2014年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题(完美打印版)

2014年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the nameof an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrencesas "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentiallya 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly,it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A] that [B] when [C] why [D] where2.[A] fades [B] improves [C] collapses [D] recovers3.[A] Unless [B] While [C] Once [D] If4.[A] damaging [B] limited [C] uneven [D] obscure5.[A] relationship [B] environment [C] wellbeing [D] outlook6.[A] figures [B] finds [C] points [D] turns7.[A] responses [B] associations [C] workouts [D] roundabouts8.[A] genre [B] criterion [C] circumstances [D]functions9.[A] channel [B] process [C] condition [D] sequence10.[A] persist [B] feature [C] excel [D] believe11.[A] However [B] Moreover [C] Otherwise [D]Therefore12.[A] according to [B] regardless of [C] apart from [D]instead of13.[A] back [B] further [C] aside [D] around14.[A] framework [B] stability [C] flexibility [D]sharpness15.[A] hurries [B] reminds [C] allows [D] forces16.[A] order [B] track [C] pace [D] hold17.[A] on [B] on [C] for [D] with18.[A] habitually [B] constantly [C] irregularly [D]unusually19.[A] carry [B] put [C] build [D] take20.[A] idle [B] risky [C] familiar [D]effectiveSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search”scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit-and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people say off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms”to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsides laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying , psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency- permanent dependency if you can get it-supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever- tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase ‘jobseeker’s allowance’ is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,”conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at £71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21. George Osborne’s scheme was intended to[A] encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking.[B] provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[C] guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits.[D] motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.22. The phrase “to sign on” (Line 3,Para.2) most probably means[A] to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.[B] to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance.[C] to register for an allowance from the government.[D] to attend a governmental job-training program.23. What promoted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A] A desire to secure a better life for all.[B] An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C] An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D] A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel[A] uneasy.[B] insulted.[C] enraged.[D] guilty.25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A] Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.[B] The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.[C] The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.[D] Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.Text 2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession---with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject,then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association andan expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A] the growing demand from clients.[B] the increasing pressure of inflation.[C] the prospect of working in big firms.[D] the attraction of financial rewards.27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A] Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B] Receiving training by professional associations.[C] Admissions approval from the bar association.[D] Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[A] the rigid bodies governing the profession.[B] lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance.[C] the stem exam for would-be lawyers.[D] non-professionals’ sharp criticism.29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partlybecause it[A] prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.[B] bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.[C] aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D] keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.30. In this text, the author mainly discusses[A] the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.[B] a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.[C] the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.[D] flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.Text 3The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, ratherthan intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31. The Fundamental Physical Prize is seen as[A] a symbol of the entrepreneurs’ wealth.[B] a handsome reward for researchers.[C] a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.[D] an example of bankers’ investments.32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefit[A] the profit-oriented scientists.[B] the achievement-based system.[C] the founders of the new awards.[D] peer-review-led research.33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves[A] legitimate concerns over the new prizes.[B] controversies over the recipients’ status.[C] the joint effort of modern researchers.[D] the demonstration of research findings.34. According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the Nobels?[A] History has never cast doubt on them.[B] Their endurance has done justice to them.[C] They are the most representative honor.[D] Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.35. The author believed that the new awards are[A] unworthy of public attention.[B] subject to undesirable changes.[C] harmful to the culture of research.[D] acceptable despite the criticism.Text 4“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report's failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others" to "maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education."In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission's 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing "progressive," or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets or self-reliance —as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36.According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?[A] Critical[B] Appreciative[C] Contemptuous[D] Tolerant37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to[A] define the government’s role in education.[B] safeguard individuals rights to education.[C] retain people’s interest in liberal education.[D] keep a leading position in liberal education.38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests[A] an exclusive study of American history.[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects.[C] the application of emerging technologies.[D] funding for the study of foreign languages.39. The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are[A] supportive of free markets.[B] conservative about public policy.[C] biased against classical liberal ideas.[D] cautious about intellectual investigation.40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”[B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationPart BDirections：The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）[A]Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—forexample, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm .Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania,was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911.Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.[B]In another case, American archaeologists Rene million and GeorgeCowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City .At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the word. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C]How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking forwhen there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground?Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield usefulinformation. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes.In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural village and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copán collapsed.[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily onsystematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.[F]Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered byarchaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searchescan take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamen existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the King for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922.In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Eyan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evas’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led them to find the Minoan palace at Knossos, on the island of Crete, in 1900.[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places wheredigs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amounts of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape.Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music.(46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47) By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. (48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moralbehavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.(49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50) One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students’ physical condition.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)相携。

2014年研究生入学考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember ___1___ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain ___2___, we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." ___3___ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) ___4___ impact on our professional, social, and personal ___5___.Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It ___6___ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental ___7___ can significantly improve our basic cognitive ___8___. Thinking is essentially a ___9___ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to ___10___ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited.___11___, because these connections are made through effort andpractice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate ___12___ mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step ___13___ and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental ___14___.The Web-based program ___15___ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps ___16___ of your progress and provides detailed feedback ___17___ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it ___18___modifies and enhances the games you play to ___19___ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) ___20___exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1. [A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2. [A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3. [A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4. [A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5. [A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6. [A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7. [A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8. [A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9. [A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10. [A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11. [A] Therefore [B] Moreover [C] Otherwise [D] However12. [A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13. [A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14. [A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15. [A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16. [A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17. [A]to [B]with [C]for [D]on18. [A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19. [A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20. [A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiarSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In order to "change lives for the better" and reduce "dependency" George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the "upfront work search" scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work willthey be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. "Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on." he claimed. "We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster." Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with "reforms" to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for "fundamental fairness"—protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your familyand pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency — permanent dependency if you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase "jobseeker’s allowance" — invented in 1996 — is about redefining the unemployed as a "jobseeker" who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited "allowance," conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at £71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21. George Osborne’s scheme was intended to[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[B]encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking.[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.[D]guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits.22. The phrase, "to sign on" (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.[B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance.[C]to register for an allowance from the government.[D]to attend a governmental job-training program.23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A]A desire to secure a better life for all.[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel[A]uneasy[B]enraged.[C]insulted.[D]guilty.25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text 2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception ofjournalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar afteronly two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed todo so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictiveguild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.26.a lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A]the growing demand from clients.[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.[C]the prospect of working in big firms.[D]the attraction of financial rewards.27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D]Receiving training by professional associations.28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[A]lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance.[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession.[C]the stem exam for would-be lawyers.[D]non-professionals’ sharp criticism.29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered "restrictive"partly because it[A]bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30.In this text, the author mainly discusses[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.[C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.Text 3The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’ wealth.[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.[C]an example of bankers’ investments.[D]a handsome reward for researchers.32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefit[A]the profit-oriented scientists.[B]the founders of the new awards.[C]the achievement-based system.[D]peer-review-led research.33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves[A]controversies over the recipients’ status.[B]the joint effort of modern researchers.[C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes.[D]the demonstration of research findings.34. According to Paragraph 4,which of the following is true of the Nobels?[A]Their endurance has done justice to them.[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.[C]They are the most representative honor.[D]History has never cast doubt on them.35.The author believes that the now awards are[A]acceptable despite the criticism.[B]harmful to the culture of research.[C]subject to undesirable changes.[D]unworthy of public attention.Text 4"The Heart of the Matter," the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others" to "maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education." In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing "progressive," or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?[A] Critical[B] Appreciative[C] Contemptuous[D] Tolerant37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to[A] retain people’s interest in liberal education[B] define the government’s role in education[C] keep a leading position in liberal education[D] safeguard individuals’ rights to education38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests[A] an exclusive study of American history[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects[C] the application of emerging technologies[D] funding for the study of foreign languages39. The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are[A] supportive of free markets[B] cautious about intellectual investigation[C] conservative about public policy[D] biased against classical liberal ideas40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Ways to Grasp "The Heart of the Matter"[B] Illiberal Education and "The Heart of the Matter"[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable —for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Gizain Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.[B]In another case, American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copan collapsed.[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributedto the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knossós) on the island of Crete, in 1900.[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of hislife. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. (48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an intense crescendo and thenabruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society. (49)Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.47. By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageousone, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.48. Beethoven's habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.49.Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.50.One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students’ physical condition.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET(20 points)。

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（英语一）真题及答案Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text .Choose the word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET .(10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be .We suddenly can’t remember ___we put the keys just a moment ago ,or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love .As the brain ___,we refer to these occurrences an “senior moments.” ___ seemingly innocent , this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n) ___impact on our professional, social , and personal___.Neuroscientists ,experts who study the nervous system ,are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done .It ___out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do ,and the right mental ___can significantly improve our basic cognitive ___.Thinking is ___essentially a ___of making connections in the brain .To a certain extent ,our ability to ___in marking the connections that drive intelligence is inherited . ability to ___in making the connections are made through effort and practice ,___,because these connections are made through effort and practice , scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate ___ mental effort .Now , a new Web-based company has taken it a step ___and developed the first “ brain training program ” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental ___.The Web-based program ___ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills . The program keeps ___of your progress and provides detailed feedback ___ your performance and improvement .Most importantly, it ___modifies and enhances the games you play to ___ on the strengths you are developing - much like a(n) ___ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use .1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2. [A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3. [A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4. [A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obsucure5. [A]wellbeing [B]envirenment [C]relationahip [D]outlook6. [A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7. [A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8. [A]genre [B]functions [C]cicumstances [D]criterion9. [A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10. [A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11. [A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12. [A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13. [A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14. [A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15. [A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16. [A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17. [A]to [B]with [C]for [D]on18. [A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19. [A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20. [A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiarSection 2 Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,CorD.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1In order to "change lives for the better" and reduce "dependency." George Osbome, Chancellor of the Exchequer, inroduced the "upfront work search" sebeme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV. register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit - and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker's allowance. "There first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on." he4 claimed, "We're doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster." Help? Rellay? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with "reforms" to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for "fundamental fairness" - protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most descring claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don't skip down to the jobcenter with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that suport is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always : a job.But in Osbomeland, your first instinct is to fall into depency - permanent dependency if you can get it - supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of erer-thougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happend. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you cna insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase "jobseeker's allowance" is about redefining rhe unemployed as a "jobseeker" who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited "allowance," conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at $71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21. George Osborue’s scheme was intended to[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[B]encourage jobseekers active engagement in job seeking.[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.[D]guarantee jobseekers legitimate right to benefits.22. The phrase “to sign on “most probably means[A] to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.[B]to accept the government’s restriction on the allowance.[C]to register for an allowance form the government.[D]to attend a government job-training program.23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A]A desire to secure a better life for all[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C] An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24.According to Paragraph 3，being unemployed makes one feel[A]uneasy[B]enraged[C]insulted[D]guilty25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers laziness.[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession -with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis spending on legal services in America grew twice as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money,tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.But most law graduates never get a big -firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costlt nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education.There is just one path for a lawer in most American states a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today's average law-school graduate with $1000,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stem enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership syucture of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms' efficiency.After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing there legal professions. America should follow.26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A] the growing demand from clients.[B] the increasing pressure of inflation.[C] the prospect of working in big firms.[D] the attraction of financial rewards.27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A] Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B] Admissions approval from the bar association.[C] Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D] Receiving training by professional associations.28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[A] lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance.[B] the rigid bodies governing the profession.[C] the stern exam for would-be lawyers.[D] non-professionals’ sharp criticism.29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because it[A] bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.[B] keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.[C] aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D] prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30. In this text, the author mainly discusses[A] flawed ownership of America’s law firms and causes.[B] the factors that help make a successful lawyer in American.[C] a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.[D] the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.Text 3The USS3-millon Fundamental Physics Prize is indeed an interesting experiment as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in Mach And it is far from the only one of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes – both new and old – are distributed. The breakthrough prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research – as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism – that is the culture of research, after all – but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31.The Fundamental physics Prize is seen as[A] a symbol of the entrepreneurs' wealth[B] a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes[C] an example of bankers' investments[D] a handsome reward for researchers32.The critics think that the new awards will most benefit[A]the profit-oriented scientists[B]the founders of the new awards[C]the achievement-based system[D]peer-review-led research33.The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves[A]contreversies over the recipients’ status[B]the joint effort of modern researchers[C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes[D]the demonstration of research findings34.According to Paragraph4, which of the following is true of the Nobels?[A]Their endurance has done justice to them[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute[C]They are the most representative honor[D]History has never cast doubt on them35.the author believes that the now awards are[A]acceptable despite the criticism[B]harmful to the culture of research[C]subject to undesirable changes[D]unworthy of public attentionText 4“The Heart of the Matter, ”the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS)， deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report's failure to address the true nature of the critics facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent liners to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by“federal, atste and local”to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.”In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission's 51members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives. As well ad prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy, stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls fornicated investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challengers of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2% years in the making,“ The heart of the Matter” never gets to the heart of the matter, the illiberal nature of library education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits.Sadly,the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of humanities and social sciences an vehicles for publicizing “progressive, ”or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas-such as free markets and self-reliance-as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectualinvestigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?[A] Critical[B] Appreciative.[C] Contemptuous.[D] Tolerant.37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to[A] retain people’s interest in liberal education.[B] define the government’s role in education.[C] keep a leading position in liberal education.[D] safeguard individuals’ rights to education.38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggest[A] an exclusive study of American history.[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects.[C] the application of emerging technologies.[D] funding for the study of foreign languages.40. Which of the following would would be the best title for text?[A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”[B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationPart BDirections：The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable-for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911.Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.[B] In another case, American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city ‘s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample(make test excavations on)large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. the resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850,when Copan collapsed.[E] Te find their sites ,archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques ,Airborne technologies ,such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carriedby airplanes or spacecraft , allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging , Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such an ancient buildings or fields.[F] Most archaeological sites , however , are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them .Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites . Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the King for seven years before be located the tomb in 1922 .In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens ,Greece He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC .Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knosos), on the island of Crete , in 1900.[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful .Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking , looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery ,They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape .Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar ,magnetic-field recording ,and metal detectors . Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites .Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations , illustrating how sites look , and presenting the results of archaeological research.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and them translate the underlined segments into Chinese .Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailingconventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. (48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an intense crescendo and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.(49)Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.Section 3 WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students’ physical condition.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET(20 points)参考答案：1、【答案】A where【解析】本句的句义是：我们突然不能回忆起刚才把钥匙放在哪里了，或者一个老熟人的姓名，或者是一个老乐队的名称。

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6.[A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7.[A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8.[A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9.[A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11.[A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12.[A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14.[A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15.[A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17.[A] to [B]with [C]for [D]on18.[A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19.[A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20.[A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar答案：1-5 ABDCA 6-10 ACBDC 11-15 DABAD 16-20 BDCCB答案解析：1.[标准答案] [A][考点分析] 上下文语义和连词辨析[选项分析] 本题考查连词。

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6.[A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7.[A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8.[A]genre [B]functions[C]circumstances [D]criterion9.[A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11.[A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12.[A]according to[B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside[D]around14.[A]sharpness [B]s tability[C]framework [D]flexibility15.[A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17.[A] to [B]with [C]for [D]on18.[A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19.[A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20.[A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar答案：1-5 ABDCA 6-10 ACBDC 11-15 DABAD 16-20 BDCCB答案解析：1.[标准答案] [A]2.[考点分析] 上下文语义和连词辨析3.[选项分析] 本题考查连词。

2014年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考过试英语 (⼀) 试题英语知识运⽤Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 Points) As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 . Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6.[A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7.[A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8.[A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9.[A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11.[A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12.[A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14.[A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15.[A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17.[A] to [B]with [C]for [D]on18.[A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19.[A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20.[A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ARead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, D. Mark your choice on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit—and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsides laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”—protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency —permanent dependency if you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance” is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,”conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at ￡71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21. George Osborne’s scheme was intended to[A] provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[B] encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking.[C] motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.[D] guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits.22. The phrase “to sign on”(Line3, Para.2)most probably means[A] to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.[B] to accept the government’s restriction on the allowance.[C] to register for an allowance form the government.[D] to attend a government job-training program.23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A] A desire to secure a better life for all[B] An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C] An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D] A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24.According to Paragraph 3，being unemployed makes one feel[B]enraged[C]insulted[D]guilty25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A] The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.[B] Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C] The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.[D] Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional. Text 2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A] the growing demand from clients.[B] the increasing pressure of inflation.[C] the prospect of working in big firms.[D] the attraction of financial rewards.27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A] Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B] Admissions approval from the bar association.[C] Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D] Receiving training by professional associations.28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[A] lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance.[B] the rigid bodies governing the profession.[C] the stern exam for would-be lawyers.[D] n o n - p r o f e s s i o n a l s s h a r p c r i t i c i s m . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 8 " > 2 9 . 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A s a N e w s F e a t u r e a r t i c l e i n N a t u r e d i s c u s s e s , a s t r i n g o f l u c r a t i v e a w a r d s f o r r e s e a r c h e r s h a v e j o i n e d t h e N o b e l P r i z e s i n r e c e n t y e a r s . M a n y , l i k e t h e F u n d a m e n t a l P h y s i c s P r i z e , a r e f u n d e d f r o m t h e t e l e p h o n e - n u m b e r - s i z e d b a n k a c c o u n t s o f I n t e r n e t e n t r e p r e n e u r s . T h e s e b e n e f a c t o r s h a v e s u c c e e d e d i n t h e i r c h o s e n f i e l d s , t h e y s a y , a n d t h e y w a n t t o u s e t h e i r w e a l t h t o d r a w a t t e n t i o n t o t h o s e w h o h a v e s u c c e e d e d i n s c i e n c e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 9 " > W h a t s n o t t o l i k e ? Q u i t e a l o t , a c c o r d i n g t o a h a n d f u l o f s c i e n t i s t s q u o t e d i n t h e N e w s F e a t u r e . Y o u c a n n o t b u y c l a s s , a s t h e o l d s a y i n g g o e s , a n d t h e s e u p s t a r t e n t r e p r e n e u r s c a n n o t b u y t h e i r p r i z e s t h e p r e s t i g e o f t h e N o b e l s . T h e n e w a w a r d s a r e a n e x e r c i s e i n s e l f - p r o m o t i o n f o r t h o s e b e h i n d t h e m , s a y s c i e n t i s t s . T h e y c o u l d d i s t o r t t h e a c h i e v e m e n t - b a s e d s y s t e m o f p e e r - r e v i e w - l e d r e s e a r c h . T h e y c o u l d c e m e n t t h e s t a t u s q u o o f p e e r - r e v i e w e d r e s e a r c h . T h e y d o n o t f u n d p e e r - r e v i e w e d r e s e a r c h . T h e y p e r p e t u a t e t h e m y t h o f t h e l o n e g e n i u s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 0 " > T h e g o a l s o f t h e p r i z e - g i v e r s s e e m a s s c a t t e r e d a s t h e c r i t i c i s m . S o m e w a n t t o s h o c k , o t h e r s t o d r a w p e o p l e i n t o s c i e n c e , o r t o b e t t e r r e w a r d t h o s e w h o h a v e m a d e t h e i r c a r e e r s i n r e s e a r c h . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 1 " > A s N a t u r e h a s p o i n t e d b e f o r e , t h e r e a r e s o m e l e g i t i m a t e c o n c e r n s a b o u t h o w s c i e n c e p r i z e s b o t h n e w a n d o l d a r e d i s t r i b u t e d . T h e B r e a k t h r o u g h P r i z e i n L i f e S c i e n c e s , l a u n c h e d t h i s y e a r , t a k e s a n u n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e v i e w o f w h a t t h e l i f e s c i e n c e s i n c l u d e . B u t t h e N o b e l F o u n da t i o n s l i m i t o f l i m i t o f t h r e e r e c i p i e n t s p e r p r i z e , e a c h o f w h o m m u s t s t i l lb e l i v i n g , h a s l o n gb e e n o u t g r o w n b y t h ec o l l a b o r a t i v e n a t u r e o f m ode r n r e s e a r c h a s w i l l b e d e m o n s t r a t e d b y t h e i n e v i t a b l e r o w o v e r w h o i s i g n o r e d w h e n i t c o m e s t o a c k n o w l e d g i n g t h e d i s c o v e r y of t h e H ig g s b o s o n . Th e N o b e l s w e r e , o f c o u r s e , t h e m s e l v e s s e t u p b y a v e r y ri c h i n d i v i d u a l w h o h a d d e c i d e d w h a t h e w a n t e d t o d o w i t h h i s o w n m o n e y . T i m e , r a t h e r t h a n i n t e n t i o n , h a s g i v e n t h e m l e g i t i m a c y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 2 " > A s m u c h a s s o m e s c i e n t i s t s m a y c o m p l a i n a b o u t t h e n e w a w a r d s , t w o t h i n g s s e e m c l e a r . F i r s t , m o s t r e s e a r c h e r s w o u l d a c c e p t s u c h a p r i z e i f t h e y w e r e o f f e r e d o n e . S e c o n d , i t i s s u r e l y a g o o d t h i n g t h a t t h e m o n e y a n d a t t e n t i o n c o m e t o s c i e n c e r a t h e r t h a n g o e l s e w h e r e . I t i s f a i r t o c r i t i c i z e a n d q u e s t i o n t h e m e c h a n i s m t h a t i s t h e c u l t u r e o f r e s e a r c h , a f t e r a l l b u t i t i s t h e p r i z e - g i v e r s m o n e y t o d o w i t h a s t h e y p l e a s e . I t i s w i s e t o t a k e s u c h g i f t s w i t h g r a t i t u d e a n d g r a c e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 3 " > 3 1 . T h e F u n d a m e n t a l p h y s i c s P r i z e i s s e e n a s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 4 " > [ A ] a s y m b o l o f t h e e n t r e p r e n e u r s w e a l t h . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 5 " > [ B ] a p o s s i b l e r e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e N o b e l P r i z e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 6 " > [ C ] a n e x a m p l e o f b a n k e r s i n v e s t m e n t s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 7 " > [ D ] a h a n d s o m e r e w a r d f o r r e s e a r c he r s . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 6 8 " > 3 2 . T h e c r i t i c s t h i n k t h a t t h e n e w a w a r d s w i l l m o s t b e n e f i t / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 6 9 " > [ A ] t h e p r o f i t - o r i e n t e d s c i e n t i s t s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 0 " > [ B ] t h e f o u n d e r s o f t h e n e w a w a r d s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 1 " > [ C ] t h e a c h i e v e m e n t - b a s e d s y s t e m . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 2 " > [ D ] p e e r - r e v i e w - l e d r e s e a r c h . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 3 " > 3 3 . T h e d i s c o v e r y o f t h e H ig g s b o s o n i s a t y p i c a l c a s e whi c h i n v o l v e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 4 " > [ A ] c o n t r o v e r s i e s o v e r t h e r e c i p i e n t s s t a t u s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 5 " > [ B ] t h ej o i n t e f f o r t o f m o d e r n r e s e a r c h e r s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 6 " > [ C ] l e g i t i m a t e c o n c e r n s o v e r t h e n e w p r i z e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 7 " > [ D ] t h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f r e s e a r c h f i n d i n g s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 8 " > 3 4 . A c c o r d i n g t o P a r a g r a p h 4 , w h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g i s t r u e o f t h e N o b e l s ? / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 9 " > [ A ] T h e i r e n d u r a n c e h a s d o n e j u s t i c e t o t h e m . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 0 " > [ B ] T h e i r l e g i t i m a c y h a s l o n g b e e n i n d i s p u t e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 1 " > [ C ] T h e y a r e t h e m o s t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e h o n o r . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 2 " > [ D ] H i s t o r y h a s n e v e r c a s t d o u b t o n t h e m . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 3 " > 3 5 . T h e a u t h o r b e l i e v e s t h a t t h e n o w a w a r d s a r e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 4 " > [ A ] a c c e p t a b l e d e s p i t e t h e c r i t i c i s m . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 5 " > [ B ] h a r m f u l t o t h e c u l t u r e o f r e s e a r c h . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 6 " > [ C ] s u b j e c t t o u n d e s i r a b l e c h a n g e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 7 " > [ D ] u n w o r t h y o f p u b l i c a t t e n t i o n . T e x t 4 / p >。

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6.[A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7.[A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8.[A]genre [B]functions[C]circumstances [D]criterion9.[A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11.[A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12.[A]according to[B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside[D]around14.[A]sharpness [B]s tability[C]framework [D]flexibility15.[A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17.[A] to [B]with [C]for [D]on18.[A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19.[A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20.[A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar答案：1-5 ABDCA 6-10 ACBDC 11-15 DABAD 16-20 BDCCB答案解析：1.[标准答案] [A]2.[考点分析] 上下文语义和连词辨析3.[选项分析] 本题考查连词。

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSH EET1.(10points)Asmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesu ddenlycan'tremember1weputthekeysjustamomentago,oranoldacquaintance'sname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.A sthebrain2,werefertotheseoccurrencesas"seniormoments."3seeminglyinnocent,thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhavea( an)4impactonourprofessional,social,andpersonal5.Neuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasinglyshowingthatthere'sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6 outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo,andtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccogni tive8.Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextent,ourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthat driveintelligenceisinherited.11,becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpractice,scientistsbelievethatintelligenc ecanexpandandfluctuate12mentaleffort.Now,anewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirst"braintrainingprogram"designedtoactuallyhel ppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14.TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourpr ogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantly,it18modifiesandenhancesthega mesyouplayto19onthestrengthsyouaredeveloping--muchlikea(n)20exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistanceandvar yyourmuscleuse.1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6.[A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7.[A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8.[A]genre [B]functions[C]circumstances [D]criterion9.[A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11.[A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12.[A]accordingto[B]regardlessof [C]apartfrom [D]insteadof13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside[D]around14.[A]sharpness [B]s tability[C]framework [D]flexibility15.[A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17.[A]to [B]with [C]for [D]on18.[A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19.[A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20.[A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar答案：1-5ABDCA6-10ACBDC11-15DABAD16-20BDCCB答案解析：1.[标准答案][A]2.[考点分析]上下文语义和连词辨析3.[选项分析]本题考查连词。

2014 年全国硕士研究生入学一致考试英语（一）试题SectionⅠ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memoryand mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or thename of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to theseoccurrences as "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mentalfocus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, andpersonal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It6out that thebrain needs exercise in much the sameway our muscles do, and the right mental 7can significantly improve our basic cognitive8. Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain.To a certain extent, our ability to10 in making the connections that drive intelligence isinherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort andpractice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13and developed thefirst "brain training program" designed to actually help people improveand regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program15you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16of your progress and providesdetailed feedback17your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n)20exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where[B]when[C]that[D]why2.[A]improves[B]fades[C]recovers[D]collapses3.[A]If[B]Unless[C]Once[D]While4.[A]uneven[B]limited[C]damaging[D]obscure5.[A]wellbein[B]environmen[C]relationsh[D]outlookg t ip6.[A]turns[B]finds[C]points[D]figures7.[A]roundabo[B]responses[C]workouts[D]associatiouts ns8.[A]genre[B] functions[C]circumstan[D]criterionces9.[A]channel[B]condition[C]sequence[D]process10.[A]persist[B]believe[C]excel[D]feature11.[A]Therefo[B]Moreover[C]Otherwise[D] However re12.[A] accordi[B]regardless[C]apart from[D]instead of ng to of13.[A]back[B]further[C] aside[D]around14.[A]sharpne[B]s tability[C]framework[D]flexibilit ss y15.[A]forces[B]reminds[C]hurries[D]allows16.[A]hold[B]track[C]order[D]pace17.[A] to[B]with[C]for[D]on18.[A]irregul[B]habitually[C]constantly[D]unusuallyarly19.[A]carry[B]put[C]build[D]take20.[A]risky[B]effective[C]idle[D]familiar答案： 1-5 ABDCA 6-10 ACBDC 11-15 DABAD 16-20 BDCCB答案分析：1.[ 标准答案 ] [A]2.[ 考点剖析 ] 上下文语义和连词辨析3.[ 选项剖析 ]本题观察连词。

2014年考研英语(一)真题完整版S e c t i o n I U s e o f En g l i s hD i r e c t i o n s:R e a d t h e f o l l o w i n g t e x t.C h o o s e t h e be s t w o r d(s)f o r e a c h n u m b e r e db l a n k a n d m a r k A,B,C o r D o n t h e AN S W E R S H E E T.(10p o i n t s)A s m a n y p e o p l e h i t m i d d l e a g e,t h e yo f t e n s t a r t t o n o t i c e t h a t t h e i rm e m o r y a n d m e n t a l c l a r i t y a r e n o t w h a t t h e y u s e d t o b e.W e s u d d e n l y c a n’tr e m e m b e r___1___w e p u t t h e k e y s j us t a m o m e n t a g o,o r a n o l da c q u a i n t a n c e’s n a m e,o r t h e n a m e o f an o l d b a n d w e u s e d t o l o v e.A s t h eb r a i n___2___,w e r e f e r t o t h e s e oc cu r r e n c e s a s"s e n i o r m o m e n t s."___3___s e e m i n g l y i n n o c e n t,t h i s l o s so f m e n t a l f o c u s c a n p o t e n t i a l l yh a v e a(n)___4___i m p a c t o n o u r p r of e s s i o n a l,s o c i a l,a n d p e r s o n a l___5___.N e u r o s c i e n t i s t s,e x p e r t s w h o s t ud y t he n e r v o u s s y s t e m,a r ei n c r e a s i n g l y s h o w i n g t h a t t h e r e’s ac t u a l l y a l o t t h a t c a n b ed o n e.I t___6___o u t t h a t t h e b r a i n n e e d s e x e rc i s e i n m u c h t h e s a m e w a y o u rm u s c l e s d o,a n d t h e r i g h t m e n t a l___7___c a n s i g n i f i c a n t l y i m p r o v e o u rb a s ic c o g n i t i v e___8___.T h i n k i n g i s es s e n t i a l l y a___9___o f m a k i n gc o n n e c t i o n s i n t h e b r a i n.T o a c e r t a i ne x t e n t,o u r a b i l i t y t o___10___i nm a k i n g t h e c o n n e c t i o n s t h a t d r i v e i n te l l i g e n c e i s i n h e r i t e d.___11___,b ec a u s e t h e s e c o n n e c t i o n s a r e m ade t h r o u g h ef f o r t a n d p r a c t i c e,s c i e n t i s t sb e l i e v e t h a t i n t e l l i g e nc e c a n e x p a nd a n d f l u c t u a t e___12___me n t a l ef f o r t.N o w,a n e w W e b-b a s e d c o m p a n y h a s t a ke n i t a s t e p___13___a n dd e v e l o p e d t h e f i r s t"b r a i n t r a i n i n g pr o g r a m"d e s i g n e d t o a c t u a l l y h e l pp e o p l e i m p r o v e a n d r e g a i n t h ei r m e n t a l___14___.T h e W e b-b a s e d p r o g r a m___15___y o u to s y s t e m a t i c a l l y i m p r o v ey o u r m e m o r y a n d a t t e n t i o n s k i l l s.T h e p r o g r a m k e e p s___16___o f y o u rp r o g r e s s a n d p r o v i d e s d e t a i l e d f e e d b a c k ___17___y o u r p e r f o r m a n c e a n di m p r o v e m e n t.M o s t i m p o r t a n t l y,i t___1 8___m o d i f i e s a n d e n h a n c e s t h eg a m e s y o u p l a y t o___19___o n t h e s t r e n g t h s y o u a r e d e v e l o p i n g—m u c hl i k e a(n)___20___e x e r c i s e r o u t i n e r eq u i r e s y o u t o i n c r e a s e r e s i s t a n c ea n d v a r y y o u r m u sc l e u s e.1.[A]w h e r e[B]w h e n[C]t h a t[D]w h y2.[A]i m p r o v e s[B]f a d e s[C]re c o v e r s[D]c o l l a p s e s3.[A]I f[B]U n l e s s[C]O n c e[D]W h i l e4.[A]u n e v e n[B]l i m i t e d[C]da m a g i n g[D]ob sc u r e5.[A]w e l l b e i n g[B]e n v i r o n m e n t[C]r e l a t i o n s h i p[D]o u t l o o k6.[A]t u r n s[B]f i n d s[C]p o i n t s[D]f i g u r e s7.[A]r o u n d a b o u t s[B]r e s p o n s e s[C]w o r k o u t s[D]a s s o c i a t i o n s8.[A]g e n r e[B]f u n c t i o n s[C]c i rc u m s t a n c e s[D]c r i t e r i o n9.[A]c h a n n e l[B]c o n d i t i o n[C]s e q u e n c e[D]p r o c e s s10.[A]p e r s i s t[B]b e l i e v e[C]e x c e l[D]f e a t u r e11.[A]T h e r e f o r e[B]M o r e o v e r[C]O t h e r w i s e[D]H o w e v e r12.[A]a c c o r d i n g t o[B]r e g a r d l e s s of[C]a p a r t f r o m[D]i n s t e a d o f13.[A]b a c k[B]f u r t h e r[C]a s i d e[D]a r o u n d14.[A]s h a r p n e s s[B]s t a b i l i t y[C]f r a m e w o r k[D]f l e x i b i l i t y15.[A]f o r c e s[B]r e m i n d s[C]h u r r i e s[D]a l l o w s16.[A]h o l d[B]t r a c k[C]o r d e r[D]p a c e17.[A]t o[B]w i t h[C]f o r[D]o n18.[A]i r r e g u l a r l y[B]h a b i t u a l l y[C]c o n s t a n t l y[D]u n u s u a l l y19.[A]c a r r y[B]p u t[C]b u i l d[D]t a k e20.[A]r i s k y[B]e f f e c t i v e[C]i d l e[D]f a m i l i a rS e c t i o nⅡR e a d i n g C o m p re h e n s i o nP a r t AD i r e c t i o n s:R e a d t h e f o l l o w i n g f o u r t e x t s.A n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s b e l o w e a c h t e x t b yc h o o s i n g A,B,C o r D.M a r k y o u r a n s we r s o n t h e A N S W E R S H E E T.(40p o i n t s)T e x t1I n o r d e r t o"c h a n g e l i v e s f o r t h e be t t e r"a n d r e d u c e"d e p e n d e n c y"G e o r g e O s b o r n e,C h a n c e l l o r o f t h e E x ch e q u e r,i n t r o d u c e d t h e"u p f r o n tw o r k s e a r c h"s c h e m e.O n l y i f t h e j o b l e s s a r r i v e a t t h e j o b c e n t r e w i t h a C V,r e g i s t e r f o r o n l i n e j o b s e a r c h,a n d st a r t l o o k i n g f o r w o r k w i l l t h e y b ee l i g i b l ef o r b e n e f i t a n d t h e n t h e y sh o u l d r e p o r t w e e k l y r a t h e r t h a nf o r t n igh t l y.W h a t c o u l d be m o r e r e a s o n a b l e?M o r e a p p a r e n t r e a s o n a b l e n e s s f o ll o w e d.T h e r e w i l l n o w b e as e v e n-d a y w a i t f o r t h e j o b s e e k e r’s a l l o w a n c e."T h o s e f i r s t f e w d a y s s h o u l db e s p e n t l o o k i n g f o r w o r k,n o t l o o k i ng t o s i g n o n."h e c l a i m e d."W e’r ed o i n g t he s e t h i n g s b e c a u s e w e k n o w t h e y h e l p p e o p l e s t a y of f b e n e f i t s a n dh e l p t h o s e o n b e n e f i t s g e t i n t o w o r k f a s t e r."H e l p?R e a l l y?O n f i r s t h e a r i n g, t h i s w a s t h e s o c i a l l y c o n c e r n e d c h a n ce l l o r,t r y i n g t o c h a n g e l i v e sf o r t h eb e t t e r,c o m p l e t e w i t h"r e f o r m s"t o a no b v i o u s l y i n d u l g e n t s y s t e m t h a td e m a n d s t o o l i t t l e e f f o r t f r o m t h e n ew l y u n e m p l o y e d t o f i n d w o r k,a n ds u b s i d i s e s l a z i n e s s.W h a t m o t i v a t e d h i m,w e w e r e t o u n d e r s t a n d,w a s h i sz e a l f o r"f u n d a m e n t a l f a i r n e s s"—p r ot e c t i n g t h e t a x p a y e r,c o n t r o l l i n gs p e n d i n g a n d e n s u r i n g t h a t o n l y t h e mo s t d e s e r v i n g c l a i m a n t s r e c e i v e dt h e i r b e n e fi t s.L o s i n g a j o b i s h u r t i n g:y o u d o n’t sk i p d o w n t o t h e j o b c e n t r e w i t h as o n g i n y o u r h e a r t,d e l i g h t e d a t t h e p r o s p e c t o f d o u b l i n g y o u r i n c o m e f r o mt h e g e n e r o u s s t a t e.I t i s f i n a n c i a l l y t e r r i f y i n g,p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y e m b a r r a s s i n g a n d y o u k n o w t h a t s u p p o r t i s m i n i m a l a n d e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y h a r d t o g e t.Y o ua r e n o w n o t w a n t e d;y o u s u p p o r t i s m i ni m a l a n d e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y h a r d t og e t.Y o u a r e n o w n o t w a n t e d;y o u a re n o w e x c l u d e df r o m t h e w o r ke n v i r o n m e n t t h a t of f e r s p u r p o s e a n d st r u c t u r e i n y o u r l i f e.W o r s e,t h ec r u c i a l i n c o m e t o f e ed y o u r se lf a n d yo u r f a m i l y a n d p a y t h e b i l l s h a sd i s a p pe a r e d.A s k a n y o n e n e w l y u n e m p lo y e d w h a t t h e y w a n t a n d t h ea n s w e r i s a l w a y s:a j o b.B u t i n O s b o r n e l a n d,y o u r f i r s t i n s ti n c t i s t o f a l l i n t o d e p e n d e n c y—p e r m a n e n t d e p e n d e n c y i f y o u c a n g e t i t—s u p p o r t e d b y a s t a t e o n l y t o or e a d y t o i n d u l g e y o u r f a l s e h o o d.I t i s a s t h o u g h20y e a r s o f e v e r-t o u g h e rr e f o r m s o f t h e j o b s e a r c h a n d b e n e fi t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s y s t e m n e v e rh a p p e n e d.T h e p r i n c i p l e o f B r i t i s h w e l f a r e i s n o l o n g e r t h a t y o u c a n i n s u r ey o u r s e l f a g a i n s t t h e r i s k o f u n e m p l oy m e n t a n d r e c e i v e u n c o n d i t i o n a lp a y m e n t s i f t h e d i s a s t e r h a p p e n s.E ve n t h e v e r y p h r a s e"j o b s e e k e r’sa l l o w a n c e"—i n v e n t e d i n1996—i s ab o u t r e d e f i n i n g t h e u n e m p l o y e d a s a"j o b s e e k e r"w h o h a d n o m a n d a t o r y r i g h t t o a b e n e f i t h e o r s h e h a s e a r n e dt h r o u g h m a k i n g n a t i o n a l i n s u r a n c e c o n tr i b u t i o n s.I n s t e a d,t h e c l a i m a n tr e c e i v e s a t i m e-l i m i t e d"a l l o w a n c e,"c o n d i t i o n a l o n a c t i v e l y s e e k i n g a j o b;n o e n t i t l e m e n t a n d n o i n s u r a n c e,a t£71.70a w e e k,o n e o f t h e l e a s tg e n e r o u s i n t he E U.21.G e o r g e O s b o r n e’s s c h em e w a s i n t e n d e d t o[A]p r o v i d e t h e u n e m p l o y e d w i t h ea s i e r a c c e s s t ob e n e f i t s.[B]e n c o u r a g e j o b s e e k e r s’a c t i v e e n g a g e m e n t i n j o b s e e k i n g.[C]m o t i v a t e t h e u n e m p l o y e d to r e p o r t v o l u n t a r i l y.[D]g u a r a n t e e j o b s e e k e r s’l e g it i m a t e r i g h t t o b e n e f i t s.22.T h e p h r a s e,"t o s i g n o n"(L i n e3,P a r a.2)m o s t p r o b a b l y m e a n s[A]t o c h e c k o n t h e a v a i l a b i l i ty o f j o b s a t t h e j o b c e n t r e.[B]t o a c c e p t t h e g o v e r n m e n t’s r es t r i c t i o n s o n t h e a l l o w a n c e.[C]t o r e g i s t e r f o r a n a l l o w a n c e fr o m t h e g o v e r n m e n t.[D]t o a t t e n d a g o v e r n m e n t a l jo b-t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m.23.W h a t p r o m p t e d t h e c h a n c e l l or t o d e v e l o p h i s s c h e m e?[A]A d e s i r e t o s e c u r e ab e t t e r l i f e f o r a l l.[B]A n e a g e r n e s s t o p r o t e ct t h e u n e m p l o y e d.[C]A n u r g e t o b e g e n e r o u st o t h e c l a i m a n t s.[D]A p a s s i o n t o e n s u r e f a i r n es s f o r t a x p a y e r s.24.A c c o r d i n g t o P a r a g r a p h3,b e i ng u n e m p l o y e d m a k e s o n e f e e l[A]u n e a s y[B]e n r a g e d.[C]i n s u l t ed.[D]g u i l t y.25.T o w h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g w o u l d th e a u t h o r m o s t p r o b a b l y a g r e e?[A]T h e B r i t i s h w e l f a r e s y s t e m i n d u l g e s j o b s e e k e r s’l a z i n e s s.[B]O s b o r n e’s r e f o r m s w i l l r e d u c et h e r i s k o f u n e m p l o y m e n t.[C]T h e j o b s e e k e r s’a l l o w a n c e ha s m e t t h e i r a c t u a l n e e d s.[D]U n e m p l o y m e n t b e n e f i t s s h o u l d no t b e m a d e c o n d i t i o n a l.T e x t2A l l a r o u n d t h e w o r l d,l a w y e r s g e ne r a t e m o r e h o s t i l i t y t h a n t h em e m b e r s o f a n y o t h e r p r o f e s s i o n—w it h t h e p o s s i b l e e x c e p t i o n o fj o u r n a l i s m.B u t t h e r e a r e f e w p l a c e s w h e r e c l i e n t s h a v e m o r e g r o u n d s f o rc o m p l a i n t t h a n Am e r i c a.D u r i n g t h e d e c a d e b e f o r e t h e e c o n om i c c r i s i s,s p e n d i n g o n l e g a ls e r v i c e s i n A m e r i c a g r e w t w i c e a s f a s t a s i n f l a t i o n.T h e b e s t l a w y e r s m a d es k y s c r a p e r s-f u l l o f m o n e y,t e m p t i n g ev e r m o r e s t u d e n t s t o p i l e i n t o l a ws c h o o l s.B u t m o s t l a w g r a d u a t e s n e v e rg e t a b i g-f i r m j o b.M a n y o f t h e mi n s t e a d b e c o m e t h e k i n d o f n u i s a n c e-l a w s u i t f i l e r t h a t m a k e s t h e t o r ts y s t e m a c o s t l y ni g h t m a r e.T h e r e a r e m a n y r e a s o n s f o r t h i s.O n e i s t h e e x c e s s i v e c o s t s o f a l e g a le d u c a t i o n.T h e r e i s j u s t o n e p a t hf o r al a w y e r i n m o s t A m e r i c a n s t a t e s:af o u r-y e a r u n d e rg r a d u a t e d e g r e e i n so m e u n r e l a t e d s u b j e c t,t h e n at h r e e-y e a r l a w d e g r e e a t o n e o f200l a w s c h o o l s a u t h o r i z e d b y t h eA m e r i c a nB a r A s s o c i a t i o n a n d a n e x p e n s i v e p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h e b a r e x a m.T h i s l e a v e s t o d a y’s a v e r a g e l a w-s c h o o l g r a d u a t e w i t h$100,000o f d e b t o nt o p o f u n d e r g r a d u a t e d e b t s.L a w-s c h o ol d e b t m e a n s t h a t m a n y c a n n o ta f f o r d t o g o i n t o g o v e r n m e n t o r n o n-pr o f i t w o r k,a n d t h a t t h e y h a v e t ow o r k f e a r s o m e l yh a r d.R e f o r m i n g t h e s y s t e m w o u l d h e l p b o t h l a w y e r s a n d t h e i r c u s t o m e r s.S e n s i b l e i d e a s h a v e b e e n a r o u n d f o r a l o n g t i m e,b u t t h e s t a t e-l e v e l b o d i e st h a t g o v e r n t h e p r o f e s s i o n h a v e b e e n t o o c o n s e r v a t i v e t o i m p l e m e n t t h e m.O n e i d e a i s t o a l l o w p e o p l e t o s t u d yl a w a s a n u n d e r g r a d u a t e d e g r e e.A n o t h e r i s t o l e t s t u d e n t s s i t f o r t h e b a r a f t e r o n l y t w o y e a r s o f l a w s c h o o l.I f t h e b a r e x a m i s t r u l y a s t e r n e n o ug h t e s t f o r a w o u l d-b e l a w y e r,t h o s ew h o c a n s i t i t e a r l i e r sh o u l d b e a l l o w e d t od o s o.S t u de n t s w h o d o n o t n e e d t h e e x t r a t r a i n i n g c o u l d c u t t h e i r d e b tm o u n t a i n b y a th i r d.T h e o t h e r r e a s o n w h y c o s t s a r e s o hi g h i s t h e r e s t r i c t i v e g u i l d-l i k eo w n e r s h i p s t r u c t u r e o f t h e b u s i n e s s.Ex c e p t i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a,n o n-l a w y e r s m a y n o t o w n a n y s h a r e o f a l a w f i r m.T h i s k e e p s f e e s h i g h a n di n n o v a t i o n s l o w.T h e r e i s p r e s s u r e f o r c h a n g e f r o m w i t h i n t h e p r o f e s s i o n,b u t o p p o n e n t s o fc h a n g e a m o n g t h e r e g u l a t o r s i n s i s t t h a t k e e p i n g o u t s ide r so u t o f a l a w f i r m i s o l a t e s l a w y e r s f r o m t h e p r e s s u r e t o m a k e m o n e y r a t h e rt h a n s e r v e c l i e n ts e t h i c a l l y.I n f a c t,a l l o w i n g n o n-l a w y e r s t o o w n s h a r e s i n l a w f i r m s w o u l d r e d u c ec o s t s a nd i m p r o ve s e r v i c e s t o c u s t o m e r s,b y e n c o u r a g i n g l a wf i r m s t o u s et e c h n o l o g y a n d t o e m p l o y p r o f e s s i o n a lm a n a g e r s t o f o c u s o n i m p r o v i n gf i r m s’e f f i c i e n c y.A f t e r a l l,o t h e r co u n t r i e s,s u c h a s A u s t r a l i a a n d B r i t a i n,h a v e s t a r t e d l i b e r a l i z i n g t h e i r l e g a lp r o f e s s i o n s.A m e r i c a s h o u l d f o l l o w.26.a l o t o f s t u d e n t s t a k e u p l aw a s t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n d u e t o[A]t h e g r o w i n g d e m a n d fr o m c l i e n t s.[B]t h e i n c r e a s i n g p r e s su r e o f i n f l a t i o n.[C]t h e p r o s p e c t o f w o r ki n g i n b i g f i r m s.[D]t h e a t t r a c t i o n o f f i n an c i a l r e w a r d s.27.W h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g a d d s t o t h ec o s t s o f l e g a l ed u c a t i o n i n m o s tA m e r i c a n s t at e s?[A]H i g h e r t u i t i o n f e e s f o r u n d er g r a d u a t e s t u d i e s.[B]A d m i s s i o n s a p p r o v a l f r o m th e b a r a s s o c i a t i o n.[C]P u r s u i n g a b a c h e l o r’s d eg r e e i n a n o t h e r m a j o r.[D]R e c e i v i n g t r a i n i n g b y p r of e s s i o n a l a s s o c i a t i o n s.28.H i n d r a n c e t o t h e r e f o r m o f t h el e g a l s y s t e m o r i g i n a t e s f r o m[A]l a w y e r s’a n d c l i e n t s’s t r o n g r e s i s t a n c e.[B]t h e r i g i d b o d i e s g o v e r n i n gt h e p r o f e s s i o n.[C]t h e s t e m e x a m f o r w ou l d-b e l a w y e r s.[D]n o n-p r o f e s s i o n a l s’sh a r p c r i t i c i s m.29.T h e g u i l d-l i k e o w n e r s h i p s t r u c t u r ei s c o n s i d e r e d"r e s t r i c t i v e"p a r t l yb ec a u s e it[A]b a n s o u t s i d e r s’i n v o l v e m e n t in t h e p r o f e s s i o n.[B]k e e p s l a w y e r s f r o m h o l d in g l a w-f i r m s h a r e s.[C]a g g r a v a t e s t h e e t h i c a l si t u a t i o n i n t h e t r a d e.[D]p r e v e n t s l a w y e r s f r o m ga i n i n g d u e p r o f i t s.30.I n t h i s t e x t,t h e a u t ho r m a i n l y d i s c u s s e s[A]f l a w e d o w n e r s h i p o f A m e r i c a’s l a w f i r m s a n d i t s c a u s e s.[B]t h e f a c t o r s t h a t h e l p m a k e a su c c e s s f u l l a w y e r i n A m e r i c a.[C]a p r o b l e m i n A m e r i c a’s l e g a l p r o f e s s i o n a n d s o l u t i o n s t oi t.[D]t h e r o l e o f u n d e r g r a d u a t e s t u d i es i n A m e r i c a’s l e g a l e d u c a t i o n.T e x t3T h e U S$3-m i l l i o n F u n d a m e n t a l p h y s i c s p r i z e i s i n d e e d a n i n t e r e s t i n ge x p e r i m e n t,a s A l e x a n d e r P o l y a k o v s ai d w h e n h e a c c e p t e d t h i s y e a r’sa w a r d i n M a r c h.A n d i t i s f a r f r o m th e o n l y o n e o f i t s t y p e.A s a N e w sF e a t u r e a r t i c l e i n N a t u r e d i s c u s s e s,a s t r i n g o f l u c r a t i v e a w a r d s f o rr e s e a r c h e r s h a v e j o i n e d t h e N o b e l P r iz e s i n r e c e n t y e a r s.M a n y,l i k e t h eF u n d a m e n t a l P h y s i c s P r i z e,a r e f u n d e d f r o m t h e t e l e p h o n e-n u m b e r-s i z e db a n k ac c o u n t s o f I n t e r n e t e n t r e p r en e u r s.T h e s e b e n e f a c t o r s h a v es u c c e e d e d i n t h e i r c h o s e n f i e l d s,t h e y s a y,a n d t h e y w a n t t o u s e t h e i r w e a l t ht o d r a w a t t e n t i o n t o t h o s e w h o ha v e s u c c e e d e d i n s c i e n c e.W h a t’s n o t t o l i k e?Q u i t e a l o t,a cc o rd i n g t o a h a n d f u l o f s c ie n t i s t sq u o t e d i n t h e N e w s F e a t u r e.Y o u c a n n o t b u y c l a s s,a s t h e o l d s a y i n g g o e s,a n d t h e s e u p s t a r t e n t r e p r e n e u r s c a n n o tb u y t h e i r p r i z e s t h e p r e s t i g e o f t h eN o b e l s,T h e n e w a w a r d s a r e a n e x e r c i s e i n s e l f-p r o m o t i o n f o r t h o s e b e h i n dt h e m,s a y s c i e n t i s t s.T h e y c o u l d d i s t o r t t h e a c h i e v e m e n t-b a s e d s y s t e m o fp e e r-r e v i e w-l e d r e s e a r c h.T h e y c ou l d c e m e n t t h e s t a t u s q u o o fp e e r-r e v i e w e d r e s e a r c h.T h e y d o n o t fu n d p e e r-r e v i e w e d r e s e a r c h.T h e yp e r p e t u a t e t h e m y t h o f th e l o n e g e n i u s.T h e g o a l s o f t h e p r i z e-g i v e r s s e e m a s s c a t t e r e d a s t h e c r i t i c i s m.S o m ew a n t t o s h o c k,o t h e r s t o d r a w p e o p l e i n t o s c i e n c e,o r t o b e t t e r r e w a r d t h o s ew h o h a v e m a d e t h e i r c a r ee r s i n r e s e a r c h.A s N a t u r e h a s p o i n t e d o u t b e f o r e,t h e r e a r e s o m e l e g i t i m a t e c o n c e r n sa b o u t h o w s c i e n c e p r i z e s—b o t h n e w an d o l d—a r e d i s t r i b u t e d.T h eB r e a k t h r o u g h P r i z e i n L i f e S c i e n c es,l a u n c h e d t h i s y e a r,t a k e s a nu n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e v i e w o f w h a t t h e l i fe s c i e n c e s i n c l u d e.B u t t h e N o b e lF o u n d a t i o n’s l i m i t o f t h r e e r e c i p i e n t s p e r p r i z e,e a c h o f w h o m m u s t s t i l l b el i v i n g,h a s l o n g b e e n o u t g r o w n b y t he c o l l a b o r a t i v e n a t u r e of m o d e r nr e s e a r c h—a s w i l l b e d e m o n s t r a t e d b yt h e i n e v i t a b l e r o w o v e r w h o i si g n o r e d w h e n i t c o m e s t o a c k n o w l e d g i n g t h e d i s c o v e r y o f t h e H i g g s b o s o n.T h e N o b e l s w e r e,o f c o u r s e,t h e m s e l v e s s e t u p b y a v e r y r i c h i n d i v i d u a l w h oh a d d e c i d e d w h a t h e w a n t e d t o d o w i t h hi s o w n m o n e y.T i m e,r a t h e r t h a ni n t e n t i o n,h a s g i v e n th e m l e g i t i m a c y.A s m u c h a s s o m e s c i e n t i s t s m a y c o m p l a i n a b o u t t h e n e w a w a r d s,t w ot h i n g s s e e m c l e a r.F i r s t,m o s t r e s e a r c h e r s w o u l d a c c e p t s u c h a p r i z e i f t h e yw e r e o f f e r e d o n e.S e c o n d,i t i s s u r el y a g o o d t h i n g t h a t t h e m o n e y a n da t t e n t i o n c o m e t o s c i e n c e r a t h e r t h a n g o e l s e w h e r e,I t i s f a i r t o c r i t i c i z e a n d q u e s t i o n t h e m e c h a n i s m—t h a t i s t h e c u l t u r e o f r e s e a r c h,a f t e r a l l—b u t i t i s t h e p r i z e-g i v e r s’m o n e y t o d o w i t h a st h e y p l e a s e.I t i s w i s e t o t a k e s u c hg i f t s w i t h g r a t i t u de a n d g r a c e.31.T h e F u n d a m e n t a l P h y s ic s P r i z e i s s e e n a s[A]a s y m b o l o f t h e e n t r ep r e n e u r s’w e a l t h.[B]a p o s s i b l e r e p l a c e m e n t of t h e N o b e l P r i z e s.[C]a n e x a m p l e o f b a n k e rs’i n v e s t m e n t s.[D]a h a n d s o m e r e w a r d f o r re s e a r c h e r s.32.T h e c r i t i c s t h i n k t h a t t h e ne w a w a r d s w i l l m o s t b e n ef i t[A]t h e p r o f i t-o r i e n te d s c i e n t i s t s.[B]t h e f o u n d e r s o f t he n e w a w a r d s.[C]t h e a c h i e v e m e n t-b as e d s y s t e m.[D]p e e r-r e v i e w-l e d re s e a r c h.33.T h e d i s c o v e r y o f t h e H i g g s b o s o ni s a t y p i c a l c a s e w h i c h i n v o l v e s[A]c o n t r o v e r s i e s o v e r t h er e c i p i e n t s’s t a t u s.[B]t h e j o i n t e f f o r t o f m o d er n r e s e a r c h e r s.[C]l e g i t i m a t e c o n c e r n s o ve r t h e n e w p r i z e s.[D]t h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f re s e a r c hf i n d i ng s.34.A c c o r d i n g t o P a r a g r a p h4,w h i c h of t h e f o l l o w i ng i s t r u e o f th eN o b e l s?[A]T h e i r e n d u r a n c e h a s d o ne j u s t i c e t o t h e m.[B]T h e i r l e g i t i m a c y h a s l on g b e e n i n d i s p u t e.[C]T h e y a r e t h e m o s t r e p re s e n t a t i v e h o n o r.[D]H i s t o r y h a s n e v e r c a s t do u b t o n t h e m.35.T h e a u t h o r b e l i e v e s t h at t h e n o w a w a r d s a r e[A]a c c e p t a b l e d e s p i t e t he c r i t i c i s m.[B]h a r m f u l t o t h e c u l tu r e o f r e s e a r c h.[C]s u b j e c t t o u n d e s i ra b l e c h a n g e s.[D]u n w o r t h y o f p u b l ic a t t e n t i o n.T e x t4"T h e H e a r t o f t h e M a t t e r,"t h e j u s t-r e l e a s e d r e p o r t b y t h e A m e r i c a nA c a d e m y o f A r t s a n d S c i e n c e s(A A A S),de s e r v e s p r a i s ef o r a f f i r m i ng th ei m p o r t a n c e o f t h e h u m a n i t i e s a n d s o c ia l s c i e n c e s t o t h e p r o s p e r i t y a n ds e c u r i t y o f l i b e r a l d e m o c r a c y i n A m e r i c a.R e g r e t t a b l y,h o w e v e r,t h e r e p o r t’sf a i l u r e t o a d d r e s s t h e t r u e n a t u r e o f t h e c r i s i s f a c i ng l i b e r a l e d u c a t i o n m a y c a u s e m o r eh a r m t ha n g o o d.I n2010,l e a d i n g c o n g r e s s i o n a l D e mo c r a t s a n d R e p u b l i c a n s s e n tl e t t e r s t o t h e A A A S a s k i n g t h a t i t i de n t if y a c t i o n s t h a t c o u l d b e t a k e n b y"f e d e r a l,s t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s,u n i v e r s i t i e s,f o u n d a t i o n s,e d u c a t o r s,i n d i v i d u a l b e n e f a c t o r s a n d o t h e r s"t o"m a i n t a i n n a t i o n a l e x c e l l e n c e i nh u m a n i t i e s a n d s o c i a l s c i e n t i f i c s c h o la r s h i p a n d e d u c a t i o n."I n r e s p o n s e,t h e A m e r i c a n A c a d e m y f o r m e d t h e C o m m is s i o n o n t h e H u m a n i t i e s a n dS o c i a l S c i e n c e s.A m o n g t h e c o m mi s s i o n’s51m e m b e r s a r et o p-t i e r-u n i v e r s i t y p r e s i d e n t s,s c h o la r s,l a w y e r s,j u d g e s,a n db u s i n e s se x e c u t i v e s,a s w e l l a s p r o m i n e n tf ig ur e s f r o m d i p l o m a c y,f i l m m a k i n g,m u s i c a n d j o u r na l i s m.T h e g o a l s i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e r e p o r t ar e g e n e r a l l y a d m i r a b l e.B e c a u s er e p r e s e n t a t i v e g o v e r n m e n t p r e s u p p o s e s an i n f o r m e d c i t i z e n r y,t h e r e p o r ts u p p o r t s f u l l l i t e r a c y;s t r e s s e s t h es t u d y o f h i s t o r y a n d g o v e r n m e n t,p a r t i c u l a r l y A m e r i c a n h i s t o r y a n d A m e r i c a n g o v e r n m e n t;a n d e n c o u r a g e st h e u s e o f n e w d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g i es.T o e n c o u r a g e i n n o v a t i o n a n dc o m p e t i t i o n,t h e r e p o r t c a l l s f o r i n cr e a s e d i n v e s t m e n t i n r e s e a r c h,t h ec r a f t i n g o f c o h e r e n t c u r r i c u l a t h a t im p r o v e s t u d e n t s’a b i l i t y t o s o l v ep r o b l e m s a n d c o m m u n i c a t e e f f e c t i v e l yi n t h e21s t c e n t u r y,i n c r e a s e df u n d i ng f o r t e a ch e r s a n d t h e e n c o u r a ge m e n t of s c h o l a r s t o b r i ng th ei rl e a r n i n g t o b e a r o n t h e g r e a t c h a l le n g e s of t h e d a y.T h e r e p o r t a l s oa d v o c a t e s g r e a t e r s t u d y o f f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e s,i n t e r n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s a n d t h ee x p a n s i o n of s t u d y a b ro a d p r o g r a m s.U n f o r t u n a t e l y,d e s p i t e2½y e a r s i n th e m a k i n g,"T h e H e a r t o f t h eM a t t e r"n e v e r g e t s t o t h e h e a r t o f t h e m a t t e r:t h e i l l i b e r a l n a t u r e o f l i b e r a l e d u c a t i o n a t o u r l e a d i n g c o l l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s.T h e c o m m i s s i o n i g n o r e st h a t f o r s e v e r a l d e c a d e s A m e r i c a's c o l l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s h a v e p r o d u c e dg r a d u a t e s w h o d o n’t k n o w t h e c o n t e n t an d c h a r a c t e r o f l i b e r a l e d u c a t i o na n d a r e t h u s d e p r i v e d o f i t sb e n e f i t s.S a d l y,t h e s p i r i t o f i n q u i r y o n c e a th o m e o n c a m p u s h a s b e e n r e p l a c e d b y t h e u s e o f t h e h u m a n i t i e s a n d s o c i a ls c i e n c e s a s v e h i c l e s f o r p u b l i c i z in g"p r o g r e s s i v e,"o r l e f t-l i b e r a lp r o p a g a n d a.T o d a y,p r o f e s s o r s r o u t i n e l y t r e a t th e p r o g r e s s i v e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o fh i s t o r y a n d p r o g r e s s i v e p u b l i c p o l i c y as t h e p r o p e r s u b j e c t o f s t u d y w h i l ep o r t r a y i n g c o n s e r v a t i v e o r c l a s s i c a l l i b e r a l i d e a s—s u c h a s f r e e m a r k e t s a n ds e l f-r e l i a n c e—a s f a l l i n g o u t s i d e t h e b o u n d a r i e s o f r o u t i n e,a n d s o m e t i m e sl e g i t i m a t e,i n t e l l e c t ua l i n v e s t i g a t i o n.。

年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题2014年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates(NETEM)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember ___1___ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain ___2___, we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” ___3___ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) ___4___ impact on our professional, social, and personal ___5___.Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It ___6___ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental ___7___ can significantly improve our basic cognitive ___8___. Thinking is essentially a ___9___ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to ___10___ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. ___11___, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate ___12___ mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step ___13___ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental ___14___.The Web-based program ___15___ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps ___16___ of your progress and provides detailed feedback ___17___ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it ___18___modifies and enhances the games you play to ___19___ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) ___20___exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1. A. where B. when C. that D. why2. A. improves B. fades C. recovers D. collapses3. A. If B. Unless C. Once D. While4. A. uneven B. limited C. damaging D. obscure5. A. wellbeing B. environment C. relationship D. outlook6. A. turns B. finds C. points D. figures7. A. roundabouts B. responses C. workouts D. associations8. A. genre B. functions C. circumstances D. criterion9. A. channel B. condition C. sequence D. process10. A. persist B. believe C. excel D. feature11. A. Therefore B. Moreover C. Otherwise D. However12. A. according to B. regardless of C. apart from D. instead of13. A. back B. further C. aside D. around14. A. sharpness B. stability C. framework D. flexibility15. A. forces B. reminds C. hurries D. allows16. A. hold B. track C. order D. pace17. A. to B. with C. for D. on18. A. irregularly B. habitually C. constantly D. unusually19. A. carry B. put C. build D. take20. A. risky B. effective C. idle D. familiarSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency” George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system thatdemands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”— protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency — permanent dependency if you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance” — invented in 1996 — is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at £71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21.George Osborne’s scheme was intended to____________.[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[B]encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking.[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.[D]guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits.22.The phrase, “to sign on” (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means________.[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.[B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance.[C]to register for an allowance from the government.[D]to attend a governmental job-training program.23.What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A]A desire to secure a better life for all.[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24.According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel______.[A]uneasy[B]enraged.[C]insulted.[D]guilty.25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text 2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow peopleto study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed todo so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.26.A lot of students take up law as their profession due to______.[A]the growing demand from clients.[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.[C]the prospect of working in big firms.[D]the attraction of financial rewards.27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D]Receiving training by professional associations.28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from________.[A]lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance.[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession.[C]the stem exam for would-be lawyers.[D]non-professionals’ sharp criticism.29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive”partly becauseit_______.[A]bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30.In this text, the author mainly discusses____________.[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.[C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.Text 3The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whommust still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31.The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as________.[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’ wealth.[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.[C]an example of bankers’ investments.[D]a handsome reward for researchers.32.The critics think that the new awards will most benefit________.[A]the profit-oriented scientists.[B]the founders of the new awards.[C]the achievement-based system.[D]peer-review-led research.33.The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves_________.[A]controversies over the recipients’ status.[B]the joint effort of modern researchers.[C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes.[D]the demonstration of research findings.34.According to Paragraph 4,which of the following is true of the Nobels?[A]Their endurance has done justice to them.[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.[C]They are the most representative honor.[D]History has never cast doubt on them.35.The author believes that the now awards are_________.[A]acceptable despite the criticism.[B]harmful to the culture of research.[C]subject to undesirable changes.[D]unworthy of public attention.Text 4“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.” In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leadingcolleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36.According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’sreport?[A] Critical[B] Appreciative[C] Contemptuous[D] Tolerant37.Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to____.[A] retain people’s interest in liberal education[B] define the government’s role in education[C] keep a leading position in liberal education[D] safeguard individuals’ rights to education38.According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests_______.[A] an exclusive study of American history[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects[C] the application of emerging technologies[D] funding for the study of foreign languages39.The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are_______.[A] supportive of free markets[B] cautious about intellectual investigation[C] conservative about public policy[D] biased against classical liberal ideas40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”[B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.[B]In another case, American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample(make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, havelocated hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copan collapsed.[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knossós) on the island of Crete, in 1900.[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.41.→ A →42. → E →43. → 44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. (48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an intense crescendo and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society. (49)Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students’ physical condition.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)interpret its intended meaning, and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET(20 points)相携。

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2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A， B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET。

(10 points)As many people hit middle age， they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember ___1___ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name， or the name of an old band we used to love。

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of LanguageDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(S) for each numbered blank and mark A, B ,C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 Points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6.[A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7.[A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8.[A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9.[A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11.[A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12.[A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14.[A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15.[A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17.[A] to [B]with [C]for [D]on18.[A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19.[A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20.[A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiarSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, D. Mark your choice on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In order to “change lives for the better”and reduce “dependency,”George Orbome, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search”scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit-and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.”he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people say off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster”Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms”to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsides laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency —permanent dependency ifyou can get it —supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance”—invented in 1996 —is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker”who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,”conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at ￡71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21.George Osborne’s scheme was intended to[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[B]encourage jobseekers’active engagement in job seeking.[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.[D]guarantee jobseekers’legitimate right to benefits.22.The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.[B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance.[C]to register for an allowance from the government.[D]to attend a governmental job-training program.23.What promoted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A] A desire to secure a better life for all.[B] An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C] An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D] A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24.According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one one feel[A]uneasy. [B]enraged. [C]insulted. [D]guilty.25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’laziness.[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C]The jobseekers’allowance has met their actual needs.[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text 2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession---with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third. The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.26. a lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A]the growing demand from clients.[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.[C]the prospect of working in big firms.[D]the attraction of financial rewards.27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D]Receiving training by professional associations.28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[A] lawyers’and clients’strong resistance.[B] the rigid bodies governing the profession.[C] the stem exam for would-be lawyers.[D] non-professionals’sharp criticism.29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive”partly because it[A] bans outsiders’involvement in the profession.[B] keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.[C] aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D] prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30.In this text, the author mainly discusses[A] flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.[B] the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.[C] a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.[D] the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.Text 3The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobles , The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by theinevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31.The Fundamental Physical Prize is seen as[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’s wealth.[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prize.[C]an example of bankers’investment.[D]a handsome reward for researchers.32.The critics think that the new awards will most benefit[A]the profit-oriented scientists.[B]the founders of the new award.[C]the achievement-based system.[D]peer-review-led research.33.The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves[A]controversies over the recipients’status.[B]the joint effort of modern researchers.[C]legitimate concerns over the new prize.[D]the demonstration of research findings.34. According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the Nobels?[A]Their endurance has done justice to them.[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.[C]They are the most representative honor.[D]History has never cast doubt on them.35.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A]acceptable despite the criticism.[B]harmful to the culture of research.[C]subject to undesirable changes.[D]unworthy of public attention.Text 4“The Heart of the Matter,”the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to theprosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report's failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others" to "maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education."In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences, with Duke University President Richard Brodhead and retired Exelon CEO John Rowe as co-chairmen. Among the commission's 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies.To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.One of the more novel ideas in the report is the creation of a "Culture Corps" in cities and town across America to "transmit humanistic and social scientific expertise from one generation to the next."Unfortunately, despite 2? years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities.The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for disseminating "progressive," or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas —such as free markets, self-reliance and a distrust of central planning—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that congress asked it to illuminate.36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?[A] Critical[B] Appreciative[C] Contemptuous[D] Tolerant37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to[A] retain people’s interest in liberal education[B] define the government’s role in education[C] keep a leading position in liberal education[D] safeguard individuals rights to education38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests[A] an exclusive study of American history[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects[C] the application of emerging technologies[D] funding for the study of foreign languages39. The author implies in Paragraph S that professors are[A] supportive of free markets[B] cautious about intellectual investigation[C] conservative about public policy[D] biased against classical liberal ideas40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”[B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationPart BDirections：The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes .Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm .Most archaeological sites have beenlocated by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, fell into its deep valley in 1911.Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.[B] In another case, American archaeologists Rene million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City .at its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the word. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes.in one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural village and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD500 and 850, when Copán collapsed.[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airbone technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamum existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the King for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Eyan combed antique dealers’stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for thing engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evas’s interpretations of those engravings eventually led them to find the Minoan palace at Knossos on the island of Crete, in 1900.[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amounts of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using suchtechnologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detector. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.41 42 43 44 45Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points) Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. 47) By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. 48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to theGreek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word.50) One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.47. By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.48. Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.50. One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students’physical condition.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)参考范文如下：Dear Mr. President,It is my great honor to write to you. As far as I am concerned, we have enough extraordinary lectures and what we need now is physical exercise.Since most of the time is spent in watching TV and playing computer games, our physical conditions are not good enough. i still have some suggestions for you. To begin with, our university should arrange more PE classes. To continue, we should have a fixed schedule for a certain time of outdoor activity. What is more, teaching faculty should be involved in the same kind of physical exercise.。

2014年考研英语(一)真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember___1___ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain ___2___, we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." ___3___ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) ___4___ impact on our professional, social, and personal ___5___.Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It ___6___ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental___7___ can significantly improve our basic cognitive ___8___. Thinking is essentially a ___9___ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to ___10___ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. ___11___, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate ___12___ mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step ___13___ and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental ___14___.The Web-based program ___15___ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps ___16___ of your progress and provides detailed feedback ___17___ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it ___18___modifies and enhances the games you play to ___19___ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) ___20___exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1. [A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2. [A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3. [A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4. [A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5. [A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6. [A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7. [A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8. [A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9. [A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10. [A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11. [A] Therefore [B] Moreover [C] Otherwise [D] However12. [A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13. [A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14. [A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15. [A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16. [A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17. [A]to [B]with [C]for [D]on18. [A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19. [A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20. [A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiarSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1In order to "change lives for the better" and reduce "dependency" George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the "upfront work search" scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. "Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on." he claimed. "We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster." Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with "reforms" to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, washis zeal for "fundamental fairness"— protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency —permanent dependency if you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase "jobseeker’s allowance" — invented in 1996 — is about redefining the unemployed as a "jobseeker" who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited "allowance," conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at £71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21. George Osborne’s scheme was intended to[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[B]encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking.[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.[D]guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits.22. The phrase, "to sign on" (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.[B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance.[C]to register for an allowance from the government.[D]to attend a governmental job-training program.23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A]A desire to secure a better life for all.[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel[A]uneasy[B]enraged.[C]insulted.[D]guilty.25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met the ir actual needs.[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text 2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation f or the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit forthe bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.26.a lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A]the growing demand from clients.[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.[C]the prospect of working in big firms.[D]the attraction of financial rewards.27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D]Receiving training by professional associations.28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[A]lawyers’ and clients’ strong resista nce.[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession.[C]the stem exam for would-be lawyers.[D]non-professionals’ sharp criticism.29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered "restrictive"partly because it[A]bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30.In this text, the author mainly discusses[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.[C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.Text 3The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they wantto use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prizein Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what thelife sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who haddecided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’ wealth.[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.[C]an example of bankers’ investments.[D]a handsome reward for researchers.32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefit[A]the profit-oriented scientists.[B]the founders of the new awards.[C]the achievement-based system.[D]peer-review-led research.33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves[A]controversies over the recipients’ status.[B]the joint effort of modern researchers.[C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes.[D]the demonstration of research findings.34. According to Paragraph 4,which of the following is true of the Nobels?[A]Their endurance has done justice to them.[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.[C]They are the most representative honor.[D]History has never cast doubt on them.35.The author believes that the now awards are[A]acceptable despite the criticism.[B]harmful to the culture of research.[C]subject to undesirable changes.[D]unworthy of public attention.Text 4"The Heart of the Matter," the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. R egrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others" to "maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education." In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problem s and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing "progressive," or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portrayingconservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?[A] Critical[B] Appreciative[C] Contemptuous[D] Tolerant37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to[A] retain people’s interest in liberal education[B] define the government’s role in education[C] keep a leading position in liberal education[D] safeguard individuals’ rights to education38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests[A] an exclusive study of American history[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects[C] the application of emerging technologies[D] funding for the study of foreign languages39. The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are[A] supportive of free markets[B] cautious about intellectual investigation[C] conservative about public policy[D] biased against classical liberal ideas40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Ways to Grasp "The Heart of the Matter"[B] Illiberal Education and "The Heart of the Matter"[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.[B]In another case, American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copan collapsed.[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneaththe ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dea lers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knossós) on the island of Crete, in 1900.[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.41.C→ A →42.F→ E →43.G→ 44.D →45.BPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)It is also the reason why when we try todescribe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. (48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an intense crescendo and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.(49)Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.这也是为什么我们尝试用语言来描述音乐时，只是能表达出对音乐的感受却无法领会音乐本身。

2014考研英语一卷2014年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一试题如下：注意事项：1. 本试卷满分为100分，考试时间为180分钟。

2. 考生需将所有答案写在答题卡上，写在试卷上的无效。

第一部分英语知识运用（共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分）从每小题给出的四个选项中，选出最符合题目要求的答案。

1. The company has the right to _______ any employee who fails to meet the required standards.A. terminateB. doubleC. questionD. monitor2. She is not very attractive, but she has a beautiful _______ which makes her popular with her friends.A. gestureB. postureC. statureD. countenance3. In _______ of the committee’s recommendation, the CEO has appointed a new director.A. agreementB. additionC. complianceD. coordination4. The _______ of the company’s financial position is good, with sales revenue up by 10% and net profits tripling over the past year.A. evaluationB. assessmentC. valuationD. calculation5. The company has _______ its commitment to environmental protection by introducing a new energy-saving technology.A. reaffirmedB. reversedC. resistedD. retarded6. We have been hearing _______ stories about the consequences of climate change, but little has been done to address the issue so far.A. discouragingB. distressingC. distressfulD. disheartening7. The government has taken measures to _______ the high prices of commodities, but the measures have had little impact so far.A. moderateB. manipulateC. regulateD. sustain8. The company has _______ its position as a leading manufacturer of electronic products by investing in research and development.A. strengthenedB. consolidatedC. reinforcedD. stabilized。

2014年考研英语一真题-高清版含答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)As many people hit middle age,they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be.We suddenly can’t remember 1we put the keys just a moment ago,or an old acquaintance’s name,or the name of an old band we used to love.As the brain2,we refer to these occurrences as“senior moments.”3seemingly innocent,this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n)4impact on our professional,social,and personal5.Neuroscientists,experts who study the nervous system,are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done.It6out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do,and the right mental 7can significantly improve our basic cognitive8.Thinking is essentially a9of making connections in the brain.To a certain extent,our ability to10in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11,because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate12mental effort.Now,a new Web-based company has taken it a step13and developed the first“brain training program”designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental14.The Web-based program15you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills.The program keeps16of your progress and provides detailed feedback17your performance and improvement.Most importantly,it18modifies and enhances the games you play to19on the strengths you are developing–much like a(n)20exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]that[B]when[C]why[D]where2.[A]fades[B]improves[C]collapses[D]recovers3.[A]Unless[B]While[C]Once[D]If4.[A]damaging[B]limited[C]uneven[D]obscure5.[A]relationship[B]environment[C]wellbeing[D]outlook6.[A]figures[B]finds[C]points[D]turns7.[A]responses[B]associations[C]workouts[D]roundabouts8.[A]genre[B]criterion[C]circumstances[D]functions9.[A]channel[B]process[C]condition[D]sequence10.[A]persist[B]feature[C]excel[D]believe11.[A]However[B]Moreover[C]Otherwise[D]Therefore12.[A]according to[B]regardless of[C]apart from[D]instead of13.[A]back[B]further[C]aside[D]around14.[A]framework[B]stability[C]flexibility[D]sharpness15.[A]hurries[B]reminds[C]allows[D]forces16.[A]order[B]track[C]pace[D]hold17.[A]on[B]to[C]for[D]with18.[A]habitually[B]constantly[C]irregularly[D]unusually19.[A]carry[B]put[C]build[D]take20.[A]idle[B]risky[C]familiar[D]effectiveSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1In order to“change lives for the better”and reduce“dependency”,George Osborne,Chancellor of the Exchequer,introduced the“upfront work search”scheme.Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV,register for online job search,and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit–and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly.What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed.There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance.“Those first few days should be spent looking for work,not looking to sign on,”he claimed.“We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.”Help?Really?On first hearing,this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better,complete with“reforms”to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work,and subsidises laziness.What motivated him,we were to understand,was his zeal for“fundamental fairness”–protecting the taxpayer,controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting:you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.It is financially terrifying,psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted;you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life.Worse,the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared.Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always:a job.But in Osborneland,your first instinct is to fall into dependency–permanent dependency if you can get it–supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood.It is as though20years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened.The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens.Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance”is about redefining the unemployed as a“jobseeker”who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.Instead,the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,”conditional on actively seeking a job;no entitlement and no insurance,at£71.70a week,one of the least generous in the EU.21.George Osborne’s scheme was intended to[A]encourage jobseekers’active engagement in job seeking.[B]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[C]guarantee jobseekers’legitimate right to benefits.[D]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.22.The phrase“to sign on”(Line3,Para.2)most probably means[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.[B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance.[C]to register for an allowance from the government.[D]to attend a governmental job-training program.23.What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A]A desire to secure a better life for all.[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24.According to Paragraph3,being unemployed makes one feel[A]uneasy.[B]insulted.[C]enraged.[D]guilty.25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.[B]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’laziness.[C]The jobseekers’allowance has met their actual needs.[D]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.Text2All around the world,lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession–with the possible exception of journalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis,spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation.The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money,tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.But most law graduates never get a big-firm job.Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this.One is the excessive costs of a legal education.There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states:a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject,then a three-year law degree at one of200law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with$100,000of debt on top of undergraduate w-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers.Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them.One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree.Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school.If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business.Except in the District of Columbia,non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm.This keeps fees high and innovation slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession,but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact,allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’efficiency. After all,other countries,such as Australia and Britain,have started liberalizing their legal professions.America should follow.26.A lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A]the growing demand from clients.[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.[C]the prospect of working in big firms.[D]the attraction of financial rewards.27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most Americanstates?[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B]Receiving training by professional associations.[C]Admissions approval from the bar association.[D]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[A]the rigid bodies governing the profession.[B]lawyers’and clients’strong resistance.[C]the stern exam for would-be lawyers.[D]non-professionals’sharp criticism.29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered“restrictive”partly because it[A]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.[B]bans outsiders’involvement in the profession.[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.30.In this text,the author mainly discusses[A]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.[B]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.[C]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.[D]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.Text3The US$3-million Fundamental Physics Prize is indeed an interesting experiment,as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March.And it is far from the only one of its type.As a News Feature article in Nature discusses,a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.Many,like the Fundamental Physics Prize,are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields,they say,and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like?Quite a lot,according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.You cannot buy class,as the old saying goes,and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels.The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them,say scientists.They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research.They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research.They do not fund peer-reviewed research.They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism.Some want to shock,others to draw people into science,or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before,there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes–both new and old–are distributed.The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences,launched this year,takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include.But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize,each of whom must still be living,has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research–as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.The Nobels were,of course,themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money.Time, rather than intention,has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards,two things seem clear.First,most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one.Second,it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere.It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism –that is the culture of research,after all–but it is the prize-givers’money to do with as they please.It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31.The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’wealth.[B]a handsome reward for researchers.[C]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.[D]an example of bankers’investments.32.The critics think that the new awards will most benefit[A]the profit-oriented scientists.[B]the achievement-based system.[C]the founders of the new awards.[D]peer-review-led research.33.The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves[A]legitimate concerns over the new prizes.[B]controversies over the recipients’status.[C]the joint effort of modern researchers.[D]the demonstration of research findings.34.According to Paragraph4,which of the following is true of the Nobels?[A]History has never cast doubt on them.[B]Their endurance has done justice to them.[C]They are the most representative honor.[D]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.35.The author believes that the new awards are[A]unworthy of public attention.[B]subject to undesirable changes.[C]harmful to the culture of research.[D]acceptable despite the criticism.Text4“The Heart of the Matter,”the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences(AAAS),deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.Regrettably,however,the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In2010,leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by“federal,state and local governments,universities,foundations,educators,individual benefactors and others”to“maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.”In response,the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences.Among the commission’s51members are top-tier-university presidents,scholars,lawyers,judges,and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy,filmmaking,music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable.Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry,the report supports full literacy;stresses the study of history and government,particularly American history and American government;and encourages the use of new digital technologies.To encourage innovation and competition,the report calls for increased investment in research,the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the21st century,increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day.The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages,international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately,despite21/2years in the making,“The Heart of the Matter”never gets to the heart of the matter:the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities.The commission ignores that for several decades America’s colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly,the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing“progressive,”or left-liberal propaganda.Today,professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas–such as free markets and self-reliance–as falling outside the boundaries of routine,and sometimes legitimate,intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education.Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36.According to Paragraph1,what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?[A]Critical.[B]Appreciative.[C]Contemptuous.[D]Tolerant.37.Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to[A]define the government’s role in education.[B]safeguard individuals’rights to education.[C]retain people’s interest in liberal education.[D]keep a leading position in liberal education.38.According to Paragraph3,the report suggests[A]an exclusive study of American history.[B]a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects.[C]the application of emerging technologies.[D]funding for the study of foreign languages.39.The author implies in Paragraph5that professors are[A]supportive of free markets.[B]conservative about public policy.[C]biased against classical liberal ideas.[D]cautious about intellectual investigation.40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Ways to Grasp“The Heart of the Matter”[B]Illiberal Education and“The Heart of the Matter”[C]The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D]Progressive Policy vs.Liberal EducationPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points) [A]Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable–for example,the Parthenon in Athens,Greece;the pyramids of Giza in Egypt;and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England.But these sites are exceptions to the norm.Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching,while many others have been discovered by accident.Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania,was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in1911.Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the1970s.[B]In another case,American archaeologists RenéMillion and George Cowgillspent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacán in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City.At its peak around AD600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world.The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas,but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived. [C]How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for whenthere is nothing visible on the surface of the ground?Typically,they survey and sample(make test excavations on)large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information.Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D]Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes.In one case,many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán,Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot.The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD500and850,when Copán collapsed.[E]To find their sites,archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic surveymethods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques.Airborne technologies,such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft,allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging.Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features,such as ancient buildings or fields.[F]Most archaeological sites,however,are discovered by archaeologists whohave set out to look for them.Such searches can take years.British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites.Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in1922.In the late1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers’stores in Athens,Greece.He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the1400s to1200s BC.Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos(Knosós), on the island of Crete,in1900.[G]Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will besuccessful.Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking,looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery.They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape.Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar,magnetic-field recording,and metal detectors.Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites.Two-and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look,and presenting the results of archaeological research.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life.It might be poetic,philosophical,sensual,or mathematical,but in any case it must,in my view,have something to do with the soul of the human being.Hence it is metaphysical;but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound.I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music.(46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words,all we can do is articulate our reactions to it,and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions.He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure.Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity.The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected,as in the last piano sonata.In musical expression,he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention.(47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person,and a courageous one,and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding,let alone the performance,of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music.His compositions demand the performer to show courage,for example in the use of dynamics.(48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word.He was not interested in daily politics,but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.(49)Especially significant was his view of freedom,which,for him,was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual:he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence.For him,order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence;order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation.It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second,so that suffering does not have the last word.(50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable,but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter of about100words to the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students’physical condition.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)interpret its intended meaning,and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)2014年全真试题答案Section Ⅰ Use of English1.D2.A3.B4.A5.C6.D7.C8.D9.B 10.C11.A 12.A 13.B 14.D 15.C 16.B 17.A 18.B 19.C 20.D Section Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 21.A 22.C 23.D 24.A 25.AText 2 26.D 27.D 28.A 29.B 30.BText 3 31.B 32.C 33.C 34.B 35.DText 4 36.A 37.D 38.C 39.C 40.BPart B41.C 42.F 43.G 44.D 45.BPart C46.这也解释了为什么当我们试图用语言去描述音乐的时候，充其量只能是说清楚自己的感受，而无法抓住音乐本身。

年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题2014年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates(NETEM)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember ___1___ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain ___2___, we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” ___3___ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) ___4___ impact on our professional, social, and personal ___5___.Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It ___6___ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental ___7___ can significantly improve our basic cognitive ___8___. Thinking is essentially a ___9___ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to ___10___ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. ___11___, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate ___12___ mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step ___13___ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental ___14___.The Web-based program ___15___ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps ___16___ of your progress and provides detailed feedback ___17___ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it ___18___modifies and enhances the games you play to ___19___ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) ___20___exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1. A. where B. when C. that D. why2. A. improves B. fades C. recovers D. collapses3. A. If B. Unless C. Once D. While4. A. uneven B. limited C. damaging D. obscure5. A. wellbeing B. environment C. relationship D. outlook6. A. turns B. finds C. points D. figures7. A. roundabouts B. responses C. workouts D. associations8. A. genre B. functions C. circumstances D. criterion9. A. channel B. condition C. sequence D. process10. A. persist B. believe C. excel D. feature11. A. Therefore B. Moreover C. Otherwise D. However12. A. according to B. regardless of C. apart from D. instead of13. A. back B. further C. aside D. around14. A. sharpness B. stability C. framework D. flexibility15. A. forces B. reminds C. hurries D. allows16. A. hold B. track C. order D. pace17. A. to B. with C. for D. on18. A. irregularly B. habitually C. constantly D. unusually19. A. carry B. put C. build D. take20. A. risky B. effective C. idle D. familiarSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency” George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system thatdemands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”— protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency — permanent dependency if you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance” — invented in 1996 — is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at £71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21.George Osborne’s scheme was intended to____________.[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[B]encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking.[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.[D]guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits.22.The phrase, “to sign on” (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means________.[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.[B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance.[C]to register for an allowance from the government.[D]to attend a governmental job-training program.23.What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A]A desire to secure a better life for all.[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24.According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel______.[A]uneasy[B]enraged.[C]insulted.[D]guilty.25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text 2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow peopleto study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed todo so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.26.A lot of students take up law as their profession due to______.[A]the growing demand from clients.[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.[C]the prospect of working in big firms.[D]the attraction of financial rewards.27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D]Receiving training by professional associations.28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from________.[A]lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance.[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession.[C]the stem exam for would-be lawyers.[D]non-professionals’ sharp criticism.29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive”partly becauseit_______.[A]bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30.In this text, the author mainly discusses____________.[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.[C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.Text 3The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whommust still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31.The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as________.[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’ wealth.[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.[C]an example of bankers’ investments.[D]a handsome reward for researchers.32.The critics think that the new awards will most benefit________.[A]the profit-oriented scientists.[B]the founders of the new awards.[C]the achievement-based system.[D]peer-review-led research.33.The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves_________.[A]controversies over the recipients’ status.[B]the joint effort of modern researchers.[C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes.[D]the demonstration of research findings.34.According to Paragraph 4,which of the following is true of the Nobels?[A]Their endurance has done justice to them.[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.[C]They are the most representative honor.[D]History has never cast doubt on them.35.The author believes that the now awards are_________.[A]acceptable despite the criticism.[B]harmful to the culture of research.[C]subject to undesirable changes.[D]unworthy of public attention.Text 4“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.” In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leadingcolleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36.According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’sreport?[A] Critical[B] Appreciative[C] Contemptuous[D] Tolerant37.Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to____.[A] retain people’s interest in liberal education[B] define the government’s role in education[C] keep a leading position in liberal education[D] safeguard individuals’ rights to education38.According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests_______.[A] an exclusive study of American history[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects[C] the application of emerging technologies[D] funding for the study of foreign languages39.The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are_______.[A] supportive of free markets[B] cautious about intellectual investigation[C] conservative about public policy[D] biased against classical liberal ideas40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”[B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.[B]In another case, American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample(make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, havelocated hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copan collapsed.[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knossós) on the island of Crete, in 1900.[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.41.→ A →42. → E →43. → 44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. (48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an intense crescendo and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society. (49)Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students’ physical condition.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)interpret its intended meaning, and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET(20 points)相携。