esp. one of the owners of a business 合伙人，股东;伙伴，同伙discountn. amount of money taken off the cost of sth. (价格等的)折扣v. 打折扣出售(商品等)betn. an arrangement to risk money, etc. on an event of which the result is doubtful 打赌outrageousa. very shocking and unacceptable; very unusual and quite shocking 惊人的;肆无忌惮的，毫无节制payoffn. a deserved reward or punishment 报偿;惩罚stalea. no longer interesting or exciting because of having been heard, done, etc. too often before; not new 因陈旧而乏味的，过时的;没有新意的cross-pollinatev. fertilize a plant with pollen from a different type of plant (使)异花传粉predictablea. (of a person) behaving in a way that can be predicted 可预言的;可预料的，可预计的;(贬)按老一套办事的empowervt. give (sb.) the power or authority to act 授权给offsetv. compensate for (sth.); balance (sth.) 补偿，抵消competitorn. a person or an organization that competes against others, esp. in business 竞争者;比赛者;对手;敌手loyaltyn. the quality of being true and faithful in one's support of sb./sth. 忠诚，忠心耿耿well-chosena. carefully selected (used esp. of words) 仔细斟酌过的，合适的，恰当的well-timeda. done, said, etc. at the right time or at an appropriate time 适时的，不早不晚的，及时的hulan. Hawaiian performance that includes dance, gesture, and chanting (美国夏威夷的波利尼西亚女子跳的一种动作类似哑剧的)呼拉舞，草裙舞stuntn. an unusual act designed to attract attention 惊人的表演，绝技;惊险动作cornballn. (U.S. Slang) an unsophisticated person;rube;hick (美俚)头脑简单的人;乡巴佬;土包子retailern. a person who sells goods to the general public 零售商ration. a relation between two amounts, which shows how many times one contains the other 比;比率;比例inefficienta. (of a person or an organization) failing to make the best use of the available time and resources 无效率的upstreamad. & a. in the direction from which a river, etc. flows; against the current 逆流(的);往上游(的)conventional wisdomthe opinion that most people consider to be normal and right 一般人的意见，流行的看法nichen. a suitable position, place, job, etc. 合适的位置(或地方、职务等)simplistica. making difficult problems, issues, ideas, etc. seem much simpler than they really are, e.g. in order to conceal sth. (把复杂问题)过分简单化的;被过分简单化的executevt. do or perform (what one is asked or told to do) 实行，实施;执行，履行executionn. 实行;执行，履行Phrases and Expressionscome up withfind or produce (an answer, etc.) 提出，想出single outchoose (sb./sth.) from a group, e.g. for special attention 选出，挑出at one time or another在某个时候go without sayingbe very obvious or natural 不用说，不言而喻put...throughmake (sb.) experience (sth. very difficult or unpleasant) 使…经受pride oneself onbe proud of 以…自豪in the endat last;finally 最终;最后commit todevote oneself to (a certain cause, position, opinion, or course of action) 献身于loosen uprelax (使)放松think upproduce (an idea or a plan): invent or devise (sth.) 想出;设计出，发明figure outcome up with; come to understand or discover by thinking (美口)想出;理解，明白bubble upmove upward in or as if in bubbles; emerge from below 往上冒泡;涌现stand behindbe responsible for 对…负责go out of businessbecome bankrupt 破产;倒闭;歇业wave downsignal to (a vehicle or its driver) to stop, by waving one's hand 挥手示意(车辆、司机)停下Proper NamesSam Walton萨姆·沃尔顿(1918—1922，美国企业家)Wal-Mart沃尔—玛特商场(由萨姆·沃尔顿于1962年开办)Wall Street华尔街(美国纽约市曼哈顿区南部的一条街道，是美国金融机构的集中地，现常作美国金融市场或金融界的代名词)下载全文下载文档。
