Enhancement of Kerr nonlinearity via multi-photon coherence

逼近香农极限的新型光调制技术光传输技术经历了多代的技术演进发展，频谱效率得到了显著改善，业界开始探讨香农通信理论在光纤传输系统上的最基本线性和非线性信号通道容限是多少，从而使下一代的新技术超越当前100G相干系统的传输性能，进一步提升谱效率和总容量，以接近香农的理论极限。

新技术包括了更复杂的调制码型和信道编解码方式、预滤波和其相结合的多符号同时检测算法、光正交频分复用(OFDM和奈奎斯特波分复用(Nyquist WDM)的多载波技术以及抵抗非线性的补偿方案。

新技术进一步优化后，很可能应用在超100G的光传输系统中，从而满足不断增长的带宽需求。

频谱效率；香农极限；高斯噪声；光信噪比；调制；非线性补偿Optical transmission technologies have gone through several generations of development. Spectral efficiency has significantly improved ，and industry has begun to seek the answer to a basic question ：What are the fundamental linear and nonlinear signal channel limitations of Shannon theory when there is no compensation in optical fiber transmission systems ？Next-generation technologies should exceed the 100G transmission capability of coherent systems in order to approach the Shannon limit. Spectral efficiency first needs to be improved before overall transmission capability can be improved. The means to improve spectral efficiency include more complex modulation formats and channel encoding/decoding algorithms ，pre-filtering with multisymbol detection ，optical OFDM and NyquistWDM multicarrier technologies ，and nonlinearity compensation. With further optimization ，these technologies will most likely be incorporated into beyond-100G optical transport systems to meet bandwidth demand.spectral efficiency ；Shannon limit ；Gaussian noise ；optical signal noise ratio ；modulation ；nonlinearity compensation1 业务和光传输容量需求随着海量视频、大规模云计算和移动互联网的迅猛发展，电信网络的业务量将继续保持高速增长态势。

2023年恶性肿瘤患者的营养优化指南英文版2023 Nutritional Optimization Guidelines for Patients with Malignant TumorsIn 2023, it is crucial for patients with malignant tumors to focus on optimizing their nutrition. Proper nutrition plays a key role in supporting the body's immune system, enhancing energy levels, and improving overall well-being during cancer treatment. Here are some key guidelines to help patients with malignant tumors optimize their nutrition in 2023:1. Balanced Diet- Consume a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.- Avoid processed foods, sugary beverages, and excessive intake of red and processed meats.2. Adequate Hydration- Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water throughout the day.- Limit consumption of sugary drinks and opt for water, herbal teas, or infused water instead.3. Nutrient-Dense Foods- Choose nutrient-dense foods such as nuts, seeds, legumes, and leafy greens to ensure a good intake of essential vitamins and minerals.- Incorporate a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables to maximize nutrient intake.4. Small, Frequent Meals- Opt for small, frequent meals or snacks to maintain energy levels throughout the day.- Include protein-rich snacks like Greek yogurt, nuts, or hummus to support muscle strength and recovery.5. Supplement if Necessary- Consult with a healthcare provider or dietitian to determine if supplementation is necessary to meet nutritional needs.- Consider supplementing with vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, or probiotics based on individual requirements.6. Mindful Eating- Practice mindful eating by focusing on the taste, texture, and satisfaction of each meal.- Avoid distractions while eating and listen to your body's hunger and fullness cues.7. Limit Alcohol and Caffeine- Limit alcohol consumption as it can interfere with nutrient absorption and metabolism.- Moderate caffeine intake and opt for herbal teas or decaffeinated beverages instead.8. Collaborate with Healthcare Team- Work closely with your healthcare team, including oncologists, dietitians, and nurses, to develop a personalized nutrition plan.- Communicate any challenges or changes in appetite to seek appropriate support and guidance.By following these nutritional optimization guidelines in 2023, patients with malignant tumors can support their overall health and well-being, enhance treatment outcomes, and improve quality of life during cancer care.。

线性损耗和双光子吸收下硅基波导调制不稳定性周伟林;罗风光;余志华;李斌;赵新宇【摘要】为了分析线性损耗和双光子吸收对硅基波导调制不稳定性的影响,采用理论论证和数值模拟相结合的研究方法,推导了调制不稳定性增益谱、峰值增益、峰值增益频率和调制带宽的表达式.论证了波导的线性损耗、双光子吸收系数和脉冲光功率等参量对调制不稳定性的影响,并对给定结构参量的脊波导进行了仿真分析.结果表明,即使在微弱的光功率(几十毫瓦)下,在反常色散区仍然存在强烈的调制不稳定性现象,其增益是相同功率下光纤介质的102~103倍;峰值增益频率和增益带宽随波导的线性损耗指数衰减;峰值增益也随双光子吸收系数指数减少.这为硅基波导调制不稳定性实验研究和超连续谱产生提供了理论参考.【期刊名称】《激光技术》【年(卷),期】2010(034)004【总页数】4页(P489-492)【关键词】光电子学;硅基波导;调制不稳定性;数值模拟;线性损耗;双光子吸收【作者】周伟林;罗风光;余志华;李斌;赵新宇【作者单位】华中科技大学,光电子科学与工程学院,武汉,430074;湖南商学院,计算机与电子工程学院,长沙,410205;华中科技大学,光电子科学与工程学院,武汉,430074;华中科技大学,光电子科学与工程学院,武汉,430074;华中科技大学,光电子科学与工程学院,武汉,430074;华中科技大学,光电子科学与工程学院,武汉,430074【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN252引言与常规波导相比，绝缘硅波导(silicon-on-insulator,SOI) 由于具有与互补金属氧化物半导体(complementary metal-oxide semiconductor,COMS)技术无缝集成、强光束约束性和高非线性等独特优势，因而已成为目前极具吸引力的研究对象之一[1-3]。

结合目前日趋成熟的硅器件制造工艺技术，大量基于SOI平台潜在的光学函数功能和器件装置已被研究开发，包括应用在激光产生与光放大、光学调制、光开关、可变光学衰减器和光学滤波等领域[4-5]。

培养基、保护剂和饥饿处理对冻干乳酸菌存活性的影响2962007,V o1.2&No.07食品科学※生物工程培养基,保护剂和饥饿处理对冻干乳酸菌存活性的影响靳志强2,李平兰2,(1.长治学院生化系,山西长治046011;2.中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京100083)摘要:研究了培养基,冻干保护剂,饥饿处理对冻干乳酸菌存活性的交互影响.结果表明,培养液中加入NaC1,干燥介质中添加冻干保护剂蔗糖,冻干前对L.bulgaricusS-1细胞饥饿,这三种处理都可以提高冻干菌体在贮藏期的存活性;然而当培养液中含有NaC1时,保护剂蔗糖以及对细胞饥饿处理并不能进一步提高该培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏期的存活性.关键词:乳酸菌;存活性;培养基;保护剂;饥饿处理EffectsofGrowthMedium,CryoprotectorandStarvationOilSurvivalduringStorageof Freeze.driedLacticAcidBacteriaJINZhi—qiang?LIPing—lan?(1.DepartmentofBiochemistry,ChaagzhiCollege,Changzhi046011,China;2.CollegeofFoodScienceandNutritionalEngineering,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beiji ng100083,China)Abstract:Interactiveeffectsofgrowthmedium,cryoprotectorandstarvationtreatmentonba cterialsurvivalduringthestorageoffreeze—dIiedlacticacidbacteriahavebeenstudi~.factors,includingadditionofNaC1tothegrowthm edium,additionofsucrosetothedryingmediumandstarvationofS一1inthestationaryphase,couldhelpsurviveduringstorageinthedriedstate.However,inthecaseofNaC1inthegrowthmedium,notonlySULTOseinthedryingmediums eemedtobelargelyineffectivein furtherincreasingthesurvivalrateofdriedcellsthroughoutstorage,butalsostarvationwasrat herinadequateinprotectingdriedcellssurvivalduringstorage.Keywords:lacticacidbacteria;survival;growthmedium;cryoprotector;starvation中图分类号:TS201.3文献标识码:A文章编号:1002.6630(2007)07.0296.04乳酸菌培养物在冷冻干燥和随后长期的贮藏过程中,最大限度的保持乳酸菌的活性无论从经济角度还是从技术角度来讲都是至关重要的.微生物细胞的存活取决于许多因素,包括微生物起始浓度,培养基,非致死性处理,冻干保护剂和复水环境等【_3】.保护剂可以减轻冷冻干燥或复水对细胞的损害,尽可能保持原有的各种生理生化特性和生物活性.筛选适宜的冻干保护剂对细胞在冻干和贮藏过程中的存活性至关重要.目前研究的重点主要放在保护剂对乳酸菌存活率的影响上,但培养基也是一个关键因素.可混溶溶质的积累,胞外多糖的产生和膜的脂肪酸的改变等因素可以解释各种培养基对冻干菌体的保护作用0-61.可混溶溶质是一些有机小分子,溶解性较好,高渗环境下在细胞质内可以积累到一个高的水平.可混溶溶质具有渗透保护作用,诸如甜菜碱,肉碱,甘露糖等可混溶溶质在干燥过程中对乳酸菌的保护作用已被报道【4】.Glaasker等提出,加入NaC1和蔗糖的培养液都可以使可混溶溶质在细胞内产生和富集【.另外,外界环境的改变使菌体通过代谢调控做出反应,从而使细胞的抗性增强,例如细胞生长的低pH值环境,细胞生长期的饥饿处理等可以提高细胞对冷冻干燥的抗性【s-.Giard等研究表明,在生长过程中由于葡萄糖耗尽引起的营养匮乏使粪肠球菌对其它逆境产生了巨大的耐受力【引.本研究就添加蔗糖或氯化钠的培养液,保护剂蔗收稿日期:2007—02.28通讯作者基金项目:国家"863"计划目标导向性项目(2006AA10Z343)作者简介:靳志强(1976一),男,助教,硕士,研究方向为食品微生物与发酵.※生物工程食品科学2007,V oL28,No.07297糖,细胞的饥饿处理对乳酸菌在贮藏过程中存活性的交互影响进行了探讨,为进一步研究冻干乳酸菌的细胞损伤和保护机理提供一定的理论依据.1材料与方法l|1菌株Lactobacillusdelbeueckiisubsp.bulgaricusS.l(简称S-1)CGMCC1358(专利保藏菌种)以冻干菌粉的形式贮存于一20℃的冰箱中,用于所有的实验中.1.2培养基MRSa:标准MRS;MRSb:将MRSa中的20g葡萄糖替换为10g葡萄糖+10g蔗糖;MRSc:MRSa+5g氯化钠,NaC1对MRS培养液中生长的S-i的最小抑制剂量(MIC)为6.25g/L,因此选择5g/LNaC1的添加浓度,该添加量仍然可以使细胞在40℃下生长良好.l-3仪器YX.280D自动蒸汽消毒器江阴市滨江医疗设备厂:DNP.9162电热恒温培养箱上海精宏实验设备有限公司;SCL.1300型垂直流洁净工作台北京赛伯乐实验仪器有限公司;E系列生物显微镜麦克奥迪实业集团有限公司:GL.20G.II高速冷冻离心机上海安亭科学仪器厂;FD.1冷冻干燥机北京博医康实验仪器有限公司.l4方法1.4.1细胞制备菌株S.1在培养液MRSa,MRSb和MRSc中40℃培养12h进入稳定期后,8000r/min10min离心收集,磷酸缓冲液清洗两次.每种培养液中所得菌体沉淀都分为三组:a组样品悬浮于无菌的脱脂奶中作为对照;b组样品在无菌水中室温下饥饿处理20min,然后悬浮于无菌的脱脂奶中;C组样品悬浮于添加冻干保护剂蔗糖(10g/L)的脱脂奶中.细胞悬浮液在室温下平衡20min, 不停振荡以使细胞适应.1.4.2冻干与贮藏装有lml细胞悬浮液的小瓶放置于一20℃冰箱中冻结24h.然后在冻干机中一45℃,1Pa压力下干燥24h. 冻干菌粉密封避光保存于室温下.1.4-3菌株S1在冻干和贮藏过程中存活性的测定冻干前后及在贮藏期每隔半个月,随机取出样品用11%的脱脂奶复水到原体积,然后梯度稀释倾倒平板进行计数.2结果与分析许多因素影响到乳酸菌在冻干和贮藏过程中的存活性.在本研究中,就添加蔗糖或氯化钠的培养液,保护剂蔗糖,细胞的饥饿处理对S.1在贮藏过程中存活性的交互影响进行了探讨,实验结果如图1～3所示.蚕篓OO.511,522.533.5贮藏时间(月)图lMRSa培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏过程中的存活性Fig,1CellularsurvivalinMRSaculturemediumdudngstorage雷言呈螟0O,511.522,533,5贮藏时间(月)图2MRSb培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏过程中的存活性CellularsurvivalinMRSbculturemediumduringstorage善蓉蜒OO.511.522.533.5贮藏时间(YJ)图3MRSC培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏过程中的存活性Fig.3CellularsurvivalinMRScculturemediumduringstorage 2.1生长培养基的影响比较图1～3中的对照处理,可以看出S一1在贮藏期的存活性与培养液的成分密切相关.在贮藏期间,MRSa和MRSb中生长的S一1的存活率不断下降,在贮藏后期下降更为迅速,二者之间没有显着差异.添加氯化钠的培养液(MRSc)中生长的S一1在贮藏期的存活率虽然也呈下降趋势,但下降平缓.与MRSa和MRSb中生长的S1的存活率相比,MRSc中生长的S-1在贮藏∞鲫∞∞加O∞鲫∞∞加O∞∞∞∞加O2982DD7.V o1.28,No.07目晶科学※生物工程末期的存活率显着高于前两者.在培养液中加入氯化钠或蔗糖等化合物,提高了渗透压,降低了水分活度.在此高渗环境下,诸如甜菜碱,肉碱等可混溶溶质在胞内积累,从而使细胞可以重建渗透平衡Do].由于可混溶溶质在细胞处于不利条件下可以稳定蛋白,因此对高渗环境和干燥过程的乳酸菌都有益处[1l1.本研究中,向培养液中加入氯化钠或蔗糖提高培养液的同渗容摩,对S.1在贮藏过程中的稳定性有不同的影响,只有含NaC1的MRS培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏过程中才具有更高的存活率.有研究证实,植物乳杆菌和保加利亚乳杆菌在上述两种高渗培养液中积累的可混溶溶质并不相同[71.可混溶溶质的不同可以一定程度上解释本研究中两种培养液内生长的S.1在贮藏阶段表现出不同的存活性.2.2将蔗糖加入干燥介质(脱脂奶)中的影响由图1,2看出,冻干保护剂蔗糖可以显着增加MRSa和MRSb中生长的S1在冻干过程中和贮藏期的存活性.然而从图3看出,MRSc培养液中生长的S.1在三种干燥条件下均表现出很好的存活性.保护剂蔗糖似乎并不能进一步提高冻干细胞在贮藏期间的存活性. Leslie等研究表明,蔗糖可以保护脂质体,生物膜以及一些完整的细胞免于冷冻干燥的有害作用[12】.由于在冻干过程中形成了高粘性,低流动性的玻璃态基质,而且束缚在蛋白上的溶质在蛋白质周围的水化层被去除后可以充当水分子的替代物,因此保护了蛋白质的功能,从而提高了细胞的存活率l.除了保护干燥过程中蛋白质的结构和功能以外,蔗糖和其他碳水化合物降低了细胞膜的相变温度,阻止了相变,因此防止了复水时细胞内容物的泄漏】.本研究中,保护剂蔗糖对MRSc培养液中生长的s.1在贮藏期并没有显示出有效的保护作用,可能是因为蔗糖的保护效果被培养液的保护效果所平衡的缘故.延长贮藏期,蔗糖加入干燥介质中的积极的保护作用可能体现出来.2-3饥饿处理的影响细胞的饥饿处理对S.1在贮藏过程中的存活性的影响因培养液不同而不同.如图3所示,与对照相比,当S.1生长在添加了氯化钠的培养液(MRSc)中时,饥饿处理对贮藏期冻干细胞的保护作用并不明显;从图1,2看出,与对照相比,饥饿处理对MRSa和MRSb中生长的S.1则表现出积极的保护作用.Beney等报道,热激产生的热激蛋白对膜蛋白和脂质体具有稳定效果[141.正如热激和冷激对乳酸链球菌的作用一样,饥饿处理对贮藏期冻干细胞的保护作用可能归因于:(1)应激反应引起细胞膜的变化,膜的变化增强了细胞对冷冻和干燥的忍耐力.(2)合成应激蛋白,应激蛋白作为高分子稳定物,可以增强水分子的氢键结构,从而提高高分子周围非冻结水的水平】.培养液MRSb和MRSc中生长的细胞所积累的可混溶溶质的不同可能使细胞处于不同的生理状态,从而对饥饿处理引起的应激表现出不同的忍耐力.在MRSc中生长的S.1胞内富集了可混溶溶质,由于可混溶溶质的保护作用,对细胞饥饿处理20min可能不足以在细胞内产生任何应激反应.3结论向培养液中加入电解液(NaC1)或非电解液(蔗糖)来提高培养液的同渗容摩,二者对S.1菌体贮藏期间的存活率有不同的影响,只有含NaC1的MRS培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏过程中才具有更高的存活率;保护剂蔗糖,冻干前对S1细胞饥饿处理都可以提高冻干菌体在贮藏期间的存活性;然而当培养液中含有NaC1时,保护剂蔗糖以及对细胞饥饿处理并不能进一步提高该培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏期间的存活性.乳酸菌在冷冻,干燥和贮藏过程中,细胞的损伤和保护机理是相当复杂的,至今尚未完全搞清楚.由于众多原因,不同研究的实验数据加以比较是困难的,大多数报道的研究重点是干燥过程中的存活而不是贮藏期间的存活.此外,由于不同研究中应用的微生物菌种不同,干燥方法不同和保护剂的浓度不同,造成文献中研究结果间的差异.然而,多数研究均表明,为给贮藏期间的冻干细胞提供保护,培养基和保护剂的适当选择是必需的.需要强调指出的是,每一保护剂对每一乳酸菌菌株的存活率的影响都应当逐一确定.而且,搞清楚不利环境因素(例如冷冻干燥,贮藏,复水)给细胞带来的损伤以及应激蛋白(尤其是那些在干燥和贮藏期间提供抗性的应激蛋白)的诱导产生,这对乳酸菌菌种的保存及商品化直投式发酵剂的生产均具有十分重要的理论与实践意义.参考文献COSTAE,RSALLJ.衄ON.eta1.Effectofprotectiveagents, rehydrationmediaandinitialcellconcentrationonviabilityofPantoea agglomeransCPA-2subjectedtofreeze-drying田.AppliedMicrobiology, 2oo0.89:793—8oo.CARVALHOAS,SILVAJ,HOP,cta1.Effectofvariousgrowthmedia uponsurvivalduringstorageoffl'l~zc—driedEnterococcusfaecalisand Enterococcusdurans[J].AppliedMicrobiology,2003,94:947-952. 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黄芩素对人乳腺癌细胞系MDA -MB -231侵袭、迁移、上皮间充质转化的调控作用及其机制陈林1，2，梁秋果1，2，吉杨丹1，2，王恒1，21 黔南民族医学高等专科学校基础医学部，贵州都匀558013；2 黔南州天然产物与组分功效重点实验室摘要：目的　观察黄岑素对人乳腺癌细胞系MDA -MB -231的侵袭、迁移及上皮间充质转化（EMT ）的调控作用，探讨其可能作用机制。

方法　取对数生长期MDA -MB -231细胞分为一组、二组、三组及对照组，一组、二组、三组分别加入2.5、5、10 μmol /L 的黄岑素，对照组不做任何处理。

培养48 h 时采用划痕修复实验观察四组细胞迁移能力、采用Transwell 侵袭实验观察四组细胞侵袭能力，采用Western Blotting 法检测细胞EMT 标志物波形蛋白（vimentin ）及E -钙黏蛋白（E -cadherin ）、整合素αv 、β3、磷酸化黏着斑激酶（p -FAK ）、磷酸化磷脂酰肌醇3激酶（整合素p -PI3K ）。

结果　与对照组相比，黄岑素组细胞迁移率降低、侵袭细胞数少，细胞E -cadherin 相对表达量高，vimentin 、整合素αv 、整合素β3、p -FAK 、p -PI3K 蛋白相对表达量低，且呈剂量依赖性（P 均<0.05）。

结论　黄芩素抑制MDA -MB -231细胞的侵袭、迁移及EMT 。

黄岑素可能通过抑制整合素αv 、整合素β3表达，进一步抑制p -FAK 、p -PI3K 蛋白表达，抑制MDA -MB -231的侵袭、迁移及EMT 。

关键词：黄芩素；乳腺癌；细胞侵袭；细胞迁移；上皮间质转化；波形蛋白；E -钙黏蛋白；整合素αv 、整合素β3；黏着斑激酶；磷脂酰肌醇3激酶doi ：10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2024.06.003中图分类号：R965.1 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1002-266X （2024）06-0010-04Regulatory effects of baicalein on invasion ， migration ， and EMT in human breast cancer cell line MDA -MB -231CHEN Lin 1， LIANG Qiuguo ， JI Yangdan ， WANG Heng1 Department of Basic Medicine ， Qiannan Medical College for Nationalities ， Duyun 558013， ChinaAbstract ： Objective To investigate the regulatory effects of baicalein on the invasion ， migration ， and epithelial -mesenchymal transition （EMT ） of human breast cancer cell line MDA -MB -231 and to explore its potential mechanism of action. Methods MDA -MB -231 cells in the logarithmic growth phase were divided into the Group 1， Group 2， Group 3， and Control group. Baicalein was added to cells in the Group 1， Group 2， and Group 3 at concentrations of 2.5， 5， and 10 μmol /L ， respectively ， while cells in the Control group were not treated. After 48 h of incubation ， Scratch repair experi‐ment was used to observe cell migration capacity ， Transwell invasion experiment was performed to assess cell invasion ca‐pacity ， and Western blotting was utilized to detect the expression levels of EMT markers including vimentin and E -cad‐herin ， as well as integrin αv ， integrin β3， phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase （p -FAK ）， and phosphorylated phosphati‐dylinositol -3 kinase （p -PI3K ） proteins. Results Compared with the control group ， the cell migration rate decreased ， the number of invading cells decreased ， the relative expression level of E -cadherin was higher ， and the relative expression levels of vimentin ， integrin αv ， integrin β3， p -FAK ， and p -PI3K protein were lower in the baicalein group ， with a dose -de‐pendant manner （all P <0.05）. Conclusions Baicalein inhibits the invasion ， migration ， and EMT of MDA -MB -231cells. Baicalein may inhibit the expression of integrin αv ， integrin β3， and further inhibit the expression of p -FAK and p -PI3K proteins ， thereby inhibiting the invasion ， migration ， and EMT of MDA -MB -231 cells.Key words ： baicalein; breast carcinoma; cell invasion; cell migration; epithelial -mesenchymal transition; vimentin;基金项目：黔南民族医学高等专科学校校基金（qnyz202013，qnyz202206）；黔南民族医学高等专科学教育教学科研基金项目（qnyzjx202205）；黔南民族医学高等专科学校大学生科技创新项目（qnyz202201）。

Enhancement of CO2Adsorption and CO2/N2Selectivity on ZIF-8via Postsynthetic ModificationZhijuan ZhangSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,South China University of Technology,Guangzhou,510640,P.R.ChinaDept.of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,Rutgers University,Piscataway,New Jersey,08854Shikai Xian,Qibin Xia,Haihui Wang,and Zhong LiSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,South China University of Technology,Guangzhou,510640,P.R.ChinaJing LiDept.of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,Rutgers University,Piscataway,New Jersey,08854DOI10.1002/aic.13970Published online January11,2013in Wiley Online Library()Imidazolate framework ZIF-8is modified via postsynthetic method using etheylenediamine to improve its adsorption per-formance toward CO2.Results show that the BET surface area of the modified ZIF-8(ED-ZIF-8)increases by39%,and its adsorption capacity of CO2per surface area is almost two times of that on ZIF-8at298K and25bar.H2O uptake on the ED-ZIF-8become obviously lower compared to the ZIF-8.The ED-ZIF-8selectivity for CO2/N2adsorption gets significantly improved,and is up to23and13.9separately at0.1and0.5bar,being almost twice of those of the ZIF-8. The isosteric heat of CO2adsorption(Q st)on the ED-ZIF-8becomes higher,while Q st of N2gets slightly lower com-pared to those on the ZIF-8Furthermore,it suggests that the postsynthetic modification of the ZIF-8not only improves its adsorption capacity of CO2greatly,but also enhances its adsorption selectivity for CO2/N2/H2O significantly. V C2013American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J,59:2195–2206,2013Keywords:ZIF-8,modification,adsorption/gas,isosteric heat of adsorption,selectivityIntroductionCO2has often been cited as the primary anthropogenicgreenhouse gas(GHG)as well as the leading culprit inglobal climate change.The development of a viable carboncapture and sequestration technology(CCS),is therefore,ascientific challenge of the highest order.1–4Currently,a vari-ety of methods,such as membrane separation,chemicalabsorption with solvents,and adsorption with solid adsorb-ents,have been proposed to sequester CO2from thefluegases of power plant.Thereinto,the adsorption is consideredto be one of the most promising technologies for capturingCO2fromflue gases because of their easy control,low oper-ating and capital costs,and superior energy efficiency.5–7Many adsorbents have been investigated for CO2adsorptionincluding activated carbons,zeolites,hydrotalcites and metaloxides.8–14However,although some zeolite materials havebeen claimed to be most adequate for CO2separation fromflue streams,it is difficult to regenerate them without signifi-cant heating which leads to low productivity and greatexpense.15,16Recently,metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)haveattracted great attention and present a promising platform forthe development of next-generation capture materialsbecause of their high capacity for gas adsorption and tunablepore surfaces that can facilitate highly selective binding ofCO2.17–26To optimize a MOF for a particular application,itis important to be able to tailor its pore metrics and function-ality in a straightforward fashion.However,tailoring MOFsmaterials by modifying their textural properties(e.g.,surfacearea and pore volume)and surface chemistry(acid–baseproperties,functional groups)for adsorption application isstill a difficult task.27Many researchers have given insightinto modification of the MOF materials so as to develop newand better adsorbents.Strategies reported include ligandfunctionalization,24,28–39framework interpenetration,22,23introduction of alkali-metal cations,40–42control of poresize32,43–47and incorporation of open metal sites(OMSs).39,48–51However,because of the instability underconditions for the synthesis of MOFs or the competitivereaction with some framework components,it may be diffi-cult for certain functional groups to incorporate into MOFsusing aforementioned strategies.Another strategy for gener-ating desired functionalities in MOFs is the postsynthesis Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of thisarticle.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Z.Li atcezhli@.V C2013American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE Journal2195June2013Vol.59,No.6modification of preconstructed,robust precursor MOFs.52–55 For example,An et al.33demonstrated that postsynthetic exchange of extra-framework cations within anionic bio-MOF-156can be used as a means to systematically modify its pore dimensions and metrics.Farha et al.57synthesized a series of cavity modified MOFs by replacing coordinated sol-vents with several different pyridine ligands.They found that a p-(CF3)NC5H4-modified MOF showed considerable improvements in the CO2/N2selectivities compared to the parent framework.46Long and his coworkers58previously reported the grafting of ethylenediamine(en)within a water-stable MOF H3[(Cu4Cl)3(BTTri)8](CuBTTri),and found that the en modified sample had more greater attraction of CO2 at low pressures and the CO2/N2selectivity also increased over the entire pressure range measured.More recently, Long and coworkers59incorporated the N,N0-dimethylethyle-nediamine(mmen)into the CuBTTri MOF,and showed that the CO2uptake was drastically enhanced.Zhang et al.60 reported that after ZIF-8was modified by ammonia impreg-nation,the surface basicity was greatly increased and there-fore the CO2uptake was enhanced.Park et al.61reported a postsynthetic reversible incorporation of organic linkers3,6-di(4-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine(bpta)into SNU-30 [Zn2(TCPBDA)(H2O)2]Á30DMFÁ6H2O through single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformations,and found that the desol-vated SNU-310exhibited enhanced selective adsorption of CO2over N2.Xiang et al.62incorporated the CNTs into HKUST-1,and then modified it with Li1.The results showed that the hybrid Li@CNT@[Cu3(btc)2],which is formed by the combination of Li doping and CNT incorpora-tion,having an enhancement of CO2uptakes by about 305%.However,to this date,no work has been reported out on the postsynthetic modification of ZIF-8to enhance its functionality.In this work,the postsynthetic modification of the ZIF-8is proposed to prepare a novel adsorbent with higher CO2 adsorption capacity and CO2/N2selectivity.The postsyn-thetic modification of the ZIF-8crystals would be carried out by using ethylenediamine treatment.Then the surface groups of the modified ZIF-8samples(ED-ZIF-8)would be characterized.Single-component isotherms of CO2and N2 on the modified ZIF-8samples would be measured sepa-rately.Furthermore,the CO2/N2selectivity is estimated by using IAST on the basis of single-component isotherms of CO2and N2.The influence of the textural structures and sur-face chemistry of the original and modified ZIF-8samples on their adsorption capacities for CO2and selectivity of CO2/N2would be discussed and reported here.This informa-tion will be valuable for selecting appropriate adsorbents for CO2capture process.Methods and MaterialsMaterials and instrumentsZinc nitrate hexahydrate(Zn(NO3)2Á6H2O,98%,extra pu-rity)and2-methylimidazole(H A MeIM)(99%purity)were purchased from J&K Chemicals.N,N A Dimethylacetamide (DMF)was purchased from Qiangshen Chemicals Co.,Ltd. of Jiangshu(Jiangshu,China),and it was further purified by 4A molecular sieve to eliminate the water.Maganetic suspension balance RUBOTHERM was sup-plied by Germany.Its precision was0.000001g.ASAP 2010sorptometer was supplied by Micromeritics Co., Norcross,GA,USA.AdsorbentsSynthesis of ZIF-8was performed following the reported procedures63with a few modifications.First,a solid mixture of zinc nitrate hexahydrate Zn(NO3)2Á6H2O(0.956g, 3.2 mmol)and2-methylimidazole(H A MeIM)(0.24g, 3.4 mmol)was dissolved in70mL of DMF solvent.The mixture was quickly transferred to a100mL autoclave and sealed. Second,the autoclave was heated at a rate of5K/min to 413K in a programmable oven and held at this temperature for24h under autogenous pressure by solvothermal synthe-sis,followed by cooling at a rate of0.3K/min to room tem-perature.Third,after removal of mother liquor from the mix-ture,chloroform(40mL)was added to the autoclave.The as-synthesized ZIF-8crystals were then isolated byfiltration. Colorless polyhedral crystals were collected from the upper layer,washed with DMF(10mL33),and dried at383K overnight.To further remove the guest species from the framework and prepare the evacuated form of ZIF-8crystals for modifi-cation and gas-sorption analysis,the as-synthesized ZIF sam-ples were immersed in methanol at ambient temperature for 48h,and evacuated at ambient temperature for5h,and sub-sequently at an elevated temperature673K for2h. Postsynthetic modification of adsorbentsThe as-synthesized ZIF-8crystals(labeled as ZIF-8)were dried at383K for24h for postsynthetic modification.The subsequent treatment applied to the modification of ZIF-8crystals consists of the following steps:The modified ZIF-8sample(labeled as ED-ZIF-8)was synthesized using ethylenediamine as a linker.In a typical procedure,the ZIF-8sample was added to30%ethylenediamine solution and then the mixture was placed in a stainless high-pressure autoclave.The autoclave was heated in an oven at416K for 1h and then381K for6h.The light yellow product wasfil-tered and washed with deionized water.Finally,the sample was dried at383K overnight.Characterization of adsorbentsThe specific surface area and pore volume of original ZIF-8and modified ZIF-8crystals were measured on a Micrometrics gas adsorption analyzer ASAP2010instrument equipped with commercial software for calculation and analysis.Powder X-ray diffraction data were collected using a D8 advance h-2h diffractometer(Bruker)in reflectance Bragg-Brentano geometry employing Cu K a line focused radiation with40kV voltages and40mA current.The X-ray scanning speed was set at2 /min and a step size of0.02 in2h.A Jade5XRD pattern processing software(MDI,Inc.,Liver-more,CA)was used to analyze the XRD data collected on the ZIF-8samples.The surface organic molecules were analyzed by taking FTIR spectra on a Bruker550FTIR instrument equipped with a diffuse reflectance accessory that included a reaction cell.Data acquisition was performed automatically using an interfaced computer and a standard software package.The samples were dried in vacuo at423K prior to mixing with KBr powder.The samples were run in ratio mode allowing for subtraction of a pure KBr baseline.The sample chamber2196DOI10.1002/aic Published on behalf of the AIChE June2013Vol.59,No.6AIChEJournalwas kept purged with nitrogen during the entire experiment.The spectrometer collected 64spectra in the range of 400–4,000cm 21,with a resolution of 4cm 21.CO 2and N 2adsorption measurementsThe CO 2and N 2adsorption-desorption isotherms at 298K,308K,318K,and 328K were obtained on a RUBO-THERM magnetic suspension balance.The initial activa-tion of the modified sample was carried out at 423K for 12h in a vacuum environment.He (ultra-high purity,U-sung)was used as a purge gas in this study.The adsorp-tion processes were carried out using high purity CO 2and N 2(99.999%)gas.A feed flow rate of 60mL/min of CO 2,40mL/min of N 2and 30mL/min of He,respec-tively,were controlled with the mass flow controllers (MFC)to the sample chamber.Both adsorption and de-sorption experiments were conducted at the same tempera-ture.The temperature of the sorption chamber can be adjusted and maintained constant by an internal tempera-ture sensor.However,the pressure can be changed step-wise through the gas flow rate.Typically,there are four steps for finishing determination of an isotherm of CO 2or N 2by using Rubotherm magnetic suspension balance.These detail steps are shown by the operation manual of Rubotherm maganetic suspension balance.H 2O adsorption measurementsThe water adsorption measurements were conducted on a computer-controlled DuPont Model 990TGA.The partial pressure of water was varied by changing the blending ratios of water-saturated nitrogen and pure nitrogen gas streams.Before measurement,the modified ZIF-8samples were acti-vated at 423K for 6h.Results and DiscussionStructure and pore characterizationFigure 1exhibits the adsorption-desorption isotherms of N 2at 77K on the two samples ZIF-8and ED-ZIF-8.It can be seen that both samples show type-I behavior,indicating they are microporous in nature.Table 1lists structure param-eters of the two samples.These data indicate that the BET surface area and micropore volume of the ED-ZIF-8sample are significantly higher than those of the original ZIF-8sam-ple,with an increase of $39%and 35.6%,respectively.Yaghi and his coworkers reported a pore volume of 0.66cm 3/g for ZIF-8from the single crystal structure.For the ZIF-8sample,the total pore volume is calculated to be 0.54cm 3/g,because part of the pores might be blocked.However,after the postsynthetic modification,the blocked pores were reopened,and at meanwhile,some new pores were formed.64,65Thus,the total pore volume of the ED-ZIF-8sample is greatly improved.Figure 2shows the powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD)pat-tern of the modified ZIF-8sample.It can be seen that the main peaks of the modified ZIF-8sample are very clear,and similar to those of the original ZIF-8sample,indicating that the integrity of the modified ZIF-8sample maintains well af-ter the postsynthetic modification.However,for a deep look-ing,it can be found that the major peaks of ED-ZIF-8all shifted to the left side (low-angle area)a little bit,which means after modification,the lattice distance increased.In order to obtain information concerning changes in the surface groups,FTIR experiments were carried out to char-acterize the samples.Figure 3a shows the FTIR spectra of the original ZIF-8and the ED-ZIF-8sample.It is noticed that the spectra for the two samples show high similarities,and the main peaks of both ZIF-8samples match well with the published FTIR spectra for the ZIF-8.However,someTable 1.Porous Structure Parameters of the Modified ZIF-8CrystalsSample BET surface area (m 2.g 21)Langmuir surface area (m 2.g 21)Micropore volume(cm 3.g 21)Total pore volume (cm 3.g 21)Micropore diameter (nm)Mesopore diameter (nm)ZIF-8102513520.450.540.352 4.43ED-ZIF-8142818970.610.750.5444.53Figure 1.N 2adsorption-desorption isotherms of ZIF-8and ED-ZIF-8samples.[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,which is available at .]Figure2.PXRD patterns of ZIF-8and ED-ZIF-8samples.[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,which is available at .]AIChE Journal June 2013Vol.59,No.6Published on behalf of the AIChE DOI 10.1002/aic2197differences are also observed.For example,the spectrum of the ED-ZIF-8sample is different from that of the ZIF-8sam-ple in that (1)as shown in Figure 3b there is a new peak at 3381cm 21which is assigned to N A H group appeared on the spectrum of the ED-ZIF-8sample,suggesting some N A H groups have been introduced on the surfaces of the sample ED-ZIF-8,and (2)a peak at 3626cm 21assigned to O A H of the adsorbed H 2O is present in the spectrum of the ZIF-8sample,which is absent in the spectrum of the ED-ZIF-8sample,as shown in Figure 3b.CO 2and N 2adsorption isothermsFor comparison,Figure 4shows the isotherms of CO 2on the ZIF-8and ED-ZIF-8samples.It is visible that the amount adsorbed of CO 2increases as temperature decreases.This suggests that the adsorption of CO 2is mainly physical adsorption.More importantly,it is found that the ED-ZIF-8sample had higher CO 2adsorption capacities compared to the ZIF-8sample,indicating that the adsorption capacities of the modified ZIF-8toward CO 2are greatly improved,nearly being twice as much as the ZIF-8.One of the reasons is that the surface area (BET)of the ED-ZIF-8increases by 39%,as indicated in Table 1.The other reason is that adsorptioncapacity per unit surface area of the ED-ZIF-8for CO 2increases due to an introduction of N A H groups by postsyn-thetic modification.To further understand that,Figure 4a and 4b are separately transferred into Figure 5a and 5b in which the equilibrium uptakes of CO 2based on unit surface area (BET)of the two samples are plotted as a function of CO paring Figure 5b and Figure 5a shows that the CO 2uptake per surface area (BET)of the ED-ZIF-8is obvi-ously higher than that of the ZIF-8,which is mainly ascribed to the introduction of N A H groups,as shown in Figure 3.Figure 6a and 6b show the N 2adsorption isotherms on the two samples.It is visible that the N 2uptakes on the modified ZIF-8samples are slightly higher than that on the ZIF-8due to its larger surface area and pore volume after modification.However,after Figure 6a and 6b are converted into Figure 7a and 7b in which the equilibrium uptakes of N 2based on unit surface area of the two samples are plotted as a function of pressure,it is found from Figure 7that the equilibrium uptakes of N 2per surface area of the ED-ZIF-8are slightly lower than that of the ZIF-8,which means that ED-ZIF-8sample has less affinity toward N 2than ZIF-8sample.This will be helpful to enhance the adsorption selectivity for CO 2/N 2.Figure 3.a.FTIR spectra of the modified ZIF-8crystalsbetween 4,000–400cm 21;b.FTIR spectra of the modified ZIF-8crystals between 4000–2,400cm 21.[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,which is available at .]Figure 4.a.Isotherms of CO 2on the ZIF-8sample withdifferent temperatures; b.isotherms of CO 2on the ED-ZIF-8sample with different temperatures.[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,which is available at .]2198DOI 10.1002/aicPublished on behalf of the AIChE June 2013Vol.59,No.6AIChEJournalMultiple cycles of CO 2adsorption-desorption on the ED-ZIF-8To evaluate the regeneration performance of the modified sample or the reversibility of CO 2adsorption on the modi-fied sample,the experiments of multiple cycles of CO 2adsorption-desorption on the ED-ZIF-8were performed in the Rubotherm system at 298K.For adsorption process,the adsorption pressure were targeted for 25bar;while for de-sorption process the system pressure was targeted for 1mbar,and then the desorption system was quickly depressur-ized by using vacuum pumping.Figure 8shows the variation curve of the amounts adsorbed of CO 2on the ED-ZIF-8dur-ing four consecutive cycles of CO 2adsorption-desorption experiments at 298K.It was visible clearly that during the desorption,the amounts adsorbed of CO 2on the ED-ZIF-8sample decreased sharply with time,and then reached a very low content,about 2.21wt %of residual CO 2which was present on the sample after desorption at 1mbar.The effi-ciency of CO 2desorption was nearly up to 98%over the entire four circles.It indicated further that CO 2adsorption was reversible with very little accumulation of irreversible bound CO 2on the ED-ZIF-8framework.In addition,it wasalso observed from Figure 8that the curves representing the cycles of CO 2adsorption-desorption experiments were very similar,suggesting that adsorption and desorption properties of the sample ED-ZIF-8for CO 2were stable or repeatable.It also proved that the pressure swing was effective in strip-ping adsorbed CO 2from the ED-ZIF-8.H 2O adsorption isothermsFigure 9shows the water isotherms on the modified ZIF-8samples at 298K.The water uptake on the ED-ZIF-8sample is less than that on the ZIF-8sample,indicating that the sur-face of the modified sample became more hydrophobic com-pared to the ZIF-8sample.It also means that the interaction of the water molecule with the modified sample became weaker as compared to that with the ZIF-8.Ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST)selectivity of CO 2/N 2The ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST)developed by Myers and Praunitz 66provides an effective method to predict the adsorption selectivity and the adsorption equilibrium of gas mixtures from the isotherms of the pure components.Figure 5.a.Isotherms of CO 2on the ZIF-8samplebased on unit surface area;b.isotherms of CO 2on the ED-ZIF-8sample based on unit surface area.[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,which is available at .]Figure 6.a.Isotherms of N 2on the ZIF-8sample atdifferent temperatures;b.isotherms of N 2on the ED-ZIF-8sample at different temperatures.[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,which is available at .]AIChE JournalJune 2013Vol.59,No.6Published on behalf of the AIChE DOI 10.1002/aic2199Previous work reported that the IAST can accurately predict gas mixture adsorption in a number of zeolites and MOF materials.10,48,67–70The IAST assumes that the adsorbed mixture is an ideal solution at constant spreading pressure and temperature,where all the components in the mixture conform to the rule analogous to Raoult’s law,and the chemical potential of the adsorbed solution is considered equal to that of the gas phase at equilibrium.From the IAST,the spreading pressure p is given byp 0i ðp 0i Þ5RT A ðp 0iqd ln p (1)p Ã5p A 5ðp 0i 0q i dp (2)Where A is the specific surface area of the adsorbent,p andp *are the spreading pressure and the reduced spreading pres-sure,separately.p 0i is the gas pressure of component i corre-sponding to the spreading pressure p of the gas mixture.At a constant temperature,the spreading pressure of single component is the samep Ã15p Ã25…5p Ãn 5p(3)For binary adsorption of component 1and 2,the IASTrequiresy 1p t 5x 1p 1ð12y 1Þp t 5ð12x 1Þp 2(4)Where y 1and x 1denote the molar fractions of component 1in the gas phase and in the adsorbed phase,respectively.p t is the total gas pressure,p 1and p 2are the pressures of com-ponent 1and 2at the same spreading pressure as that of the mixture,respectively.Adsorption selectivity in a binary mixture of component 1and 2is defined asS 125x 1x 2 y 2y 1 (5)For the application of IAST to predict adsorption separa-tion selectivity,the following two conditions are necessary:good quality adsorption data of each single component;and excellent curve fitting model for such data.48,71,72In order to perform the integrations of Eqs.(1)and (2)required by IAST,the single-component isotherms should be fitted by a proper isotherm model.In practice,several meth-ods are available.In this work,it is found that the dual-site Langmuir-Freundlich (DSLF)equation can be successful to fit this set of adsorption data.The dual-site Langmuir-Freundlich model can be expressed as followsq 5q m ;13b 1p 1=n 111b 1p 11q m ;23b 2p 1=n 211b 2p 2(6)Where p is the pressure of the bulk gas at equilibrium with the adsorbed phase (kPa),q m,1,q m,2are the saturation capaci-ties of sites 1and 2(mmol/g),b 1and b 2are the affinity coefficients of sites 1and 2(1/kPa),and n 1and n 2are the deviations from an ideal homogeneous surface.Figure 10shows a comparison of the model fits and the isotherm data.It is visible that the DSLF model can be applied favorably for fitting experimental data of CO 2and N 2adsorption.Table 2presents the fitting parameters ofFigure 7.a.Isotherms of N 2on the ZIF-8sample basedon unit surface area;b.isotherms of N 2on the ED-ZIF-8sample based on unit surface area.[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,which is available at .]Figure 8.Recycle runs of CO 2adsorption-desorptionon the ED-ZIF-8at 298K and 25bar for adsorption and 1mbar for desorption.[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,which is available at .]2200DOI 10.1002/aicPublished on behalf of the AIChE June 2013Vol.59,No.6AIChEJournalDSLF equation as well as the correlation coefficients (R 2).Examination of the data shows that this DSLF model is able to fit the adsorption data well since the correlation coeffi-cients R 2are up to 0.9997.In this work,the equilibrium adsorption data of single component CO 2as well as N 2are available,and the DSLF model can fit the experimental isotherms of CO 2and N 2adsorption very well.Therefore,the DSLF model can be combined with the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST)to predict the mixture adsorption isotherms and calculate the selectivities of the two samples for CO 2/N 2adsorption.Figure 11a and 11b present,respectively,the adsorption isotherms predicted by IAST for equimolar mixtures of CO 2/N 2in the samples ZIF-8and ED-ZIF-8as a function of total bulk pressure.It can be seen that CO 2is preferentially adsorbed over N 2on the two samples because of stronger interactions between CO 2and the ZIF-8sample,and the amount adsorbed of N 2is much lower in the mixtures than that in single-component adsorption because of competition adsorption from CO 2,which adsorbs more strongly.Figure 12shows the IAST-predicted selectivities of the two samples for equimolar CO 2and N 2mixtures at 298K as a function of total bulk pressure.It can be seen that the adsorption selectivity of the two samples for CO 2/N 2dropped with an increase in the pressure.More importantly,Figure 9.H 2O adsorption isotherms on the modifiedZIF-8samples at 298K.[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,which is available at .]Table 2.The Fitting Parameters of the Dual-site Langmuir-Freundlich Equations for the Pure Isotherms of CO 2and N 2at 298KZIF-8ED-ZIF-8CO 2N 2CO 2N 2R 20.99970.99990.99970.9999q m,1(mmol/g)27.2527.8748.8828.32q m,2(mmol/g) 2.122 1.919 4.672 1.847b 1(atm 21)0.015330.0011700.012590.001388b 2(atm 21)0.0068950.026090.029480.02504n 1 1.6000.7875 1.4040.7704n 20.32440.96340.44300.8671Figure 10.DSLF fitting of the CO 2and N 2isotherms onZIF-8and ED-ZIF-8at 298K.[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,which is available at .]Figure11.a.The IAST -predicted isotherm forequimolar CO 2/N 2mixtures of the ZIF-8sample at 298K as a function of total bulk pressure; b.the IAST -predicted isotherm for equimolar CO 2/N 2mixtures of the ED-ZIF-8sample at 298K as a function of total bulk pressure.[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,which is available at .]AIChE Journal June 2013Vol.59,No.6Published on behalf of the AIChE DOI 10.1002/aic2201the adsorption selectivity of CO 2/N 2on the sample ED-ZIF-8is always higher than that on the sample ZIF-8,especially in the low-pressure region.For example,at 0.1and 0.5bar,the selectivity of the sample ED-ZIF-8for CO 2/N 2were up to 23and 13.9separately,which is almost twice of those of the sample ZIF-8.Figure 13a and 13b show,respectively,the IAST-pre-dicted selectivities of the samples ZIF-8and ED-ZIF-8for CO 2/N 2at different mixture compositions and different pres-sures.It is noticed that the selectivity increases rapidly as the gas-phase mole fraction of N 2approaches unity.For example,at yN 250.9,a typical feed composition of flue gas,high selectivities are obtained.Even at yN 250.5,the selectivity of the ED-ZIF-8for CO 2/N 2is in the range of 6–24,much higher than those on the ZIF-8sample and many other MOF samples such as ZIF-7030,ZIF-6830and MOF-508b.73This property is very important since some separa-tion processes could be operated at low pressures,such as vacuum swing adsorption (VSA),which could be extremely efficient by using the sample ED-ZIF-8because its selectiv-ity increases dramatically with decreasing pressure.Ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST)selectivity of CO 2/N 2/H 2OThe major challenge of CO 2capture from power plant flue gas wastes is the separation of CO 2/N 2.In addition,competition adsorption of water molecule must be taken into account,because these flue gas wastes are usually saturated with certain amount of water (5–7%by volume)for the industrial postcombustion processes.Thus,for real industrial use of adsorbents,the effect of water on CO 2/N 2selectivity is another crucial factor that needs to be considered and evaluated.Here,the IAST was adopted to evaluate the ter-nary mixture CO 2/N 2/H 2O adsorption on the modified ZIF-8samples.First,the experimental isotherms of water on the modified ZIF-8samples at 298K were fitted using the DSLF model.Table 3presents the fitting parameters of DSLF equation as well as the correlation coefficients.It can be seen that theDSLF model fits the H 2O adsorption on both samples very well.Second,the DSLF model was combined with the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST)to predict the mixture adsorption isotherms,and then calculate the selectivities of the two samples for CO 2/N 2adsorption.Figure 14shows the predicted isotherms of ternary mix-ture CO 2/N 2/H 2O on the modified ZIF-8samples at 298K.It can be observed that in comparison with the ZIF-8,after modification,the CO 2adsorption capacity of the ED-ZIF-8in the ternary mixture obviously increased,and its N 2adsorption capacity somewhat increased,which made CO 2/N 2adsorption selectivity of the ED-ZIF-8increase.More importantly,its water adsorption capacity in the ternary mix-ture became lower compared to the ZIF-8,and it was also lower than the single component water uptake.It means the competition adsorption of H 2O in the ternary mixture was weakened on the surfaces of the ED-ZIF-8sample.Figure 12.The IAST -predicted selectivity for equimolarCO 2and N 2at 298K as a function of total bulk pressure.[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,which is available at .]Figure 13.a.The IAST predicted selectivities atdifferent mixture compositions and different pressures for the ZIF-8sample at 298K;b.the IAST predicted selectivities at different mixture compositions and different pressures for the ED-ZIF-8sample at 298K.[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,which is available at .]2202DOI 10.1002/aicPublished on behalf of the AIChE June 2013Vol.59,No.6AIChEJournal。

空间溢出效应英语In recent years, the phenomenon of "spillover effect of space" has become more and more obvious. Space spillovereffect refers to the phenomenon that the economic benefits of a city or region extend beyond its geographic boundaries, affecting the development of surrounding areas.Step 1: The Positive ImpactThe spillover effect of space brings lots of positive impacts to surrounding areas. First, it promotes regional economic development by attracting investment and talent. Second, it leads to job opportunities, thus reducing the unemployment rate. Third, the improvement of infrastructure and public services in the core area also benefits the surrounding areas.Step 2: The Negative ImpactHowever, the spillover effect of space also causes negative impact on the surrounding areas. For example, in order tomeet the increasing demand of population and businesses, natural resources might be overused, which can lead to environmental problems such as air pollution and water pollution. Also, the rise in housing prices as a result ofthe spillover effect of space may lead to social polarization and economic inequality.Step 3: The SolutionIn order to mitigate the negative impact of the spillovereffect of space, there are some solutions we can take. First, local governments can implement policies to balance the economic growth of core areas and surrounding areas by providing financial incentives for investment and businessesin the surrounding areas. Second, environmental protection policies can be implemented to protect natural resources and reduce emissions. Third, housing policies can be put in place to ensure affordable housing for low-income residents in surrounding areas.Step 4: The FutureIn the future, the spillover effect of space is likely to continue to generate economic benefits for core areas and surrounding areas. The key is to maintain a balancing act between fostering growth and alleviating possible negative consequences.In conclusion, while the spillover effect of space can bring various positive effects to surrounding areas, it also comes along with negative impacts. Thus, local governments should take proactive measures to mitigate the negative effects and maximize the positive ones in order to ensure sustainable regional economic growth.。

肿瘤突变负荷英文Tumor Mutational BurdenCancer is a complex and multifaceted disease that arises from the accumulation of genetic alterations in cells. These genetic changes can be caused by various factors, including environmental exposures, inherited predispositions, and errors in the cell's replication and repair mechanisms. As a result, cancer cells often exhibit a high degree of genetic diversity, with each tumor harboring a unique set of genetic mutations.The concept of tumor mutational burden (TMB) has gained increasing attention in the field of oncology as a potential biomarker for predicting the response to certain cancer treatments, particularly immunotherapies. TMB is a measure of the number of genetic mutations present in a tumor, and it is believed to be an indicator of the overall genomic instability of the cancer cells.Tumors with a high TMB are often associated with a greater number of neoantigens, which are novel protein fragments that can be recognized by the immune system as foreign. These neoantigens can serve as targets for the body's immune cells, allowing them to moreeffectively recognize and attack the cancer cells. Consequently, tumors with a high TMB are often more responsive to immunotherapies, which work by stimulating the immune system to recognize and destroy the cancer cells.Several studies have demonstrated the potential clinical utility of TMB as a biomarker for predicting the response to immunotherapyin various cancer types. For example, in a large-scale analysis of data from clinical trials, researchers found that patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had a high TMB were more likely to respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors, compared to patients with a low TMB.Similarly, in studies of patients with melanoma, a high TMB was associated with improved overall survival and progression-free survival when treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. These findings suggest that TMB could be a useful tool for identifying patients who are more likely to benefit from immunotherapy, allowing for more personalized and targeted treatment approaches.Despite the growing interest in TMB as a biomarker, there are still several challenges and limitations that need to be addressed. One of the key challenges is the lack of standardized methods for measuring TMB, as different techniques and platforms can yield different results. This can make it difficult to compare TMB values across differentstudies and clinical settings, and can also lead to inconsistencies in the interpretation of TMB data.Another challenge is the heterogeneity of tumors, which can result in different areas of the same tumor having different mutational profiles. This can make it difficult to obtain a representative sample of the tumor's mutational landscape, and can also lead to discrepancies in TMB measurements between different biopsy sites or between primary and metastatic tumors.Despite these challenges, ongoing research is focused on developing more robust and standardized methods for measuring TMB, as well as exploring the potential of combining TMB with other biomarkers, such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes or specific genetic alterations, to improve the accuracy and predictive power of this approach.In conclusion, tumor mutational burden is a promising biomarker that has the potential to play a important role in the personalized management of cancer. By identifying patients who are more likely to respond to immunotherapy, TMB could help to improve the effectiveness of cancer treatment and ultimately lead to better outcomes for patients. However, further research is needed to address the challenges and limitations associated with this approach, and to fully realize its clinical potential.。

致突变杂质评估解析英文回答：Mutation is a common occurrence in various biological systems, including human DNA. These mutations can lead to the introduction of impurities or variations in the genetic material, known as mutant impurities. Evaluating and analyzing these mutant impurities is crucial in understanding their potential effects and implications.One important aspect of assessing mutant impurities is determining their origin. Mutations can arise spontaneously or be induced by external factors such as radiation or chemicals. For example, exposure to UV radiation can cause DNA damage and lead to the formation of mutant impurities. By identifying the source of these impurities, scientists can better understand the mechanisms behind their formation and devise strategies to prevent or mitigate their impact.Another key consideration in mutant impurity assessmentis their potential impact on the organism or system under study. Some mutations may have no discernible effect, while others can have significant consequences. For instance, a mutation in a gene responsible for regulating cell growth can lead to uncontrolled cell division and the development of cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the functional implications of mutant impurities and their potential to disrupt normal biological processes.Furthermore, the frequency of mutant impurities is an important factor to consider. If a mutation occurs frequently in a population, it may indicate a higher likelihood of adverse effects. On the other hand, rare mutations may have limited impact due to their low occurrence rate. By studying the frequency of mutant impurities, scientists can gain insights into their potential prevalence and the associated risks they pose.In addition to assessing the origin, impact, and frequency of mutant impurities, it is also essential to consider their stability and potential for propagation. Some mutations may be stable and persist over multiplegenerations, while others may be transient and disappear over time. Understanding the stability of mutant impurities is crucial in predicting their long-term effects and determining appropriate measures for their management.In conclusion, evaluating and analyzing mutant impurities is a critical step in understanding their potential effects and implications. By considering factors such as origin, impact, frequency, stability, and propagation, scientists can gain valuable insights into the nature of these impurities and develop strategies to prevent or mitigate their impact. Through continued research and analysis, we can further our understanding of mutant impurities and their role in biological systems.中文回答：突变是各种生物系统中常见的现象，包括人类的DNA。

天津大学医学物理学考研复习辅导资料及导师分数线信息天津大学医学物理学考研科目包括政治、外语、数学一以及曾控技术基础、工程光学、生物医学工程基础、电路、信号与系统、量子力学。

主要研究方向有6个，具体的考试科目也有所不同，考生可以根据自己的考试方向进行备考。

考试科目备注专业代码、名称及研究方向0831Z1医学物理学①101思想政治理论②201英语一或202俄语或203日语③301数学一④806测控技术基础①101思想政治理论②201英语一或202俄语或203日语③301数学一④807工程光学①101思想政治理论②201英语一或202俄语或203日语③301数学一④810生物医学工程基础①101思想政治理论②201英语一或202俄语或203日语③301数学一④811电路①101思想政治理论②201英语一或202俄语或203日语③301数学一④815信号与系统①101思想政治理论②201英语一或202俄语或203日语③301数学一④837量子力学天津大学医学物理学近两年考研录取情况院（系、所）专业报考人数录取人数医学物理学 5 7 精密仪器与光电子工程学院（2012年）精密仪器与光电医学物理学 6 9 子工程学院（2013年）天津大学精密仪器与光电子工程学院医学物理学2012年的报考人数为5人，录取人数为6人，2013年的报考人数为7人，录取人数为9人。

由真题可以发现，现在考点涉及的广度和深度不断扩宽和加深。

由天津考研网签约的天津大学在读本硕博团队搜集整理了天津大学精密仪器与光电子工程学院医学物理学考研全套复习资料，帮助考生梳理知识点并构建知识框架。

真题解析部分将真题按照知识点划分，条理清晰的呈现在同学们眼前。

然后根据各个考点的近几年真题解析，让同学对热点、难点了然于胸。

只有做到了对真题规律和趋势的把握，8—10月底的提高复习才能有的放矢、事半功倍！天津大学精密仪器与光电子工程学院医学物理学考研导师信息姚晓天美国教授期刊、会议论文Zhuo Meng Advanced techniques for evaluating the quality of fiber gyro coils nullX.Steve Yao Advances of distributed optical sensor systems for applications in industry and biomedicine nullZhihong Li Complete measuring the polarization parameters of polarization-maintain fiberusing distributed polarization crosstalk test m nullZhihong Li Complete characterization of Polarization-Maintaining fiber using distributedpolarization analysis Journal of Lightwave TechnologynullYa Su Measurements of the thermal coefficient of optical attenuation at different depth regions of in vivo human skins using optica Biomedical Optics ExpressnullYa Su Effect of temperature on noninvasive blood glucose monitoring in vivo using optical coherence tomography Effect of temperature on noninvasive blood glucose monitoring in vivo using optical coherence tomogrnullZhihong Li A novel method for determining and improving the quality of a quadrupolar fiber gyro coil under temperature variations Optics ExpressnullZhenyang Ding Compensation of laser frequency tuning nonlinearity of a long range OFDR using deskew filter Optics ExpressnullZhenyang Ding Long measurement range OFDR beyond laser coherence length Photonics Technology LettersnullZhenyang Ding Long-range vibration sensor based on correlation analysis of optical frequency-domain reflectometry signals Optics ExpressnullLongzhi Wang Adaptive speckle reduction in OCT volume data based on block-matching and 3-D Filtering Phtotnics Technology LettersnullZhenyang Ding Accurate method for measuring the thermal coefficient of group birefringence of polarization-maintain fibers Optics LettersnullX.Steve Yao High accuracy polarization measurement using binary polarization rotators Optics ExpressnullX.Steve Yao In-service light path PMD (polarization mode dispersion) monitoring by PMD compensation Optics Expressnull丁振扬采用分布式偏振串扰检测保偏光纤环质量的研究光电子#激光nullX.Steve Yao Real-time optical spectrum analysis of a light source using a polarimeter Optics ExpressnullX.Steve Yao Quadrupling Optical Delay Range Using Polarization Properties Photonicstechnology LettersnullX.Steve Yao Real-time optical spectrum analysis of a light source using a polarimeter Optics ExpressnullX.Steve Yao All-optic scheme for automatic polarization division demultiplexing Optics ExpressnullX.Steve Yao Self-calibrating binary polarization analyzer Optics Lettersnull栗岩锋副教授纵向课题经费课题名称基于贝塞尔飞秒光束的光学整流效应产生太赫兹波的研究2014-01-01--2017-12-31 负责人:栗岩锋科技计划:国家自然科学基金委拨款单位:国家自然科学基金委合同经费:80课题名称提高光学整流产生THz波转化效率关键技术的研究2010-01-01--2013-12-31 负责人:栗岩锋科技计划:国家自然科学基金委拨款单位:国家自然科学基金委合同经费:40课题名称基于光纤激光放大器的高效THz源及其在表面等离子激元和生物医学频谱学中的应用 2012-01-01--2013-12-31 负责人:栗岩锋科技计划:国家自然科学基金委拨款单位:国家自然科学基金委合同经费:9课题名称极端强场超快激光创新发展中的关键科学技术问题2010-10-01--2015-09-30 负责人:王清月科技计划:科技部973计划拨款单位:科技部合同经费:278课题名称微结构光纤波导及器件中的超快光子学效应与光子行为调控2009-09-01--2014-09-30 负责人:柴路科技计划:科技部973计划拨款单位:科技部合同经费:278课题名称光子晶体光纤飞秒激光基础理论和关键技术的研究2009-01-01--2012-12-31 负责人:王清月科技计划:国家自然科学基金委拨款单位:国家自然科学基金委合同经费:280课题名称光子晶体光纤及器件的研制与开发 2007-12-31--2010-06-30 负责人:胡明列科技计划:科技部863计划拨款单位:科技部合同经费:280期刊、会议论文束李，栗岩锋，陈立伟，石俊凯，柴路，王清月，A. B. Fedotov, A. M. Zheltikov Quarter-cycle engineering of terahertz field waveforms Laser Physics Lettersnull梁晓晶，栗岩锋，胡晓堃，徐帅帅，柴路，王清月用于波面倾斜产生高能量太赫兹波的接触光栅设计中国激光null董杰，栗岩锋，束李，李江，柴路，王清月高调制度光致相变特性氧化钒薄膜太赫兹时域频谱研究中国激光null李江，柴路，石俊凯，刘博文，许宝忠，胡明列，栗岩锋，邢岐荣，王清月，Andrey B. Fedotov, Aleksei M. Zheltikov Efficient terahertz wave generation from GaP crystals pumped by chirp-controlled pulses from femtosecond photonic crystal fib Applied Physics Lettersnull 李贤，胡晓堃，栗岩锋，柴路 A three-step procedure for the design of broadband terahertz antireflection structures based on a subwavelength pyramidal- fr Journal of Lightwave Technologynull胡晓堃, 李江, 李贤, 陈耘辉, 栗岩锋, 柴路, 王清月太赫兹波发射晶体的亚波长微棱锥增透结构的设计与实验研究物理学报null谢馨儀，黄莉莉，栗岩锋，胡明列Modeling multifilament core fibers by effective index method Optics Communicationsnull李江，柴路，石俊凯，刘丰，刘博文，许宝忠，胡明列，栗岩锋，邢岐荣，王清月，A. B. Fedotov, A. M. Zheltikov Generation of 0.3 mW high-power broadband terahertz pulses from GaP crystal pumped by negatively chirped femtosecond laser pu Laser Physics Lettersnull 胡晓堃，栗岩锋，房丰洲，李贤，李江，陈耘辉，张效栋，柴路，王清月，Andrey B. Fedotov, Aleksei M. Zheltikov Enhancement of terahertz radiation from GaP emitters by subwavelength antireflective micropyramid structures Optics Lettersnull栗岩锋，胡晓堃，刘丰，李江，邢岐荣，胡明列，柴路，王清月 Terahertz waveguide emitters in photonic crystal fiber form Journal of the Optical Society of America Bnull刘丰，胡晓堃，栗岩锋，邢岐荣，胡明列，柴路，王清月刻划微棱锥抗反射层的GaP 太赫兹波发射器物理学报null刘丰，李毅，石俊凯，胡晓堃，李江，栗岩锋，邢岐荣，胡明列，柴路，王清月GaP 波导型发射器产生频率可调谐太赫兹脉冲物理学报null白金旭，邢文全，杨畅，栗岩锋，Bird D. M. Strategy to achieve phase matching condition for third harmonic generation in all-solid photonic crystal fibers IEEE Photonics Technology Lettersnull杨畅，白金旭，栗岩锋，王爱民 Understanding all-solid honeycomb photonic bandgap fibers IEEE Photonics Technology Lettersnull邢文全，白金旭，栗岩锋 Mode classification and calculation in all-solid photonic bandgap fibers Journal of Lightwave Technologynull刘丰，栗岩锋，邢岐荣，柴路，胡明列，王昌雷，邓玉强，孙青，王清月 Three-photon absorption and Kerr nonlinearity in undoped bulk GaP excited by a femtosecond laser at 1040 nm Journal of Opticsnull刘丰，栗岩锋，邢岐荣，王昌雷，胡明列，柴路，王清月Study on nonlinear processes affecting terahertz radiation generation from undoped GaP crystal Chinese Optics Lettersnull 李毅，刘丰，栗岩锋，柴路，邢岐荣，胡明列，王清月Experimental study on GaP surface damage threshold induced by a high repetition rate femtosecond laser Applied Opticsnull 刘丰，胡晓堃，李江，王昌雷，李毅，栗岩锋，宋有建，刘博文，胡明列，柴路，邢岐荣，王清月，张伟力Compact and high-power broadband terahertz source based on femtosecond photonic crystal fiber amplifier Chinese Optics Lettersnull栗岩锋，胡晓堃，王爱民基于高折射率断环结构的全固光子带隙光纤的设计物理学报null王昌雷，谷建强，邢岐荣，刘丰，栗岩锋，柴路，王清月 THz modulating property ofvanadium oxide films Chinese Optics Lettersnull栗岩锋, Bird D.M., Birks T.A. Bend loss in all-solid bandgap fibers revisited Journal of Lightwave Technologynull栗岩锋，王爱民 Broken-ring-based all-solid photonic bandgap fibers Journal of Lightwave Technologynull栗岩锋, 王昌雷, 刘丰, 田震, 谷建强, 胡明列, 柴路, 王清月, 邢岐荣THz时域频谱技术中若干效应的研究中国电子科学研究院学报null栗岩锋, 王昌雷, 刘丰, 田震, 谷建强, 胡明列, 柴路, 王清月, 邢岐荣THz波微结构器件特性的研究中国电子科学研究院学报null栗岩锋, 姚宇宏, 胡明列, 柴路, 王清月 Improved fully vectorial effective index method for photonic crystal fibers: evaluation and enhancement Applied Opticsnull姚宇宏, 栗岩锋, 刘博文, 胡明列, 柴路, 王清月, 童维军, 罗杰基于图像处理的频域有限差分法用于实际光子晶体光纤的研究光学学报null栗岩锋, 姚宇宏, 胡明列, 柴路, 王清月Analysis of the fundamental space-filling mode of photonic crystal fibres: a symmetry point of view Journal of Optics Anull栗岩锋, 王清月, 彭妍, 胡明列, 陈永耀, 刘博文, 柴路Application of effective index method to higher order modes of photonic crystal fibers Microwave and Optical Technology Lettersnull栗岩锋, 王清月, Birks T.A., Bird D.M. Effective index method for all-solid photonic bandgap fibres Journal of Optics Anull栗岩锋, 王清月, 吕啸飞, 胡明列, 陈永耀, 刘博文, 柴路 Bandgap properties of Kagoméphotonic crystal fibers Applied Physics Bnull栗岩锋, 王清月, 胡明列, 刘博文, 柴路Bandgap properties of modified square photonic crystal fibers Physica Enull栗岩锋, 王清月, 王子涵, 胡明列, 柴路Analytical solution of the fundamental space filling mode of photonic crystal fibers Optics and Laser Technologynull栗岩锋, 胡明列, 王清月, Zheltikov A.M. Perturbative and phase-transition-type modification of mode field profiles and dispersion of photonic- crystal fibers by arrays of nanosize air-hole defects Optics Expressnull栗岩锋, 王清月, 胡明列, 刘博文, 孙喜文, 柴路Photonic bandgap fibers based on a composite honeycomb lattice IEEE Photonics Technology Lettersnull栗岩锋, 王清月, 陈永耀, 胡明列, 刘博文, 柴路Solution of the fundamentalspace-filling mode of photonic crystal fibers: numerical method versus analytical approaches Applied Physics Bnull栗岩锋, 王昌雷, 张宁, 王清月, 邢岐荣 Analysis and design of terahertz photonic crystal fibers by an effective-index method Applied Opticsnull省部级以上获奖王清月,胡明列,宋有建,刘博文,邢岐荣,柴路,栗岩锋光子晶体光纤飞秒激光技术1 技术发明奖一等奖 2010-01-25知识产权栗岩锋，胡晓堃，刘丰，李江，邢岐荣，柴路一种提高太赫兹波产生效率和透射率的方法中国 ZL201110438772X栗岩锋，邢岐荣，王昌雷，田震，柴路，胡明，陈涛基于硅基氧化钒薄膜的太赫兹波光斩波器及使用方法中国 ZL2010105290182邢岐荣, 刘丰, 王昌雷, 栗岩峰, 田震, 王月宾泵浦光复用高效产生高功率太赫兹辐射脉冲源中国 ZL2008101533756王清月，刘博文，胡明列，栗岩峰，柴路宽带可调谐光纤带通滤波器中国ZL2007100601412学术专著(王清月，栗岩锋，胡明列), 光子晶体光纤与飞秒激光技术, 机械工业出版社2013-01-20(王清月，邢岐荣，栗岩锋，胡明列，杨丽，巩继贤，贾威，柴路), Progress in Ultrafast IntenseLaser Science V olume IV 第十一章Femtosecond Laser Applications in Micro/Nano Science, Springer 2008-11-08黄战华教授纵向课题经费课题名称地形和位姿测量系统设计 2010-02-01--2010-10-01 负责人:黄战华科技计划:A 拨款单位:A 合同经费:33课题名称闪光时间测量仪 2010-06-02--2011-06-02 负责人:黄战华科技计划:A 拨款单位:A 合同经费:55课题名称少模光纤传感器 2015-01-01--2017-01-01 负责人:黄战华科技计划:天津市科委拨款单位:天津市科委合同经费:100课题名称高分辨率单色器 2014-10-01--2018-09-30 负责人: 张尹馨科技计划:国家重大科学仪器设备开发专项（子课题）拨款单位:国家重大科学仪器设备开发专项（子课题）合同经费:269.7课题名称红外视景模拟装置 2009-09-01--2010-09-01 负责人:黄战华科技计划:A 拨款单位:A 合同经费:188课题名称激光与X光轮胎检测与成像技术 2007-06-01--2010-08-01 负责人:黄战华科技计划:科技部拨款单位:科技部合同经费:100课题名称生产过程信息获取和检测一体化传感器 2007-12-01--2010-12-31 负责人:黄战华科技计划:科技部拨款单位:科技部合同经费:80课题名称深水AUV系统设计与制造技术研究-子课题 2011-09-01--2013-12-01 负责人:黄战华科技计划:国家重大专项子课题拨款单位:国家重大专项子课题合同经费:320课题名称相位波前编码散斑场理论与应用研究 2012-01-01--2016-01-01 负责人:黄战华科技计划:国家自然科学基金委员会拨款单位:国家自然科学基金委员会合同经费:75课题名称物体速度测量系统 2009-04-01--2011-12-01 负责人:黄战华科技计划:A 拨款单位:A 合同经费:175课题名称波导型准直投影系统中的超级衍射光栅技术研究 2015-01-01--2018-11-30 负责人:黄战华科技计划:国家自然科学基金委员会拨款单位:国家自然科学基金委员会合同经费:82课题名称光电瞬态记录仪 2010-05-10--2011-12-01 负责人:黄战华科技计划:A 拨款单位:A 合同经费:14.8课题名称三轴平行光检测仪 2010-12-14--2012-06-10 负责人:黄战华科技计划:A 拨款单位:A 合同经费:366课题名称飞行时间测量仪 2008-02-01--2010-07-04 负责人:黄战华科技计划:A 拨款单位:A 合同经费:149课题名称测速光电系统 2008-10-09--2010-02-10 负责人:黄战华科技计划:A拨款单位:A 合同经费:62课题名称高精度反射式激光幕速度测量系统 2011-01-13--2013-02-06 负责人:黄战华科技计划:A 拨款单位:A 合同经费:64知识产权黄战华一种嵌有衍射元件的导光板黄战华高效率宽角度的耦合光栅黄战华应用于轮胎X光图像胎冠部位带束层边界定位方法黄战华，廖可，蔡怀宇，朱猛，李秀明，郭子然一种无线传感网络的硬件同步方法及同步系统中国 2015030200100410黄战华轮胎脱层气泡检测大视场照明方法与照明光源黄战华四通道压电陶瓷驱动电压的产生方法与驱动电源黄战华应用于轮胎X光图像胎冠部位多带束层纹理分离方法,本文内容摘自《天津大学807工程光学考研红宝书》，更多考研资料可登陆网站下载！。

拉曼共振四能级原子系统中的有效交叉Kerr非线性王利强;查新未;李永放【摘要】A theoretical investigation is put forward for obtaining effective cross-Kerr nonlinearity of the four-level atom interacting with three electromagnetic ing density-matrix equations and perturbation iterative method,the variation dependence of the third-order susceptibility on the detunings of the applied electromagnetic fields is derived.The results show that a large cross-Kerr nonlinearity can be generated when the detunings of the two weak probe fields are Raman resonant,and the corresponding linear susceptibility and self-Kerr interactions vanish.The realization of the effective Kerr nonlinearity with vanishing absorption is possible in a Raman resonant four-level system.%提出了利用四能级原子系统与三个电磁场相互作用获取有效交叉Kerr非线性的方案.应用微扰理论和密度矩阵方法,得到了三阶极化率与外加电磁场失谐量的变化关系.结果表明：当两个弱探测场的失谐量达到拉曼共振时,可以获得一个大的交叉Kerr非线性磁化率,且自Kerr 非线性极化率和线性极化率为零.证明了在具有拉曼共振的四能级原子系统中获得无吸收有效交叉Kerr非线性的可行性.【期刊名称】《陕西师范大学学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2011(039)006【总页数】4页(P27-30)【关键词】非线性光学;三阶极化率;交叉Kerr非线性;拉曼共振【作者】王利强;查新未;李永放【作者单位】陕西师范大学物理学与信息技术学院,陕西西安710062;西安邮电学院理学院,陕西西安710061;西安邮电学院理学院,陕西西安710061;陕西师范大学物理学与信息技术学院,陕西西安710062【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O437.3光克尔效应是指光通过非线性光学介质时其偏振方向会随着其他光的作用而变化的现象，它反映了物质的非线性光学性能.光学克尔效应存在着广泛的应用，如纠缠浓缩［1－2］、量子传输［3］、量子门转换［4］和量子非破坏性测量［5］以及光调制器和光偏转器、光开关、光双稳态器件的制作.近年来，由于弱吸收增强的非线性极化率可以在弱光条件下研究非线性光学，其中基于电磁感应透明（Electromagnetic induced)和拉曼共振（Raman resonant)的介质来获得增强的光学克尔非线性效应引起人们极大的关注.Lukin等通过理论研究指出，利用四能级原子EIT产生的巨大交叉克尔非线性系数，有可能使一个单光子脉冲导致另一个单光子脉冲产生π相移，从而实现两个单光子脉冲的量子纠缠和量子相位门［6］.Yan等在冷原子N型四能级系统中也观察到EIT增强的交叉克尔非线性效应和双光子吸收［7－8］.不仅EIT过程可导致介质的线性和非线性极化率发生很大的变化［9－11］，Raman跃迁也可以极大地改变介质的极化率.在Raman过程中，由于原子相干导致的强色散效应会引起强的克尔非线性效应［12－16］.利用原子之间的相干性可以产生一个纯的交叉克尔效应已经被理论［17－18］和实验证实［19］.但对大多数材料来说，交叉克尔效应总是伴随不可忽略的非线性效应，例如自克尔效应，差频以及和频的产生［20］.本文在一个N型四能级Rb原子系统中，通过调谐探测场和泵浦场的失谐量达到Raman共振时，获得了一个较大的纯交叉克尔非线性系数，但对探测光的吸收为零.在旋波近似下，系统的密度矩阵运动方程为上式中2γ1、2γ3 分别表示能级｜2〉→｜1〉和｜4〉→｜3〉的自发衰减系数.下面讨论原子对入射光的线性和非线性响应情况.介质对两个弱的探测光ωa、ωc响应的极化强度可以表示为上式中的极化强度包括线性和非线性极化强度，例如频率为ωa的极化强度可以表示为式中的χ（1)和χ（3)表征介质对光极化特性的极化张量.而介质对光的响应是电偶极振子在光电场作用下振动所产生的极化，其极化强度是P＝－Ner（t)，N为单位体积内的振子数.对电偶极矩，取量子平均，得到极化强度与密度矩阵的关系式：上式中的第一项对应于介质对频率为ωa的响应，第二项对应于介质对频率为ωb 的响应，第三项对应于介质对频率为ωc的响应.本文所考虑的模型中，主要研究｜1〉和｜2〉之间的相干辐射作用，所以只考虑P（ωa)＝N（μ21ρ12)项，即将（5)式中的反对角元ρ12按Ωa、Ωc的泰勒形式展开，得到线性极化率χ（1)、自克尔极化率和交叉克尔极化率的表达式分别为图2、3给出了线性极化率的实部Re［χ（1)］、虚部Im［χ（1)］和表示自克尔非线性效应的三阶极化率的实部 Re［χs（3 )］、虚部Im［χs（3)］随探测场Ωa 的失谐量Δa变化曲线.取参量γ1＝7MHz，γ3＝7MHz，Ωb＝4MHz.由图2可以发现，当强泵浦场的失谐量Δb＝0时，出现了类似于Λ型次能级原子系统所呈现的电磁感应透明窗口，在拉曼共振Δa＝Δb＝0处，系统形成一个原子暗态，极化率的实部和虚部都为零.在相同条件下，图3给出了自克尔非线性极化率随探测场失谐量的变化曲线，可以发现，自克尔非线性极化率的虚部曲线显示出三个电磁感应透明点，而且对应的电磁感应透明窗口比线性极化率所对应的窗口要窄.同时发现自克尔非线性极化率的强度要比线性极化率的强度弱好几个数量级.图4给出了在满足拉曼共振Δa＝Δb＝0条件下，交叉克尔非线性极化率随探测场Ωc的失谐量Ωc的变化曲线.从图中我们可以明显的发现，在远离共振区，交叉克尔非线性极化率的实部曲线衰减比虚部慢得多.因此，当选择探测场Ωc远离共振时，可以获得一个相当大的交叉克尔非线性极化率的实部，并且由图2和图3可知，在拉曼共振条件下所对应的线性极化率和自克尔非线性极化率均为零，即可以获得无吸收有效的纯交叉克尔非线性.例如在图4中，当Δc＝100MHz时，通过计算交叉克尔极化率的实部大约为10－8 m2 V－2，而此时线性极化率和自克尔非线性极化率为零，并且交叉克尔非线性极化率的虚部小到可以忽略不计.而由交叉克尔效应诱导探测场Ωa的相位偏移，可以利用下式得到上式中，l为相互作用的长度，λ0为探测场Ωa在真空中的波长.由图4所给的参量可以得到Δφ＝0.1rad的光学相位偏移.本文在N型四能级原子系统中，提出一个获得有效交叉克尔非线性效应的方案.利用密度矩阵方程和微扰理论，导出了线性极化率和非线性极化率的具体表达式，给出了它们随3个电磁场失谐量变化关系.在一般条件，光与物质相互作用获得的交叉克尔非线性效应总是伴随着线性和自克尔非线性效应，但是在本文所提出的模型中，在满足拉曼共振Δa＝Δb＝0条件下，原子对光只存有交叉克尔响应，线性极化率和自克尔非线性极化率均等于零.虽然在此条件下所对应的交叉克尔非线性吸收不可忽略，但若探测场Ωc远离共振，仍可以获得一个大的交叉克尔非线性，同时交叉克尔非线性吸收部分小到可以忽略不计.因此在拉曼共振Δa＝Δb＝0条件下，通过适当选择探测场Ωc的失谐量，可以获得一个无吸收的有效的纯交叉克尔非线性.【相关文献】［1］Jaromir F，Ladislav M，Radim F.Entanglement concentration of continuous-variable quantum states［J］.Physical Review：A，2003，67：022304-022308.［2］David M，Natalia K.Procrustean entanglement concentration of continuous-variable states of light［J］.Physical Review：A，2006，74：042315-042320.［3］David V，Mauro F，Paolo plete Quantum Teleportation with a Kerr nonlinearity［J］.Physical Review Letters，2000，85：445-448.［4］Clausen J，Knoll L，Welsch D G.Quantum state conversion by cross-Kerr interaction ［J］.Journal of Optics Quantum and Semiclassical Optics，2002，4：155-163.［5］Munro W J，Nemoto K，Beausoleil R G，et al.High-efficiency quantum-nondemolition single-photon-mumberresolving detector［J］，Physical Review：A，2003，71：033819-033822.［6］Lukin M D，Imamoglu A.Nonlinear optics and quantum entanglement of ultra-slow single photons［J］.Physical Review Letters，2000，84：1419-1422.［7］Yan M，Rickey E，Zhu Y.Observation of absorptive photon switching by Quantum interference［J］.Physical Review：A，2001，64：041801-041806.［8］Yan M，Rickey E，Zhu Y.Nonlinear absorption by Quantum interference in cold atoms［J］.Optics Letters，2001，26：548-551.［9］Yan Xiang′an，Wang Liqiang，Yin Baoyin，et al.Enhancement of nonlinear susceptibility in a four-level tripod scheme［J］.Chinese Optics Letters，2010（8)：795-799.［10］Yan Xiang′an，Wang Liqiang，Yin Baoyin，et al.Enhanced self-Kerr nonlinearity in spontaneous emission［J］.Journal of the Optical Society of America B-optical Physics，2009，26：1862-1868.［11］Yan Xiang′an，Wang Liqiang，Yin Baoyin，et al.Effect of spontaneously generated coherence on Kerr nonlinearity in a four-level atomic system ［J］.Physical Letters：A，2008，372：6456-6460.［12］武海斌，常宏，马杰，等.Λ型三能级原子系统中Raman跃迁增强的Kerr非线性效应［J］.物理学报，2005，54：3632-3636.［13］任立庆，仇旭，樊荣，等.光脉冲Λ－在三能级介质中传输的解析分析［J］.陕西师范大学学报：自然科学版，2009，37（3)：28-32.［14］Payne M G，Deng L.Extremely slow propagation of a light pulse in an ultracold atomic vapor：A Raman scheme without electromagnetically induced transparency［J］，Physics Letters：A，2001，64：031802-031805.［15］Deng L，Hagley E W，Kozuma M，et al.Achieving very-low-loss group velocity reduction without electromagnetically induced transparency［J］，Applied Physics Letters，2002，81：1168-1170.［16］Wang L J，Kuzmich A，Dogariu A.Gain-assisted superluminal light propagation［J］，Nature，2000，406：277-279.［17］Schmidt H，Imamoglu A.Giant Kerr nonlinearities obtained by electromagnetically induced transparency［J］.Optics Letters，1996，21：1936-1938.［18］Kang H，Zhu Y.Observation of Large Kerr nonlinearity at low light intensities ［J］.Physics Review Letters，2003，91：093601-093604.［19］Wang Z B，Maralin K P，Sanders B rge crossphase modulation between slow copropagating weak pulses in 87Rb［J］.Physical Review Letters，2006，97：063901-063904.［20］石顺祥，陈国夫，赵卫，等，非线性光学［M］.北京：高等教育出版社，2003：113-197.。

医学文献检索作业姓名：学号：医院：第一次作业一、在期刊导航中查找：1、与你专业相关的期刊有7种。

按照期刊的综合影响因子排名，请填写排名前三的期刊的相关信息？包括刊名、主办单位、2、CNKI中收录的中华医学会创办的期刊有155种。

按照期刊的被引次数排名，请填写排名前三的期刊的相关信息？包括刊名、综合影响因子、3.请查找医药卫生类核心期刊有252种，其中内科学类有24种。

4.自学作业：（提示：在百度上查找）（1）核心期刊的含义以及中国四大核心期刊体系。

核心期：刊是期刊中学术水平较高的刊物，是进行刊物评价而非具体学术评价的工具。

中国四大核心期刊体系：①中国科学技术信息研究所“中国科技论文统计源期刊”(又称“中国科技核心期刊”)：②北京大学图书馆“中文核心期刊”；③南京大学“中文社会科学引文索引(CSSCI)来源期刊”；④中国社会科学院文献信息中心“中国人文社会科学核心期刊”。

（2）期刊的影响因子（IF）的定义和计算公式。

①期刊的影响因子(Impact factor，IF)，是代表期刊影响大小的一项定量指标。

也就是某刊平均每篇论文的被引用数，它实际上是某刊在某年被全部源刊物引证该刊前两年发表论文的次数，与该刊前两年所发表的全部源论文数之比。

②计算公式：IF（k）= (nk-1+nk-2) / ( Nk-1+Nk-2)说明：k 为某年, Nk-1+Nk-2 为该刊在前一两年发表的论文数量, nk-1 和nk-2 该刊在k 年的被引用数量。

也就是说，某刊在2005年的影响因子是其2004和2003两年刊载的论文在2005年的被引总数除该刊在2004和2003这两年的载文总数（可引论文）。

（3）计算：某期刊2015年影响因子本刊2014年的文章在2015年的被引次数：48 ；本刊2014年的发文量：187本刊2013年的文章在2015年的被引次数：128 ；本刊2013年的发文量：154计算过程及结果：（48+128）/（187+154）=0.5165.（1）以“湖南师范大学医学院”为机构名检索2010~2016发表的论文数量，其中在核心期刊上发表的论文数量，在核心期刊上发文最多的作者；“湖南师范大学医学院”为机构名检索2010~2016发表的论文数量为：797篇；其中在核心期刊上发表的论文数量为：198篇；在核心期刊上发文最多的作者是：曹建国（13篇）。

改良组织块法的英文The block method of organization, when refined, can enhance the clarity and impact of an essay. It allows writers to present their ideas in a structured manner, making it easier for readers to follow the flow of thoughts.By dividing the essay into distinct blocks, each focused on a single aspect of the topic, the writer can delve deeper into each point without losing the overall coherence of the argument. This method is particularly effective for complex subjects that require a multi-faceted approach.To implement the refined block method, start with a strong introduction that outlines the main ideas. Then, proceed to develop each block with a clear topic sentence, followed by supporting details and examples. This ensuresthat each section stands as a solid unit of thought.Transitions between blocks are crucial for maintaining the essay's flow. Use transitional phrases to connect the blocks, signaling to the reader that a new point is being introduced without abrupt shifts in the narrative.In the conclusion, synthesize the key points from each block, reinforcing the essay's thesis and leaving a lasting impression on the reader. The refined block method, when executed well, can transform a good essay into a compelling and persuasive piece of writing.Remember, the refined block method is not just about structuring an essay; it's about presenting a well-thought-out argument that is both engaging and easy to understand. With practice, this method can become a powerful tool in any writer's arsenal.。

最后译文：压力限制肿瘤生长法国物理学家发现了简单的力压在医学上可应用于降低肿瘤的生长速度并限制其生长大小。

通过使用老鼠细胞来完成这项工作的研究者说这个结果可以引生出更好的癌症诊断工具并很可能最终实现用药物治疗癌症。

众所周知当生长细胞中的DNA发生突变时就会形成肿瘤并发展为癌症, .但是这种发展是如何受到肿瘤周围环境的影响仍是一个需要讨论的课题。

由巴黎居里学院的让.弗朗斯科乔尼和其他一些院校进行了一项新的调查，研究肿瘤的生长是如何受到它所经受的压力的限制的，如同按压周围的健康组织一样。

很难把基因学、生物化学和力学在生物机体内的肿瘤中所扮演的角色分离出来。

为了解释这一问题，乔尼的团队用老鼠细胞中的一个直径十余毫米的类似肿瘤的球在实验台上进行了这项工作，工作者们把这个模拟肿瘤放入一个由半渗透聚合物制成的几毫米长的袋子中，这之后就进入到一个滋生细胞的包含营养物的研究方案中。

肿瘤在这种自由的状态下会继续生长两周或者三周, 直到达到细胞的死亡和分裂刚好平衡的稳态。

糖分的严厉打击为了找出在这个生长过程中是什么影响到了压力, 小组在此方案中加入了很多糖分这些糖分由于颗粒太大而无法穿过袋子的微小孔洞所以仍在袋子外面，造成了一种浓度的不平衡，而使其迫切的要解决掉袋子外的溶液以努力恢复其浓度的平衡，袋子外较大浓度的溶液随即对袋子产生了力度的压迫，并且这种压迫被里面的肿瘤所感应到。

这种方法被重复用于同样的肿瘤上，每个不同袋子中的肿瘤被不同浓度的糖分溶液所浸透，因此揭示出每个肿瘤都受到了不同的压力。

该小组发现压力越大，肿瘤生长越慢并且最终尺寸越小。

比如施加500帕的压力，仅仅百分之两点五的气压），便可将肿瘤的增长率和稳态量减半。

为了精准地确立压力是如何减弱增长的，乔恩和他的同事将肿瘤冰冻起来，将其切成非常薄的薄片，.并在薄片上覆盖两种抗体，这个方法显示出了在每个肿瘤上已死亡而被分离的细胞----这两种细胞发出的荧光波长不同-。

超前镇痛管理理念联合聚焦解决模式干预在肺癌根治术中的应用研究池千勉① 【摘要】　目的：探讨超前镇痛管理理念联合聚焦解决模式干预在肺癌根治术中的应用效果。

方法：将2022年3月—2023年9月中山大学肿瘤防治中心收治的90例行肺癌根治术的患者参照随机数字表法分为两组，每组45例。

对照组给予常规疼痛管理及心理干预，观察组在对照组基础上加用超前镇痛管理理念联合聚焦解决模式干预。

比较两组疼痛水平、炎症水平及病耻感水平。

结果：观察组术后6、12、24、48 h的视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评分均低于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。

术后72 h，两组的白细胞介素-8（IL-8）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、血清肺表面活性蛋白A（SP-A）水平均较术前升高，但观察组均低于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。

术后72 h，两组的中文版肺癌患者病耻感评估量表（CLCSS）耻辱与羞愧、社会隔离、歧视、吸烟评分均低于术前，观察组均低于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。

结论：超前镇痛管理理念联合聚焦解决模式干预能够有效减轻肺癌根治术后患者术后疼痛反应，降低其应激性炎症反应，改善其病耻感。

【关键词】　超前镇痛管理理念　聚焦解决模式　肺癌　疼痛　病耻感 Research on the Application of Advanced Analgesic Management Concept Combined with FocusedSolution Model Intervention in Radical Surgery for Lung Cancer/CHI Qianmian. //Medical Innovation ofChina, 2024, 21(13): 079-083 [Abstract]　Objective: To explore the application effect of advanced analgesic management conceptcombined with focused solution model intervention in radical surgery for lung cancer. Method: A total of 90 patientswho underwent radical surgery for lung cancer admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Sun Yat-Sen University CancerCenter from March 2022 to September 2023 were divided into two groups by random number table method, with45 cases in each group. The control group received routine pain management and psychological intervention, whilethe observation group received advanced analgesic management concept combined with focused solution modelintervention on the basis of the control group. The pain level, inflammation level, and stigma level of the two groupswere compared. Result: The visual analogue scale (VAS) scores of the observation group at 6 hours, 12 hours,24 hours and 48 hours after surgery were lower than those of the control group, the differences were statisticallysignificant (P<0.05). 72 hours after surgery, interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), serum pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A) in the two groups were increased compared to those beforesurgery, those in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, the differences were statisticallysignificant (P<0.05). 72 hours after surgery, Cataldo lung cancer stigma scale (CLCSS) (shame and shame,social isolation, discrimination, smoking) of the two groups were lower than those before surgery and those in theobservation group were lower than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion: The combination of advanced analgesic management concept and focused solution model interventioncan effectively alleviate postoperative pain response, reduce stress inflammatory response, and improve the shame oflung cancer patients after radical surgery. [Key words]　Advanced analgesic management concept　Focused solution model　Lung cancer　Pain　Stigma First-author's address: Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou510060, China doi：10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.13.018①中山大学肿瘤防治中心重症监护室　广东　广州　510060通信作者：池千勉- 79 - 肺癌是全球癌症死亡的主要原因，2020年全球新增的肺癌病例有220多万例，其发生率占所有癌症的11.1%，严重威胁全球人类健康[1]。

华南农业大学学报 Journal of South China Agricultural University 2023, 44(4): 504-512DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.202210006朱洁怡, 冯嘉仪, 盛晗, 等. 凋落物生物炭施用量对翠芦莉污泥适应性及重金属吸收的影响[J]. 华南农业大学学报, 2023, 44(4): 504-512.ZHU Jieyi, FENG Jiayi, SHENG Han, et al. Effects of litter biochar addition on sludge adaptability and heavy metal uptake of Ruellia simplex[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University, 2023, 44(4): 504-512.凋落物生物炭施用量对翠芦莉污泥适应性及重金属吸收的影响朱洁怡1 ，冯嘉仪1，盛　晗1，彭维新1，吴道铭1，张学平2，金玲玲3，曾曙才1(1 华南农业大学 林学与风景园林学院, 广东 广州 510642； 2 佛山市林业科学研究所, 广东 佛山 528222；3 华南农业大学 数学与信息学院, 广东 广州 510642)摘要: 【目的】探究凋落物生物炭不同添加量对种植在污泥+土壤混合基质中的翠芦莉Ruellia simplex生长及重金属吸收累积的影响，以期为城市污泥和园林废弃物资源化利用提供参考依据。

【方法】通过盆栽试验，分析添加0、1.5%、3.0%和4.5%凋落物生物炭[占基质的质量分数(w)，分别记为CK、F1.5、F3.0和F4.5]对翠芦莉生长、根系形态和生理以及养分和重金属吸收累积的影响。

【结果】与CK相比，F1.5处理显著增加翠芦莉株高、根系生物量、地上部生物量及全株生物量。

植株生物量随w增加呈逐渐下降趋势，F4.5处理翠芦莉生物量显著低于CK，表现出“低促高抑”的特点。

关于前言•...例如，第二句话似乎出乎意料。

请提供更好的句子之间的连接。

•简介缺少一些非常相关的参考资料...•"导言"的描述仍有待改进，因为有些内容是冗余的，有些内容是缺乏的。

•他们的分析与PLOS ONE论文有何不同？•在引言的最后，不清楚哪些是研究的创新方面。

•作者指出，"有一些关于水分缺乏诱导蛋白质的报道"。

请更精确。

•土壤是如何消毒的？请给出一些土壤特性。

请给沙子：木耳比例。

真菌是如何培养的？•我想知道作者是否可以在引言中添加更多关于干旱胁迫和ECM知识的参考资料。

•作者应该在介绍部分强调使用人类间充质干细胞进行研究的理由。

•目的不明确，写得不好。

关于材料与方法•Affymetrix微阵列数据的描述信息量不足，需要患者的信息。

•实验细节不足。

没有提到种子的来源或菌根接种物。

•没有关于重复次数和实验设计的信息。

关于结果及图表•还有结构错误，因为方法也在"结果"部分和目标在"材料和方法"部分描述。

•表格的标题应该更详细。

•这篇论文中有太多的表格和数字。

•数字太拥挤了。

•图3中的图片质量可能在上一个版本中可以提高。

关于讨论•作者应避免使用前三句话，它们是引言的一部分。

•包括一个详细的讨论，解释你的发现的确切意义。

•作者需要强调从他们的研究中获得的新见解。

•建议作者使用更多的此类条目来验证这些结果。

•讨论部分单调乏味。

•这部分的描述需要在逻辑上修饰。

关于结论•结论部分应通过明确的结论句进行修订。

•本节只能揭示一些重要和重要的结论。