核能与核安全(英文版)

Auxiliary 辅助的，备用的Blowdown 冷却管突然爆裂，排污管 Compress 压缩，精简Instrument仪器，乐器，工具，仪表 Component组件，部件，成分，设备 Condensate 凝结水，冷凝水，凝结 Condenser凝气器Feed 补给Removal除去，拆除，取出 Containment 安全壳Polishing抛光，磨光，清洗Volume容积；卷，册，书卷；音量，响度 Diverse不同的；多种多样的；变化的 Circulating循环的 ；流动的Actuation动作，驱动，开动，刺激 Processing处理，加工；调整，搬运 Standby备用的人或物，待命Diesel柴油机，内燃机Boiler锅炉，烧水器Storm drain暴雨水沟；暴雨下水道；雨水道Drain 耗尽；排水沟，排水管，下水道 Demineralize去除矿物质，软化，除盐；脱矿Non-class非安全Process过程Trace跟踪，追踪，痕迹Plant工厂，发电厂Cathodic阴极的，负极的；阴极保护 Feedwater给水Startup启动，启动选项Gland填料压盖Seal密封，阀座，密封面Generator发电机，信号发生器Heater 加热器Incore堆内；核心Lub oil润滑油，润滑剂Meteorology气象学，气象Monitoring监控，监测，监听，追踪 Mechanical handling 机械搬运，机械装卸 Operation操作，运行，运转Passive被动的，无源的，非能动的 Sampling抽样，取样 ，采样Potable可以喝的，适合饮用的 Coolant冷却剂，冷却液Roof屋顶，顶部Roof drain屋顶排水，屋顶排水口 Radiation 辐射，放射Residual剩余的，残余的Raw生的，原始的，天然的，未经处理过的 Sanitary卫生的，清洁的，保健的 Sanitary drainage 生活污水排放系统 Drainage 排水，放水；排水系统；下水道 Spent 消耗的，用过的，废的，好近的 Spent fuel乏燃料Seismic地震的，有关地震的Secondary 二回路Vent排气，通气，泄放Relief解除，减轻，排放Diognostic诊断的，判断的ventilation 通风，换气，通风设备 recirculation再循环habitability可居住，适居住性filtration过滤，筛选hydrogen氢气pump house泵房radwaste 放射性废物radwaste building废物厂房leak泄漏chilled以经冷却的annex附属物，附件，附属建筑gasous气体的，气态的，瓦斯的 transmission传输，传送，传递 switchyard户外配电装置offsite 厂区外的，装置外的onsite 现场，厂内excitation励磁，激发voltage电压，载波电压regulation整顿，调节，管理核物理基本概念ion离子system international 国际单位制 molecule分子atom原子，威力 ，原子能nucleus原子核，核心，核子coulomb库伦electron电子proton质子neutron中子defect缺损，缺陷binding 粘合，绑定nucleon核子kinetic动力的，运动的indentity 个性，特性potential潜在的，势的positively带正电的jump跃迁negatively负的，负电性的repulsion排斥，斥力；反感uncharted不带电的neutal中立的，中性的periodic table周期表bombardment轰击，轰炸emission排放，放射，发射atomic number原子序数mass number质量数energy level能级orbital 轨道，轨道的fission分裂，裂变；裂变增值isotope同位素fussion聚变occur发生，出现decay衰退，衰减，腐败，衰变artificial人工的，人造的，虚假的，人为地barium钡bond 连接，接合，键boron硼compound复合物，混合物，化合物 bismuth铋superscript上标，上角标subscript下标uranium铀plutonium钚oxygen氧气thorium钍lithium锂deuterium氘，重氢sodium钠reaction反应、tritium氚，超重氢 carbon碳helium氦，氦气transuranium铀后的，超铀的 radioactive放射性的fissionable可裂变的mean平均数，平均值weighted加权的，加权平均fissile易裂变fragment碎片，断片momentum动量macroscopic宏观的，肉眼可见的 microscopic微观的，显微的，精微的 electromagnetic电磁mesoscopic介观的electrostatic静电的，静电学的放射性Cosmic宇宙射线Inversel相反的Proportional成比例的Ionization电离Bremsstrahlung韧致辐射Inhale吸入，吸气Photon光子，光量子Scattering散射Shielding屏蔽Collision碰撞，冲突Positron正电子Aluminum铝Accelerator加速器Beryllium铍Annihilation湮灭，淹没 Interaction相互作用 Photoelectric光电的Effect效应，效用Ingest摄取，吞下核反应Attenuation衰减Recoil反冲，弹回Amplification放大Cadmium镉Transmutation转变，嬗变Cobalt钴Diffusion扩散Nitrogen氮气Mercury汞flux通量elastic弹性的neutrino中微子inelastic非弹性的radioisotope同位素section截面thermonuclear热核反应核材料Pellet燃料芯块Moderator慢化剂，减速剂Cladding覆层，包层，包壳Rod杆，棒Sublime升华Boric acid硼酸Chromium铬Swelling膨胀，肿胀，隆起Hafnium铪Burnup 燃耗，烧完Gadolinium钆Alloy合金Indium铟Magnox镁诺克斯合金Magnesium镁Zircloy 锆合金Nickel镍Compound合成，复合物，混合物，化合物 Zirconium锆Silicon硅Fission fragment裂变产物Graphite石墨Posion毒液，阴离子Pressing模制，压制Sintering烧结，溶结Oxidize氧化，使生锈Crack开裂，破裂Dioxide二氧化碳Fertile多产的，富饶的，可繁殖的 Hedrocarbon碳氢化合物Breeding增殖，再生Ratio比率，比例 Enriched浓缩的，富集的，强化的 Thermal热的，热量的Conductivity传导率，传导性Specific特有的，专门的，比的 Viscosity粘稠，粘性，粘度Saturation饱和，饱和度，饱和状态Flux通量，流动Shaping修整的，外形塑造Sustaining支持的，持续的Self-sustaining chain reaction自持链式反应Fast Neutron快中子Fuel cycle燃料循环Hexafluxride六氟化铀Critical临界的，极限的Centrifuge离心机Supercitical超临界Gaseous气体的，气态的Siffusion扩散Criticality临界（a）Refuel换料Critical size 临界尺寸Resonance共振，共鸣Elastic有弹性的，灵活的Core堆芯，活性区Facor系数，因子，因素Thermal utilization factor热中子利用系数 Blanket再生区、Slow down慢化Permeable可渗透的Membrane膜，薄膜Spin转转，偏转Depleted废弃的，贫化的Multiplication增殖，增加，乘法 Pressurized waterreactor压水反应堆，压水堆Margin裕度，边缘Moisture水汽，湿气Inservice inspection在役检查Steam dryer干燥器Internal内部的，里面的Fuel pellet燃料芯块Pressurizer加压器，稳压器Vessel导管，容器Reactor vassel.pressure vassel压力容器 Surge波浪，浪涌，涌Surge line波动管Sectional断面的，剖面的Sectional view剖视图Shim薄垫片Chemical shim control 化学补偿控制Pit坑，洞，深坑Reactor pit堆坑Element元素，元件Assembly组件Airtight密封的，不透气的 Mechanism机械装置，机构Nozzle喷嘴，管口，接管Seed点火区Plate板块，平板Utility用户，业主，业界Fuel assembly燃料组件Vendor卖主，供货商Inlet进口，入口Outlet出口Multiple多重的，多样的Barrier栅栏，屏障，障碍Barrel桶Core barrel堆芯吊篮Burnable absorber可燃吸收体 Redundancy多余，过多，冗长，冗余度 Diversity多样性Shell壳，外壳，壳体Steam line 蒸汽管线Contain包容Reactivity反应性Insert插入，嵌入Reactivity insertion反应性引入 Concentration浓度，浓缩，集中Load负荷，转载，负荷量Dilution稀释，摊薄Buildup累积，形成In-core detector system堆内测量系统 Self-powerd neutron detector 自给能中子探测器Axial power distribution轴向功率分布 Axial 轴的，轴向的Conditioning调节，调整 Distribution分布，分配Azimuthal方位的，方位角的Tilt倾斜，倾斜度Trip跳闸，错误，旅行Reactor trip反应堆紧急停堆Turbine trip气机脱扣Departure离开，出发，启程，背离，违反 Departure from nucleate boiling偏离泡核沸腾Nucleate成核的，有核的，具核的 Reliability可信度，可靠性Forging锻造Ring-forging环锻件Velocity速度，速率Surveillance监视，监督Specimen样品，抽样Bypass旁路，绕道，避开Mount安装，支架Phosphorous磷Austenitic奥氏体的Sulfur硫磺，硫Stainless不锈的Stainless steel 不锈钢Weld焊接Flange法兰，凸缘Threshold临界值，限值，阈值 Thermalcouple热电偶Engage接合，啮合，对位Nil零，无，零分Ductility延展性，延伸性Transition转变，转移，过度Nil-ductility transition temperature零延性转变温度Tapered逐渐变细的Fluence通量，注量率，影响Dome圆屋顶，像圆屋顶一样的东西 Integrated集成的，整合的，整体的 Shroud覆盖物，遮盖物，围板Burnable absorber rod 可燃吸收棒 Californium锎Creep潜变，蠕变Indium铟Lattice格子，框架，栅格Ceramic陶瓷的，陶器的Clearance间隙看，空隙Plug塞子，栓，阻力塞Contaminate污染，玷污Reactivity worth反应性价值Grid网格，格子，栅格Specific power比功率Inconel因科镍合金，镍铬合金 Antimony锑Inherent固有的，内在的，与生俱来的 Inherent safty固有安全性Cadmium镉Passive safety非能动安全Active 主动的，活动的Active safty能动安全Spider星形架Sleeve套管，套筒Spacer隔离物Spacer grid定位格架U-tube steam generator U型管蒸汽发生器 Rated 额定的，规定的Reted load额定负荷Azinuthal方位角的，方位的Clearance间隙Amplification放大，扩大，扩增Flux-shaping通量展平Effluent废水，流出物，污水 Radioactive effluent放射性流出物 Inelastic无弹性的，非弹性的Diffusion扩散，传播Head头，封头Mount安装，装Elastic弹性的Crust地壳，面包皮Seed点火区Electromagnetic radiation电磁辐射 Electric.cable电缆Forging锻造Emit发出，射出Flange法兰Be.inversely.proportional.to反比于 Proportional比例的，成比例的Recoil反冲，弹回Orbital轨道，轨道的Enthalpy焓 Weld焊，焊接Alloy合金Valence价，化合价Chemical.identity化学性质Annular环形的Activation product活化产物Delayed慢性的American nuclear society美国核学会 Excite激发，励磁American society of mechanical engineer 美国机械工程师协会Quench急速冷却，淬火Magenesium镁Magnox镁诺克斯合金Heatup加热，升温Friction摩擦，冲突Surveillance监视，监督管理Diverging渐扩的，发散的Wear磨损，损耗Converging收敛的，汇聚的，渐缩的 Concentration浓度，含量，浓缩 Repulsion排斥，厌恶，反感，斥力 Electrostatic静电的，电的Rupture断裂，破裂Sectional断面的，剖面的，部分的 Airtight气密的，密封的Gaseous气体的，气态的Gaseous diffusion process气体扩散工艺 Weighting factor权重因子Thermal shock热冲击Centrifuge离心机，使分离Centrifuge process离心工艺 Superscript上标Bremsstrahlung韧致辐射Hexafluoride六氟化物Uranium hexafluoride六氟化铀Entropy熵，平均信息量Sintering烧结，熔结Sublime升华Dome圆屋顶，圆顶Jump跃迁Service factor使用因子Blanket再生区Manually手动的，手工的Inservice.inspection在役检查 Attenuation衰减，减少Carbide 碳化物Steam line蒸汽管线Ceramic陶瓷的，陶器的Positron正电子Manufacturer制造商Confidence置信度，信心Thrust推力，推动力Neutrino中微子Swelling肿胀Out of service退役的Microscopic微观的，显微的Shroud围板Axial power distribution轴向功率分布 Draw a pressure steam bubble稳压器汽空间建立Tapered逐渐变细的，锥形的，渐缩的 Fouling污垢，结垢Contaminate污染，弄脏，玷污Self-powered neutron detector自给能中子探测器Inhale吸入，吸气Suction吸入口Plug阻力塞，塞子Dilution稀释Signal conditioning信号调理Quality质量，品质，蒸汽干度Spin旋转，偏转Annihilation湮灭Oxidize氧化，使生锈Specimen样品，式样，标本Blade,vane叶片，叶栅，轮叶Sump集水坑，污水坑Containment sump安全壳地坑Safety injection pump安注泵Primary outlet nozzle一次初接管 Primary inlet plenum一次进水室 Primary coolant一次冷却剂Cladding包壳，包层，覆层Saturation饱和，饱和度Threshold阈值，临界值Ductility延展性，柔软性，韧性Nil无，零，零分 Transition转变，转移，过度Nil-ductility transition trmperature零延性转变温度Vender，supplier卖主，供应商Full power(FP)满功率Moserater减速剂Revolution旋转，改革，革命Rpm=revolutions per minute转每分Rps=revolutions per second转没秒 Gland steam system密封蒸汽系统 Blowdown喷放，排污，突然爆裂 Departure离开，偏离Departure from nucleate boiling偏离泡核沸腾Depleted废弃的，贫化的Depleted uranium贫化铀Mean平均值，平均数Mean free path平均自由程Pneumatic气动的，风动的Pneumatic valve气动阀Turbine driven feedwater pump气动给水泵Turbine trip气机脱扣（甩负荷） Turbine generater汽轮发电机Latent潜伏的，潜在的Latent heat 潜热Chernobyl accident切尔诺贝利事故 Thermocouple热电偶，温差电偶 Thermal reactor热中子反应堆Thermalneutron热中子Redunda ncy过多，过度，冗余，冗余度 Conponent部件，元件，设备Graphite石墨Prompt瞬间的，临界的Prompt neutron瞬发中子Outrage停堆，停堆期Flow restrictor限流器Accumulater储压器，蓄压箱Fissile易裂变的Cosmic ray宇宙射线Reinforced加强的，加固的Margin边缘，裕度Prime mover原动力，发动者Nucleus原子核Nuclei原子核Boost pressure增压Booster pressure增压泵Breeding增殖Breeding ratio增殖比Fertile可繁殖的，可增殖的Fertile material增殖材料Lattice格子，框架Viscosity粘性，粘度Mega electron-volt兆电子伏Deflection折射Occupational exposure职业照射Non-return valve止回阀Mass defect质量亏损Defect欠缺，亏损Deuterium氘，重氢Transuranium超铀的，铀后面的 Transuranium element超铀元素Uranium carbide碳化铀Actinide锕系元素Fertile isotope增殖同位素Fusion融合，聚变，核聚变Cross section横截面，断面Fissile易裂变的Canadian deuterium and uranium reactor 加拿大重水铀反应堆British gas-cooled magnox reactor英国气冷堆High temperature gas cooled reactor高温气冷堆Reactor pressure vessel反应堆压力容器 Up closure head上封头Hydraulic水力的，液压的Hydraulic stud tensioner液压螺栓拉伸机（张紧机）Xenon氙Fast breeder reactor快中子增殖堆 Advanced reactor先进反应堆European pressurized water reactor(EPR) Control element assembly控制棒组件（CEA）Control element drive mechanism控制棒驱动机构（CEDM）Barrel吊篮，桶 Reactor vassel internals反应堆内构件 Swelling肿胀，浮肿Corrode腐蚀，浸蚀Integrity完整，完全，完整性Reactor coolant pump 反应堆主泵（RCP） Shaft轴，传动轴Seal密封，封住Shaft seal pump轴封泵Nuclear steam supply system核蒸汽供应系统（NSSS）Primary system一回路系统Pressurizer稳压器（PRZ）Surge line波动管Feed regulating valve给水调节阀 Steam generater(SG)蒸汽发生器Main steam line(MSL)主蒸汽管Moisture separater reheater(MSR)汽水分离再热器（normal/abnormal）operating condition 运行工况Operater操纵员Maintenance维护，维修，保养 Surveillance监视，监督，监测Feed (water) pump给水泵Foundation地基，基础Stack烟囱，烟道Penetration穿透，贯穿件Nuclear island核岛Conventional非核的，常规的，常见的 Balance of plant(BOP)核电厂配套子项 Auxiliary system for primary loop一回路辅助系统Chemical and volume control system（CVCS）化学与容积控制系统Engineered safety feature(ESF)专设安全设施Residual heat-removal system(RHRS)余热排出系统Emergency core cooling system（ECCS）应急堆芯冷却系统Safety injection system(SI)安注系统 Refueling water storage tank（IRWST）换料水箱Diesel柴油机车，内燃机Diesel generator柴油发电机 Automatic protective system（APS）自动保护系统Instrument and control system(A&C system)仪控系统Scram/trip紧急停堆Outage 中断，停运Refueling outage换料停堆Full power operation满功率运行 Insertion插入Withdrawal抽出Reactor regulating system(RRS)反应堆调节系统Transient 瞬态，瞬时，不稳定的 Decay heat衰变热Void coefficient空泡系数Act法案Guidance导则Criteria标准，条件，准则 Radioactivity放射性Scatter分散，散射，散开Diffraction衍射Commission调试Decommissioning退役Main control room主控制室Reactivity insertion accident(RIA)反应性引入事故Inherent固有的，内在的，与生俱来的 Inherent safety固有安全Passive 被动 的，无源的Passive safety非能动安全 Redundancy冗余，过多，冗余度 Diversity多样性，多样化Regulation监管，规则Ionization电离Annihilate湮灭Attenuate 衰减的，减少Projectile 入射离子，抛射Irradiation辐射 照射Exposure照射Fluence注量Dose剂量，一剂药Equivalent当量，等量的Dose equivalent 剂量当量 Coma昏迷Cramp绞痛，抽筋World association of nuclear operators世界核电运营者协会Momentum动量，动力Diarrhea腹泻，拉肚子Tremor颤抖，发抖Vomit呕吐Somatic肉体的，身体的Symptom症状，征兆Therapy治疗，疗法Activation活化，激活Activation product活化产物Effluent废水，污水Natural background天然本底Spectrum谱，光谱，频谱，波谱Radon氡Disposal处理，处置Inertia惯性Magnitude重要性，数量级Eliminate消除，排除，根除 Mechanism ，approach，priciple，theory 机理，原理Susceptible敏感的，易受影响的Toxic有毒的Acute急剧的，极大地，严重的Seismic地震的Tornado旋风，龙卷风Heat sink热阱Coastdown惰转Excursion漂移Power excursion功率漂移Postulate假定，假设Ductility延展性Demonstration reactor示范堆 Prototype原型，蓝本Prototype reactor原型堆Commercial reactor商用堆Blanket转换区Breeding region增殖区Shim rod补偿棒Neutron source中子源Core grid堆芯栅板Reactor lattice反应堆栅格Cell栅元Core barrel堆芯吊篮Control rod drive mechanism控制板驱动机构Pressure Housing耐压壳Moderator慢化剂Irradiation rig辐照装置Reflector反射层Rabbi shuttle跑兔Black黑体Grey灰体Conversion转换Criticality临界Criticalsize临界尺寸Critical volume临界体积Subcriticality次临界Supercriticality超临界Group cross section群截面Neutron diffusion中子扩散Diffusion equation扩散方程 Undermoderated欠慢化 Overmoderated过慢化Flux flattening通量展平Critical position of control rod临界棒位 Shimming补偿Chemical shimming control化学补偿控制 Excess reactivity剩余反应性Reactivity feedback反应性系数 Reactivity coefficient 反应性系数 Temperature coefficient of reactivity反应性温度系数Load factor负荷因子After heat剩余释热Decay heat衰变热Decay power衰变功率Subcooled boiling欠热沸腾Nucleate boiling泡核沸腾Film boiling膜态沸腾Critical heat flux临界热流密度Initial core初始堆芯Scheduled discharge specific burnup计划卸料比燃耗Optimum specific burnup最佳比燃耗 Fission poison裂变毒物 Xenon equilibrium氙平衡Chemical and volume control system化学和容积控制系统Volume control tank容积控制箱 Protection system保护系统Safety action 安全动作Active component能动部件Engineered safety feature专设安全设施 High head safety injection system高压安全注射系统Low head safety injection system低压安全注射系统Accumulator安全注射箱Core spray system堆芯冷却系统 Suppression压制Pressure suppression system压力抑制系统 Recirculation再循环地坑 Recombination复合，再结合Equipment hatch设备闸门Air lock气密闸门Shutdown cooling system停堆冷却系统 Refueling water tank换料水箱Fuel handling and storge system换料装卸和贮存系统Fuel transfer tube燃料运输通道New fuel elevator新燃料升降机Fuel transfer carriage燃料运输小车 Rotating plug旋转屏蔽塞Liquid metal seal液态金属密封In-vessel refueling machine堆内换料机 Primary circuit 一回路 Commissioning调试，试运行Startup test of reactor反应堆启动测试 Precritical临界前试验Power ascension test功率提升试验 Leakage rate 泄漏率Endurance test强度测试Fuel loading装料Reactor start up反应堆启动Shuffing 倒料Discharge卸料Shutdown停堆Shutdown安全停堆Hot standby热备用Boron injection硼注入Dilution稀释，摊薄Outage中断，停机，停运 Decommissioning退役，解除运作Safety system setpoint安全系统整定值 Defence in depth纵深防御Anticipated预期的，预计的 Anticipated operational occurrences预计运行事件Accident condition事故工况Severe accident严重事故Accident management事故处理Design basis accident设计基准事故 Phase阶段，时期Injection phase注入阶段 Recirculation phase再循环阶段Loss of electrical load accident负荷丧失事故Loss of main feed water accident主给水丧失事故Fuel misposition accident燃料错位事故 Critical accident临界事故Control rod stuck卡棒事故Ejection accident弹棒事故Main steam line breake accident主蒸汽管道破裂事故Cladding ballooning包壳臌胀Cladding collapse包壳塌陷Common cause failure共因故障 Redundancy多重性，冗余，冗余度 Specification技术规格书Non-conformance不符合项，不合格项 Audit 监查，审查Per capita人均的，每人Spontaneous自发得 ，无意识的 Undergo经历，发生Emission发射，放射，排放Nuclei核，原子核，核心Scattering散射，分散，散布 Liberation解放，释放Sufficient足够的，充足的Plutonium钚Combustion燃烧，燃烧过程Strike打击，撞，碰 Graphite石墨Instrumentation测量仪表 Conventional常规的，常用的Sensor传感器Convection传送，对流Corrosion腐蚀Chloride氯化物Hazard危险Philosophy哲学Malfunction故障，误动作Postulate假Actinides锕系元素Active放射性的，有源的Acute exposure急性照射 Americium镅Arming system保险解除系统 Assignment批量Demolition爆破Munition弹药，军火Attenuation衰减Attrition消耗，损耗Inventory详细清单Beryllium铍Beta gauge测量计Biological dosimeter生物剂量仪 Bismuth铋Black lead石墨Blanket增殖区Blast爆炸，爆破Blast wave冲击波Boron trifuoride三氟化硼 Contaminate污染，玷污，沾染 Brown oxidizer二氧化铀Buffer缓冲，缓冲剂Byproduct material副产物 Californium锎Calutron同位素分离器Deuterium氘，重氢Carnotite钒钾铀矿Cavity ionization chamber空腔电离室 Centrifuge离心机Cesium铯Challenge inspection质疑监查 Civilian use民用Cobalt钴Prohibition禁止Destruction销毁Destruction毁灭，消灭Ceal隐藏，隐瞒Constant常量Radiant发光的，辐射的Ratio 比例，常数Continuous monitoring连续监测 Counter计数管Critical accident临界事故Cyclotron回旋加速器Decommission退役Density gauge密度计 Denuclearization非核化Depleted uranium贫铀Deployment部署Desired ground zero预计爆心投影点 Deterministic effect确定效应 Deterrence威慑Detonator引爆装置，雷管Dewar flask杜瓦瓶Dismantlement拆除Curve曲线，弧线Dual-use两用Dynamic pressure and overpressure动压与超压Electronvolt（ev）电子伏特Shock wave冲击波Emergency Standby紧急待命 Enrichment浓缩Escalation逐步升级，扩大，增加 Euratom欧洲原子能中心Evaluation评价Evaluation of radiation protetion辐射防护评价Excitation激发，激起Excuting commander执行指挥官 External irradiation外照射Fuel fabrication燃料组合Gas centrifuge 气体离心Gaseous diffusion气体扩散Geiger-muller counter盖革米勒计数器 Germanium锗 High leve waste强放射性废物High yield test高威力试验 Implosion bomb内爆法炸弹Induce引起，感应，感生Initiation引发Initiator起爆器Intermediate中间的，中级的 Intervention介入，干涉，干预 Iridium铱Radius半径Cruiser巡洋舰Krypton氪Nitrogen氮Lithium锂Permissiable允许Lethal致命的，致死的 Demolition爆破Munitions弹药，军需品Milling研磨Mini-nuke小型核武器Molecular分子Medium中型的Negligible微小的,轻微的 Comprehensive广泛的,综合的,全面的 Neptunium镎Neutrino中微子Nominal名义上的，标称的Artillery炮兵，大炮Aviation航空，航空工业，飞行 Warfare战争Bonus奖金，红利，意外收获 Collateral附属的Nuclear column核柱Assessment评估，估计、 Deterrent威慑，制止Doctrine声明，教条Isobar同量异位素Resonance共振，共鸣 Proliferation扩散Propulsion推进Spin自旋Abstract文摘Stockpile储存，储备Burst爆炸Survivability生存能力Threshold阈值，门槛 Transmutation转变 Transformation转变Vulnerability弱点Degradation退化Maneuver手法，操作法Yield当量Nucleon核子Hucleus原子核Nuclide核素Optimization最优化，优化 Optimum最佳Osmium鋨Photon光子Aggragate集合，总数Plasma等离子体Plumbago石墨Plutonium钚Poison毒物Polonium钋Positron正电子，阳离子 Preinitiation提前起爆Prescribed规定的，法定的Prompt neutron瞬发中子 Proportional counter正比计数管 Quality factor品质因子 Contaminiation沾染Meter仪Weighting权重Debris碎片，残渣Leakage 泄漏Radiological放射性的Radiology放射学Radiometric辐射测量的，放射测量的 Radon氡Rarefaction稀薄的Residual剩余的，残余的 Scintillation counter闪烁计数器、 Scintillator闪烁体 Semiconductor detector半导体探测器 Shallow浅的Sievert希沃特Sodium钠 Dome圆顶屋Stochastic随机的，可能的Standstill停止，停顿Strategic bomber战略轰炸机 Strontium锶Subcritical亚临界Surveillance监测Tactical nuclear weapons战术核武器 Target organ靶器官Tellurium碲Thorium钍Transmutation核嬗变Trigger触发器Tritium氚Unsealed未密封的Uranium Hexafluoride六氟化铀 Uranium mining and milling铀矿开采与选矿Uranium trtrafluoride四氟化铀 Verification核查Regime政权，制度Vertical垂直的，纵向的Vitrification玻璃化Reserve储备，保留，预备Weapon grade plutonium武器级钚 Withhold限制，抑制Stock储备Laser激光器Yellowcake黄饼Zirconium锆Auxiliary 辅助的，备用的Blowdown 冷却管突然爆裂，排污管 Compress 压缩，精简Instrument仪器，乐器，工具，仪表 Component组件，部件，成分，设备 Condensate 凝结水，冷凝水，凝结 Condenser凝气器Feed 补给Removal除去，拆除，取出 Containment 安全壳Polishing抛光，磨光，清洗Volume容积；卷，册，书卷；音量，响度 Diverse不同的；多种多样的；变化的 Circulating循环的 ；流动的Actuation动作，驱动，开动，刺激 Processing处理，加工；调整，搬运 Standby备用的人或物，待命Diesel柴油机，内燃机Boiler锅炉，烧水器Storm drain暴雨水沟；暴雨下水道；雨水道Drain 耗尽；排水沟，排水管，下水道 Demineralize去除矿物质，软化，除盐；脱矿Non-class非安全Process过程Trace跟踪，追踪，痕迹Plant工厂，发电厂Cathodic阴极的，负极的；阴极保护 Feedwater给水Startup启动，启动选项Gland填料压盖Seal密封，阀座，密封面Generator发电机，信号发生器Heater 加热器Incore堆内；核心Lub oil润滑油，润滑剂Meteorology气象学，气象Monitoring监控，监测，监听，追踪 Mechanical handling 机械搬运，机械装卸 Operation操作，运行，运转Passive被动的，无源的，非能动的 Sampling抽样，取样 ，采样Potable可以喝的，适合饮用的Coolant冷却剂，冷却液Roof屋顶，顶部Roof drain屋顶排水，屋顶排水口 Radiation 辐射，放射Residual剩余的，残余的Raw生的，原始的，天然的，未经处理过的 Sanitary卫生的，清洁的，保健的 Sanitary drainage 生活污水排放系统 Drainage 排水，放水；排水系统；下水道 Spent 消耗的，用过的，废的，好近的 Spent fuel乏燃料Seismic地震的，有关地震的Secondary 二回路Vent排气，通气，泄放 Relief解除，减轻，排放 Diognostic诊断的，判断的 ventilation 通风，换气，通风设备 recirculation再循环habitability可居住，适居住性 filtration过滤，筛选hydrogen氢气pump house泵房radwaste 放射性废物radwaste building废物厂房leak泄漏chilled以经冷却的annex附属物，附件，附属建筑 gasous气体的，气态的，瓦斯的 transmission传输，传送，传递 switchyard户外配电装置offsite 厂区外的，装置外的 onsite 现场，厂内excitation励磁，激发voltage电压，载波电压 regulation整顿，调节，管理核物理基本概念ion离子system international 国际单位制 molecule分子atom原子，威力 ，原子能 nucleus原子核，核心，核子 coulomb库伦electron电子proton质子neutron中子defect缺损，缺陷binding 粘合，绑定nucleon核子kinetic动力的，运动的indentity 个性，特性potential潜在的，势的 positively带正电的jump跃迁negatively负的，负电性的 repulsion排斥，斥力；反感 uncharted不带电的neutal中立的，中性的periodic table周期表bombardment轰击，轰炸emission排放，放射，发射atomic number原子序数mass number质量数energy level能级orbital 轨道，轨道的fission分裂，裂变；裂变增值isotope同位素fussion聚变occur发生，出现decay衰退，衰减，腐败，衰变artificial人工的，人造的，虚假的，人为地barium钡bond 连接，接合，键boron硼compound复合物，混合物，化合物 bismuth铋superscript上标，上角标subscript下标uranium铀plutonium钚oxygen氧气thorium钍lithium锂deuterium氘，重氢sodium钠reaction反应、tritium氚，超重氢carbon碳helium氦，氦气transuranium铀后的，超铀的 radioactive放射性的fissionable可裂变的mean平均数，平均值weighted加权的，加权平均fissile易裂变fragment碎片，断片momentum动量macroscopic宏观的，肉眼可见的 microscopic微观的，显微的，精微的 electromagnetic电磁mesoscopic介观的 electrostatic静电的，静电学的放射性Cosmic宇宙射线Inversel相反的Proportional成比例的 Ionization电离 Bremsstrahlung韧致辐射 Inhale吸入，吸气Photon光子，光量子 Scattering散射Shielding屏蔽Collision碰撞，冲突Positron正电子Aluminum铝Accelerator加速器Beryllium铍Annihilation湮灭，淹没 Interaction相互作用 Photoelectric光电的Effect效应，效用Ingest摄取，吞下核反应Attenuation衰减Recoil反冲，弹回 Amplification放大Cadmium镉Transmutation转变，嬗变 Cobalt钴Diffusion扩散Nitrogen氮气Mercury汞flux通量elastic弹性的neutrino中微子inelastic非弹性的 radioisotope同位素section截面thermonuclear热核反应核材料Pellet燃料芯块Moderator慢化剂，减速剂Cladding覆层，包层，包壳Rod杆，棒Sublime升华Boric acid硼酸Chromium铬Swelling膨胀，肿胀，隆起Hafnium铪Burnup 燃耗，烧完Gadolinium钆Alloy合金Indium铟Magnox镁诺克斯合金Magnesium镁Zircloy 锆合金Nickel镍Compound合成，复合物，混合物，化合物 Zirconium锆Silicon硅Fission fragment裂变产物Graphite石墨Posion毒液，阴离子Pressing模制，压制Sintering烧结，溶结Oxidize氧化，使生锈Crack开裂，破裂Dioxide二氧化碳Fertile多产的，富饶的，可繁殖的 Hedrocarbon碳氢化合物Breeding增殖，再生Ratio比率，比例Enriched浓缩的，富集的，强化的 Thermal热的，热量的Conductivity传导率，传导性Specific特有的，专门的，比的 Viscosity粘稠，粘性，粘度Saturation饱和，饱和度，饱和状态 Flux通量，流动Shaping修整的，外形塑造Sustaining支持的，持续的Self-sustaining chain reaction自持链式反应Fast Neutron快中子Fuel cycle燃料循环Hexafluxride六氟化铀 Critical临界的，极限的Centrifuge离心机Supercitical超临界Gaseous气体的，气态的Siffusion扩散Criticality临界（a）Refuel换料Critical size 临界尺寸Resonance共振，共鸣Elastic有弹性的，灵活的Core堆芯，活性区Facor系数，因子，因素Thermal utilization factor热中子利用系数 Blanket再生区、Slow down慢化Permeable可渗透的Membrane膜，薄膜Spin转转，偏转Depleted废弃的，贫化的Multiplication增殖，增加，乘法 Pressurized waterreactor压水反应堆，压水堆Margin裕度，边缘Moisture水汽，湿气Inservice inspection在役检查Steam dryer干燥器Internal内部的，里面的Fuel pellet燃料芯块Pressurizer加压器，稳压器Vessel导管，容器Reactor vassel.pressure vassel压力容器 Surge波浪，浪涌，涌Surge line波动管Sectional断面的，剖面的Sectional view剖视图Shim薄垫片Chemical shim control 化学补偿控制Pit坑，洞，深坑Reactor pit堆坑Element元素，元件Assembly组件Airtight密封的，不透气的Mechanism机械装置，机构Nozzle喷嘴，管口，接管Seed点火区Plate板块，平板Utility用户，业主，业界Fuel assembly燃料组件Vendor卖主，供货商Inlet进口，入口Outlet出口Multiple多重的，多样的Barrier栅栏，屏障，障碍Barrel桶Core barrel堆芯吊篮Burnable absorber可燃吸收体 Redundancy多余，过多，冗长，冗余度 Diversity多样性Shell壳，外壳，壳体Steam line 蒸汽管线Contain包容Reactivity反应性Insert插入，嵌入Reactivity insertion反应性引入 Concentration浓度，浓缩，集中Load负荷，转载，负荷量Dilution稀释，摊薄Buildup累积，形成In-core detector system堆内测量系统 Self-powerd neutron detector 自给能中子探测器Axial power distribution轴向功率分布 Axial 轴的，轴向的Conditioning调节，调整Distribution分布，分配Azimuthal方位的，方位角的Tilt倾斜，倾斜度Trip跳闸，错误，旅行Reactor trip反应堆紧急停堆Turbine trip气机脱扣Departure离开，出发，启程，背离，违反 Departure from nucleate boiling偏离泡核沸腾Nucleate成核的，有核的，具核的 Reliability可信度，可靠性Forging锻造Ring-forging环锻件Velocity速度，速率 Surveillance监视，监督Specimen样品，抽样Bypass旁路，绕道，避开Mount安装，支架Phosphorous磷Austenitic奥氏体的Sulfur硫磺，硫Stainless不锈的Stainless steel 不锈钢Weld焊接Flange法兰，凸缘Threshold临界值，限值，阈值 Thermalcouple热电偶Engage接合，啮合，对位Nil零，无，零分Ductility延展性，延伸性Transition转变，转移，过度Nil-ductility transition temperature零延性转变温度Tapered逐渐变细的Fluence通量，注量率，影响Dome圆屋顶，像圆屋顶一样的东西 Integrated集成的，整合的，整体的 Shroud覆盖物，遮盖物，围板Burnable absorber rod 可燃吸收棒 Californium锎Creep潜变，蠕变Indium铟Lattice格子，框架，栅格Ceramic陶瓷的，陶器的Clearance间隙看，空隙Plug塞子，栓，阻力塞Contaminate污染，玷污Reactivity worth反应性价值Grid网格，格子，栅格Specific power比功率Inconel因科镍合金，镍铬合金 Antimony锑Inherent固有的，内在的，与生俱来的 Inherent safty固有安全性Cadmium镉Passive safety非能动安全Active 主动的，活动的Active safty能动安全Spider星形架Sleeve套管，套筒Spacer隔离物Spacer grid定位格架U-tube steam generator U型管蒸汽发生器 Rated 额定的，规定的Reted load额定功率Spray喷雾，喷淋系统Auxiliary辅助的，辅助设备Feed and condensate system 给水与凝汽系统Hot leg热管段Cold leg冷管段Charge上充Letdown下泄Plugging堵漏，封堵Margin差额，储备，裕量Tube plugging margin堵管裕量In the event of在…情况下Backup备用的，备份，后备Heat exchanger换热器Overpressure protection过压保护 Economizer节约装置，节热器，省煤器 Tank槽，油箱，罐Inlet 入口，进口Plenum充实，充满，高压Inlet plenum一次进口水室Nozzle管嘴，喷嘴，管口Primary inlet nozzle一次进口接管 Outlet plenum一次出口水室Tubesheet管板Valve阀门，阀，气门Safety valve安全阀Relief valve泄压阀Downcomer下导管，下降段Quality（蒸汽）干度Void空的，空虚的Fraction分数，小部分Void fraction空泡份额Full power满功率Thermal shock热冲击Rated power额定功率Quench急冷，骤冷Light water reactor Ultimate最终的，最后的，终极的Sink 水池，水槽Ultimate最终热阱Thermal engine热机Primary loop一次回路Prime最初的，原始的Mover推进器，发动机Prime mover原动机Secondary loop二次回路Enthalpy焓Balance of plant核电厂配套子项 Entropy熵，平局信息量Primary pressureboundary一次压力边界 Feedback反馈Isolation隔离Isolation valve隔离阀Pneumatic气动的，风动的，充气的，由压缩空气操作的Pneumatic valve气动阀门Failure 失效，失败，故障Injection注射，注入，喷入Safety injection pump安注泵Fault 故障Malfunction故障，误动作，失灵 Containment安全壳Carnot efficiency卡诺效率Reinforced加固的，加强的，加钢筋的 Reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土Engine efficiency热机效率 Prestressed reinforced concrete 预应力钢筋混凝土Hot reservoir高温热源，储蓄器Cold reservoir低温热源Psi=pounds per aquare inch gauge英制压力单位Refueling换料Annular环形的，环状的Emergency core-cooling system应急堆芯冷却系统Latent 潜伏的，潜在的，隐藏的Latent heat潜热Sensible 可感觉到的，意识到，认识到 Sensible heat显热Bleed出血，流血Feed and bleed补水与排水Hydroxide氢氧化物Engineered safety features专设安全设施 Sodium hydroxide氢氧化钠Caustic苛性的，腐蚀性的，氢氧化钠 Component cooling system设备冷却水系统 Startup启动Missile飞射物，导弹Accumulator 蓄压器，蓄压箱Sump 污水坑，水槽，水坑 Containment sump安全壳地坑Motor-driven valve电动阀Flywheel飞轮Be referded to as 被称为…Blade、 bucket、 vane 叶片，叶栅 Casing缸体，箱体Work功Thrust推力，塞Impulse冲动，冲击，推动Impulse turbine冲动式汽轮机Reaction反动，反作用力，反力，反作用 Reaction turbine反冲动式汽轮机 Lashing捆扎加固Moisture水分水汽，湿气Moisture removal除湿Impulse stage 冲动级Reaction stage 反动级Throttle节流，调节，减速，节流阀Stop-throttle valve节流阀Torque扭矩Degree of reactionf反动度Revolution旋转，运转Rev/s=revolutions per second每秒…转 Rpm=revolutions per minute每分钟…转 Converging渐缩的Diverging渐扩的Nozzle喷嘴，接管Turbine generator汽轮发电机moisture separator reheater汽水分离再热器turbine driven feedwater pump 气动给水泵gland压盖，密封gland steam system密封蒸汽系统 steam dump蒸汽排放flow restrictior 限流器main team isolation valve主蒸汽隔离阀 unit机组，单位，单元hotwell热阱regulating调节，调整feed regulating valve给水流量调节阀 feedwater header给水联箱 regenerative feed heating cycle给水回热循环drain疏水step change阶跃变化wear磨损，损耗ramp change线性变化fouling污垢，结垢overflow溢出，溢流overflow valve溢流阀inventory装量，库存process steam工艺汽dump释放，排放steam dump蒸汽释放trip scram紧急停堆condenser steam dump冷凝器排放 shutdown关机，停堆atmospheric steam dump大气排放 outrage停堆期deoxidizer steam dump除氧器排放 manually手动的，手工的electric cable 电缆automatically自动的，机械的auxiliary feed water system 辅助给水系统 mass flow rate质量流率shutoff valve 关断阀shutoff停止，关闭differential pressure，pressure differential压差code of federal regulations联邦管理法规 condensate凝结液booster升压器，增压器booster pump 增压泵head水压 ，压头turbine trip气机甩扣suction 抽，吸，吸入口process heat 工艺热。

核能在新能源中的地位和作用The role of nuclear energy in new energies核能主要用于军事武器，核电和提供动力。

Nuclear energy is mainly used for making military weapons, producing nuclear po wer and providing power.人们看好核能是因为传统化石能源储量有限，现在世界人口超过60亿，比19世纪增加了两倍多，能源消费增加了16倍，能源消费也不断增加，按照目前消费水平：石油还能够用46年，天然气还能够用65年，而煤炭也只够用200多年。

而相对应的可再生资源，像水力，风能，潮汐能和太阳能，又因规模受到环境，季节，地理环境等条件的限制，而且现在的开发技术不足，很难得到充分利用。

核能因为在地球中储量丰富，像海水中氘，有两千多亿顿，可用上千亿年，矿石中的铀能用2000多年。

而且所释放的能量比全世界所有能量综合还要大上千万倍，被称为“无穷的能源”。

Because of the limitation of traditional fossil energy reserves, people pay great attention to nuclear energy. Now there are over 6 billion people in the w orld, which is more than three times of that in the 19th century. And there are more than 16-fold increase in energy consumption. According to the current consumption level, the oil w ill be used up in 46 years, natural gas w ill be used up in 65 years, and the coal is onl y enough for over 200 years. How ever, it is di f ficult to make full utilization of the corresponding renewable resources such as hydro, w ind, tidal and solar energy in that the scales of them are limited by environmental, seasonal, and geographical conditions. Besides, the lack of development technology i s also a problem. Nuclear energy is abundant in the E arth, for example, there are over two hundred billion tons of deuterium in sea water. It could be used for hundreds of billions of years i f its great changes can be controlled. Uranium in ores can be used for more than 2,000 years. And the energies they release are million times of that of the integration of all world's energy, w hich is known as the "infinite energy."下图是非污染能源的结构比例，其中核能占绝大部分，占百分之70，因此核能也被称为最安全最清洁，经济效益最高的电力资源。

中国的核应急（中英对照白皮书2016）来源：国新办/英文巴士中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室The State Council Information Office of the People‘s Republic of China2016年1月January, 2016目录Contents前言Preface一、核能发展与核应急基本形势I. Current Situation of Nuclear Energy Development and Nuclear Emergency Preparedness二、核应急方针政策II. Guidelines and Policies for Nuclear Emergency Preparedness三、核应急―一案三制‖建设III. All-round Promotion of Nuclear Emergency Preparedness四、核应急能力建设与保持IV. Building and Maintenance of Nuclear Emergency Capabilities五、核事故应对处置主要措施V. Main Measures to Cope with Nuclear Accidents六、核应急演习演练、培训与公众沟通VI. Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Exercises, Drills, Training and Public Communication七、核应急科技创新VII. Scientific and Technological Innovations in Nuclear Emergency Preparedness八、核应急国际合作与交流VIII. International Cooperation and Exchanges in the Field of Nuclear Emergency Preparedness结束语Conclusion前言Preface原子的发现和核能的开发利用给人类社会发展带来新的动力，极大增强人类认识世界和改造世界的能力。

Nuclear Energy: The Science and ItsApplicationsIn today's world, the demand for clean and sustainable energy sources is ever-growing. Among the various options available, nuclear energy stands out as a promising alternative. It offers a significant amount of energy with minimal carbon emissions, making it a viable choice for powering our future. However, the concept of nuclear energy often elicits mixed reactions due to its complex nature and associated risks. Therefore, it is crucial to disseminate accurate and comprehensive information about nuclear energy to the public.Nuclear energy is derived from the splitting or fusionof atomic nuclei, a process that releases vast amounts of energy. In nuclear fission, heavy nuclei are split into smaller ones, releasing energy in the form of heat. This heat is then used to generate steam, which powers turbines and generates electricity. On the other hand, nuclearfusion involves combining light nuclei to form heavier ones, releasing even more energy. While fusion technology isstill in its developmental stage, it has the potential to provide an almost limitless supply of clean energy.The benefits of nuclear energy are numerous. It is a highly efficient source of energy, generating large amounts of electricity with relatively small amounts of fuel. This makes it particularly suitable for countries with limited fossil fuel resources. Additionally, nuclear energy produces minimal carbon emissions, making it a viable option for mitigating climate change. Nuclear power plants also have a high capacity factor, meaning they can operate continuously for extended periods, providing a reliable source of electricity.However, the risks associated with nuclear energy cannot be ignored. The most significant concern is the potential for radioactive waste to cause harm to humans and the environment. Radioactive waste remains hazardous for thousands of years, requiring careful management and disposal. Additionally, nuclear accidents, such as the ones at Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima, have demonstrated the potential for catastrophic consequences if safety measures are not strictly adhered to.Despite these risks, nuclear energy can be safely harnessed with proper technology and strict safety regulations. Modern nuclear power plants are designed with multiple layers of safety measures to prevent accidents and minimize the potential for radioactive releases. Additionally, advancements in nuclear technology, such as the development of small modular reactors and Generation IV reactors, are making nuclear energy safer and more efficient.Moreover, the international community has recognized the importance of nuclear safety and security. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) plays a pivotal role in promoting the safe and secure use of nuclear technology worldwide. It provides guidance, assistance, and oversight to ensure that nuclear facilities comply with international safety standards.In conclusion, nuclear energy presents a unique opportunity to meet the growing demand for clean and sustainable energy. While it carries inherent risks, these can be mitigated through proper technology, strict safety regulations, and international cooperation. It is essentialto disseminate accurate and comprehensive information about nuclear energy to the public, fostering a better understanding of its potential benefits and associated challenges. By doing so, we can make informed decisions about the role of nuclear energy in powering our future.**核能：科学与应用**在当今世界，对清洁和可持续能源的需求日益增长。

名词解释：核安全文化一、“核安全文化”的定义在《核安全文化》（INSAG-4）中，国际原子能机构（IAEA）的国际核安全咨询专家组(INSAG)对“核安全文化”给出的定义为：核安全文化是存在于组织和个人中的种种特性和态度的总和，它建立一种超出一切之上的观念，即核电厂的安全问题由于它的重要性必须保证得到应有的重视。

“核安全文化”是“企业文化”管理理论在核能界的运用，具有“企业文化”的基本特征，是对国际上一些重大核安全事故深刻反思的结果，作为一种安全管理的基本原则，是核能界在核安全管理方面的必然结果和要求。

核安全文化的精髓就是对核安全的重视和关注，是以核安全为核心的，具有一种超出一切的观念，它与核安全管理原则一道，构成促使核安全水平达到最高水平的保障。

二、核安全管理思想的实质“通过保证设备、程序、人和管理体系的质量来保证核安全”是核安全管理思想的实质。

在核电站设计、安装、调试和运行中，设备、程序的可靠性是核安全的保证，而设备、程序的可靠性正是来源于其质量；在上述活动中，人为因素的失误是对核安全的威胁之一，由技能、经验和意识所构成“人”的质量，是减少直至杜绝人为因素的失误的必需保障；作为指挥和控制核电站相关活动的核质保管理体系，综合了设备、程序和人等众多因素，其质量（包括适宜性、充分性和有效性）更是核安全必不可少的保证。

三、当今先进的核安全管理思想当今核安全管理思想是吸取一些重大核事故教训后总结归纳的智慧结晶，其实质体现了先进的核安全管理理念：在核安全文化建设中，同时强调组织系统的建设、个人对核安全的贡献以及组织和个人的持续改进。

四、核安全文化的内涵1、核安全文化的组成核安全文化由两个主要方面组成：一是由组织政策和管理活动所确定的安全体系，二是个人在体系中的工作表现。

所谓“组织政策和管理活动所确定的安全体系”，是明确和落实组织中必要的体系以及各级管理层的责任，并通过管理活动实现组织确定的方针、目标，以保证核安全；所谓“个人在体系中的工作表现”，是组织的各级人员树立“响应核安全体系并能从中受益”的观念，并将这一观念认真贯彻到工作中。

1.1. 原子核、核子及相关术语质子proton中子neutron电子electron核子nucleon核nucleus （pl.）nuclei 原子atom光子photon正电子positron量子quantum, quanta (pl.) 电子伏特electron-volt (eV) 兆电子伏特mega electron-volt (MeV) 同位素isotope原子序数atomic number质量数mass number超铀元素transuranium element元素周期表periodic table热中子thermal neutron快中子fast neutron复合核compound nucleus1.2. 相关元素与材料1.2.1.核燃料与增殖材料铀uranium（U）钚plutonium（Pu）氘，重氢deuterium，heavy hydrogen氚tritium混合氧化物燃料（MOX燃料）Mixed (Uranium and Plutonium) OXide fuel二氧化铀uranium dioxide浓缩铀enriched uranium贫铀depleted uranium 碳化铀uranium carbide钍thorium锂lithium锕系元素actinide element易裂变的fissile可裂变的、可裂变物质fissionable 增殖同位素fertile isotope核嬗变nuclear transmutation转化conversion1.2.2.其它核材料及核电厂用材料慢化剂moderator轻水light water重水heavy water石墨graphite冷却剂coolant氦helium液态金属liquid metal钠sodium包壳cladding铝aluminium镁magnesium锆zirconium锆2/4合金zircaloy-2/4不锈钢stainless steel控制材料control material通量展平flux-shaping银silver铟indium镉cadmium可燃毒物burnable poison硼boron硼酸boric acid锂lithium铍beryllium乏燃料spent fuel因科镍，因康INCONEL不锈钢stainless steel 1.3. 核反应及相关术语decay衰变fission裂变fusion聚变nuclear reaction核反应chain reaction链式反应cross section截面microscopic cross section微观截面macroscopic cross section宏观截面absorbing cross section吸收截面scattering cross section散射截面barn靶恩delayed neutron缓发中子prompt neutron瞬发中子prompt criticality瞬发临界fissile易裂变的fissionab可裂变的lemorderate / slow down慢化breeding ratio增殖比burnup燃耗reactivity反应性neutron cycle中子循环fission product裂变产物criticality临界prompt critical瞬发临界flux通量xenon氙iodine碘actinide锕系（元素）reactivity worth反应性价值慢化剂温度系数 moderator temperature coefficient反应性系数 reactivity coefficient剩余反应性 excess reactivity燃料比功率 fuel specific power倍增因子multiplication factor有效增殖系数effective multiplication factor；effective multiplication constant无限介质增殖系数infinite multiplication factor；infinite multiplication constant快中子增殖系数fast fission factor热中子利用系数thermal utilization factor不泄漏几率nonleakage probability逃脱共振俘获几率resonance escape probability四因子公式four-factor formula多普勒增宽Doppler broadening*总集成中子通量/总积分中子通量Total Integrated Neutron Flux = Integrated Flux or Fluence (注量) = Neutron density ⨯ Velocity ⨯Time [单位：n/m3⋅ m/s ⋅ s = n/m2]1.4. 反应堆压水堆Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)沸水堆Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)加拿大重水铀反应堆（坎杜堆）CANadian Deuterium and Uranium reactor (CANDU) / pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR)英国气冷堆（美诺克斯堆）British gas-cooled Magnox reactor高温气冷堆high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR)快中子增殖反应堆fast breeder reactor (FBR)轻水堆Light Water Reactor (LWR)先进反应堆advanced reactor超临界水反应堆supercritical water reactor欧洲压水堆（第三代反应堆之一）European Pressurized water Reactor (EPR) （美国）先进压水堆600/1000（第三代(+)反应堆之一）AP(WR)600 / 10001.5. 核电厂部件、设备与系统燃料芯块fuel pellet燃料元件fuel element燃料棒fuel rod燃料组件fuel assembly定位格架spacer grid法兰flange密封环seal ring阻力塞plug(上/下)腔室(upper / lower ) plenum堆芯，活性区core反应堆压力容器Reactor Pressure V essel (RPV)上封头upper closure head液压螺栓拉伸机(张紧机) hydraulic stud tensioner包覆层clad (碳钢表面的防腐蚀堆焊层) 控制棒control rod控制棒组件Control Element Assembly (CEA)可燃吸收棒burnable absorber rod控制棒驱动机构Control Element Drive Mechanism (CEDM)变送器transmitter信号调理signal regulation吊篮barrel进/出口接管inlet / outlet nozzle冷/热端，冷/热腿，冷/热管段cold / hot leg 反应堆堆内构件reactor vessel internals肿胀swelling腐蚀corrode, corrosion 侵蚀erode, erosion氧化oxidation, oxidize完整性integrity反应堆冷却剂泵（主泵）Reactor Coolant Pump (RCP)屏蔽泵canned (motor) pump轴封泵shaft seal pump反应堆冷却剂系统（一回路系统）Reactor Coolant System (RCS)核蒸汽供应系统Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS)一回路primary loop/circuit一回路系统/主回路系统primary system二回路secondary loop稳压器pressurizer (PRZ)波动管surge line汽水分离器moisture separator干燥器（二/三级汽水分离器）steam dryer 安全阀safety valve卸压阀relief valve溢流阀overflow valve主蒸汽隔离阀main steam isolation valve单向阀check valve止回阀non-return valve主蒸汽联箱main steam header给水调节阀feed regulating valve蒸汽发生器Steam Generator (SG)主蒸汽管Main Steam Line (MSL)汽轮机steam turbine汽水分离再热器Moisture Separator Reheater (MSR)给水泵feed (water) pump上充泵charging pump凝汽器condenser发电机(electric) generator安全壳containment地基，基础foundation烟道stack贯穿件penetration核岛nuclear island常规岛conventional island核电厂配套子项Balance of Plant (BOP)一回路辅助系统auxiliary system for primary loop化学与容积控制系统（化容系统）Chemical and V olume Control System (CVCS)专设安全设施Engineered Safety Feature (ESF)余热排出系统Residual Heat-Removal System (RHRS)应急堆芯冷却系统Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS),安注系统Safety Injection (SI) System直接注射系统direct vessel injection (DVI) 换料水箱Refueling Water Storage Tank (IRWST) (乏)燃料贮存水池(spent) fuel storage pool 燃料装卸系统fuel handling system蓄压箱accumulator机组unit辅助喷淋auxiliary spray柴油发电机Diesel generator自动保护系统Automatic Protective System (APS)自动降压系统automatic depressurization system (ADS)仪控系统Instrumentation and Control System (I & C system)开关设备，开关柜switch gear蒸汽轴封系统，压盖蒸汽密封系统gland steam system汽轮机旁路管turbine bypass line辅助给水泵auxiliary feedwater pump汽动给水泵turbine driven feedwater pump 导管conduit冷凝水泵condensate pump冷凝水增压泵condensate booster pump水润滑轴承water lubricated bearing人孔man way检修孔accessory port1.6. 反应堆运行运行operation运行工况operating condition操纵员operator维护maintenance监督、监视surveillance监督试样surveillance specimen辐照监督管irradiation surveillance capsule 辐照监督试样盒surveillance specimen compartment 硼浓度boron concentration稀释dilution / dilute硼注入 boron injection停堆shutdown紧急停堆scram / trip停役outage换料停堆refueling outage / refueling shutdown换料refuel卸料 discharge倒料 shuffling满功率运行full power operation负荷跟踪load following甩负荷load shedding, load rejection(控制棒等的)插入insertion(控制棒等的)抽出withdrawal反应堆调节系统Reactor Regulating System (RRS)(蒸汽发生器)排污、下泄blowdown规程procedure技术规格technical specification瞬态，瞬变transient安装调试installation and commissioning 冷态试验 cold functional test热态试验 hot functional test(反应堆)启动试验(reactor) start up test退役decommissioning主控室main control room方位角偏差azimuthal tilt径向功率分布radial power distribution轴向功率分布axial power distribution燃料管理方案fuel management scheme燃料-包壳交互作用fuel-clad interaction effect芯块-包壳交互作用(PCI) pellet-clad interaction(燃料)栅格、晶格lattice1.7. 反应堆安全核安全nuclear safety安全功能 safety function衰变热decay heat余热residual heat空泡系数void coefficient法律law法规regulation / code联邦管理法规Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)法案（美）Act导则guidance安全1/2/3级safety class 1/2/3可靠性reliability容限，裕量，边界margin堆芯热裕量core thermal margin堵管裕量tube plugging margin运行安全裕量operating margin标准，准则criterion，复数形式: criteria概率安全分析Probabilistic Safety Analysis (PSA)概率风险分析Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA)确定论安全分析deterministic safety analysis初步安全分析报告Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR)最终安全分析报告Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR)安全评价报告safety evaluation report事件incident事故accident后果consequence严重事故severe accident堆芯损毁core damage堆芯融化core meltdown全厂断电station blackout冷却剂丧失事故（失水事故）Loss-of-coolant Accident (LOCA)反应性引入事故Reactivity Insertion Accident (RIA)未能紧急停堆的预计瞬变Anticipated Transient Without Scram (ATWS)失电Loss of Power失流Loss of flow先漏后破leak before break (LBB)故障安全，失效保护fail-safe单一故障准则single-failure criterion共因故障common cause failure固有安全性inherent safety非能动安全passive safety冗余性redundancy多样性diversity多层屏障multiple barrier纵深防御defense in depth潜热latent heat焓，热函sensible heat, enthalpy定期安全检查periodic safety inspection许可证license监管regulation核安全准则nuclear safety criteria三哩岛事故Three Mile Island (TMI) accident切尔诺贝利事故Chernobyl accident 工作不正常，故障malfunction失效failure假设始发事件postulated initiating events 事故工况accident condition严重事故severe accident事故处理accident management设计基准事故design basis accident负荷丧失事故loss of electrical load accident主给水丧失事故loss of main feed water accident卡棒事故stuck rod accident弹棒事故rod ejection accident堵管裕量tube plugging margin管道甩摆限制pipe whip restraint在役检查inservice inspection承压热冲击pressurized thermal shock1.8. 放射性与辐射防护radioactivity放射性scatter散射deflect, deflection折射衍射diffraction穿透penetrate, penetration交互作用interact, interaction ionization电离湮灭annihilate (v.), annihilation (n.) 衰减attenuate(v.), attenuation(n.) projectile入射离子radiation protection辐射防护radiation, ray辐射，射线irradiation辐照，（向外）辐射internal exposure内照射external exposure外照射occupational dose职业照射（剂量）fluence注量cosmic ray宇宙射线x-ray X射线α/β/γ射线α/β/γrayhealth physics保健物理shielding屏蔽biological shield生物屏蔽剂量dosedose equivalent剂量当量collective dose集体剂量individual dose个人剂量ingest, ingestion摄入，摄取inhale, inhalation吸入coma昏迷cramp绞痛diarrhea腹泻tremor颤抖vomit呕吐somatic身体的somatic effect躯体反应radiation sickness辐照病变symptom征兆therapy治疗survivor幸存者activation product活化产物effluent废水natural background天然本底sivert希弗spectrum谱雷姆rem氡radon as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) 合理可行尽量低radioactive waste disposal放射性废物处理high-level (radioactive) waste高放废物low-level (radioactive) waste低放废物1.9. 有关机构International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 国际原子能机构American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) 美国机械工程师学会Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC/USNRC) 美国核管会Department Of Energy (DOE) 美国能源部World Association of Nuclear Operators (W ANO) 世界核电运营者协会International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 国际辐射防护委员会China Atomic Energy Authority （CAEA）中国国家原子能机构State Environment Protection Administration of China国家环保总局1.10. 其它术语1.10.1.表示方向lateral横向longitudinal纵向radial径向perpendicular to垂直于vertically mounted垂直/立式安装circumferential环向axial轴向periphery周边1.10.2.材料失效术语corrosion腐蚀stress corrosion cracking应力腐蚀开裂rapture, fracture, break断裂breach破口肿胀swellingcavitation气蚀pitting点蚀/孔蚀crevice corrosion缝隙腐蚀erosion冲蚀FAC flow accelerated corrosion流动加速腐蚀wastage耗蚀(SG tube) dent凹陷，凹痕fatigue疲劳ageing老化degradation降级wear磨损fretting wear微动磨损creep蠕变stress应力strain应变creep strength蠕变强度tensile strength抗拉强度yield strength屈服强度rapture strength断裂强度nil-ductility transition temperature零延性转变温度thermal stress热应力irradiation swelling辐照肿胀deposit welding, overlaying, build-up welding,surface welding堆焊seal weld密封焊heat affected zone (HAZ) 焊接热影响区1.10.3.核电工程术语procurement征购site厂址call for bid, call for tender招标commercial offer商务标technical offer技术标commencement开工contract合同firm contract不可更改的合同subcontract分包合同commitment承诺，任务job site工地，工作现场technical requirement 技术要求技术规格technical specificationnon-conformance不符合项delivery交货warehouse仓库construction schedule施工计划Free on Board (FOB) 离岸价格Cost Insurance and Freight (CIF) 到岸价格Engineering, Procurement & Construction EPC合同-设计采购建造power grid电网distribution system输变电系统1.10.4.其它compound化合物mixture混合物mass质量momentum动量energy能量potential (energy) 势能kinetic energy动能inertia惯性half-life半衰期mean free path平均自由程fuel cycle燃料循环hot spot热点hot-channel factor热管因子departure from nucleate boiling ratio (DNBR) 偏离泡核沸腾比heat transfer传热heat exchanger换热器heat conduction导热convection对流热辐射thermal / heat radiation干度quality蒸汽steam预应力钢筋混凝土prestressed reinforced concrete / prestressed concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete铁钢沙混凝土Steel shot concret筋，钢筋束tendon流量分配flow distribution电网power grid业主utility承包商contractor分包商sub-contractor压降pressure drop压差differential pressure水位(water) level规定，条款；保障；装备provision地震earthquake地震的seismic飓风tornado暖通空调Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HV AC)热阱heat sink惰转coastdown惰转流量coastdown flow功率失常激增，功率漂移power excursion 减轻，缓解v. mitigate, n. mitigation公差、容差allowance间隙，公差clearance权重因子weighting factor 1.11. 有必要了解的词汇与短语as a rule of thumb根据经验by orders of magnitude以数量级incipient failure早期故障, 初期故障eliminate, elimination消除derive, derivation, deduce, deduction导出，起源mechanism, approach, principle, theory机理，原理susceptible敏感的susceptibility敏感性toxic有毒的acute急剧的inherit遗传hereditary遗传性的altitude高度postulate, postulation假定，假设permeable可渗透的, 有渗透性的impermeable不可渗透的brittle fracture脆性破裂embrittlement脆化toughness韧性ductility延展性第2章阅读理解题练习2.1. Passage 1As a result reactor designers have paid great attention to the inherent safety of reactors which can be achieved by negative temperature and power coefficients and fail-safe control systems. It can be said with some confidence that present-day thermal reactors are safe in the sense that under no conceivable circumstance can they explode like a bomb, and control systems have been designed which can, in the event of any malfunction on the part of the reactor or its associated plant, automatically and rapidly shut down the reactor, i.e. make it subcritical by a substantial amount, in a very few seconds.1. According to the paragraph, inherent safety of reactors can be achieved by . （C）A. the operators;B. positive temperature and positive power coefficients;C. negative temperature and negative power coefficients;D. passive safety system and positive power coefficients.2. The best title of the passage may probably be . （D）A. fail-safe control system；B. thermal reactor safety and operation;C. automatic protective system;D. inherent safety design of reactors.2.2. Passage IIThe biological shield should contain some hydrogen compound to slow down fast neutrons, and be dense enough to attenuate gamma radiation effectively. Concrete satisfies both these requirements fairly well and is suitable for landbase reactors. Barytes (重晶石) concrete, containing the heavy element barium, and steel-shot concrete have been used for biological shields. They are more dense than ordinary concrete, with improved shielding properties, however their higher cost offsets this advantage. The biological shield for a marine reactor, which is usually a fairly compact pressurized water reactor, must satisfy a minimum space and weight requirement. This leads to a shield design which consists typically of alternate layers of water (for fast neutron slowing) and steel (for gamma ray attenuation).3. According to the above passage, is not possible for constructing biological shield? （C）A. steel;B. concrete;C. graphite;D. paraffin wax.4. Which of the following sentences is not true? （D）A. The biological shield is designed mainly to slow down fast neutrons and attenuate gamma radiation.B. The marine reactor uses alternative steel and water layers as its biological shield.C. The combination of heavy element concrete and steel bars could improve the shielding properties.D. The biological shield should use hydrogen element to slow down fast neutron and attenuate gamma radiations.2.3. Passage IIIIn order to mitigate the effects of large release of steam (an potentially of radioactivity) in the containment, two full capacity independent safety systemsare provided; the reactor building spray system and the reactor building emergency coolers. The systems are designed to provide cool water to condense discharge steam and to prevent containment pressure from reaching its design limit. Individual systems differ considerably but a typical system may be described as follows; The initial capacity of the systems in removing heat from the containment atmosphere is typically 253GJ/hr.When a containment pressure of 4psig is reached, the emergency coolers of the reactor building are actuated. In their post accident mode, the system consists of three units each with a fan and an emergency cooler. As the reactor building air is circulated across a tubular heat exchanger, a portion of steam is condensed. These coolers alone would be capable of returning the containment pressure to near atmospheric within 24 hr after an accident. When the pressure reaches a level of 10 psig, the second safety system, the reactor building spray system, is automatically actuated. It consists of a pump, piping, headers, and spray nozzles arranged uniformly under the containment dome. It can spray borated water into the reactor building at a rate of 11.35m3/min. A sodium hydroxide additive is also provided in the spray water to increase the retention of iodine, and hence, to reduce its concentration in the containment atmosphere in the event of a sizable breach of fuel cladding.5. Two full capacity independent safety systems are provided for the design purpose of . （A）A. condensing the steam released into the containment when pressure exceeds design limit.B. maintaining the high pressure in the containmentC. discharging large amount of steamD. mitigating the effect of radiation hazard to the containment.6. The reactor building spray system will be actuated automatically . （C）A. after 24 hours after the accident;B. immediately after the accident;C. when the containment pressure reaches a level of design limit;D. when the air in the containment is circulated through the heat exchanger.7. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? （B）A. The emergency cooler consists of fans and heat exchangers.B. The emergency cooler system can spray borated water into containment.C. All the two system are applied for returning the containment pressure tobe blow atmospheric after the accident.D. Sodium hydroxide additive is provided in the spray water to reduce the amount of radioactive fission produces.2.4. Passage IVMany reactor-years of operating experience have shown that it is not the fission chain reaction in the reactor core that is the most likely source of malfunction and accidents, but the “conventional”components of the power plant such as pumps, valves, switches, relays and parts under stress such as pressure vessel or pipework. Human error on the part of operating and maintenance staff has also proved to be a rather frequent source of trouble in nuclear power plant.These factors are not peculiar to nuclear power plant, but they assume great importance because of the hazardous nature of nuclear reactors. Designers have to ensure that all systems should as far as possible be fail-safe and redundant, i.e. if one system fails to function correctly, another is available to fulfill the same function.As stated above, nuclear reactors cannot explode like nuclear bombs. This primarily because of the fast acting negative thermal feedback due to Doppler broadening of the 238U absorption resonances. In addition in thermal reactors where neutrons are moderated, the prompt neutron lifetime Lp is the order of 10-4 second; in a bomb, since the neutrons are unmoderated, the prompt neuron lifetime is of the order of 10-8 seconds. Finally, reactor fuel consists typically of 2 to 3 percent 235U, where as nuclear weapons contain almost pure 239Pu. The net effect of these difference is that, even in a reactor which is totally out of control and gone prompt critical, the reactor period will not be much less than a second or so. In a nuclear bomb, the period is of the order of nanoseconds.(1)According to the text, the most likely source of troubles in a nuclear comes fromA.Core of the reactorB.Conventional componentsC.Parts under stressD.Human error(2)The first sentence of second paragraph “These factors are not peculiar to …”,what does “These factors” mean?A.Human errorB.Malfunction of conventional componentsC.Fission chain reaction in the coreD.All of the above(3)What make the pressurized water reactors can not explode like a nuclear bomb?A.Doppler broadening of the 238U absorption resonancesB.The neutrons are moderatedC.PWR fuel contains much less fissile isotopes than nuclear bombD.All of the above(4)The last two sentences “The net effect of … is of the order of nanoseconds.” Givea comparison about the reactor period, what does the author most likely toexpress?A.The reactor period is too short comparing with a nuclear bombB.The 239Pu in a nuclear bomb is more easily to go prompt criticalityC.The nuclear reactor can not generate large amount of heat as a nuclear bombdoes within very short time, therefore nuclear reactor can not explode.D.The author wants to give us a reference about the data of the reactor periodtime.2.5. Passage VThe primary functions of the control rod drive mechanisms (CRDM) are to insert or withdraw rod cluster control assemblies and gray rod control assembles into or from the core to control average core temperature at a designed speed. A schematic diagram of CRDM is given in Fig 1. Control rod withdrawal one step involves six actions.1) Moveable Gripper Coil B-on.The latch-locking plunger rises andswings the movable gripper latchesinto the drive rod assembly groove. Asmall axial clearance exists betweenthe latch teeth and the drive rod.2) Stationary Gripper Coil A-off.The force of gravity, acting upon thedrive rod assembly and attachedcontrol rod, causes the stationarygripper and plunger to movedownward 1/16 inch, transferring theload of the drive rod assembly andattached control rod to the movablegripper latches. The plungerFig 1. Control rod drive mechanism continues to move downward andswings the stationary gripper latches out of the drive rod assembly groove.3) Lift Coil C-on. The 5/8-inch gap between the movable gripper pole and the lift pole closes, and the drive rod assembly rises one step length.4) Stationary Gripper Coil A-on. The plunger rises and rises the gap below the stationary gripper pole. The three links, pinned to the plunger, swing the stationary gripper latches into a drive rod assembly groove. The latches contact the drive rod assembly and lift it a small fraction of an inch. The small vertical drive rod assembly movement transfers the drive rod assembly load from the movable gripper latches to the stationary gripper latches.5) Movable Gripper Coil –off. The latch-locking plunger separates from the movable gripper pole under the force of a spring and gravity. Three links, pinned to the plunger, swing the three movable gripper latches out of the drive rod assembly groove.6) Lift Coil C –off. The gap between the movable gripper pole and the life pole opens. The movable gripper latches drop 5/8 inch to a position adjacent to a drive rod assemble groove.Repetition of the above six actions will make another step of withdrawal movement of control rod.(1)According to the text, the most likely source of troubles in a nuclear comes fromA.Core of the reactorB.Conventional componentsC.Parts under stressD.Human error(2)According to the text, the most likely source of troubles in a nuclear comes fromA.Core of the reactorB.Conventional componentsC.Parts under stressD.Human error第3章句子翻译－举例3.1. Which 从句(1)The atoms of all elements, which at one time were thought to be thefundamental particles of nature, consist of numbers of three more fundamental particles-protons, neutrons and electrons. 曾经被认为是自然界中基础粒子的原子是由多个更基础的粒子组成－质子、中子和电子。

核能与核安全》课程习题返回上一级单选题（共30题，每题3分）1 ．物质是由原子组成的，原子还有结构，其正电荷集中在上。

•A．电子••B．原子核••C．中子•2 ．对比发现，原子核的质量小于组成该原子核的质子和中子质量总和，损失的质量叫做质量亏损。

这部分质量去哪里了？•A．凭空消失••B．转变成电子••C．转变成能量•3 ．一个铀235原子核吸收一个中子会发生裂变，但是单次裂变的能量是难以作为能源直接利用的。

为了更好地利用裂变能，通常的做法是？•A．让裂变反应持续进行，形成链式反应••B．一次注入大量中子，使它们同时发生核反应••C．不断人为注入新的中子，使裂变反应持续下去•4 ．下列反应过程中，释放的能量不属于核能的是•A．铀235吸收中子发生裂变••B．氘核和氚核发生聚变，产生氦核••C．氢气燃烧，放出能量•5 ．α、β、γ三种射线中，带负电的是•A．α射线••B．β射线••C．γ射线•6 ．α、β、γ三种射线中，最难以防护以至于需要铅板才能进行防护的是•A．α射线••B．β射线••C．γ射线•7 ．一个放射源，其中有10000个放射性粒子，经过2个半衰期后剩余的放射性粒子数量为( )•A．10000••B．5000••C．2500••D．•8 ．下列不属于核能相对于煤、石油、天然气等化石能源的主要优点的是•A．减少温室气体排放••B．运输压力小••C．开发、后处理成本低•9 ．下列情景，不属于核裂变能利用的是•A．核弹••B．X光透视••C．核动力航母••D．核电站•10 ．下列过程中，不需要控制裂变反应快慢的是•A．核弹••B．核动力航母••C．核电站•11 ．压水堆、沸水堆核电站的主要区别是：•A．能量产生方式不同，一个裂变一个聚变••B．沸水堆没有蒸汽发生器，节省设备投资的同时汽轮机厂房易受沾染••C．一个用于电力生产、一个用于推动舰船•12 ．下列不属于核电站中为防止放射性物质逸出到环境而设置的屏障的是•A．燃料元件包壳••B．一回路发力边界••C．核汽轮机••D．安全壳•13 ．下列不属于核电事故的是•A．广岛原子弹爆炸••B．三哩岛事故••C．切尔诺贝利事故••D．福岛核事故•14 ．三哩岛事故对公众和环境影响不大，主要原因是•A．装填燃料少••B．安全壳保持完整••C．事故发生时处于停堆状态•15 ．下列事件中，影响最大的是•A．三哩岛事故••B．切尔诺贝利事故••C．福岛核事故•16 ．切尔诺贝利事故核电站的最终处理方式是•A．拆除••B．维修再利用••C．永久封存•17 ．相对于其他核电站，切尔诺贝利核电站反应堆的致命问题是，以至于发生事故时无法挽救。

对核安全文化的理解与认识核安全文化是指在核能利用中，通过培养员工和管理层的正确价值观、行为习惯和组织间合作、良好的沟通等方面的培养，建立持续稳定的安全文化，以确保核能运营及相关活动中的安全性和可靠性。

核能技术是一项高风险高技术的事业，离不开对安全的高度重视。

核能事故的发生会带来巨大的人身伤亡和环境破坏，因此保障核能的安全具有极其重要的意义。

而核安全文化就是在这一背景下应运而生的概念，其目的是使核能从业人员对核能事故的认识和态度具有稳定一致的、注重安全的观念和思维方式，使核能工作者能够时刻以安全为先，以确保核能活动的安全。

核安全文化的诞生可以追溯到20世纪60年代，当时一系列的核事故引发了全球范围内对核安全的关注。

如此灾难性的事故推动了一系列有关核能安全的政策制定和管理措施的实施，其中一项重要的措施就是确保核能从业人员具备正确的安全意识和行为习惯。

因此，核安全文化理念在核能行业中逐渐得到推广和应用。

现代核安全文化的核心理念是以人为本。

核能从业人员作为核能事业中的重要一员，影响着核能的安全性和可靠性。

因此，建立核安全文化要从核能从业人员的素质和价值观念入手，培养其正确的安全观念和行为习惯，使他们具备足够的安全意识和能力，做到“安全第一”。

首先，核安全文化要求核能从业人员具备正确的安全观念。

这包括对核能事故的认识和理解，对核能风险的认识和分析能力等。

只有了解核能事故的危害和严重性，才能真正把核安全问题放在心上，时刻保持对核能安全的警惕和重视。

其次，核安全文化要求核能从业人员具备良好的行为习惯。

核能工作者必须遵守核能行业的各种规章制度、操作规程等。

他们需要通过系统的培训和教育，建立正确的作业程序和工作习惯，养成严谨细致的作风，保证核能活动的稳定和安全。

此外，核安全文化也强调组织间的合作和沟通。

核能活动往往涉及多个部门和人员的协同工作，因此，良好的组织间沟通和合作是确保核能安全的关键。

核能从业人员应当发扬团队协作精神，加强与其他部门和人员的交流和合作，共同解决工作中的问题和挑战，确保核能活动的安全性。

第六章 核能安全6.1 核能的安全风险来自哪里？与世界上其它任何事物一样，核能在带给人们强大能源的同时，也隐含着潜在的安全风险，如果处理不当，这个风险还有可能成为巨大的灾难。

那么核能的潜在风险来自哪几个方面哪？有核事故对人体造成的意外的放射性辐照的损伤甚至导致死亡、有核事故造成的财产损失、有长效核废物对人体和环境的潜在危险、有核战争造成的大量人员伤亡和造成的生存环境的极大破坏、有核材料被盗后被用于不良企图的危险等等。

但这些风险可以归结为放射性辐射的危害和核材料失控使用这两种主要风险。

核材料的失控使用将可能造成核事故，也会给不良企图者或恐怖分子有可乘之机，甚至可能引发核战争，它的后果是大量无辜的百姓死于非命，或忍受由大量放射性辐照带给他们的痛苦。

因此核材料的可靠、安全和受控是防止这一风险的主要方法。

从人身安全角度来看，放射性辐射的危害是核能安全中最普通和最重要的风险。

下面将着重看一下放射性辐照对人们的危害，以及防护措施。

◆ ◆ 什么是辐射、核辐射和放射性辐射是以波、粒子或光子的能量束形式传播的一种能量。

说起辐射，人们就会有些害怕，因为它看不见，摸不着，却会给人体造成伤害。

其实辐射并不是一种稀罕物，我们的周围到处存在着辐射。

在日常生活中，我们晒太阳、看电视、戴夜光表、乘飞机、拍X 光片等，都会受到一定的辐照。

只是生活中的辐照都是微量的，不会对人体造成伤害，所以人们也感觉不到它的存在。

而大量的辐射对人体是非常有害的，因此我们应该通过采取一些相应的保护措施来防止和减少辐射对我们人体的伤害。

核辐射是指来自于原子核的辐射。

影响人类的核辐射主要有三种，即α、β、γ射线。

α射线是由氦原子核组成的粒子流。

它质量大且带电荷多，但穿透物质的能力弱，射程也短，只要用一张普通的纸就能挡住。

但如果进入人体，会造成危害性很大的内照强大的核电在源源不断输出放射性标志您最好不要靠近它！射，因此在防护上要特别防止α发射体进入人体内。

核能简析及其安全利用王磊彭进卜斤革梁任杰（中南大学，湖南，长沙，410083）摘要：随着资源开发的日益枯竭，核能已经成为一种越来越重要的能源。

核能的价值就在于他的高能量性，但是他也有着致命的缺点就是核辐射。

因此有许多国家曾一度停滞对核能的研究。

世界上也发生过不少核事故给人类带来巨大的灾难。

核能是从60年代初开始跻身于能源工业行列的新兴能源工业，从60年代中到70年代初，核能被一些工业发达国家视为取代石油能源的希望，如今核能的利用已经不局限于发电这么简单了。

对核能的利用趋向于多元化。

关键字：资源；核能；简史；发展；安全利用NuclearWanglei&pengjing&bujingge&liangrenjie(Central South University, Changsha 410083, China)Abstract:With the increasing depletion of resource development, nuclear power has become an increasingly important source of energy. The value of nuclear power lies in his high-energy sex, but he also has a fatal drawback is that nuclear radiation. Therefore, many countries once stagnant for nuclear energy research. The world has been a lot of nuclear accident catastrophe for humanity. Nuclear energy is from the early 1960s among the ranks of the emerging energy industry energy industry, from the mid 1960s to the early 1970s, nuclear energy is regarded as some of the industrialized countries in the hope of energy to replace oil, now is not limited to the use of nuclear power has been so simple. On the use of nuclear energy tend to diversify.Keywords: Resources; Nuclear; A Brief History; development; safe use1 概述核能（nuclear energy）是人类历史上的一项伟大发现，这离不开早期西方科学家的探索发现，他们为核能的应用奠定了基础。

国际原子能机构（International Atomic Energy Agency，IAEA）是联合国系统内的专门机构，成立于1957年，总部设在维也纳。

它的任务是促进和利用核技术，帮助实现和平利用核能，促进核能的发展，并确保核能的安全。

作为一个专门的国际组织，国际原子能机构还负责制定和推动核安全标准。

核能的安全管理一直是国际社会高度关注的问题。

核能是一种特殊的能源形式，其潜在风险和危害性超出了其本身的能源贡献。

在核能技术的开发和使用过程中，如果安全措施不到位，可能会对人类和环境造成严重的危害。

国际原子能机构制定的核安全标准对于保障全球范围内核能设施的安全运行具有重要意义。

在国际原子能机构的指导下，各国依据自身的核能设施和技术水平制定了相应的核安全标准，以确保核能设施的安全。

这些标准主要包括以下几个方面：1. 设施和材料的安全：核能设施的建设和运行必须符合一定的安全标准，以确保设施本身和使用的核材料不会对周围环境和人员造成危害。

2. 人员的培训和管理：核能设施需要配备经过专门培训的工作人员，他们需要具备丰富的核能知识和应急处理能力，以应对各种可能发生的突发事件。

3. 应急响应和管理：各国需要建立完善的核能设施事故应急响应机制，及时有效地应对各种可能发生的安全事故。

还需要制定详细的应急预案和演习计划，以提高应对突发事件的能力。

4. 核废料的处理和处置：核废料的处理和处置是核安全的重要组成部分。

各国需要建立完善的核废料管理系统，制定明确的处理措施，以减少核废料对环境和人类的影响。

5. 核安全文化的建设和推广：国际原子能机构强调，各国应当加强对核安全文化的培养和推广，提高公众对核能安全的意识和认知，以确保核能的安全和可持续发展。

国际原子能机构的核安全标准对于全球范围内的核能设施具有重要的指导和推动作用。

各国可以依据这些标准制定和完善自身的核安全法律法规，在实践中不断提高核能设施的安全水平，保障人民生命财产的安全。

I.Current Situation of Nuclear EnergyDevelopment and Nuclear EmergencyPreparedness ⼀、核能发展与核应急基本形势 It was in the mid-1950s that China embarked on itsnuclear industry. Over the past more than sixdecades China has made constant endeavors in thepeaceful use of nuclear energy by promoting theextensive application of nuclear technologies tosuch areas as industry, agriculture, medicine, theenvironment and energy. In particular, since theintroduction of the reform and opening-up policies in late 1978 China’s nuclear energy sectorhas seen particularly rapid development. 20世纪50年代中期，中国创建核⼯业。

60多年来，中国致⼒于和平利⽤核能事业，发展推动核技术在⼯业、农业、医学、环境、能源等领域⼴泛应⽤。

特别是改⾰开放以来，中国核能事业得到更⼤发展。

The development of nuclear power constitutes an important component of China’s nuclearenergy sector. Nuclear power is a clean, efficient and quality modern energy source. Chinahas consistently adhered to the principle of placing equal emphasis on development andsafety, and implemented the policy of developing nuclear power in a safe and efficient mannerby adopting the most advanced technology and most stringent standards. In March 1985construction started on the Qinshan Nuclear Power Station, the first of its kind in the mainlandof China. As of the end of October 2015, in the mainland of China 27 nuclear generating unitshad been in operation, with a total installed capacity of 25.50 GWe, and another 25 nucleargenerating units with a total installed capacity of 27.51 GWe had been under construction.China has already developed its large-sized advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) andHigh Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) technologies with proprietary intellectualproperty rights. Constructionof the HPR1000 technology pilot project has already commenced.The China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) has achieved full power operation over 72 hours,signifying that China has already mastered the core technology associated with fast reactors. 发展核电是中国核能事业的重要组成部分。

第一课词汇：•Concept概念, conception概念, conceive构想、理解•Isotope同位素, isomer同质异能素•element, atom, nucleus, nucleon–element, elements,–molecule, molecules, molecular–atom, atoms, atomic,–nucleus['nju:kliəs，'nu:kliəs]原子核 , nuclei, nuclear,–nucleon['nju:kliɔn]核子, nucleons, nucleonic核子的–particle, particles,•fissile易裂变的, fissionable可以发生裂变的•fertile可裂变的，fertile materials增殖材料•fission, fusion, decay•inner, innermost / outer, outermost•chain reaction•fragment碎片Expression：•times– A is ten times B.•varies inversely as•E equals m times c squared. E = mc2•the n-th power of a: an•result in / result from•is accompanied by / correspond to•The discovery of fission was made in Germany in 1938 by Hahn......•Be composed of 由…组成•Binding energy 结合能•Discrete excited states 不连续的激发态•Electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射•Ev：electron-volt•Conservation of mass/energy 质量/能量守恒练习：•电子带负电，质子带正电。